Fluid Mechanics

SURFACE TENSION
LECTURE 9
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Fluid Mechanics
SURFACE TENSION
LECTURE 9
Example Spherical dust particles of different radii are shaken up in water in a bottle
kept on a flat surface. If height of water in bottle is 10 cm find the radius of
largest dust particle remain in suspension till 1 hr.
ρwater = 1000 kg/m2, ρdust = 1800 kg/m3 , ηwater = 10-2 poise & g = 10 m/s2

dust
A. 1.72 µm
B. 2.54 µm
C. 3.95 µm
D. 4.26 µm
0.1m
Solution:
Example Water flows through a tube of radius r , length l at a rate of 40 ml/sec as
shown. Now another tube of same length and radius r/2 is connected in
series with this tube with same pressure difference across the combination.
Find the new flow rate of water through this combination.
Q = 40 ml/sec
A. 15/18 ml/sec PA
r PB
B. 40/17 ml/sec η
C. 56/14 ml/sec
D. 60/19 ml/sec l

PA PB
η
l
r l r/2
 Q = 40 ml/sec
PA
r PB
η
l

PA PB
η
l
r l r/2
Solution:
Surface Tension
Visualizing Surface Tension
Visualizing Surface Tension
Visualizing Surface Tension
Visualizing Surface Tension
Surface Tension
The property of a liquid due to which its free surface tries to have minimum surface
and it behaves if it has a tension like a stretched membrane is called Surface
Tension.
➔ It is due to intermolecular force among liquid particles (attractive forces).

spherical
Significance of Surface Tension
Surface Tension numerically is : The force acting per unit length of a hypothetical line drawn
on a liquid surface normal to it in either direction.

X
B
F Container filled with water

Y
F
A
Net force on AB line are balanced.
On XY it is not balanced

Surface Tension
T = F/l (N/m)
 we PRICK The film
in
centre of
thread loop
Loop :
Thread on a soap
fill (all forces
balanced)
 we PRICK The film
in
centre of
thread loop
Loop :
Thread on a soap Now as ST acts only
fill (all forces outwards, the loop
balanced) takes a circular shape
due to outward ST
Some facts about Surface Tension
(ST)
➔ It is a scalar quality. (However direction of the force on the line on which it is
calculated can be known)
➔ It depends only on nature of liquid and its intermolecular forces.
➔ ST decrease with rise in temperature and becomes ZERO at critical
temperature.
➔ It depends on impurities added to a liquid
➔ For insoluble impurities ST decreases and for soluble impurities it may increase
or decrease.
 Example A thin wooden rod of mass M and length l is floating in water. Find the
force required in vertically upward direction to lift the rod from water
surface tension of water is T.

A. Mg
B. Mg + Tl
C. Mg + 2Tl
D. Mg - Tl
Solution:
Example A ring of radius R and mass M is kept at rest on the surface of a liquid of
surface tension T by a string tied as shown in figure. Find the force
required to lift the ring above the liquid.
A. Mg
B. Mg + πRT F
C. Mg + 2πRT
D. Mg + 4πRT

R
Solution:
Surface Energy
 Surface Energy
Stretched Spring : Stored some P.E in it (½ kx2)

Free Surface of a Fluid : Some P.E is stored in it.

Surface Energy
Δx
Work done by the Fext will be stored in the
elastic film as elastic P.E

F
l

Fext

Increase in surface area

Soap film with ST “T”

Δs = 2l Δx
(2 free surfaces)
 Surface Energy
Stretched Spring : Stored some P.E in it (½ kx2)
Some P.E is stored in
Free Surface of a Fluid : it.
Surface Energy
Δx Force on the slider due to ST.
F = 2Tl
(2 free surface in contact with the slider)
F
l To slowly move the slider out :

Fext Fext = 2Tl

Work done by the Fext will be stored in the

Increase in surface area
elastic film as elastic P.E
Soap film with ST “T”

Δs = 2l Δx
(2 free surfaces)
Surface Energy
Surface Energy
Δx
w/d in displacing slider by Δx :

ΔW = Fext Δx = 2Tl Δx
F
l
ΔW = TΔS
Increase in surface energy of
Fext ΔU = TΔS film.

Soap film with ST Increase in surface area Another way to define ST :

“T”
Δs = 2l Δx
T = ΔU / ΔS
(2 free surfaces)
Example A film of water is formed between 2 straight parallel wires each 10 cm long
at a seperation of 0.5 cm. Calculate the work required to increase their
separation by 1 mm. Surface tension of water is 72 x 10-3 N/m
A. 7.2 µJ
B. 12.7 µJ
C. 14.4 µJ 10 cm
D. 16.8 µJ
0.5 cm
Δs
Solution:
Example A soap bubble of radius R and film thickness t (t<<R) coalesce to form a
liquid drop. Find the rise in temperature of drop. Surface tension of soap
solution is T, density of soap solution is ρ and its specific heat is S.

Ai

R
thickness = t Bursts

Soap bubble
 Ai

R
T Bursts
Soap drop of
radius ‘r’
Solution:
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