CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION:

Larsen & Toubro Limited is the biggest legacy of two Danish Engineers, who built a world-
class organization that is professionally managed and a leader in India's engineering and
construction industry. It was the business of cement that brought the young Henning Holck-
Larsen and S.K. Toubro into India. They arrived on Indian shores as representatives of the
Danish engineering firm F L Smidth & Co in connection with the merger of cement
companies that later grouped into the Associated Cement Companies.

Together, Holck-Larsen and Toubro, founded the partnership firm of L&T in 1938, which
was converted into a limited company on February 7, 1946. Today, this has metamorphosed
into one of India's biggest success stories. The company has grown from humble origins to a
large conglomerate spanning engineering and construction.
Larsen & Toubro Construction is India’s largest construction organisation. Many of the
country's prized landmarks - its exquisite buildings, tallest structures, largest industrial
projects, longest flyover, and highest viaducts - have been built by it. Leading-edge
capabilities cover every discipline of construction: civil, mechanical, electrical and
instrumentation.

L&T Construction has the resources to execute projects of large magnitude and technological
complexity in any part of the world. The business of L&T Construction is organized in six
business sectors which will primarily be responsible for Technology Development, Business
Development, International Tendering and work as Investment Centres. Head quarters in
Chennai, India. In India, 7 Regional Offices and over 250 project sites. In overseas it has
offices in Gulf and other overseas locations.

L&T Construction’s cutting edge capabilities cover every discipline of construction – civil,
mechanical, electrical and instrumentation engineering and services extend to large industrial
and infrastructure projects from concept to commissioning

1
L&T Construction has played a prominent role in India’s industrial and infrastructure
development by executing several projects across length and breadth of the country and
abroad. For ease of operations and better project management, in-depth technology and
business development as well as to focus attention on domestic and international project
execution, entire operation of L&T Construction is structured into four Independent
Companies.
• Hydrocarbon IC
• Buildings & Factories IC
• Infrastructure IC
• Metallurgical & Material Handling IC
• Power Transmission & Distribution
• Heavy Engineering
• Shipbuilding
• Power
• Electrical & Automation
• Machinery and Industrial product

1.2 BUILDING & FACTORIES

The Buildings & Factories Independent Company is equipped with the domain knowledge,
requisite expertise and wide-ranging experience to undertake of all types of building and
factory structures.
• Commercial Buildings & Airports
• Residential Buildings & Factories

2
1.3 SERVICE SPECTRUM

L&T Construction’s range of services includes:

• Pre-engineering, feasibility studies and detailed project reports.

• Complete civil and structural construction services for all types of buildings, industrial and
infrastructure projects.

• Complete mechanical system engineering including fabrication and erection of structural

steel works; manufacture, supply, erection, testing and commissioning of plant and
equipment; heavy lift erection; high-pressure piping; fire-fighting; HVAC and LP/ utility
piping networks.

• Electrical system design, project electrification, automation and control system including
instrumentation for all type of industrial and telecom projects.

• Design, manufacture, supply and installation of EHV switchyards, transmission lines.

3
1.4 QUALITY POLICY

At L&T, Environment, Health & Safety (EHS) is given the highest priority. The EHS policy
enunciated by the Corporate Management lays emphasis on Environment, Health and Safety
through a structured approach and well defined practices. Systems and procedures have been
established for implementing the requisites at all stages of construction and they are
accredited to the International standards of ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 and OHSAS
18001:2007.

4
1.5 HEALTH SAFTEY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

5
1.6 HR POLICY

6
1.7 WORK CULTURE

Work Culture emphasises:

• Freedom to experiment
• Continuous learning and training
• Transparency
• Quality in all aspects of work
• Rewards based on performance and potential

1.8 TRAINING

Human Resources Department believes that Quality is the hallmark of any successful
venture. Quality Training and Development of Human Resources is realized through:
Identifying training needs within the Organization and designing and implementing those
need based training programs to bring about continuous up-gradation of knowledge, skills
and employee attitudes.

1.9 VISION & MISSION

VISION

L&T shall be professionally managed Indian multinational committed to total customer

satisfaction and enhancing shareholder value. L&T shall be an innovative entrepreneurial
and empowered team constantly creating value and attaining global benchmarks. L&T shall
foster a culture of caring trust and continuous learning while meeting expectations of
employees, stakeholders and society.

