Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
STAIRCASES
Based on the Geometrical configuration, Staircases are
classified as follows: 8 types
Landing
Landing
II- FLIGHT
LANDING
1
Design of staircase having Steps cantilevered from Wall
• Consists of only steps no slab Effective Span when steps are cantilevered from the wall/beam
• Steps are Fixed in wall
• Pre-cast steps may be used
• Steps are designed as isolated Tread slab
• Steps are fixed at one end and free on other end
• Design simple- each step behaves as cantilever slab
• A concentrated LL of 1.3 kN is considered on free end in
addition to Self-weight and Live load 1.3 kN
Design of staircase having Steps supported on beam Structural Systems used in Waist Slab type staircase
• Consists of steps and a spine (Central) beam called as
Spandrel Beam • Structural behavior of waist slab type stair cases is similar to
• Pre-cast steps are used slabs
• Steps are fixed at spine beam centrally • Depending on support conditions, the waist slab may have two
• Each step behaves as cantilever slab on both side type of spanning
• Simple design since Steps are designed as cantilevered slab • Waist slab Spanning in Longitudinal direction or flight
direction or say in the direction of going
• Waist Slab Spanning in Transverse direction or in the
direction of steps
Staircase with Waist Slab (supported on walls/ beams Transversely) Waist Slab Type Staircases Spanning in Longitudinal Direction
• Steps are Supported on Waist Slab and Waist slab spans
Staircase with waist slab simply supported both side on walls longitudinally ( i.e. in the direction of fight)
• Waist slab is supported one side on wall and on other side over • Commonly constructed Staircase, waist slab spans longitudinally
wall or on beam • Main Components of waist slab type staircase are
• flight (slab generally called waist slab), and
• steps
Wall
Beam
2
Various Support Conditions for Stair cases spanning in Staircase consist landing and beam at the junction of landing and
Longitudinal Direction staircase slab AND Landing slab is cantilevered
Staircase consist landing which is spanning longitudinally and
Simply supported
beam
3
(c) Effective Span when the Landing slab is supported Effective span when Waist Slab is
longitudinally and supported on wall (Simply supported) supported on Landing slab and
Landing slab is spanning
Transversely
Wall
• Transversely supported Landing
slab may have two types of support
conditions: Landing slab
Wall supported on two sides
• Landing Slab is Supported on
two sides i.e. AB and EF
Effective Span • Landing Slab is supported on
three sides i.e. AB, EF, and AE
and on other side supported on
CD, GH and DH
Effective span when Waist Slab is supported on Landing Distribution of Load in staircase having common Landing slab
slab and Landing slab is spanning Transversely on Three When Landing slab is common to both landing slabs
sides • Half of the Live load will be considered for design of each flight
0.5W2
W1
W1
4
Determination of LL on Stair slab when flight or landing is built Guidelines for fixing the dimensions
into side walls Tread (T) : Horizontal portion of the step where foot rests
• When the flight or landing is built into side walls, some load of the – Tread (T) = 250 mm- 270 mm for residential buildings.
stair slab is transferred to wall.
– Tread (T) = 250 mm to 300 mm for public buildings from
• To incorporate this effect in design, IS code recommends:
Rise (R) : Vertical distance between two successive steps
• When the flight or landing is built into side walls not < 110mm and – Rise (R) = 120 to 190 mm for Residential Buildings
flight is supported longitudinally :
– Rise (R) = 120 to 150 mm for Public Buildings
– The width of the slab may be reduced by 150mm while calculating
the LL on flight i.e. if width of slab is B mm, (B-150) mm will be Generally [T + 2R] may be kept: Between 500 mm to 650 mm
used to calculate the LL The width of the stair
– While designing the slab, the width may be increased by 75 mm • 0.8 m to 1 m for residential building and
150 mm • 1.8 m to 2 m for public building.
110 mm
Loading • Number of steps in each flight should not be greater than 12
• Pitch of the stair should not be more than 38 degrees.
• Head room measured vertically above any step or below the mid
75 mm
landing shall not be less than 2.1 m.
• Depth of section shall be taken as the minimum thickness
Effective Breadth
perpendicular to the soffit of the staircase.
