Physics

LEARNFAST REVIEW AND TUTORIAL HUB

BIANCA VILLAGOMEZ
 What is Physics?

Physics is the study of matter and energy

It deals with the fundamental laws of nature and many of

their applications
 The SI unit of measurement

• Mass = kilograms (kg)

• Length = meter (m)
• Time = second (s)
 The SI unit of measurement

The important aspect of the

SI system is its hierarchy of
prefixes used for quantities of
varying magnitude.
Kinematics
 Scalar vs. Vector

• having magnitude. • having magnitude & direction

• Distance • Displacement
• Speed • Velocity
• Acceleration
• Time
Distance/Displacement vs Time Graphs
Speed/ Velocity vs Time Graphs
 Free- Fall

• Movement along y-axis

• Acceleration is due to gravity which is equal to -g = -9.81 m/s2
• At the peak, velocity= 0 m/s
2ℎ 1
• Equation: t = 𝑔
; h=
2
gt2
 Projectile Motion

• The key to analyzing Projectile Motion is to treat the x- and y-

coordinates separately.
• The velocity in the x-coordinate is constant, thus zero acceleration in
the x-axis
• The acceleration in the y-coordinate is constant (g =9.8m/𝑠 2 )
Projectile Motion
 Example

A ball is thrown with an initial horizontal velocity of

10 m/sec. If it is initially 44.1 m from the ground, how
long does it take before the ball hits the ground?
a. 2 sec. c. 4 sec.
b. 3 sec. d. 5 sec.
 Example
Jaja Margaret Collins shoots a projectile from a gun making
an angle of 450 with the horizontal. The initial velocity of
the bullet is 100 m/s. Assume that g = 10 m/s2. After 5
seconds, what is the bullet’s acceleration along the x-axis?
a. 0.00 m/s2 c. 96.6 m/s2
b. 10.0 m/s2 d. 100.00 m/s2
 Force
& Newton’s Laws
 Forces and Interactions

• Force

– a push or pull; a vector quantity

– its unit is Newton
– an interaction between two bodies or between a body
and its environment.
 Types of Forces

• Major Types of Forces:

• Contact Forces • Long-range Forces
– Force of gravity
– Normal force – Force of magnets
– Friction force
– Tension
 Normal Force
• It is a force exerted on an object by any surface with which it is in
contact.
• This force is always perpendicular to the said surface.
 Friction Force
• A force exerted on an object parallel to the surface, in the direction that
opposes sliding.
Friction Force
 Tension
• The pulling force exerted by a stretched rope or cord on
an object to which it’s attached
Law of Gravitation
Law of Magnetism
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
 Weight

• The gravitational force that the earth exerts on the body.

• Weight = (Mass)(Gravitational Acceleration)

 Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
• For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
 Example
An orbiting satellite is moved from 10,000 to 20,000 km from
the earth. This will result in what change in the gravitational
attraction between the earth and the satellite?
a. none- the attraction is the same
b. one-half as much
c. one-fourth as much
d. one-ninth as much
 Example
A force F applied to a mass m1 accelerates the body by a1,
what will be the new acceleration if the mass is doubled
and the same force is applied?
a. half the original value
b. the same as the original value
c. double the original value
d. three times the original value
 Work, Power,
Torque & Energy
 Work
• measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an
external force at least part of which is applied in the direction of the displacement
* Negative work exists due to friction force.
 Power
• The rate at which work is done
 Torque
• a measure of how much a force acting on an object
causes that object to rotate.
• The unit of torque is N-m, not
Joule since torque is not an
energy quantity.
• If the rotation is counter-
clockwise, torque is positive.
• If clockwise, torque is
negative.
 Energy
Kinetic Energy Potential Energy
• energy of an object due to • energy stored in an object
its movement - due to its position or
its motion. arrangement.
1
• 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 • 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
= Total Kinetic and Potential Energy remains the same
 Example

A man weighing 700 Newtons climbs a flight of

stairs 7 meters high. How much work does he do?
a. 100 joules c. 4,900 joules
b. 693 joules d. 707 joules
 Example

Mr. Panfilo Guerrero is pulling his traveling bag with an

applied force of 980 N for a distance of 15 m. He has to
do that for 20 seconds so that he will be on time for his
flight. What is the power rating of Mr. Panfilo Guerrero ?
a. 3.27 W c. 1306 W
b. 735 W d. 29400 W
 Example
A box of the same weight is placed at different positions
on one end of a lever. Which one requires the greatest
force to lift the box?
 Example
A body thrown vertically up into the air possesses kinetic energy at the
beginning of its flight, but as it rises, it loses kinetic energy and acquires
potential energy with respect to the level from which it stated. Which of
the following is not true?
a. At the highest point, the kinetic energy has been wholly changed to
potential energy.
b. As it falls, its potential energy is again transformed to kinetic energy.
c. The potential energy is maximum at the highest point of its flight.
d. The kinetic energy is minimum at the lowest point of its flight.
Momentum, Impulse
& Collision
 Momentum
• it is a quantity that describes an object’s resistance to
stopping

• The unit:
Large Momentum Examples
 Impulse
• a quantity that describes the effect of a net force acting
on an object.
• Change in momentum

• Unit
 Collision

• In any type of collision, the total momentum is always

conserved (Law of Conservation of Momentum).

𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓

 Example
When the speed of a moving object is halved,

a. its KE is halved c. its rest energy is halved

b. its PE is halved d. its momentum is halved

 Example
𝑚
A 1,000-kg car travelling with a speed of 10 runs into a
𝑠
500-kg car which is at rest. The two cars then move
together in the same direction as the 1,000 kg car. The new
speed of the cars is:
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
a. 2.2 b. 5 c. 6.7 d. 10
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
 Waves
(Optics & Acoustics)
Waves
𝑠 = 𝑓λ
Parts of Wave
Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Medium Transfer
• 𝜃𝑖 > 𝜃𝑅 , speed of light is slower
• 𝜃𝑖 < 𝜃𝑅 , speed of light is faster
DIVERGING MIRROR AND LENS
CONVERGING MIRROR AND LENS
SUMMARY
 Example

The speed of sound in air at 20oC is 344m/s. What is the

wavelength of the note produced by a piano key, if it has a
frequency of 5 Hz?
a. 68.8m c. 860m
b. 137.6m d. 1720m
 Example
A stick 0.15 meter long is placed 1.0 meter in front of a
concave mirror whose focal length is 0.50 meter. The
image of the stick is _______
a. erect and 0.3 c. erect and 0.15
b. inverted and 0.30 d. inverted and 0.15
Electricity
 ELECTRICITY
• OHM’S LAW
• V=IR
• Voltage -Volts (V)
- electromotive force or potential difference that would drive 1 A of current
against 1 Ω resistance.
• Current - Amperes (A)
-flow of electrical charge carriers: electrons or electron-deficient atoms
• Resistance -Ohms (Ω)
-a measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through that conductor
 Example

What is the reading on the ammeter?

a. 8 A
b. 4 A
c. 2 A
d. 1 A
Fluids, Ideal Gas Law
& Thermodynamics
 Buoyancy
• Buoyant Force = Force exerted by fluid on a submerged object;
equal to the weight of displaced fluid (Archimedes’ Principle)
Suppose you have two equal sized balls of cork and aluminum with
the same volumes. The aluminum is heavier than the cork.
Depending on the true weight and density of each balls, they will
either sink or float.
Pascal’s Principle
 Equation of Fluid Continuity
(Bernoulli’s Equation)
• Flow rate = volume of fluid/ time elapsed
 Ideal Gas Laws
PV=T
• Carefree Boys and Girls Play Tennis and Volleyball
 Thermodynamics
• Heat is transferred from a hot body to a cold body to
achieve thermal equilibrium.
• Q=mcΔT
 Example

Why does the boat float?

a. The boat is less dense than the water and has a weight
less than the buoyant force.
b. The boat is more dense than the water and has a weight
less than the buoyant force.
 Example
A solid whose volume is 10 𝑚3 and weighing 100 kg is dropped
into a pool of fresh water. The weight of the water it displaces is
less than 100 kg. Which of the following will happen?
a. The solid will float.
b. The solid will sink.
c. The solid will be suspended.
d. The solid will float then sink.
 Example
Two gardeners water the plants in house A and house B. The
gardener in house A has a hose with a 3 mm circumference.
The gardener in house B uses a hose with a 5 mm
circumference. Assuming that the faucet releases water with
the same pressure for the two houses, which gardener would
have water with higher speed?
a. Gardener A b. Gardener B c. Both A and B
d. It does not matter, as long as they get to water the plants.
 Example
Mrs. Malu Chiu Wang is cooking Mechado for dinner in a pressure
cooker. Water will normally boil at a temperature of 373 K and an
atmospheric pressure of 1.01 x 105 Pa. What would happen to the
temperature inside the pot, when the pressure is increased twice?
The pot maintains a constant volume.
a. Temperature will be doubled.
b. Temperature will increase four times.
c. Temperature will be halved.
d. Nothing will happen to the temperature.
 Example
Fifty grams of water at 100C is mixed with 25 grams of
water at 50C. What is the final temperature of the
𝑐𝑎𝑙
mixture? (Cp = 1 °)
𝑔∗𝐶

a. 60C c. 83.33C
b. 65C d. 100C