7
1.10 MISSION

To achieve excellence in the field of Engineering, Procurement and Construction through

world class practice and standards in quality, Safety and Project Management.

8
 CHAPTER 2
PROPOSED – PROJECT
ESIC HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL COLLEGE
JOKA, KOLKATA

9
2.1 THE PROJECT DETAILS

PROJECT – ESIC HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL COLLEGE

CLIENT – EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE CORPORATION (ESIC)

CONSULTANT – ENARCH CONSULTANT PVT.LTD .

CONTRACTOR - L&T CONSTRUCTION BUILDING & FACTORIES

EXECUTIVE AGENCY- EPIL

TYPE OF CONTRACT – UNIT RATE

PROJECT COMPONENT –

• HOSPITAL BUILDING
• MEDICAL COLLEGE BUILDING
• GIRLS & BOYS HOSTEL
• STAFF QUARTERS (RENOVATION)
• AUDITORIUM
• CLUB HOUSE

PROJECT LOCATION – ESIC HOSPITAL & MEDICAL COLLEGE, JOKA,

KOLKATA, WEST BENGAL

AREA – 21.5 ACRES

10
 CHAPTER 3
QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL
DAPARTMENT

Quality is the key component which propels performance and defines leadership traits. At
L&T Construction, Quality Standards have been internalised and documented in Quality
Assurance manuals. L&T Construction recognizes the crucial significance of the human
element in ensuring quality. Structured training programmes ensure that every L&T
employee is conscious of his/her role and responsibility in extending L&T Construction’s
tradition of leadership through quality. A commitment to safety springs from a concern for
the individual worker – every one of the thousands braving the rigours of construction at
numerous project sites. L&T, Buildings & Factories IC has a well-established and
documented Quality Management System (QMS) and is taking appropriate steps to improve
its effectiveness in accordance with the requirements of ISO 9001:2008. Relevant procedures
established clearly specify the criteria and methods for effective operation, control and
necessary resources and information to support the operation and monitoring of these
processes.

3.1 QUALITY IMPLEMENTATION AT SITE

L&T, Buildings & Factories IC has established procedure for monitoring, measuring and
analyzing of these processes and to take necessary actions to achieve planned results and
continual improvement of these processes. It has also maintained relevant procedures to
identify and exercise required control over outsourced processes, if any. Systems and
procedures have been established for implementing the requisites at all stages of construction
and they are accredited to the International standards of ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 and
OHSAS 18001:2007. L&T continues to maintain the trail blazing tradition of meeting the
stringent quality standards and adherence to time schedules in all the projects.

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3.2 PROJECT QUALITY PLAN

The Project Quality Plan is prepared and formulated as a Management Summary of Quality
related activities required to meet the terms of contract. This Quality plan sets out the
Management practices and describes the Quality Management System based

on PDCA (Plan, Check, Do and Act) Principle. The Project Quality Plan comprises of two
sections:

 VOLUME 1
 VOLUME 2

Scope

The contents of this document are applicable to “ construction of Employees state

Insurance [ESI] hospital & medical college& Renovation work of some Existing
structure and Reinforcement concrete & Allied works for sub & super structure ” at
Joka , Kolkata that will be carried out by LnT Limited,Buildings and Factories IC for
Employee state Insurance corporation [ESIC]. In preparation of this document, due regard
has been paid to the requirement of ISO 9001: 2008 series of system standards.

PURPOSE:

This Project Quality Plan is prepared and formulated as a Management Summary of Quality
related activities required to meet the terms of contract. This Quality plan sets out the
Management practices and describes the Quality Management System.

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3.3 TESTS ON CEMENT

1) CONSISTENCY

AIM

To determine the quantity of water required to produce a cement paste of standard

consistency as per IS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988.

PRINCIPLE

The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will
permit the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the Vicat
mould.

