POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

PERCEPTION OF COC PUP STUDENTS FOR TWITTER AS A SOURCE OF

INFORMATION

(Research Proposal)

By

Deveza, Leah S.

Fajardo, Mark Aljon C.

Fernandez, Cherry Rose

Bachelor of Arts in Communication Research

BACR – 1N

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

CORE 30023 – Fundamentals of Communication Research
Second Semester AY 2018-2019

April 11, 2019

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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

INTRODUCTION

Social Media has been used around then and now, it is an extension of

traditional word of mouth networks. Word of mouth has always been the most

effective and trust worthy means of disseminating information. With the

enablement of technology, anybody with an internet access and has an opinion

can be part of social media. This cultural shift is a force to reckon with for

companies. At first glance, Social Media comes across as novelty with a widely

used for gathering information, But a careful evaluation helps the user to trace

back the info from Social Media to know if its credible or not.

In 2019, it is estimated that there will be around 2.77 billion social media

users around the globe, up from 2.46 billion in 2017, and Twitter had 326 million

global MAU.

Twitter is an online social networking site that started in 2006, became

one of the ten most visited sites in 2013, and currently has over 2.77 billion social

media users based in the study of Statista, an online statistics portal. While

Twitter started as a social media site for people to share blurbs and thoughts in

under 140 characters, it has since become a hub of information in all different

way. Twitter have come a long way since 2006 as it implies newer strategies to

disseminate information thru out the World, a retweet mechanism that spreads

the information, as well as the #hashtags, that can help the topics to be on trend,
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 3
even if it’s a false information or a facts that can be disseminate in just a matter

of seconds.

In a study of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2018 about

the AP Twitter account that surprised million followers of the tweet “Explosion in

white house in 2013 that cause the most expensive tweets in history that cost

$130billion, Information in Twitter was frequently retweeted more by humans

than bots (A twitter bot is a type of bot software that controls a twitter account via

Twitter API) and false information spreads faster than the facts.

Made up stories simply entertain us. they are usually titillating and

sensational, and many times they feature a clear villain we can blame.

Sometimes fake news is just silly and humorous. But it’s deeper than that. The

stimulation of fake news fulfills a craving to relieve the burdens of our lived

realities.( Kessler, L. 2018)

In this kind of situation, how can a student perceived if the news that

spreading in social media is rather a false information or a facts or a matter of

misinterpretation or someone that want to cause a global panic?

Perception is one of the most important aspect of life. It is the ability to

perceive understanding and knowledge, using your one senses. Perception can

be defined as our recognition and interpretation of sensory information. It

includes how we respond to the information. We can think of perception as a

process where we take in sensory information from our environment and use that

information in order to interact with our environment. It allows us to take the

sensory information in and make it into something meaningful (William, 2018)

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In this paper, we want to know as how the perceptions of COC Students of

PUP Sta Mesa towards Twitter for using it as a source of information. In addition,

this study tends to disseminate the importance of having a good use of social

media especially twitter if we can use it as a source of information because of

having a widely use of social media.

Theoretical Framework

Figure 1. Uses and Gratifications Theory Model

Source –insert link-

According to Barnett (2015), Uses and Gratifications Theory explains how

the audience or people understand what they does on media. This also gives the

understanding on why and how they look for media to get information they need

for them to be satisfied.

As stated by Turney (n.d.), Uses and Gratifications Theory seeks to

understand how people choose media outlets and where to use it. The way how
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audience select a media outlet is based on what they need and their

requirements upon information that in return will provide them the satisfaction

they expect from the media outlet.

According to Blumler, Gurevitch & Katz (1973), the concept of this theory

is that people expects something from the media they use based on what they

need socially and psychologically that moves along as it creates different

patterns in media exposure that causes needs gratifications but most of the time

unintended (as cited by Turney, n.d.).

According to Spring (2002), the basic assumptions made by Blumler,

Gurevitch & Katz (1973) produces a framework that explains the correlation

between the viewers or audience and the media outlets.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 2: The Perceptions of Communication students in Twitter as a

Source of Information
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This study aims to explain how Communication students of PUP Sta.

Mesa perceive the use of Twitter as their source of information. The theory Uses

and Gratifications Theory helps this study to explain how the media outlets and

the people relate.

Uses and Gratifications Theory best explains the connection of how

Communication students perceive an information from a specific media outlets or

sites.

