MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS OHM’S LAW

[by alver_remolar] I=V/R higher voltage, larger current

higher resistance, lower current
2 2 2
Electricity motion of electrons through a conductor W = I R or VI ; Whr = I Rt ; kWhr = I Rt/1000
electrons, protons, neutrons; William Gilbert: Father of Electricity
SOURCES
ELECTRIC LOAD CONTROL
BATTERY DC
Primary – ready utilization of energy by reducing peak loads & lowering demand charge
Secondary/Storage - charging
LOAD SCHEDULING & DUTY CYCLE CONTROL
GENERATOR mech to elec shifting large loads to off-peak hours
Alternating – power & lighting
Direct – elevs, escals, comm, tel, signal DEMAND METERING ALARM
metered & alram set when predetermined demand level exceeded
MOTORS elec to mech
AUTOMATIC INSTANTANEOUS DEMAND CONROL
TRANSFORMERS Step-Up & Step-Down “rate control”, automated version of ^, dis/reconnects loads when required

Dry-Type – H-Frame, Cluster, Pad IDEAL CURVE CONTROL

Indoor – Dry, Askarel, Oil-insulated compares actual rate of energy usage to ideal rate, controls kW demand

ROTARY CONVERTERS AC to DC FORECASTING SYSTEM

computerized, forecast amount of energy remaining in demand interval,
examine status & priority of each load, then decided on proper action
CURRENT
DIRECT flows at constant time rate & direction System Loads = “sheddable/controllable” + “unsheddable/uninterrupted”

ALTERNATING periodically varying in time rate & direction Sheddable Loads

Cycle – 0-max, 0, reverse, 0 non-essential lighting, ventilation fans, space heating, comfort cooling,
Frequency (Hertz) - #of cycles per second non-critical batch process equipment, electric boilers, sewage ejectors
Adv: flexible (convert to 220/360/400 V) with appropriate level controls, transfer pumps
Disadv: surge/fluctuation
Unsheddable Loads
e.g. Rectifier (AC-DC); Inverter (DC-AC) essential lighting, elevators, refrigeration, compressors, process
equipment, office machinery
UNITS OF ELECTRICITY
COULOMB 6.25 X 1018 electrons *Measuring/Reading Electric Consumption: Analog – R-L ; Digital – L-R
AMPERE measure of current, 1 coulomb / sec **Testing and Commissioning: Start → (1) Topping off → (2) Water Tightness
AMPACITY carrying capacity of wires without heating (in Amperes) → (3) Energization - Certification of Electrical Inspection (CEI)
VOLT electric potential in an electric field w/c will move 1C → (4) Substantial Completion (95%)
OHM / IMPEDANCE resistance to allow 1AMP to flow when 1V occurs → (5) Completion – Certification of Final Electrical Inspection (CFEI)
WATT rate of electrical work/ power (1 kW = 1,000 W) → Occupancy Permit (OP)
kW-Hr energy or capacity for doing work ***Calibration Certificate: used to ensure credibility
ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION BRANCH portion of electrical system extending from final overcurrent
CIRCUIT device protecting a circuit to the outlets served by the circuit;
small capacity conductors which deliver energy to lamps,
kWH METERS Energy = Power x Time; electric meters are small motors speed
motors, & other loads within the circuit
proportional to power used, number of rotations on dials
calibrated in kWH
Classifications:
GENERAL PURPOSE
kVA kilo Volt Ampere
lighting,outlets, & appliances, receptacles
(15, 20A)

APPLIANCE
1 or more outlets for appliances but not fixed lighting
(15, 20 ,30, 50A)

INDIVIDUAL
supply specific equipment (e.g. motor load, AC)