APPARATUS
VICAT APPARATUS

Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 - 1976 Balance, whose permissible variation
at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 – 1982

PROCEDURE

i) Weigh approximately 400g of cement and mix it with a weighed quantity of water.
The time of gauging should be between 3 to 5 minutes.

ii) Fill the Vicat mould with paste and level it with a trowel.

iii) Lower the plunger gently till it touches the cement surface.

iv) Release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste.

v) Note the reading on the gauge.

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vi) Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement and different
quantities of water until the reading on the gauge is 5 to 7mm.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

Express the amount of water as a percentage of the weight of dry cement to the first
place of decimal.

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2) INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME

AIM

To determine the initial and the final setting time of cement.

APPARATUS

Vicat apparatus conforming.

PROCEDURE

i) Prepare a cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency.

ii) Start a stop-watch, the moment water is added to the cement.

iii) Fill the Vicat mould completely with the cement paste gauged as above, the
mould resting on a non-porous plate and smooth off the surface of the paste
making it level with the top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared in
the mould is the test block.

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INITIAL SETTING TIME

Place the test block under the rod bearing the needle. Lower the needle gently
in order to make contact with the surface of the cement paste and release
quickly, allowing it to penetrate the test block. Repeat the procedure till the
needle fails to pierce the test block to a point 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the
bottom of the mould . The time period elapsing between the time, water is
added to the cement and the time, the needle fails to pierce the test block by
5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the bottom of the mould, is the initial setting
time.

FINAL SETTING TIME

Replace the above needle by the one with an annular attachment. The cement
should be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to
the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression therein, while the
attachment fails to do so. The period elapsing between the time, water is added
to the cement and the time, the needle makes an impression on the surface of
the test block, while the attachment fails to do so, is the final setting time.

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3.4 TESTS ON AGGREGATES

1) SIEVE ANALYSIS

AIM

To determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates by sieving .

PRINCIPLE

By passing the sample downward through a series of standard sieves, each of decreasing size
openings, the aggregates are separated into several groups, each of which contains aggregates
in a particular size range.

APPARATUS

A SET OF IS SIEVES

i) A set of IS Sieves of sizes - 80mm, 63mm, 50mm, 40mm, 31.5mm, 25mm, 20mm,
16mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 6.3mm, 4.75mm, 3.35mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm,
300µm, 150µm and 75µm.

ii) Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1 percent of the weight of the test
sample.

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PROCEDURE

i) The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 110 + 5oC

and weighed.
ii) The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves.
iii) On completion of sieving, the material on each sieve is weighed.
iv) Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a
percentage of the total sample weight.
v) Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative percentage of aggregates
retained on each sieve and dividing the sum by 100.

2) WATER ABSORPTION

AIM

To determine the water absorption of coarse aggregates.

APPARATUS

i) Wire basket - perforated, electroplated or plastic coated with wire hangers for
suspending it from the balance
ii) Water-tight container for suspending the basket
iii) Dry soft absorbent cloth - 75cm x 45cm (2 nos.)
iv) Shallow tray of minimum 650 sq.cm area
v) Air-tight container of a capacity similar to the basket
vi) Oven SAMPLE A sample not less than 2000g should be used.

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PROCEDURE

i) The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust, drained
and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature
between 22 and 32oC.

ii) After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by lifting the basket and
allowing it to drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket and sample should remain
immersed for a period of 24 + 1⁄2 hrs. afterwards

iii) The basket and aggregates should then be removed from the water, allowed to drain
for a few minutes, after which the aggregates should be gently emptied from the basket on
to one of the dry clothes and gently surface-dried with the cloth, transferring it to a
second dry cloth when the first would remove no further moisture. The aggregates should
be spread on the second cloth and exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight
till it appears to be completely surface-dry. The aggregates should be weighed (Weight
'A').

iv) The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110oC
for 24hrs. It should then be removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (Weight 'B').

3.5 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

SLUMP

AIM

To determine the workability of fresh concrete by slump test.

APPARATUS

i) Slump cone

ii) Tamping rod

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PROCEDURE

i) The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and applied with a light coat of
oil.

ii) The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non- absorbent surface.

iii) The mould is then filled in four layers with freshly mixed concrete, each
approximately to one-fourth of the height of the mould.

iv) Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod (strokes are
distributed evenly over the cross- section).

v) After the top layer is rodded, the concrete is struck off the level with a trowel

vi) The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly in the
vertical direction.

vii)The difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the highest point
of the subsided concrete is measured.

viii) This difference in height in mm is the slump of the concrete.

