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MATRICES #2
1- Determinants
6- Adjoint of matrix.
7- inverse of matrix.
Determinant for matrix of 2x2
a b
A=
C d Or called det(A)
A = (ad –bc)
Example:
If B= 4 6 If ad-bc =0 matrix is non invertible (does not
Estimate determinant of B
3 8 have inverse)
solution
Example:
If A= 2 6
Estimate determinant of A
1 3
a b
A=
C d Or called det(A)
A = (ad –bc)
Example:
If B= 4 6 If ad-bc =0 matrix is non invertible (does not
Estimate determinant of B
3 8 have inverse)
solution
Example:
If A= 2 6
Estimate determinant of A
1 3
DET(A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg)
)
Rule of Sarrus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Sarrus
a b C C(
What is minors & cofactor? a( -b (
A= d e f
Determinant for matrix of 3x3
g h i
A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg)
g h i
A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg)
A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg)
g h i
A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg)
a b C
+ - +
M31 :value of the determinant
- + - obtained By d e f M31
+ - + deleting 3rd row with 1st b c
= bf - ce
column g h i
e f
C31 : Cofactor 31 = =(−𝟏)𝟑+𝟏 M31 =+M31
a b C
M32 :value of the determinant
M32
obtained By d e f
deleting 3rd row with 2nd a c
= af-cd
column g h i
𝟑+𝟐
d f
C32: Cofactor 32 = =(−𝟏) M32 =-M32
What is minors & cofactor? a b C C(
a( -b (
Determinant for matrix of 3x3 A= d e f
g h i
A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg)
a b C
+ - + M33 :value of the determinant obtained
- + - By
d e f M33
deleting 3rd row with 3rd column
+ - + a b
= ae - bd
g h i
d e
a b C
i=2
A= d e f =-d(bi-ch)
Expansio
Det(A)=ai1*ci1+ai2*ci2+ai3*ci3+……+ ai*cin n by 2nd
expansion by i row g h i
row
a b C
a b C
A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg) g h i + - +
a b C
J=1
Det(A)=a1j*c1j +a2j*c2j+a3j*c3j+……+ A= d e f =+a(ei-fh)
Expansion by 1
anj*cnj expansion by j column column.
g h i
a b C
a b C
aei -afh
A= d e f
A= d e f =-d(bi-ch)
=+g(bf-ce) +cdh -bdi
g h i
g h i bfg -ceg
Properties of determinant
3 1 -4
3 2 1
Transpose Det (A)= (+3*(5*8-4*6)-2*(1*8-4*-4)-1*(1*6-
1 5 4 5*-4) =3*(16)-2*(+24)+1*(+26)=48-48+26=26
-4 6 8
Properties of determinant
2- if any of the two rows(columns)of the determinant are interchanged the determinant
change its sign but its numerical value is unaltered .
3 1 -4
Det (A)= +3*(5*8-4*6)-1*(2*8-1*6)+(-4)*(2*4-
A= 2 5 6 1*5)=3*(16)-1*(10)-4*(3)=+26
1 4 8
Same value but –ve sign
Row 2 in
2 5 6
Place of Det (A)= +2*(1*8-4*-4)-5*(3*8+4*1)+6*(3*4-1*1)=2*(24)-
3 1 -4
R1 5*(28)+6(11)=+48-140+66=-26
1 4 8
Properties of determinant
3 1 -4
Det (A)= +3*(1*8-4*-4)-1*(3*8-4*-1)+(-
A= 3 1 -4 4)*(3*4-1*1)=3*(24)-1*(28)-4*(11) =72-28-44
=0
1 4 8
Row 1 is the same as R2
3 3 1
Det (A)= +3*(3*8-1*1)-3*(3*8-1*1)+(1)*(3*1-1*3)=3*(23)-
3 3 1 3*(23)+1*(0) =69-69+0=0
1 1 8
Properties of determinant
3 1 -4
Det (A)= +3*(5*8-4*6)-1*(2*8-1*6)+(-4)*(2*4-
A= 2 5 6 1*5)=3*(16)-1*(10)-4*(3)=+26
1 4 8
A1 = 3 3 1
Det (A)1= +9*(5*8-4*6)-3*(2*8-1*6)+(-12)*(2*4-
1 4 8
1*5)=9*(16)-3*(10)-12*(3)=+26*3=78
Determinant for 4x4 matrix
It can be calculated by using both elementary row operations (Row reduction) and cofactor method.