Design of Waist slab type Staircases Spanning Determination of DL when Waist Slab Spanning Longitudinally
density of concrete = c T
Longitudinally density of finish = f tf
LOADS ON STAIRCASES If Rise = R; Tread = T; Finish = tf R T
•Dead Load Total load acting on horizontal length T ts
•Live Load = shaded area multiplied by density of materials
H
Total load acting over a length ‘T’ for 1 m width
= [(RT/2) + ts(R2+T2)] c] + [tf T] f
Load per unit span (horizontally), 1m
w = {[(RT/2) + ts(R2+T2)] c + [tf T] f}/ T
Determination of DL when Waist Slab Spanning Transversely
Waist Slab
Load per step width T
‘T’ = {[(RT/2) + ts (R2+T2)] c + [tf T] f} R
Span
Span = width of step Span
(width of step)
width of step)
Beam
Ll1 Lw Ll2
wl1 ww wl2
5
B ww
wl1 C wl2 Reinforcement Details in Stair Case
A D
(i) When Beam is provided at the end of landing
Ll1 Lw Ll2
RA RD
Wl1 = DL of landing slab 1 and LL on Landing slab 1
Wl2 = DL of landing slab 2 and LL on Landing slab 2 Not less than Ld
Ww = DL of waist slab & stairs and LL on waist slab on
Not less than Ld
horizontal span
Steps to Determine Maximum moment Main Steel
• Determine reaction RA and RD Temperature steel
• Write equation for BM variation in the beam Thickness of waist slab
• Equate dM/dx = 0 to determine location (i.e. x) of maximum
moment
• Determine moment at above determined location i.e. Max BM
6
Design of Compression members (Columns) Effective Length of Columns (Le)
• Compression Members Structural Members primarily subjected to axial • Distance between points of the contra-flexure of buckled column
compression force
• Le is different from unsupported length, L
• Compressive members which transfer compression load in any direction Strut as
in case of trusses • Unsupported length L is determined as per IS 456 as (Cl. 25.1.3)
• Compression members transferring load to ground may be classified in following • Unsupported length is defined as, clear distance between end restraints, except
four categories as • In beam and slab construction: clear dist. bet. floor and underside of shallower
• Pedestal Height/ (lateral dimension) 3 beam
• Short column 3 < [Effective Height / lateral dimension] ratio <12 • For laterally restraint column (by strut or beam): clear dist. bet. consecutive struts
• Long column [Effective Height / lateral dimension] ratio >12
• For various end conditions, Le is defined as:
• Wall [Breadth / thickness) ratio > 4
• The load carrying capacity of the column depends on slenderness ratio which is Le = kL
defined as ratio of Effective length to least lateral dimension P P
P P P P P
• In columns the dimensions of column cross-section are defined as ‘b’ (shorter
dimension) and ‘D’ (larger dimension)
• Thus, compression a member is called
• Pedestal when (Ieff/ b] <3
• Short Column when 3 < (Ieff/ b] <12
• Long Column when (Ieff/ b] 12
• If a column is connected to beam of different depths in x- and y-direction, the clear
ht. will be different and hence, different eff. Length say Lex and Ley then slenderness
ratios will be
• Slenderness ratio about major axis = Lex/ D To identify short or long column, Effective 0.65L 0.80L L 1.2L 1.5L 2.0L 2.0L
take maximum Length (kL)
• Slenderness ratio about major axis = Ley/ b
7
Determination of Load Carrying Capacity of Short Columns
Assumptions
• Plane section remains before and after loading
• Max. compressive strain in concrete at failure in compression 0.002
• Stress in concrete at failure corresponding to strain 0.002 is 0.446f ck
• Stress-strain curve for steel in compression is same as in tension
Load carrying capacity
Load carrying capacity of column = load carried by concrete + load
carried by steel
Pu = (Ag - Asc) fc + Asc fs
Where, Ag = Gross area of column; Asc = area of steel
fc = stress in concrete = stress corresponding to strain 0.002 = 0.446 fck
fs = stress in steel corresponding to strain 0.002 (same as concrete)
For Fe-250 Stress corresponding to strain 0.002 = 0.87 fy
For Fe-415 Stress corresponding to strain 0.002 = 0.75 fy
For Fe-250: Pu = (Ag - As)0.446fck + As 0.87fy
= 0.446fckAg + (0.87fy -0.446fck) As
For Fe-415: Pu = (Ag - As)0.446fck + As 0.75fy
= 0.446fckAg + (0.75fy -0.446fck) As
8
Design aspects of Longitudinal Steel Design aspects of Lateral Steel
• Minimum diameter of longitudinal bars = 12 mm To avoid the buckling of the longitudinally bars, all the long. bars
will be tied by Links or by helical wars wrapped over the
• Minimum No. of bars in Rectangular section = 4
longitudinal bars
• Minimum No. of bars in Circular section = 6 Design aspects of Links (Ties)
• Longitudinal steel not less than 0.8% (to avoid shrinkage • Diameter of the link not less than (dia. of largest long. bar)/4
effects) • Diameter of the link not less than 6 mm
• Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of
• Longitudinal steel not more than 6%( to avoid congestion of
the column not > 300mm
steel)
• Spacing of links should not exceed the least value of
• Generally Longitudinal steel not more than 4% (practical • Least lateral dimension of column
consideration) • 16 times of the diameter of smallest diameter of long. Bar
• 300 mm
• In General, Minimum cover to longitudinal steel = 40 mm
• In General, Minimum cover to longitudinal steel = 40 mm
• However, for columns of size less or equal to 200 mm and if
diameter of bars is 12 mm,
• Minimum cover to longitudinal steel = 25 mm
The volume of spiral reinforcement needed to enhance the Above determined value of pitch should satisfy following checks
load carrying capacity by 5% can be calculated as s Not < L/ 4
Volume of Spiral Reinforcement A f
0.36 g 1 ck s Not < 6mm
Volume of core Ak fy Pitch, s not greater than
( Both can be taken in per meter length of column )
75 mm
s
where, Ag D2 ; Ak Dk2 Dk/6
4 4
If D k is the diameter of the core and Gross dia is D, then Pitch, s not less than
π 25 mm
Volume of steel in one spiral s2 π D k
4 3 s
This steel is spread over a length of ' s' i.e. the pitch
Volume of Spiral Reinforcement Ag f ck
π If the condition 0.36 A 1 f is
In length ' s' , Volume of spiral s2 π D k Volume of core k y
4 satisfied, the strength of the column may be considered 5% more that
π 2 the column having lateral ties i.e. strength of column with spiral
s π D k Dk reinforcement satisfying condition:
Volume of steel in one meter length
4
s Fe-250: Pu = 1.05 [0.4fckAc + 0.75fy As]
D Fe-415: Pu = 1.05 [ 0.4fckAc + 0.67fy As]
Assume, dia of spiral s and Solve above (at top) equation for s