In this study the researchers will perpetuate the use of media outlet in the

satisfactions or needs of the people. The expectations of the communication

students in using Twitter as a source of information is based on what information

they want to get. As an example, one of the Communication students use Twitter

as a source of information because he/she has been using Twitter for a very long

time as she sees Twitter a credible source of information or in opposite a

Communication student could also see Twitter as a not credible source of

information because based on his/her experience upon getting information from

Twitter is it is usually a fallacy so heshe does not count on Twitter as a source of

information but rather in different media outlet that is much better in his her own

perception.

Statement of the Problem

The aim of this study is to know how COC PUP students perceived Twitter

as a source of information.
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1. What is the perception of COC PUP students to Twitter as a source of

information?

Objectives

This study aims to know:

1. To determine socio-demographic profile of the respondents, in terms of:

a. Age

b. Course

c. Gender

2. To determine the other sources of information used by the Communication

students of PUP, Sta. Mesa.

3. To know the perceptions of Communication students of PUP, Sta. Mesa to

Twitter as a source of information.

4. To understand the importance of having a legitimate source of information.

Hypothesis

The following are the researchers’ postulates anchored on the

aforementioned objective of this study. It was assumed that:

Alternative Hypothesis:

PUP COC students finds and use Twitter as a source of information.

Null Hypothesis:

PUP COC students does not find and use Twitter as a source of information.
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Scope and Limitations

This study primarily focused on the perceptions of Communication

students to Twitter as a source of information. This study will only cover Twitter

as a source of information and will not cover other social media platforms. The

other departments or colleges within Polytechnic University of the Philippines,

Sta. Mesa Manila are not within the scope of this study. The study would be done

by some strategies of the researchers and able to know the perceptions of the

COC students.

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study entitled, "The Perceptions of Communication

Students in PUP, Sta. Mesa towards Twitter as a Source of Information” is to

inform and educate everyone about the capability of Twitter in spreading and

producing facts and information and to show how people perceive information

from it. This study can also be used as reference in the future studies related with

this study.

This study intends to enlighten the following:

To the Society. This will inform the people of the society that they can

use Twitter as a source of information aside from the usual medium they use in

their everyday life.

To the Communication Students. This study will educate the

Communication students on how twitter become their tool for exchanging views

and ideas with others such as specialists in a different kind of fields. This study
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will also help the Communication students to gain more knowledge about how

effective Twitter when it comes to providing credible information.

To the University. This will become a future open educational resources

and a learning tool about Twitter as a news channels or entertainment. This can

also serve as a reference for other students.

To the Future Researchers. This will serve as their reference when doing

study that is related to this study. This can give them possible result and ideas

about how their study will result.

Definition of Terms

For clarity of the study structure and the presentation of its gathered data,

here are the key terms defined as how they operate to the study.

Communication Students. It refers to the respondents of the study and

the students who are in the field of Mass Communication.

Perception. This refers to the views and opinions of people regarding one

point.

Social Media Networking Sites. It is the medium used by people in the

internet in getting information such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube,

Tumblr etc.

Source of information. This refers to where the information comes from

the information gathered from.

Twitter. It is a very mainstream site used by the people in terms of finding

information. this is also known as one of the social media networking sites mostly

used today.
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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the related and relevant literature and studies found

by the researchers in the conduct of their research, “Perception of COC PUP

Students for Twitter as a Source of Information.”

Different source of information used by the mass.

Based on Florida Gulf University (2005).There are 3 different types of

sources of information, the primary which is the original manuscript, documents

and records like autobiography, case studies, thesis historical documents, books,

and etc, and secondary sources that relies in primary sources like thesis rrl,

analysis, encyclopedia, newspaper and tertiary sources that work is based in

secondary sources like online documents, oral presentations and etc.

Internet news is abundant and easily available nowadays (Lu and

Andrews, 2006). So many readers are getting the opportunity to get information

via the Internet instead traditional ways (Eastin, 2006). Concerns in the

newspaper industry, rising number of people turning to radio for news, and then

about the number relying on television made arising studies of the credibility of a

medium (Johnson and Kaye, 2004). However, many people do rely on online

media for information, but it is not still certain if online media meet people’s

expectations. Despite of the fact that there is a serious concern about

misinformation on the Internet, but online audiences are increasing (Hilligoss and