3.6 WATER CONTENT

OVEN DRYING METHOD
AIM

To determine the water content in soil by oven drying method.

PRINCIPLE

The water content (w) of a soil sample is equal to the mass of water divided by the mass
of solids.

APPARATUS

i) Thermostatically controlled oven maintained at a temperature of 110 ± 5oC

ii) Weighing balance, with an accuracy of 0.04% of the weight of the soil taken

iii) Air-tight container made of non-corrodible material with lid

iv) Tongs .

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SAMPLE

The soil specimen should be representative of the soil mass. The quantity of the specimen
taken would depend upon the gradation and the maximum size of particles as under:

PROCEDURE

i) Clean the container, dry it and weigh it with the lid (Weight 'W1').

ii) Take the required quantity of the wet soil specimen in the container and weigh it with
the lid (Weight 'W2').

iii) Place the container, with its lid removed, in the oven till its weight becomes constant
(Normally for 24hrs.).

iv) When the soil has dried, remove the container from the oven, using tongs.

v) Find the weight 'W3' of the container with the lid and the dry soil sample.

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 CHAPTER 4

PLANNING DEPARTMENT

Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity in the management and

execution of construction projects. It involves the choice of technology, the definition of
work tasks, the estimation of the required resources and durations for individual tasks,
and the identification of any interactions among the different work tasks. A good
construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the schedule for work.
Developing the construction plan is a critical task in the management of construction,
even if the plan is not written or otherwise formally recorded. In addition to these
technical aspects of construction planning, it may also be necessary to make
organizational decisions about the relationships between project participants and even
which organizations to include in a project. Essential aspects of construction planning
include the generation of required activities, analysis of the implications of these
activities, and choice among the various alternative means of performing activities. In
developing a construction plan, it is common to adopt a primary emphasis on either cost
control or on schedule control. Some projects are primarily divided into expense
categories with associated costs. In these cases, construction planning is cost or expense
oriented. Within the categories of expenditure, a distinction is made between costs
incurred directly in the performance of an activity and indirectly for the accomplishment
of the project. For example, borrowing expenses for project financing and overhead items
are commonly treated as indirect costs. For other projects, scheduling of work activities
over time is critical and is emphasized in the planning process. In this case, the planner
insures that the proper precedence’s among activities are maintained and that efficient
scheduling of the available resources prevails. Traditional scheduling procedures
emphasize the maintenance of task precedence’s (resulting in critical path scheduling
procedures) or efficient use of resources over time (resulting in job shop scheduling
procedures). Finally, most complex projects require consideration of cost and scheduling
over time, so that planning, monitoring and record keeping must consider both
dimensions. In these cases, the integration of schedule and budget information is a major
concern.

22
A parallel step in the planning process is to define the various work tasks that must be
accomplished. These work tasks represent the necessary framework to permit scheduling
of construction activities, along with estimating the resources required by the individual
work tasks, and any necessary precedence’s or required sequence among the tasks. The
terms work "tasks" or "activities" are often used interchangeably in construction plans to
refer to specific, defined items of work. Planning department in L&T uses Microsoft
Project as a powering tool for reducing risk. Microsoft Project gives efficiency to plan a
project, identify the resources required and identify the tasks required in a sequence,
increasing probability of delivery of the project to the time, cost and quality objectives.
Microsoft Project gives you a powerful, visually enhanced way to effectively manage a
wide range of projects and programs. From meeting crucial deadlines, to selecting the
right resources, Microsoft project empowering your teams. The initial schedule of major
construction activities S0 is prepared according to the Clients preference. S0 is the basis
for all types of scheduling. Preliminary schedules representing the monthly work
estimates are prepared based on experience considering local climate conditions,
environment, learning curve, pace of work, mobilization, etc in Microsoft Project.
Productivities of different activities are estimated and validated during the course of
execution. Man power requirement is calculated based on these productivities. Drawings
released by the Client. Revisions and change orders are issued as and when there is a
change and distributed to all the units. The planning system is updated in the first week of
every month. Two progress schedules are maintained – original schedule prepared in the
starting of the project, planned schedule which is modified according to the requirements
and conditions. Actual progress is compared with the planned schedule and in case any
delay in progress is then a Catch up schedule is prepared and executed accordingly to
overcome the delay.