DISTRIBUTION distributing power to other panels or motors & loads; controls,

PANEL distributes, protects similar branch circuits
BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS (BRANCH CIRCUIT)
LOW alternating current below 50 volts supplied by step-down
CIRCUIT complete conducting path carrying current from source through VOLTAGE transformer from normal line voltage in residential systems to
some device/load and back to source control doorbells, intercoms, heating/cooling systems, remote
lighting fixtures; Do not required protective raceway
TWO-WIRE most basic wiring system, live wire + neutral/ground (return)
CIRCUIT GENERAL CIRCUITING GUIDELINES (NEC)
1) Branch circuits supply load of 30 watts/sq.m in buildings excluding
Open Circuit broken/incomplete; conductors disconnected to prevent flow
porches, garages, basements
a. 80sq.m:20 ampere circuit (2,400 watts) (not exceed 1,600 watts)
Short Circuit condition resulting from bridging any part of a circuit with a
b. 60sq.m:15 ampere circuit (1,800 watts) (not exceed 1,200 watts)
conductor of low resistance
2) Connect lighting, convenience receptacles, & appliances in separate
SERIES components connected in tandem, separate loads carry same
circuits. Code: 2-20 ampere min appliance branch circuit to feed all
equal current;
small appliance outlets in kitchen, pantry, dining, family room
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5
3) Convenience receptacles in area wired to at least 2 different circuits in
PARALLEL components arranged that current divides between them. Each
case of failure on one circuit
outlet has live wire connected to current carrying wire of circuit &
neutral/grounded wire connected to return wire of circuit
4) Gen purpose branch circuits - 20 amperes with No.12 AWG min.
RT = [(1) / (1/R1 + 1/R2 1/R3 + …)]
Switch legs – No. 14 AWG if lighting load permits

5) Limit lighting & small appliances on 15 amp & 20 amp circuit loads &
15 amp & 20 amp overcurrent device respectively
SINGLE & THREE-PHASE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS COMPONENTS OF BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
SINGLE PHASE 2-wire or 3-wire, 2 hot legs, 1 neutral wire
a. Two-Wire Single Phase DC/AC

b. Three-Wire Single Phase DC (Edison System)

c. Three-Wire Single Phase AC

THREE-PHASE (advantage: balancing of loads)
a. Three-Wire Three-Phase AC

b. Four-Wire Three-Phase AC

EQUIPMENT materials, fittings, devices, appliances, fixtures, apparatuses

used in connection with an electrical installation

APPLIANCE current consuming equipment / fixed or portable

(e.g. heating, cooking, small motor operated equipment)

FITTINGS accessory
*ENERGIZATION - permanent power in building; testing & commissioning (e.g. locknut, bushing, mechanical rather than electrical function)
(Meralco)  Certificate of Electrical Inspection (OBO) 
Certificate of Final Electrical Inspection (CFEI) SERVICE supplying of utilities demanded by public
MOTOR
PUMP – air pressure TRANSFORMER main power line
INVERTER – continuous supply but identifies how much power to exert
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE: e.g. 2 hp = fill 1,000 gal tank in 1 hr SUBSTATION auxiliary power station where electrical current is converted or
**Meralco Post – 7 ft. deep where voltage is stepped up/down
SERVICE point of delivery of electricity to a building by Public Utility Co. TRANSFORMER step-down from high supply voltage to service voltage
2
ENTRANCE 8 mm Ø - place on outdoor pad; reduce costs, maintenance, noise, heat
- place in ventilated FR vault with 2 exits & on an exterior wall
Types: - adjacent to switchgear room (Oil-filled transformers in bldgs)
- may be replaced with disconnect switch & switchgear in a
OVERHEAD / SERVICE DROP unit substation (Dry-type transformers in small-medium bldgs)
overhead portion of service conductor extending from nearest
utility pole to a building service entrance point & enter building TRANSFORMER FR room housing transformer & auxiliary equipment for a large
thru the weather head / entrance cap down to electric meter VAULT building

UNDERGROUND / SERVICE LATERAL STANDBY emergency power during power outage

underground portion of service conductor extending from main
power line/transformer to a building;
buried concrete enveloped raceway extending from building to
property line where it is tapped to the main by a service lateral
use USE type (Underground Service Entrance) cable
0.60 m min depth if vehicles are passing by
LINE DROP decrease in voltage between 2 points on a power line, caused by
2
resistance or leakage along line; 22 mm Ø
GENERATOR
UPS emergency system designed to power automatically
SWITCHBOARD one or group of panels with mounted switches, overcurrent
devices, fuses, circuit breakers, metering instruments, & buses
serves to control, protect, & meter main feeders
Bus Bars (service entrance conductors) terminate in the main
switchboard & connect to the distribution panel boards by means
of feeder circuits protected by circuit breakers