Rieh, 2008), Social media expands our reach more quickly, and much further,

through words, pictures, and videos. Social media such as Twitter, Facebook,
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YouTube, and Instagram empower individuals to share their voice in a media-

centric model (Coleman, 2013). However the used of primary sources like

newspaper is still in used, Hassan, Wade and Wilkinson (2012) analyzed the

information needs of historians working with original and/or digitised primary

resources, particularly local newspaper collections. They focused on preferences

between original or digitised resources and the reasons behind these

preferences. Through interviews, Allen and Sieczkiewicz (2010) focused on

historians’ needs for searching collections of newspapers and managing the

information they find. The explosive growth of the Internet since the 1980s has

been far faster than the growth of any other communications medium, faster than

the spread of the telephone, radio, television, or even cellular telephones (Fogg

et al., 2001). In general, since the late 1990s when the Internet began providing

new interactive environment of information that allowed users to seek information

and communicate with others in ways never before possible, the concept of

credibility has revived considerable attention (Hilligoss and Rieh, 2008). Based in

the Policy Brief of The Right to Blog (2013), Many bloggers gather information in

the public interest in much the same way as traditional journalists. They interview

sources, check facts and debate important public issues. In countries where the

traditional media is heavily censored, blogging provides people with a rare

opportunity to distribute information and exercise their right to freedom of

expression. Journals is a primary source of Information.

Twitter as a source of information for news.

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As the technology grows faster and faster, people has been given so

many opportunities where to gather news and information. As the technology

arise together with the internet, many social media networking sites has been

invented to produce news and different information. Twitter is one of these social

media networking sites that has become trending and become a source of news

and information for the mass.

According to Schuhmancher (2018), Twitter helps in spreading news.

Traditional news source and media outlets like newspaper corporations, radio

stations and television programs that aims to disseminate news around the

country or world has a account on Twitter and through those accounts they can

easily spread news and they really do use Twitter to indicate news. And aside

from traditional source of information and news having Twitter accounts, there is

this feature in Twitter called "Moments" wherein it is a compilation of collected

tweets from news outlets and netizens that is shown in one tweet slide show that

shows what's happening with a certain event. This only shows that Twitter is

already a news source wherein it let people be informed through using this app,

and also those news outlets we already have before also relies on Twitter upon

spreading their news to people that are not really into newspapers, radio, or even

television, but into social media.

Barthel, Mitchell & Gottfried (2015) stated that Americans prefer social

media specifically Twitter when getting or finding news wherein it shows that

these social media networking sites continuously grow as a news source. And

through Twitter they can fulfill all the information and news they need in all types.
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This proves that even countries far from the Philippines do recognize social

media networking sites as a way of gathering news and information about what's

happening now, and as it says they were being fulfilled with what they can get in

any social media networking sites like Twitter and Facebook.

According to Baruh & Watson (2014), the main reasons or factors why

people tend to rely on Twitter and other social media sites as a news source are

political crisis, mistrust in mainstream media, desire for access to direct

information, and willingness to spread information and voice their opinions. Also,

it doesn't mean that people who relies on Twitter as an information source trusted

Twitter so much but rather they use Twitter as one of the ways to verify the

information, to know if it's credible upon checking to other news source to come

up with what's the truth in a certain situation. This only says that having Twitter

can help people to get credible and reliable news source as it has more than a

thousand users so it will really help in spreading news and information. And also

there were people who doesn't count on traditional news source anymore

because of technology and the social media networking sites can probably

become a source of news upon searching news not only on Twitter but from

different social media networking sites like Facebook.

According to Armstrong (2010), the study shows that in the news industry

Twitter is effectively used as a tool for content dissemination. As pertaining to the

results, there is a difference on how regional, local and national media in using

Twitter. Also most of the broadcast agencies tweets multimedia packages. Also

crimes and public affairs were the usual topic tweeted. This shows that witter has
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an important role in the news industry where it can be used to spread information

cannot be shared upon printing press and the use of it in the news industry

implies to different ways. Also the broadcast agencies are more likely to use this

in terms of multimedia content that is very necessary to the broadcasting

industry.

According to Meyer (2015), Twitter has been very useful in the media like

local television and local newspapers in United States. twitter has been

producing news content through tweets. He 4 507 tweets from 60 different

organizations examined in the study has shown that twitter activity differs in the

size of media market time of day and structures in the television setting and

newspaper setting. This also recommend that local newspapers and local

television stations should continue the tweeting process to make its connection to

the audience tighter.

Views about the tweets or contents being spread for the mass by Twitter.

Having a different perception into something makes a human different into

each other. Nowadays, the online social media also acts as an information

source for news. For example, Twitter's trending topics are often found to be up

to date with CNN news headlines (Kwak, Lee, Park, & Moon, 2010).