23
 4.1 Planning Phases

 PROJECT INITIATION
 PROJECT EXECUTION
 PROJECT MONITERING & CONTROL
 PROJECT CLOSURE

PROJECT INITIATION

1) To calculate and estimate the amount of BOQ items and non BOQ items.
2) To decide the working methods that are to be implemented for the project and
construction scheme.
3) To decide the schedule means at what which thing is to be done.
4) To calculate the amount of materials required.
5) To make a Budget of the amount of money to be spend.
6) To analyse the Risks and Constraints.

PROJECT EXECUTION

 Subcontractor billing
Running bills,F&F Bills,Final bills

 Client Billing
I. Advance bills
II. Running bills
III. Reimbursement Bills
IV. Final bills
V. Quantity variation, Extra items &extra claims.

24
PROJECT MONITERING AND CONTROL

I. Management Planning & Control System

II. System Compliance Reports
III. Meetings – daily, weekly, monthly
IV. Tradeoff between COST & TIME
V. Crashing activities

PROJECT CLOSURE

 Handing Over
 NOCs & Completion certificate.
Virtual completion, Final Completion
 DLP plan
 Final Bill
 Project completion bill

RISKS AND CONSRAINTS

Sometimes it is not possible to mitigate a risk. It is not possible to incur a cost ahead of an
uncertain event. Where mitigation is not possible, a contingency plan can be employed.
Example : Force majeure, Riot, Natural Disasters, Price escalation etc.

1) For New Project Contingency Should not exceed 5%

2) For renovation project not more than 10%

25
 CHAPTER 5

PROJECT EXECUTION

5.1 METHOD STATEMENT FOR CIVIL AND MECHANICAL

METHOD STATEMENT FOR CIVIL

OBJECTIVE:

To formulate guidelines for Setting out and routine survey works.

REFERENCE:

1. Drawing

2. Technical Specifications for Civil works

3. Inspection and test plan

4. Survey Layout showing control stations.

MAJOR EQUIPMENTS:

Calibrated Auto - level, Theodolite (LC-1"), Total Station and necessary measuring tools.

5.2 METHOD STATEMENT FOR BUILDING UP OF PILES UPTO CUTOFF

LEVEL.

OBJECTIVE:

Building up of Plies up-to cut-off levels.

REFERENCE:

1. Drawing

2. Technical Specifications for Civil works

3. Technical Data sheet of Nitobond EP

26
5.3 METHOD STATEMENT FOR REINFORCEMENT WORK

1. OBJECTIVE:

This Procedure covers fixing and removal of formwork and checking of formwork.

2. REFERENCE:

1. Approved Drawings

2. Tender Document

METHOD FOR REINFORCEMENT WORK

1.All reinforcement shall be placed above the ground by using wooden sleepers or concrete
blocks.

2.For reinforcement, care shall be taken to protect the reinforcement from exposure to saline
atmosphere during storage, fabrication and use.

3.Against requirement from site, bars shall be cut and bent to shape and dimension as shown
in bar bending schedule based on Good For Construction (GFC) drawings.

4.Reinforcement shall be tied as per the latest drawing and any extra bars provided at site
shall be recorded in the pour card/ lap register.

5.Unusable cut rods and scrap reinforcement shall be properly placed at yard.

Bar Bending Schedule:

1.Prepare bar bending schedule based on the latest drawings and to be submitted to Engineer
for review

2.Bar bending schedule shall clearly specify the following:

a) Bar dia.
b) Numbers.
c) Cut-lengths.
d) Shapes.

27
3.Bar bending schedule shall take into account the following field/ design requirement.

a) Desirable lap locations and staggering of laps.

b) Lap lengths.
c) Development length/ Anchorage length.

Cutting, Bending and Placing:

1.All reinforcement shall be free from loose mill scales, loose rust and coats of paints, oil,
mud or any other substances which may destroy or reduce bond. Use wire brush to clean the
reinforcement.