SERVICE extend from street distribution main/transformer to service equipt UNIT freestanding enclosure housing disconnect switch, step-down
CONDUCTORS SUBSTATION transformer & switchgear

*Transmission Lines – Aluminum (bare); 36,000 V each

FEEDER any of conductors
SERVICE Service Entrance Switch extending from service
EQUIPMENT (dis)/connecting entire electrical system (except emergency equipment / main
power) & automatic protection against severe overloads & short switchboard to a
circuits distributing center (panel
board, with no other
kWHr Meter circuits connected to it and
measuring electric power consumption with respect to time in between), then terminate
supplied by PUC; ‘banks of meters’ for multiple-occupancy bldgs at panel boards which are
lower capacity switch
Others: Secondary switches, fuses, & circuit breakers boards
*Meter Center = 14.5-15 cm Ø (meter); 18 cm Ø (base)

SWITCHGEAR contains service equipment near entrance of service conductors *MDS – Main Disconnect Switch
ROOM **LVSG – Low Voltage Switch Gear
SUB-FEEDER line extensions of a feeder, fed through panel board or cut-out,
or from one distributing center to another, having no other circuit
connected to it between 2 distributing centers
Distribute power from main feeders to smaller local panel boards
(sub-panel boards)
ILLUSTRATION OF BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
BLOCK DIAGRAM horizontal line diagram from incoming service to utilization
items where electrical components are shown as blocks
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM electrical symbols; also called ONE LINE DIAGRAM

(SUB)/PANEL also called CUT-OUTS; control & protect sub-feeders & branch
BOARD circuits; installed inside a cabinet & front accessible only

FUSE device containing strip/wire of fusible material that melts under

heat produced by excess current, interrupting circuit

CIRCUIT switch automatically interrupts electric circuit to prevent excess

BREAKER current from damaging apparatus in the circuit or from causing
fire; maybe reused without replacement (unlike fuse)

BUS /BUS BAR heavy conductor, usually in form of solid copper bar, carrying &
Distributing large electric currents

UTILIZATION lightning, power, & motor loads & wiring devices directly utilized
EQUIPMENT by users

GROUNDED Any conductor intentionally connected to ground connection

CONDUCTOR

GROUNDING ROD conductor (metal ground rod /plate or cold-water pipe)embedded RISER DIAGRAM vertical line diagram showing spatial relations bet.
/ ELECTRODE in earth to establish ground connection to panel boards components
GROUND WIRE conductor connecting electrical equipment or circuit to ground
connection Categories in Diagrams:
1) Wiring – conductors & raceways
DIRECT BURIAL CABLE for residential service connections
2) Power Handling Equipment – transformers, switch/panel boards, breakers
LIGTHNING conducting rod at top of structure, grounded to divert lightning
ROD away; also called AIR TERMINALS 3) Utilization Equipment – lighting, motors, controls & wiring

LIGHTNING protect equipment from damage by lightning (& other high-voltage

ARRESTER currents), using spark gaps to carry current to ground w/o passing
through device

