S

CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC – TO STUDY THE FOAMING

CAPACITY OF SOAP
PRESENTED BY:-
NAME- PROTITI SAHA
CLASS- XII SCIENCE
AISSCE ROLL NO. -
GUIDED BY- H.R.BISWAS
SCHOOL NAME- KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BERHAMPORE
 CONTENTS
 Certificate from supervisor
 Bonafide certificate
 Acknowledgement
 Introduction
 Theory
 Apparatus & Procedure
 Observation
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, Protiti Saha, of class-XII Science of

Kendriya Vidyalaya, Berhampore, is
very much grateful to my subject
teacher, Mr. H.R.Biswas for the
appropriate guidance and generous
help extended by him in making this
project a success.
I am also thankful to our principal
Mr. Vijay Vir Singh for having full faith
on us and permitting us to the
laboratory.

GUIDED BY- Mr. H.R.Biswas

PGT Chemistry
CERTIFICATE FROM SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the project entitled

“Foaming capacity of soap” has been
carried out by Protiti Saha under my
supervision during academic session
2019-2020 and this project has been
submitted by her in due time.

Date:

Vijay Vir Singh H.R.Biswas

Principal PGT Chemistry
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

It is certified that this is a bonafide project

work on the “Foaming capacity of soap”
done by Protiti Saha , a student of class XII
Science, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Berhampore . It
has been executed and completed originally
with satisfaction in the laboratory of the
school under my guidance.

Vijay Vir Singh Teacher in charge:

Principal H.R.Biswas
PGT Chemistry
 INTRODUCTION
There is no quantitative method for determination of foaming
capacity of different soaps .However, the foaming capacities
of different soaps can be measured quantitatively by the
following method.
Solutions of different soaps can be prepared by dissolving
their equal weights in equal volumes of distilled waters. These
solutions are shaken vigorously to produce foam and they are
allowed to stand. Time taken for the disappearance of the
foam is measured in different samples. Longer the time taken
forth disappearance of foam, greater is its foaming capacity.
When washing soda (Na CO ) is added to trap water
containing calcium and magnesium ion the ions are
precipitated as their carbonates.
Hence, the interference due to Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions is removed
on addition of washing soda to the locally available water. In
order to demonstrate this, foaming capacity of the given
soaps sample will be determined first in distilled water, then
in tap water and finally in tap water containing Na CO .
It is expected that foaming capacity of soap will be maximum
in distilled water. The foaming capacity in distilled water must
increase on the addition of Na CO .
Ca²⁺+Na CO CaCO +2Na⁺
Mg² +Na CO MgCO +2Na
 THEORY
SOAP:

A Soap in the sodium (Na) or potassium (K) salt of

along chain of carboxylic acid or
glycerol. The carboxylic acid contains chains of 15 to
18 carbon atoms. Glycerol is an
alcohol containing three hydroxyl groups (-OH). The
three main tyes of soaps are:
(i) Sodium stearate (C H COONa)
(ii) Sodium oleate (C COONa)
(iii) Sodium palmitate (C H COONa)

PREPARATION:

In the manufacture of soap, some common salt is

added to the solution after
Saponification. Addition of NaCl increases the
solubility of the soap. Soap separates
from the solution and floats on the surface. It is then
skinned off. Soap is then mixed
with a desired coloring agent and perfume and
molded into various shapes. From the
solution left behind after skimming of the soap,
glycerol is again removed. Glycerol thus
obtained can be used to prepare drugs, paints,
cosmetics, explosives, etc.
CLEANSING ACTION:
A soap molecule contains two chemically distinct
parts that interact differently with water. One part is
long hydrocarbon chain and the other belongs to
COONa group. The hydrocarbon chain is non polar
and thus is hydrophilic while the other part
belonging to –COONa group is polar and
hydrophobic. The hydrophilic part makes the soap
Soluble in water. So a soap molecule may be
thought as a long chain containing hydrogen and
carbon, and another short chain containing C,O, and
Na. The long chain is dirt loving and water hating as
the short chain is water loving.
APPARATUS & PROCEDURE
APPARATUS:
1. Five test tubes
2. Beakers (250ml)
3. Measuring cylinder (100 ml)
4. Test tube stand
5. Weighing machine
6. Stop watch.

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS:
1. Five different soap samples
2. Distilled water
3. Tap water
4. NaOH.
PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh 1g of each of the different samples of
soap.
2. Dissolve all these samples separately in 100ml of
distilled water taken in different beakers labelled
as A,B,C,D,E.
3. Warm the solution to dissolve the soap
completely.
4. Shake the solution to produce foam, then keep
it back in the test tube.
5. Note down the time the foam takes to
disappear.
6. Again weigh 1g of sample and mix in the tap
water separately in beakers .
7. Shake the solution and keep it for the foam to
disappear.
8. Note down the time.
9. Make a solution of NaOH by dissolving 0.5g of it
in 50ml of the tap water .
10. Add 1g of soap sample in it.
11. Shake the solution, wait for the foam to
disappear.
12. Note down the time.
 CONCLUSION
1. Foaming capacity of the soaps was maximum with
distilled water.
2. Foaming capacity of the soaps reduced with tap
water.
3. Foaming capacity of the soaps are increased
slightly with tap water containing washing soda.
4. The trend indicates Ca and Mg ions are present
in minute quantities in locally available water.

The principle of soap action can be understood

as follows:
Water alone is not sufficient to wash away the dirts.
The hydrophobic parts of a soap traps the dirt and
the hydrophilic part makes the entire molecule
soluble in water. Thus, the dirt is washed away by
the soap. When soap is added to water, the soap
molecules assumes a configuration which increases
the interaction of the water loving head with water
molecule and decrease the interaction of water
hating tail. These clumps of droplets of soap
molecules are called micelles. The changed
carboxylate ends of the soap molecule make the
micelles soluble. The changed carboxylates ends of
the soap molecule make the micelles soluble in
water. Thus, the dirt is washed away with the soap.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NCERT Chemistry textbook for
Class XII
 Chemistry laboratory manual-
Arihant Prakashan
 Reference Book- Comprehensive
Chemistry
 Internet