The news information in social media, especially Twitter, is becoming an

established feature for crisis news events. People living in the disaster or crisis

area often check for information and updates regarding the crisis on Twitter

(Thomson et al., 2012). Twitter posts, or tweets, from reputable news agencies
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and trusted authors via known social links are generally trustworthy. However,

when Twitter readers search for tweets regarding a particular topic, the returned

messages require readers to determine which tweet is trustworthy by

themselves. Therefore, in this paper, we focus on studying the credibility of

information on Twitter.

We adopted the notion of credibility by Tseng and Fogg (1999) e

“credibility is the quality of being believed or accepted as true, real, or honest,

whether it regards the information or the source”. In this sense, we distinguish

credibility from trust in this research.

Spammers exploit the anonymity feature of Twitter to propagate their

messages, retweeting them to increase their popularity rating [10]. In a Twitter

dataset analysed by Gupta and Kumaraguru (2012), nearly half of the tweets

about an event were found to be spam. In the work by Castillo et al. (2011), it

was discovered that the credibility of information on Twitter is determined mainly

by four types of features: message-based, content-based, user-based, and

propagation-based.

There has been extensive work regarding credibility perception of online

digital media on the Internet such as websites, blogs and social networks. The

credibility of information on the Internet is perceived higher by experienced and

savvy users rather than less experienced users. Youngsters are also an

important target group in need of awareness and knowledge in identifying

credible online information as they are more vulnerable in deciding what is the

truth (Rahim, Hamid, Mat Kiah, Shamshirband, & Furnell, 2015). The freedom
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 16
users have in choosing the information from the source they deem credible

based on their experience and verification contribute to the high credibility rating

of the Internet (Flanagin & Metzger, 2000).

Another study found that the manipulation level of news photos influenced

credibility perception of news media (Greer & Gosen, 2002). The study showed

that one's demographics influenced his/ her perception of media credibility. Users

find highly altered photograph published online to be less credible. A Taiwanese-

based study of reader's credibility perception regarding news-related blogs found

that the belief factor can predict user's perceived credibility (Yang, 2007). They

also found that reader's motivation in using news-related blogs as a news source

influenced their credibility perception. Demographic variables were also shown to

affect 786 S.M. Shariff et al. / Computers in Human Behavior 75 (2017) 785e796

credibility. In another study by Kang et al. (2015), demographic attributes are

also found to correlate with visual features of microblog posts that are information

credibility factors, especially for young people.

Twitter as an educational tool

Twitter has grown in popularity (although not as a money-making venture)

and is one of the most frequently used tools for social media. While many still

use it to connect with friends, follow celebrities ' antics, and keep up with family

members, Twitter has also emerged as an educational tool for several years,

especially in the health sciences.

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According to Devin (2017), since its inception in 2006, Twitter has opened

up a new channel of information dissemination, and has seen tremendous user

growth (Java, Song, Finin, & Tseng, 2007). It is one of microblog services that

allow users to send and receive information real-time, on the website, from

mobile

applications, or via SMS messages. Individuals only need a valid email address

to sign up for an account and set up personal profiles as directed by the system.

On its main page, Twitter invites users to share “what's happening?” with pictures

or videos, and limits the message, or so called “tweet”, within 140 characters.

Apart from large-scale public communication, private messaging is also

available. Users can subscribe to others' posts by “following” the particular

individuals, re-share tweets by simply clicking on “retweet” (Kwak, Lee, Park, &

Moon, 2010), and “like” a particular tweet as what they do on Facebook.

Teachers have exploited Twitter use in classrooms in various studies, in

terms of durations, disciplines, and activities. As Haythornthwaite (2016)

presented in a case study of social media tools in higher education, Twitter is

among the top two tools which educators have expressed inclination to use in

their future classrooms, ranked before other popular SNS tools such as

Facebook. To date, many articles reviewing the use of Facebook in education

have been published. Scarce attention, however, has been paid to the review of

Twitter use. Many published articles reported empirical studies of Twitter; but

very few provided a comprehensive review of Twitter use.

