Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Edition 01
Date 16 Oct 2003
[1] F. Colin, “Radio Frequency Hopping – Implementation Strategy”, ed. 2, (3DF 00976 0001 TQZZA);
INDEX
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 4
(Portugal) in 2003.
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The voice quality issue is performing an increasing role in the assessment of the network’s quality in the
competitive Portuguese mobile panorama. In this scenario, a set of operations was performed by Alcatel to
improve the global QoS. These operations included parameter tuning and a review of the frequency hopping
strategy. This reports focuses on the latter, giving special emphasis to the use of the tools (SONAR tool).
The main objective of these frequency optimization operations, leading to an improvement of the global voice
quality, was to improve KPI by reducing the overall interference in the network.
To this end, several frequency hopping strategies were tested. The evaluation was done both by traditional
QoS indicators analysis and drive-tests and by Voice Quality assessment campaigns (by using Qvoice tool).
(extensive tests of parameter modifications were also done for these purposes, although its description and
conclusions are not analyzed on this report).
2 TMN NETWORK
This section gives a short description of the TMN network.
LISBOA
Figure 1: TMN network: Alcatel turnkey area (GSM cells in black; DCS in red)
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• The network presents a high RFload due to excessive number of TRX per cell, especially on urban
areas:
Data from drive-tests show that RxQual in hopping TRX is worse that RxQual in BCCH:
• Interleave BCCH frequencies with hopping frequencies. In this way we can possible reduce adjacent-channel
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interference (although this is not obvious). This is more interesting if operator accepts to reduce the "BCCH
band" and increase the number of frequencies for hopping (bcch plan will become easier, since there is not
limitation of using 2 adjacent frequencies in two sectors). More information on QoS results using this
technique can be found within the team of Alcatel Shanghai Bell (Jilin MCC Network).
• Split the TCH band in two sub-bands and use TRX_prefmark to give preference to TRX in the most cleaned
band; only in busy hour the TRX with the not-so-cleaned band would be used (not a sufficient solution for
TMN, as metrics are computed for busy-hour).
• Use multiband cells to reduce RFload in DCS band by using it completely for hopping (not a good solution in
B6 as many new RACKs would be necessary).
3.2.1 Description
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Reuse3 is theoretically suitable in areas where the coverage of cells is well controlled (as for Reuse1), so that
spill-overs are not significant, and where there is a regular pattern. On these conditions, the TCH frequency
band can be split in 3 groups. Each group will then be assigned to sectors pointing in the same direction.
Starting by classifying each sector in one of 3 categories according with its direction, consider the following
figure:
E D
C B
It is easy to understand that if the cells coverage is well controlled, cell A will perform more handovers to cell D
and E, and not so many to cell F. This also means that there can be a gain if frequency groups of cells A and
D and E are different, even if the frequency group of A is equal to that of F.
3.2.2 Motivation
The main motivation was that the network presents a regular pattern (although with many exceptions), and
that coverage has been tuned cell-by-cell, through years of optimization.
The BSC chosen for this test, QuintaConde, a rural BSC, follows this profile. An analysis was made concerning
the percentage of handovers (using T180 counters) between each sector and other sectors belonging to the
same category (excluding intra-site sectors, where there is no interference even in Reuse1 due to MAIO
choice). In this way, this BSC presented 28.9% of handovers between sectors pointing to the same directions.
Note that the lower this value is, the better it is to apply Reuse3. If this value would be 33.3%, theoretically,
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there would be no advantage in using Reuse3. Although this value was not as low as desired, the Reuse3 field-
trial was carried out.
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Date Description
1/Abr/2003 BSC frozen for hardware and parameter modifications.
4/Abr/03 à 5/Abr/03 Reuse1 à Reuse3 (separate groups). See configuration details below.
Table 3: Description of operations for field-trial Reuse1à Reuse3
Hopping
102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119
group
group 1 x x x x x x
group 2 x x x x x x
group 3 x x x x x x
The advantage of using intercalated groups is that, for a certain sector, we have separation of more than 2
frequencies per TRX (and not only 2, as would be the case with consecutive frequencies per group).
MAIOS:
TRX 1 TRX 2 TRX 3
Sector 1 0 2 4
Sector 2 1 3 5
Sector 3 0 2 4
HSN must be the same for each site. In this way, intra-site collisions are avoided.