SPARK GAP space between 2 terminals/electrodes across which a discharge

of electricity may pass at a prescribed voltage
EMERGENCY ELECTRIC SUPPLY SYSTEM *Source of Power: Prime – 24 hours; 100%
Stand-by – 8 hours; 80%
electric power & illumination for life safety & protection of property during an
**Genset: Needs Electrical & DENR permit to operate
emergency (e.g. exit lighting, elevators, fire alarm systems, fire pumps)
Should be near switch gear and transformer (ideal)
Power Equipment:
***Vibration Pad – rubber/spring
1) BATTERY
mounted in individual racks with automatic charging equipment
a. Disadvantage: AWG / MCM mm
2 ELECTRIC MATERIALS & EQUIPMENT
limited duration (1.5 CONDUCTORS
hrs)
# 14 2.0
a. Advantage:
# 12 3.5 allow free flow of electrons; metal least resistance to electric current
instantaneous start, Best: silver, gold, platinum;
central installation or # 10 5.5
#8 8.0 Common: copper & aluminum (poor - oxide layer, restricted to small wires)
in small package
units strategically #6 14
A
around the building #4 22
W Types of Conductors:
a. Wiring: #2 30
G 1) WIRES
i. Small emergency #1 38
appliance direct to single insulated conductor; solid / stranded (group twisted to metallic string)
# 1/0 50
storage battery # 2/0 60
ii. Emergency loads to No. 8 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or smaller
# 3/0 80 B &S Gauge (Browne & Sharpe Gauge)
central battery through
auto device # 4/0 100
iii. Emergency loads 2) CABLES
entirely separate from 250 125 single insulated conductor; solid / stranded
normal loads & de- 300 150
energized. Contactor M 400 200
activated when it No. 6 AWG or larger; several conductors assembled into 1 unit
senses power loss
C 500 250 CORD (insulated stranded wire; e.g. cord of flat iron)
*UPS – Conventional (repair by whole) & M 650 325
Rack-Type (repair by part); 1 UPS per rack 800 400 3) BUS BARS
1000 500 large conductors not circular in section, supply main switch boards
2) ENGINE GENERATOR
composed of: machine & housing, fuel storage tank, & exhaust facilities Conductor Sizes
a. Disadvantage: noise, vibration, nuisance of exhaust, MCM (thousand circular mil)
maintenance, handling & storage of fuel, longer start-up time CIRCULAR MIL
b. Advantage: unlimited kVA capacity & can last a lifetime square of cable Ø when Ø is expressed in mils or thousands of an inch;
c. Wiring:
i. single transfer switch which automatically turns on when it e.g. ½ in = 500 mils Ø, or 250,000 circular mils in area
senses power loss CM / 1000 = Ø2 = (500)2 / 1000 = 250,000 / 1000 = 250 MCM
ii. emergency system handled by multiple switches
iii. service separate from normal through its own emergency
Conductor AMPACITY
service entrance, from different transformers/ feeders.
Reliability: minimize possibility of a single event interrupting maximum operating temp that its insulation can stand continuously; heat
both services generated as result of current flowing & conductor resistance;
iv. same, but both service entrances supply normal loads & each Heat generated is not as easily dissipated as it would be if the conductor
act as standby for each other were free in air (current rating higher than in conduit)
Types of Cables INSULATORS
CODE CABLE TYPE DESCRIPTION prevent flow of electrons;
(glass, mica, rubber, oil, porcelain, synthetics such as phenolic, rubber &
flexible metal sheath; NEC type (without plastic wire coverings, porcelain lamp sockets, oil-immersed switches)
AC Armored raceway, most common), trade name BX
conductors each individually insulated & rated by Voltage (300V, 600V, 1000V, 3000V, 5000V, 15000V)
MC Metal Clad enclosed in metallic sheath of interlocking tape if used above recommended voltage rating, break down causing short
of smooth or corrugated tube circuits & arcing with possibility of fire
highly compressed refractory mineral insulation
enclosed in liquid & gas tight continuous copper Types of Wire Insulation:
MI Mineral Insulated sheath; termination made with compression 1) UNJACKETED
rings, glands & sealing compounds copper conductor covered with
trade name ROMEX, 2 or more insulated (T) thermoplastic or
conductors having moisture resistant, flame (TW) moisture-resistant thermoplastic
retardant, & non-metallic outer sheath
NM / NMC Non-Metallic Sheathed for NMC, jacket is corrosion resistant; 2) JACKETED
since non-metallic, easier to handle but more (THHN) heat-resistant thermoplastic or
vulnerable to physical damage & limited to small (THWN) moisture & heat-resistant thermoplastic
buildings both with (N) nylon jacket
2 or more insulated conductors in an extruded
core of moisture resistant & flame retardant Types of Insulators:
SNM Shielded Non-Metallic material covered with overlapping spiral metal TRADE NAME CODE MAX TEMP APPLICATION
tape
moisture resistant cable used for underground Moisture & heat-resistant rubber
Underground Feeder connections including direct burial in the ground
RHW 75 °C dry & wet
UF
& Branch Circuit as feeder/branch circuit Thermoplastic
T 60 °C dry
single/ multi-conductor assembly provided with
SE / USE Service Entrance or without overall covering primarily for service Moisture-resistant thermoplastic
wire TW 60 °C dry & wet
2 or more insulated conductors with or without Heat-resistant thermoplastic
associated bare or covered grounding under a THHN 90 °C dry
TC Power & Control Tray metallic sheath & used for installation in cable Moisture & heat-resistant thermoplastic
trays, raceways, or where supported by wire THW 75 °C dry & wet
assembly of parallel conductors formed integrally Moisture & heat-resistant thermoplastic
FC Flat Cable Assemblies with insulating material web designed specially THWN 75 °C dry & wet
for field installation in square structural channels
Moisture & heat-resistant
3 or more flat copper conductors placed edge to 90 °C dry
cross-linked thermosetting
edge separated & enclosed within an insulating XHHW
FCC Flat Conductor polyethylene 75 °C wet
assembly; for appliance/ individual branch
circuits inside floor surfaces
Silicone-asbestos
single or multi-conductor solid dielectric SA 90 °C dry
MV Medium Voltage insulated cable at 2,000-35,000 V;
Asbestos & varnished cambric
trade name Medium Voltage Solid Dielectric AVA 110 °C dry
CONDUITS
circular raceways used to enclosed wires & cables (metal or PVC)
Purpose of Conduits:
1) protect enclosed conductors from mechanical injury & chemical damage
2) protect people from shock hazards by providing a grounded enclosure
3) provide a system ground path
4) protect against fire hazard as result of overheating/ short-circuiting
5) support conductors
OUTLETS & RECEPTACLES
OUTLETS point in wiring system at which current supplies utilization
equipment; only refers to the box
RECEPTACLE wiring device in which the appliance cord is plugged into;
contact devices installed at the outlet for connection of single
attachment plug; includes all receptacles & matching cap (plug),
wall switches, small dimmers, & outlet box-mounted lamps

