LTE Planning and Optimisation

The webinar will start shortly

 About the Presenters

Ishan M
LTE Technical Trainer
 Technology Trainer
 Degree in Telecommunications
 Previously been with Vodafone and Aircom
 Qualified Project Manager
 Overall 8+ years in the industry with experience in LTE , UMTS

Subbulakshmi
Learning & Development
 With Skillwise
 Training Schedule

Network Planning and Optimization

Date Time Mode Content

18-Mar-17 10 am - 6pm Webinar LTE Planning

25-Mar-17 10 am - 6pm Webinar LTE Planning

1-Apr-17 10 am - 6pm Webinar LTE Optimization

8-Apr-17 10 am - 6pm Webinar LTE Optimization

15-Apr-17 10 am - 6pm Webinar LTE Optimization

 Webinar Schedule

Period Plan
1000-1030 Introduction to LTE

1030-1200 LTE Planning

1200-1215 TEA/COFFEE BREAK

1200-1330 LTE Planning

1330-1430 LUNCH

1430-1600 LTE Planning

1600-1615 TEA/COFFEE BREAK

1600-1745 LTE Planning

1745-1800 Recap with Q & A

 Interference

Interference in cellular networks is one of the most common problems in the

radio access network (RAN).

What is Interference?

Same frequency Same frequency

Anything at the same
frequency at the same time

High interference between the cells

Different
To reduce levels of Frequency F1
frequency F2
Interference we have more
frequencies. Frequency
Planning
High interference between the cells
 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
The total number of frequencies used is termed the frequency reuse factor.

A high frequency reuse factor gives good isolation between cells

F1 F1 8 Timeslots/freq

High interference between the cells

Same
Frequency

F2
F1 F1

Low interference between the cells. Poor Capacity

 Coding Scheme Performance
Average Data Throughput per TS vs Average Connection C/I
4 levels of channel coding schemes
(CS-1 to CS-4) CS-4

Scheme selected according to

interference level (C/I)
CS-3
Data throughput

CS-2

CS-1

Very poor data rates

CS1- Data Rate = 181 payload bits per 20mS sample =
9.05kbps
CS2-Data Rate = 268 payload bits per 20mS sample =
13.4kbps
CS3-Data Rate = 312 payload bits per 20mS sample =
15.6kbps
CS4-Data Rate = 428 payload bits per 20mS sample =
21.4kbps
C/I
 Circuit/Packet Data Separation
THIS IS NOT AN ALL IP
NETWORK:
Lots of SS7 links Visited Gateway
PSTN
MSC/VLR MSC

Circuit Switched

BTS BSC PCU HLR

Gb
Gb interface LAYER TWO-FRAME
RELAY Packet Switched

NO QoS
Serving Gateway PDN
GSN GSN
UMTS uses Ethernet or ATM (depends
on Release) both give good QoS

LTE is an ALL IP NEWORK. You can set QOS at Network layer(Layer) DSCP, or at
Ethernet layer (Layer2)
LTE DOES NOT SUPPORT CIRCUIT SWITCHED. But CS fallback
 Frequency reuse
The use of CDMA/LTE requires a fundamental change in cellular network
planning and deployment strategies, largely resulting from the fact that it
enables a frequency reuse factor of 1 to be used.

GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):

In LTE networks there

More frequencies the are number of ways of
better reducing interference

WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse 1 yes
factor
 LTE compared to HSPA+ - Downlink

• Bit Rates after accounting for the overheads generated by Reference

Signals, Synchronisation Signals and other Physical Channels

Figures in Mbps Channel Bandwidth

1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
QPSK 1.61 4.27 7.23 14.63 22.03 29.43
16QAM 3.21 8.54 14.46 29.26 44.06 58.86
64QAM 4.82 12.81 21.69 43.89 66.09 88.29
64QAM (2+2 MIMO) 9.08 24.20 41.00 83.00 125.00 167.00
64QAM (4+4 MIMO) 17.07 45.58 77.26 156.46 235.66 314.86

• Coding rate hasn’t been included Compare with the

equivalent HSPA+
bit rate
 Question

What is Interference?
 Questions

Do you require Frequency planning in GSM?

YES The use of CDMA/LTE requires a

fundamental change in cellular network
Why? planning and deployment strategies,
largely resulting from the fact that it
To improve C/I ratio enables a frequency reuse factor of 1
to be used. (Rel’99 & Rel’5 may use
What happens if improve C/I ratio? different frequencies)

Increased coverage. Increased data rate

RATES DEPENDANT ON C/I RATIO

CS1-Data Rate = 181 payload bits per 20mS sample = 9.05kbps
CS2-Data Rate = 268 payload bits per 20mS sample = 13.4kbps
CS3-Data Rate = 312 payload bits per 20mS sample = 15.6kbps
CS4-Data Rate = 428 payload bits per 20mS sample = 21.4kbps
The motivation for LTE
 Average Revenue per User (ARPU)
ARPU has been flat in recent years

LTE promises to reverse these declines by accelerating adoption of high-

speed data services and innovative new content and applications

Higher-bandwidth and lower-latency will significantly improve the user

experience for bandwidth-hungry content and applications.
Release 8 Evolved
Node B
(eNB)

Jumpy, stuttering YouTube videos and waiting for things to buffer will be
consigned to the past.