2.Cutting and bending shall conform to the details given in the approved bar bending
schedule.

a) Cutting of Rebar by heat is not permitted, only cutting by grinding or shearing is

permitted.

b) No heating is allowed to facilitate bending of Rebar.

3.Place the reinforcement as per GFC drawings ensuring the following aspects properly.

a) Type & size of bar.

b) Number of bars.

c) Location and lengths of laps, splices.

d) Curtailment of bars.

e) In two way reinforcement, check the direction of reinforcement in various layers.

f) Adequate number of chairs, spacer bars and cover blocks.

g) Size of cover blocks.

h) All the bars shall be tied with double fold 18g soft GI annealed binding wire.

4.Reinforcement may be placed with in the following tolerance whenever required:

a) for effective depth 200mm or less ±10mm.

b) for effective depth more than 200mm ±15mm.

c) The cover shall in no case be reduced by more than one third of the specified cover or 0 /+
10mm.

28
d) The cover should suit various cover requirement as per Drawing Notes. 5.The sequence of
reinforcement shall be correlated with fixing of inserts, sleeves, conduits, anchors and
formworks.

6.In walls, place accurately bent spacer bars wired to vertical or horizontal bars between
successive rows.

7.No steel parts of spacers sure allowed inside the concrete cover. Spacer blocks made
from cement, sand and small aggregate shall match the mix proportion of the surrounding
concrete. Alternatively PVC cover blocks of approved make can be used.

8.Spacers, cover blocks should be of concrete of same strength or PVC 9.Spacers, chairs and
other supports detailed on drawings, together with such other supports as may be necessaray,
should be used to maintain the specified nominal cover to the steel reinforcement.

10.Spacers or chairs should be placed at a maximum spacing of 1.0 mtr and closer spacing
may sometimes be necessary.

11.All reinforcement shall be placed and maintained in the positions shown in the drawing
by providing proper cover blocks, spacers, Supporting bars.

12.Rough handling, shock loading (Prior to embedment) and the dropping of reinforcement
from a height should be avoided. Reinforcement should be secured against displacement.

5.4 METHOD FOR PILING

1.Excavate till the COL of pile

2.Predict the level of concrete in side the pile by driving rebar to touch the hard strata of
concrete.

3.Excavate till the predicted level of pile till visibility of concrete

4.Chip off loose concrete/ laitance from the top level of exposed concrete and ensure the
quality of concrete after chipping.

5.Straighten the distorted vertical bars & tie the lateral ties/ helical to COL 6.Fix the
formwork of the required size up to the pile COL.

29
7.Apply the bonding agent(Nitobond EP) before pouring the concrete with the help of an
extended brush.

8.Pour concrete of the same grade(M30)

9.Strip the form work after 24 hrs

10.Back fill around the piles in layers not exceeding 200mm up to COL and allow for PCC

11.FDT to be carried out as per relevent IS Code and Technical specification.

12.Curing of concrete with approved water shall start after completion of Initial setting time
of concrete and in hot weather after 4 hours. Concrete will be cured for a minimum period of
seven days when OPC with high water cement ratio is used, curing for minimum 10 days in
hot weather or low water cement ratio is used. Curing shall be done by continous sprays or
ponded water or continously saturated coverings of sacking canvas,hessain or other absorbent
material for the period of complete hydration with a minimum of 7 days.Curing shall also be
done by covering the surface with an impermeable material such as Polyethlene ,which shall
be well sealed and fastened.

30
 CHAPTER 6
EHS DEPARTMENT

6.1 GENERAL EHS RULE &REGULATIONS

1. No workmen below 18 years and above 58 years of age shall be engaged for
a job.

2. All workmen shall be screened before engaging them on the job. Physical fitness of the
person to certain critical jobs like working at height or other dangerous locations to be
ensured before engaging the person on work. The final decision rests with the site
management to reject any person.

3. Visitors can enter the site after EHS induction with the visitor pass. He should be provided
Safety helmet & safety Shoes.

4. Smoking is strictly prohibited at workplace.

5. Subcontractors shall ensure adequate supervision at workplace . They shall ensure that all
persons working under them shall not create any hazard to self and co-workers.