Types of Steel Conduits: WIRING all devices normally installed in wall outlet boxes, including
1) RIGID STEEL CONDUIT (RSC) / Heavy-Wall Steel Conduit DEVICE receptacles, switch dimmers, pilot light, attachment plugs, wall plates

use same fitting (Condulets) & threaded alike at joints Kinds of Outlets:
0.117 THK 1) CONVENIENCE OUTLET / ATTACHMENT CAP
complete set-up; establishes connection between conductor of
2) INTERMEDIATE METAL CONDUIT (IMC) flexible cord & conductors connected

use same fitting (Condulets) & threaded alike at joints 2) LIGHTING OUTLET
0.071 mm THK direct connection to lamp holder, lighting fixture, or pendant
larger inside Ø for easier wire pulling, lighter than RSC cord terminating in lamp holder

3) ELECTRIC METAL TUBING (EMT) / Thin-Wall Steel Conduit 3) RECEPTACLE OUTLET

one or more receptacles installed
not threaded but use set screw & pressure fitting & are not
recommended for embedding in concrete nor in hazardous areas SWITCHES
devices for making, breaking, or changing conditions in an electrical
RACEWAYS circuit under conditions of load which they are rated
channels or wiring accessories designed for holding conductors made of *1.35 m Standard Mounting Height
metal, plastic, or any insulating medium
Switch Acc to Voltage
Types of Raceways: 250V, 600V, 5kV
1) FLOOR RACEWAY Switch Acc to Intensity of Use
1) Normal Duty (ND) – gen purpose switches
a. Underfloor Raceway 2) Heavy Duty (HD) – frequent interrupting
b. Cellular Metal Floor Raceway 3) Light Duty (LD) – service switches
c. Cellular Concrete Floor Raceway (pre-cast)
Switch Acc to Type of Service
2) CEILING RACEWAYS 1) SERVICE SWITCH
disconnect except service equipment (1-6 per panel board)
a. Header Ducts (wireways) 2) POWER SWITCH
b. Distribution Ducts (laterals) a. General Purpose
b. Disconnecting / Isolating – for circuits rated at more than 600V
 3) WIRING SWITCH WALL PLATES / FACEPLATES
all relatively small switches employed in interior wiring installations for protective plate surrounding electric outlet/ light switch
control of branch circuits, individual lamps/appliances coverings for switches & wall outlets made of metal / phenolic (Bakelite)