Application and content developers will need to create services that take
advantage of LTE’s capabilities. Applications such as real-time multi-user
video gaming and multi-media remote health monitoring are just two
examples.
 Evolved Node B(eNB)
Evolved
20MHz
Bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20 Node B
(MHz) (eNB) 15MHz
# of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100 10MHz

Subcarrier 72 180 300 600 900 1200 5MHz

s
3MHz

E-UTRA Bandwidth Bandwidth Duplex 1.4MHz

Band UL (MHz) DL (MHz) Mode

1 1920-1980 2110-2170 FDD

60Mhz 60Mhz
 Evolved Node B(eNB)
Evolved
Node B 20MHz
(eNB )
15MHz
OPSK 16QAM 64QAM
2bits/Hz 4bits/Hz 6bits/Hz
10MHz
modulation and coding scheme 5MHz

3MHz

1.4MHz
Max Data
Rate
Max Data Rate
 What limits Bit Rate?
Evolved
Limitations-Bandwidth. 20MHz
Node B
(eNB) 15MHz
Each phone tower has a given
10MHz
total width of frequencies it can
transmit on, with each person that 5MHz
connects being allocated a small 3MHz
channel of a certain width. This
means that each tower has a 1.4MHz
limited number of customers it can
service before becoming Channel Bandwidth (20MHz)
congested. So the most obvious
way to increase speed would be Transmission Bandwidth Configuration (RB)

to give each customer a wider

range of frequencies to transmit 100 x 180khz= 18Mhz
on, but this means less people per
phone tower, which means
building more phone towers,
which is expensive!
 What limits bit rate?
Limitations- SINR.

Speed is also limited by Signal-to-Noise ratio, to which we can increase the

power (or loudness) of the transmission
SINR = 19db
SINR
SINR=-4.46dB
Evolved
Node B
64QAM (eNB )
16QAM 6bits/Hz
4bits/Hz
QPSK
2bits/Hz Packet
Scheduling

Limitations- symbol rate.

3G technologies like HSPA take advantage
of digital modulation techniques like
SINR ave = S Quadrature Phase Shift Keying to increase
I+N
I = Iown + Iother
the symbol rate, which is the second major
factor that limits speed!
 Increasing the data rate
Increasing the data rate –spatial multiplexing

Spatial multiplexing increases the data rate. Data is divided into separate streams,
which are then transmitted simultaneously over the same air interface resources.

TX
2bits/Hz

TX
2bits/Hz
 Polarisation diversity

LTE MIMO waves are polarised where each wave is

rotated

polarisation diversity

Allows your UE to distinguish two independent streams of

data over the same PRB allocated by the cell tower
 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)

The propagation channel is the air interface, so that transmission antennas

are handled as input to the channel, whereas receiver antennas are the
output of it

Transmission receiver antenna

antenna SISO 1x1
(input ) output
(Single Input Single Output)

2x2
MIMO 4x4
(Multiple Input Multiple Output)
 Evolved Node B(eNB)
Evolved
Node B 20MHz
Maximum data rate for 1x1:
(eNB )
• 20 Mhz BW 64QAM
6bits/Hz
• Cat 5 UE
• 64 QAM modulation and coding scheme
Approximately 100Mb/s –
25% overhead

Transmission antenna
1x1 receiver antenna (input )

SISO output
(Single Input Single Output)
 Evolved Node B(eNB)
ONLY Evolved
Cat 5 Node B 20MHz
Maximum data rate for 1x1:
(eNB )
• 20 Mhz BW 64QAM
6bits/Hz 1x1
• Cat 5 UE
• 64 QAM modulation and coding scheme
Approximately 100Mb/s –
25% overhead
SISO
(Single Input Single Output)
 MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)

Evolved
Node B 20MHz
(eNB )
64QAM
6bits/Hz

modulation and coding scheme

Maximum data rate for 2x2:
• 20 Mhz BW
• Cat 5 UE 64QAM
• 64 QAM 6bits/Hz

Approximately 200Mb/s –
25% overhead modulation and coding scheme

SU-MIMO
2x2 Doubles peak
rate compared to 1x1
 MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
Evolved
64QAM Node B
6bits/Hz (eNB )
Maximum data rate for 4x4:
• 20 Mhz BW modulation and coding scheme
• Cat 5 UE
• 64 QAM
Approximately 400Mb/s – 64QAM
6bits/Hz
25% overhead
20MHz
modulation and coding scheme

64QAM
6bits/Hz

modulation and coding scheme

64QAM
6bits/Hz

modulation and coding scheme

 Services
INTERNET
LTE’s all-IP architecture. Evolved
Node B
INTERNET (eNB)

IP Multimedia Subsystem
VoIP
Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway

Smartphone users to stream PSTN

music, videos and other
multimedia content directly
from the internet faster than
ever before. Improved Browsing
SERVICES SERVICES Providing download speeds of up to and
beyond 300Mbps. This will make for a
vastly improved mobile browsing
TCP UDP experience, so no more waiting for images
to load
IP LTE is really important to people who want to stay
connected at excellent browsing speeds
 Services
In addition, the high bandwidth and low latency will drive the development
and uptake of real-time services with added mobility yet to be conceived.
Seamless mobility experience
subscribers to remain connected via any access technology

Http VoIP MME: Mobility Management Entity

LTE
FTP streaming
SMTP

NON REAL
DATA
TIME REAL TIME
SERVICES SERVICES

3G Serving
TCP UDP Gateway
SGSN

IP RNC
 Global Appeal

Because LTE devices are backward compatible with GSM and UMTS, even
at early stage of LTE deployment, LTE subscribers will be able to roam
worldwide irrespective of the country they are in.

850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz

Interworking with existing UTRAN/GERAN systems and non-3GPP

systems
Next Session on LTE Air Interface