6. Nobody is allowed to enter the site without wearing helmet and safety shoes.

7.No one is allowed to work at or more than two meter height without wearing full body
harness and anchoring the lanyard of full body harness to firm support Preferably at shoulder
level.

8. Use of proper eye protection should be ensured when the worker is engaged in welding,
chipping, grinding etc.

9. All scaffolding /work platform shall meet the requirement . The width of the working
platform and fall protection arrangement shall be maintained as per the standard.

10. All tools and tackles should inspected before use.

31
6.2 USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND SAFETY DEVICES
RELEVANT TO SITE ACTIVITES

• SAFETY APPLIANCES

The requirement of sufficient number of safety appliances are planned well in advance
andmade available at stores.

• HEAD PROTECTION

Every individual entering the site must wear safety helmet, confirming to IS: 2925--1984
with the chinstrap fixed to the chin.

• FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION

Safety footwear with steel toe is essential on site to prevent crush injuries to our toes
and injury due to striking against the object.

• HEARING PROTECTION:

Excessive noise causes damage to the inner ear and permanent loss of hearing.
To protect ears use ear plugs/ ear muff as suitable

• EYE PROTECTION

Person carrying out grinding works, operating pavement breakers, and those involved in
welding and cutting works should wear safety goggles & face shield.

• EAR PROTECTION

Ear Muff / Earplug should be provided to those working at places with high sound levels
(confirm to IS: 9167-1979).

32
• HAND AND ARM PROTECTION:

While handling cement and concrete & while carrying out hot works like gas cutting,
grinding & welding usage of hand gloves is a must to protect the hand,

1) COTTON Gloves (for materials handling)--‐IS:6994--‐1973

2) RUBEER Gloves--‐18” (380/450mm long) electrical grade,tested.

3) LEATHER Gloves- hot work/ handling of sharp edges

• RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Required respiratory protection according to the exposure of hazards tobe provided.

• SAFETY NET

Though it is mandatory to wear safety harness while working at height on the working
platforms, safety nets of suitable mesh size shall be provided to arrest the falling of
person and materials on need basis.

• FALL PROTECTION:

To prevent fall of person while working at height, personnel engaged more than 2m wear
standard Full Body harness should be conforming to IS: 352 -‐1999(Third Revision).

1) Lanyard should be of 12mm Polypropylene rope and of length not more than 2m.

2) Double lanyard based on requirement

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 CHAPTER 7
ACCOUNTS AND IR
Site accounts deals with the recording of all money transaction made at or in connection with
site operations. The site accounts should be maintained meticulously, regularly and daily,
otherwise the contractor may not seldom know his financial position till the job is over, and it
might be too late then.

Two basic documents start the site accounts. The site cost estimate made at
the tendering stage and later rechecked at the planning stage is reduced about 20% and it is
called the Prime Cost Allocation (PCA) Sheet. The idea of making a reduction is that even
with a later additional sanctions , the original estimate should not be exceeded.

Likewise, the contractor makes a site Budget to cover the total duration of its life. This is
made on a spread sheet. The vital items included in it are the Prime cost allocated with all
details on the expenditure side and billing proposed to be done on the receipt side. The site
need not be bothered about head office overheads , interest on borrowings , depreciation etc.
which form a part of the company’s budget . The site budget is broken down weekly, monthly
and the site duration . It is reviewed monthly and changes made where necessary. In that
sense, it was also called rolling budget. It is better doing this way.

It needs to be underlined that contractor requires a professional accountant to

write his accounts. This work should better be done by those who are qualified to perform it.
Nevertheless, the contractor should understanding accounting, be able to read them and ask
the right questions.

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 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

It was a wonderful learning experience at L&T Construction B&F IC’s site of L&T project
for twenty days in Joka ,Kolkata . I gained a lot of insight regarding almost every aspect of
site. I was given exposure in almost all the departments at the site. The friendly welcome
from all the employees is appreciating, sharing their experience and giving their peace of
wisdom which they have gained in long journey of work. I am very much thankful for the
wonderful facility from L&T. I hope this experience will surely help me in my future and
also in shaping my career.

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