As a rule, groups are applied as follows:
Group
Sectors with azimuth >= 0 and < 120 1
Sectors with azimuth >= 120 and < 240 2
Sectors with azimuth >= 240 and < 360 3
For sites with 4 or more TRX in hopping or sites that do not follow the orientation pattern: in these cases, a
different group (possibly with more than 6 frequencies) were created. These cells were analyzed case by case.
We notice a slight reduction on the number of samples with bad quality, but not very significant.
QVOICE results:
Qvoice results did not show significant modifications before and after the operation.
GPRS results:
GPRS tests were performed for FTP throughput, Web, Wap access and menu access, and ping delays. Tests
were performed in static and also mobility modes. Results show no significant difference comparing Reuse1
with Reuse3.
• Reduction in Quality HO; increase of Better-Cell and Level HO (results more visible with priority for
TRX in hopping).
• No significant modification of other QoS indicators or in Qvoice measurements.
Reuse3 did not show significant modifications over Reuse1, having the disadvantage that it needs extra
workload to define and tune the frequency group of each cell, or after a modification of tilts or azimuths.
Also, the reduction of Quality HO may not necessarily means better voice quality, since a reduction in the
number of hopping frequencies may cause the number of Quality HO to reduce (OFFSET_HOPPING =1 and
was not changed with this trial) without improving the quality of the voice. See details of this subject on the
following section.
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3.3.1 Description
“Discrete hopping” consists of using a fixed frequency for the BCCH TRX and using synthesized frequency
hopping in n frequencies for the other TRX. n is usually a small number. On this trial, n was equal to the
number of TRX in hopping. That is:
On the OMC, this configuration is like RFH (synthesized frequency hopping) [1]. The obvious difference now is
that is requires intelligence to plan frequencies for each cell. On our trial, these frequencies were chosen using
the SONAR tool (see Chapter 4 for details).
3.3.2 Motivation
Individual frequencies can be chosen, allowing higher control of bad quality cases. The advantage is
especially important on high sites, or in areas under strong spill-overs, which cause much degradation with
reuse 1. Also, the availability of the SONAR tool, allowing producing a frequency plan based on real field-
data (and not only theoretical data from coverage estimations) and previous successful field-trials in South
Africa (contact Alcatel South Africa radio team for details) prompted us for this trial.
Date Description
12/May/2003 BSC frozen
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Results are shown for a dense-urban BSC (Tgp1); other BSC presented similar results.
QVOICE results:
Qvoice results (1 full day measurements before and after operation) showed improvements:
These results were based on extensive measurements made in the area, on a pre-defined route and on a pre-
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defined time period. Even though they were taken into consideration, they are particular and may not reflect
the behavior of all the area. The ideal would be to have QoS indicators related with voice quality, but that is
not available in the B6 release.
Another trial was made considering at least 4 frequencies to hop on each cell, even if the number of TRX per
cell was 2 or 3. However, improvements were less noticed than with this trial. This seems to show that the
With these tests (Reuse3, Discrete Hopping with a minimum of 4 frequencies to hop per cell, Discrete Hopping
with a number of hopping frequencies equal to the number of TRX in hopping) we note that the percentage of
Quality HO is reduced when we reduce the number of frequencies to hop. However, in some tests, the Qvoice
results do not show visible improvement even with a significant reduction of Quality HO.
This can be explained considering that the higher the number of frequencies we use to hop, the higher is the
possibility to suffer from short term interference (collisions). These collisions deliver a high BER for a short
period of time. RXQUAL decreases based on increased BER average. The probability of collisions is also
increasing with higher traffic. On the other hand, the degraded BER should be more than compensated by the
fact that GSM benefits higher from de-interleaving and de-channel coding (benefit against fading especially
for slow mobiles). This effect is not visible in RXQUAL.
So, on frequency hopping, a certain threshold of voice quality is achieved with worse RxQual (comparing with
fixed frequencies). This is why the hopping algorithm uses the parameter OFFSET_HOPPING for power-control
and quality handovers. The ideal Offset should lead to the HO Trigger at the same Voice Quality as without
hopping and no Offset, and shall be a function of number of hopping frequencies and traffic.
We use OFFSET_HOPPING equal to 1, based on defaults/historical reasons in Alcatel, and we did not perform
(due to lack of time) tests on this parameter (which should be synchronized with Qvoice campaigns).
Concluding, the bare fact of reduction of Quality HO may not necessarily mean an improvement in Voice
Quality in the network.
3.4.1 Description
Classical Baseband Hopping, where there are as much frequencies per cell as number of TRX [1].