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 18
Synthesis

Twitter has made a very big impact in the society as it arise. Both

Schuhmancher (2010) and Barthel et. Al (2015) sees Twitter as an effective

news source and through this social media netrworking site people can easily

recognize if the information is a fact or false news. The reasons why people

relies on Twitter because Twitter users are more open in sharing and expressing

themselves and in voicing out all the opinions that they wanted to share, political

issues and the desire of every people to access direct information. But also

Twitter serves as one of the basis of people in filtering the truth behind a certain

issue aside from different social media networking sites today (Baruh & Watson,

2014). Both studies from Armstrong (2010) and Meyer (2015), shows that Twitter

has effectively performed in terms of producing and disseminating news online,

and has helped regional local and national media like local newspaper and local

television to empower their way of making news.

Twitter can be used to strengthen a building communication and also used

as a learnibg material with an educational resources which can be used to stay

up to a topics of interest. To synthesize this , Twitter can be reasonably used to

get a different important informations from a particullar fields and ideas. Twitter

can be an educational tool including asking questions, also answering questions

from others, giving feedbacks and most of all expressing your own self.

Based on the studies, individuals have different perceptions, making every

people have a different thinking than others, the reliability of sources will depends

on its history and how reliable it is, if its came from a reliable news source and
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 19
not a Bot accounts and it doesn’t have a bad history of false information

spreading in media. “credibility is the quality of being believed or accepted as

true, real, or honest, whether it regards the information or the source”. (Tseng

and Fogg 1999) e In this sense, we distinguish credibility from trust in this

research. The credibility of a source will depend from reputable news agencies

and trusted authors via known social links are generally trustworthy. The freedom

users have in choosing the information from the source they deem credible

based on their experience and verification contribute to the high credibility rating

of the Internet (Flanagin & Metzger, 2000).

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter of the study will show the methods and procedures that will

be use by the researchers in making this study. This includes the methods that

will be use, the research design of the study, how the data will use in the study

after being collected, the descriptions of the respondents, and the instruments

that will be use to conduct the study.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers will use descriptive research to reach the

aims of the study. According to Bhat (2019), descriptive method is the method

used by the researchers to describe the characteristics of the population being

studied.

The main purpose of this method is to know how every Communication

student perceive Twitter as a source of information.

Research Method

This chapter presents the method of the research that will use in this

study. The researchers will utilize the data that will be gather from various

sources as it would be presented. The use of survey has the benefit to know the

perceptions of the respondents for Twitter as source of information.

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 21
Data Collection

In gathering information and data for this study, the researchers used

different educational sites from the internet as a source such us online journals,

articles, ebook, etc. The researchers also used local and foreign books and

thesis to support their study. Also, the researchers have used the indirect method

or survey on gathering data for this study.

Generally, the researchers collect data with the use of two sources which

are the primary sources and the secondary sources. The primary sources were

information gathered from the survey they conducted with the respondents.

Secondary sources are the literature and studies used to further explain the

study.

Sampling Techniques

The researchers will use a cluster sampling technique, as the population

of COC Students will be divided into different departments, Department of

Communication Research, Department of Advertising and Public Relations,

Department of broadcasting, and Department of Journalism. The researchers will

select random students of each department, and will be randomly selected per

sections of each department, based in the sample size.

Description of the Respondents

The researchers' total number of respondents is 200 students under the

College of Communication. The respondents' age range from eighteen (18) to

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 22
twenty-two (22) years old. The survey was conducted inside the Polytechnic

University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa, Manila. The researchers used the

indirect method also known as the questionnaire method wherein they will total

the result of each answers to the survey.

Research Instrument

The researchers have used different kinds of equipment to successfully

conduct the study. These instruments used by the researchers has an important

role in the research itself. This section includes the uses of the instruments used.

The researchers used a survey questionnaire upon the conduct of the

survey with the respondents in order to gather answers from the respondents

clearly, in order, and connected. The answers of the respondents in the survey

will be tallied, analyzed and interpreted by the researchers to get a result from

the said survey using Statistical Package for the social sciences, (SPSS).

There are ten (10) questions in the survey questionnaire answered by the

respondents. Using the slovins formula to get the sample size of the

respondents. The questions asked them to answer was based and ranges from

the statement of the problem up to the whole objectives of the study to answer

and interpret all the necessary details that the researchers need in able to

analyze and interpret all the data for the study.

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 23
Statistical Formula Used

The data that will be gathered from the survey will be analyzed, evaluated,

and interpreted using the statistical treatment of descriptive statistics where in the

researchers will formulate the frequencies gathered from the survey

questionnaire. The research will use a slovins formula to get the sample size

needed for the respondents.

Where in:

n= N / 1+Ne²

N-population size

e-margin of error
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 24

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Appendix 1- Survey Questionnaire

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