a. General Purpose – single/double-pole, cut-off circuits from a single pt
b. 3-Way – from 2 different pts (e.g. stairwell)
c. 4-Way – with two 3-wire switches, from 3 or more pts
d. Electrolier / Multi-Circuit –lamps turned on/ in combi w/ other lamps
e. Momentary Contact – cut-off for only a short duration (w/ spring)
f. Dimmer – rheostat or similar device for regulating light intensity without
affecting spatial distribution
*wiring switches may be: Flush, Surface, or Pendant
**Rheostat – resistor for regulating current by means of variable resistance
Types: Single Gang, Two-Gang, & Three-Gang
OVERCURRENT CIRCUIT PROTECTIVE DEVICES
protect from overheating/ burning due to overloads, faults, or short circuits
by automatically cutting-off circuit
FUSE alloy link of wire with low melting temperature inserted in the circuit
all current passing through the circuit must pass through the metal
dangerous current melts fuse, opens circuit, protects components
new fuse inserted in place of broken one

Switch Acc to Operation Mechanism Types of Fuses:

1) ROTARY 1) Plug Fuse – enclosed in porcelain cap in circuits 125V max, 10-30 amp
2) PUSH-BUTTON 2) Cartridge Fuse – enclosed in insulating fiber tube
3) TOGGLE / TUMBLER a. w/ Ferrule Contacts – 250-600V, 5-6 amp
b. w/ Knife Blade Contacts – 250-600V, 70-60 amp
Switch Acc to # of Poles & Throws c. w/ Bolted Knife Blade Contacts – 600V, 800-6000amp
1) POLES 3) Open Link Fuse – wire/strip of easily melted metal; disrupt violently
part of switch used for making/breaking a connection & insulated only for <600 amp, place in cabinet
from other contact parts (# of Poles: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Classification: 1-time use & renewable
2) THROWS *General Rule: Wire rated to carry definite number of amperes should
a. Single Throw be protected by a fuse of lower or similar rating
closed circuit only when switch is thrown in 1 position
b. Double Throw Standard Types of Fuses:
closed circuit only when thrown in either of 2 positions; used to 1) Non-renewable Plug Fuse
transfer a load from one source to another (e.g. normal to 2) Non-renewable Knife Blade Fuse
emergency) 3) Non-renewable Dual Element Time Delay Ferrule Cartridge Fuse
Special Switches 4) Non-renewable High Interrupting Capacity Current Limiting Fuse
1) Time Controlled – low speed miniature drive motor (timer) 5) Non-renewable Miniature Fuse
2) Remote Controlled – contactor/relay latches after being operated wireless
3) Air Switch – interruption of circuit in air CIRCUIT switch; breaks circuit with automatic tripping device without
4) Knife Switch – form of air switch, hinge copper blade between 2 contact clips BREAKER injury to itself; non self-destructive on operation, can be reset
5) Float Switch – controlled by conductor floating in liquid
6) Mercury Switch – quiet; close circuit by shifting sealed glass tube of mercury TRIPPING disconnection of current electrical supply;
7) Key Switch – inserting key/ card Thermal – ‘thermostat’; heat generated by excessive current causes
element to move & trip the latch of the breaker
8) Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) –emergency/standby; double throw, 3-pole
Magnetic –coil w/ movable core; magnetic forces actuate core w/c trips
CONTACTOR –movable blade & fixed grip instead of handle-operated; 2 contact blocks of
silver coated copper, forced together to break a circuit. (e.g. common wall light switch) GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT (GFCI / GFI) overcurrent device with ground fault
RELAY – small electrically-operated contactor INTERRUPTERS protection as well as ordinary function of circuit breaker
Guidelines for Use of Overcurrent Devices: WIRING SYSTEMS
1) placed on Line Side (Supply Side) of equipment being protected
WIRING METHODS
2) placed in all ungrounded conductors of protected circuit
Conduit is a type of Raceway
3) protected in accordance with respective current-carrying capacity
KNOB & TUBE WIRING
obsolete; single insulated conductors secured to & supported on
LINE SIDE upstream side; where current comes from
porcelain knobs & tubes. When wires run through walls, they are
LOAD SIDE downstream side
inserted into a nonmetallic fire-resistant tubing called LOOM
THERMOSTAT responds to change in temp; expands/contracts acc to heat
RIGID METAL CONDUIT WIRING
best & most expensive; fire-proof, moisture proof, mechanically strong
PANEL BOARDS
(nails cannot be driven through), resist normal action of cement;
box where protective devises are housed from w/c circuits & busbars terminate
Fuse Panel, Breaker Panel : interrupted at frequent intervals by sheet metal boxes w/ knockout holes
Lengths: 10ft (3M)
but not housed in same box except BP may have main switch with fuse
PULL/ CONNECTION/ OUTLET/ JUNCTION BOX
Types of Panel Boards: 4” square & 4” octagonal for fixtures, junction, & devices
1) Lighting Panel Boards (LP) 4” x 2 ½” box where splicing not required
2) Power / Motor Panel Boards (PP)
3) Distribution Panel Boards (DP) KNOCKOUT
*may be: Flush Type or Surface Type panel in a casing/box readily removed to provide an opening