3.4.2 Motivation
It makes sense to use BCCH frequencies to hop, since in TMN network RxQual is presently worse in TCH TRX,
while the number of BCCH frequencies is greater than the number of hopping frequencies. So we try to use
the BCCH band to reduce the RFload in the network. On the other hand, severe interference cases on the calls
presently handled by the beacon TRX, causing sometimes call-drop, could be reduced by using hopping.
In summary, BBH combines the benefits of intelligent frequency planning and the benefits of frequency
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hopping.
The frequencies for each cell are, for this trial, the same as those used for the Discrete Hopping trial.
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This trial was done after the trial of Discrete Hopping. In this way, we can make better comparisons.
Date Description
12/May/2003 BSC frozen
20/May/2003 Reuse1 à Discrete Hopping. See previous section for details.
23/May/2003 Discrete Hopping à Baseband hopping. See configuration details
below.
Table 10: Description of operations for field-trial Reuse1à Discrete Hopping à Baseband Hopping
3.4.4
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Edition
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01
QoS results and analysis
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Call drop
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SDCCH Drop
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RTCH assignment failure
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RELEASED
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12-Jun-2003
SONAR. This means that only the type of hopping was modified in the OMC.
Results are shown for a dense-urban BSC (Tgp1); other BSC presented similar results.
14-Jun-2003
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Figure 3: Evolution of SDCCH drop in field-trial Baseband Hopping (BSC Tgp1).
Figure 4: Evolution of RTCH assign fail in field-trial Baseband Hopping (BSC Tgp1).
% Drop
% Fail
Drop - HO
Success
Drop - BSS
Drop - HO
% Call Drop
Fail - BSS
Drop - BSS
Drop - Radio
Fail - Radio
Drop - Radio
% RTCH drop
12 / 16
Frequencies per cell are the same as those used in the field-trial for Discrete Hopping (chosen using
The following table allows comparison between Reuse1, Discrete Hopping trial and Baseband hopping trial:
QVOICE results:
Drive-tests made in the same conditions as those for previous tests. An improvement is seen in Baseband
comparable with that of the Discrete trial.
small in percentage.
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These results were considered very good and this hopping strategy was generalized to all network (19 BSC).
The SONAR tool and the method we followed to use it, proved also to be efficient and to produce good
results.
• Call Success Rate: 97.2% à 97.9%, which means that the revenue lost in the network due to radio
interferences was reduced by 25%.
It is important also to refer EasyRNP: another tool whose core algorithm is based on SONAR’s. EasyRNP was
developed by Alcatel Shanghai Bell and adds an interesting user-friendly interface, allowing frequency
optimization cell-by-cell (but not new frequency plans from scratch like SONAR).
Also, note that T180 are counters based on incoming HO, so cells in the frontiers have to be subjected to a
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Step 4: Verification
A cell-by-cell verification of the final frequency plan was performed. A special attention was given to cells in
the frontier, as the result may be less accurate due to lack of information of HO flow of the cells outside
Alcatel area. For this verification, the tool EasyRNP was used, as it has a good interface and allows computing
the new total “penalty” after a modification. A small number of modifications were made for very specific
situations but in general the SONAR result proved itself, after implementation, very trustable. Note that due to
the intrinsic form of the SONAR algorithm, the cells with more handovers will be preferred to apply a cleaner
frequency (which is interesting from to the customers point of view) and that it may be necessary to carefully
check and optimize, if necessary, specific situations like an important street or highway or delicate points
(special clients, etc).
Step 5: Implementation
The new plan was implemented in the network by MLU. QoS monitoring followed. The description of these
operations is out of the scope of this report.
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Data input: Based on real field data, and not theoretical coverage predictions. The format of SONAR allows,
in theory, to optimize networks not necessary using Alcatel BSS, providing the HO counters are available.
Network state: Although the network shall not suffer many important modifications during the period of
extraction of the T180 counters, it is not necessary to freeze the network in terms of frequencies and some BSS
parameter optimization. This is an important advantage over other concurrent existing tools.
Duration: A complete frequency plan (around 2900 TCH frequencies) for the complete network (19 BSC)
took around 2 week to produce with SONAR. This period includes the data preparation and the cell-by-cell
verification prior to implementation. The executable time of SONAR is negligible.
Results: An important improvement in QoS was obtained, using a network plan produced by SONAR, on a
network subjected to constant optimization operations and where QoS indicators presented already very
acceptable figures.
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