Example-1 -1 2 -3 4
-1 2 -3 4 -1 2 -3 4 -1 2 -3 4
R1*5+R2
5 0 2 -2 0 10 -13 18 0 10 -13 18
R2
0 R1*2+R3
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 0 5 -5 10
R3
0 0 3 -2 0 0 0 3 -2 0 0 3 -2
-1 2 -3 4 -1 2 -3 4 -1 2 -3 4
0 10 -13 18 0 10 -13 18 0 10 -13 18
-R2/2+R3
0 5 -5 10
R3 0 0 +1.50 1 0 0 +1.50 1
0 0 3 -2 -2R3+R4
0 0 0 3 -2
R4 0 0 0 -4
10 -13 18 10 -13
Det (A)=-1*(10*1.5*-4-13*1*0+18*0*0+13*0-18*0*0-18*1.50*0-0*1*10-4*0*-13) =-1*(-
0 1.50 1 0 1.50
60-0)=+60
0 0 -4 0 0
Example-2
5 4 2 1
5 4 2 1 5 4 2 1 5 4 2 1
2 3 1 -2 0 2 3 1 -2 -2R4+R2 0 7 3 -10
R2
-5 -7 -3 9 +R1+R3
0 0 -3 -1 10 0 -3 -1 10
R3
-0.20*R1+R4 0 -2.80 -1.4 +3.80
1 -2 -1 4 1 -2 -1 4
0 R4
Expand by 1st
column
Sarrus
Det(A) =-1 7 3 -10 + - + -
7 3 -10 7 3 -3 -1 10 - + - +
-3 -1 10 -3 -1 -2.80 -1.40 3.80 + - + -
-2.80 -1.40 3.80 -2.80 - 1.40
Det (A)=7*(7*-1*3.80+(3*10*-2.80)+(-10*-3*-1.40) –(-2.80*-1*-10)-(-1.40*10*7)-
(3.80*-3*3)=-1*(-26.6+84-42+28+98+34.20)=7*7.6 = 38
5 4 2 1
Det(A)=38 0 7 3 -10
0 -3 -1 10
T
C11 C12
Adj(A)= 2x2 matrix
C21 C22
+ -
1 4 C11=+(5)=+5
For B=
- +
1 5 C12=-(1)=-1
C21=-(4)=-4
T C22=+(1)=+1
+5 -1 +5 -4
Adj(b)=
-4 +1 =
-1 +1
Adjoint
- + -
C21 C22 C23 3x3 matrix
T
+6 -2 -3 6 1 -5
+1 -5 +3 -2 -5 +4
Adj(b)=
=
-5 +4 -1 -3 +3 -1
Inverse of matrix
Example Find the inverse of matrix using the Gauss –Jordan method
3 -8
1 2
solution
3 -8 1 0 R1/3
1 -8/3 1/3 0
R1 1 -8/3 1/3 0
1 2 0
1 2 0 1 R2-R1
1 0 14/3 -1/3 1
R2
1 -8/3 1/3 0 (+8/3)*R2+R1
1 -8/3 1/3 0
R1
0 14/3 -1/3 1 (3/14)*R2
0 1 -1/14 3/14
R2
1 0 2/14 8/14 1 2 8
𝐴−1 = = *
0 1 -1/14 3/14 14
-1 3
Change of
3 -8
location
Det(A) (3*2-(-8*1)=+14
1 2
Change of sign
Inverse of matrix
It is written as 𝐴−1 - +
2x2 matrix
-1 T
a b C11 C12
= Adj(A) Adj(A)= d -c
c d
-b a
Det A C21 C22
-1
Solution a b d -b = 6 -7
= -c a ad-cb 10
c d -2 4
ad-bc =4*6-2*7=24-14=10
0.6 -0.7
𝐴−1 =
-0.2 0.4
Find the inverse of matrix 3x3
1 2 -1
+ - +
A=
3 5 -1
- + -
-2 -1 -2
+ - +
1 2 -1
1 2 -1
Solution 1- try to make two elements 3 5 -1
row/Column =0, to facilitate the 3 5 -1 -3R1+R2
estimation of determinant 2R1+R2
-2 -1 -2
0 3 -4 R2
R3
0 -1 +2 C22 =+(1*-2)-(-1*-2)=-4
C12=- (3*-2)-(-1*-2)=8 C32=-(1*-1)-(-1*3)=-2
0 3 -4
C13=+(3*-1)-(5*-2)=7
C23 =-(1*-1)-(2*-2)=-3
Det(A)=+1*(-1*-4-(2*3)=-2 C33=+(1*5)-(2*3)=-1
-11 8 7 -11 5 3
1
8 -4 -2 * −2
5 -4 -3
Convert to
-1 transpose 7 -3 -1
3 -2
Inverse of A