Panel Board Location
1) 1.00 m high or less located 1.35 m from floor to centerline
2) Over 1.00 m high located 75 cm from floor to bottom of box, except that
highest branch circuit connection not more than 1.95 m from the floor
3) ^75 cm can be lowered to 45 cm; Otherwise, divide panel into 2 sections
4) If 2 or more adjacent panels on same wall, centerline of each box =
equidistant; panel boxes installed with 10 cm min spacing
SWITCHBOARDS
free-standing assemblies of switches, fuses, breakers; provide protection
Types of Switchboards:
1) Live Front – current carrying parts mounted on exposed face/ front of panel
2) Dead Front – live parts installed behind panel, operated by insulated
handles extending through holes
UNIT SUBSTATIONS (TRANSFER LOAD CENTERS)
switch-fuse-breaker, step-down transformer, meters, controls, busbars,
secondary switchboard; supply power from primary voltage line to any facility
Branch Circuits from Panel Board to Local Outlets:
3 or 4 circuits (6-8 wires) in 1 large conduit to pull box,
then branch off into smaller conduits to final outlet points.
*Not more than 8 conductors in a given circuit
Recommended Conduit Size:
a. number & diameter of wires inside circuit
b. number & radius of bends
c. total length effect on degree of abrasion to insulation when wire
is inserted/pulled out
*Not more than 2-90° or 3-45° bends in any continuous run.
Long, Straight Pulls:
150-250 ft (50-83 m) of continuous 10 ft conduits
joined by couplings without bends
Exposed Conduit Work:
Large variety of conduit fittings called CONDULETS
Depending on size, connected to wires/cables either
permanently spliced or joined together by a CONNECTOR
(join 2 bundled conductors w/o permanent splice & screwed into
a small clip-like tube)
**RIGID NON-METALLIC CONDUIT CELL
fiber, asbestos-cement, soapstone, rigid PVC, high density polyethylene single enclosed tubular space in a floor made of precast cellular
concrete slabs; direction of cell parallel to direction of floor member
FLEXIBLE METAL CONDUIT WIRING
easier & quicker installation than rigid metal; CEILING RACEWAY SYSTEMS
Lengths: 25-250 ft (8M-83M) depending on size of conduit; under-ceiling raceways composed of header & distribution ducts separate
Easily fixed with pipe straps or clamps for turns; requires no elbow fittings for power & phone cabling. Permit rapid changes in layouts at low cost &
desirable in stories where frequent display transformations necessitate
**LIQUID-TIGHT FLEXIBLE METAL CONDUIT corresponding electrical facility adjustments
same^ except covered with liquid-tight jacket; trade name SEALTITE
PRE-WIRED CEILING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
ARMORED CABLE WIRING (BX) ceiling raceways pre-wired in factory & plugged-in where required
rubber/thermoplastic covered; protected from dampness by 1 or 2 layers Disadvantage of Flexible Conduit: COILING
of flexible steel armor. Different from flexible meta, in that BX wires & WIRING DESIGN
flexible armor are installed as a unit such that wires cannot be removed House Wiring Installation as per NEC:
from the armor without destroying the armor 1) Types RHW, T, THW, TW, THWN, & XHHW

SURFACE METAL RACEWAY WIRING 2) 15 amp circuit, 12 amp max single appliance;
wires supported on thin sheet steel casing. Raceway installed exposed, 20 amp circuit, 16 amp max appliance;
mounted on walls or ceiling. Must be continuous from outlet/junction box 30 amp circuit, 24 amp max appliance;

FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLIES 3) If branch circuit combined with lighting or portable appliances, any fixed
5
field installed rigidly mounted square structural channel (1- /8”) designed appliance: 7.5 amp max : 15 amp circuit; 10 amp max : 20 amp circuit
to carry 2-4 conductors (No.10 AWG) & act as light duty plug-in busways
4) Heavy lamp holder rated not less than 750 watts
BUSWAY / BUS DUCT
rigid metal housing for group of buses insulated from each other & the enclosure
5) 30, 40, 50 amp circuit not for fixed lighting in residences
LIGHTNING TRACK
6) Appliances used continuously for long periods of time (i.e. motors, pumps,
channel with conductors for 1-4 circuits permanently installed in track that
AC), actual loads computed not to exceed 80% of fuse rating
act as light duty plug-in busway; factory-assembled version of Flat Cable
7) Continuous type load considered at 125% of actual load in all calculations
CABLE TRAY / OPEN RACEWAY
continuous open support for approved cables. Cables must be self-
8) Single receptacle on individual branch circuit = rating not less than circuit
protected, jacketed, Type TC for general wiring
9) Receptacles feeding portable &/or steady appliances limited to loads 80%
FLOOR RACEWAY (NEC)
of their rating:
1) Underfloor Ducts (UF) – beneath/flush with floor; triple duct system for cabling
a. 12 amp for 15 amp receptacle
a. Single Level – components (e.g. ducts, boxes) on same level
b. 16 amp for 20 amp receptacle
b. Two Level – different level, no need for complex junction boxes
c. 24 amp for 30 amp receptacle
2) Cellular Metal Floor Raceway–offices;integrated system in cellular metal floor
10) No. of outlets in a circuit:
3) Pre-cast Cellular Concrete – concrete cells fed from header ducts installed in
a. 6 outlets max = 15 amp circuit
concrete fill above hollow core structural slab / fed
from ceiling void below; for air distribution or piping b. 8 outlets max = 20 amp circuit
Notes: Every power outlet has a utility box LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Every lighting fixture has a junction box
Units of Light:
MEGGER TESTING – insulation testing
LUMENS unit of light/ Luminous Flux
UPVC; Unplasticized – don’t melt easily, non-toxic
Teflon – used only on water
FOOTLAMBERT (fl) unit of Brightness; unit of Luminance per sq.ft
Wireway – for wires
Busway – for busbars
CANDELA (cd) “standard candle”; unit of Luminous Intensity
Cable Tray – for cables
unit of intensity per sq.m
WIRING SYMBOLS FOOTCANDLE unit of density of light; Lumens per 1sq.ft

LUX unit of density of light; Lumens per 1sq.m

*1 footcandle = 10.76 lux

CANDLEPOWER (cp) unit of Light Intensity (English)

-------------------------------
ILLUMINATION amount of light falling on a surface; light flux density

INCANDESCENCE emission of visible light by a body when heated to high temp

LUMINOUS FLUX rate of flow per unit time

LUMINANCE quantitative measure of brightness of light source

LUMINOUS INTENSITY luminous flux emitted per unit of solid angle by light source

LUMINANCE CEILING false ceiling of diffusing material with light source mounted

LUMEN METHOD method for calculating illuminance levels in uniform

situations; Zonal Cavity Method

COLOR RENDERING (CRI) difference between natural & artificial light/color

INDEX lower CRI, bigger difference

EFFICACY how well light source produces visible light;

lumen per watt
ELECTRICAL REGULATIONS (NBCP) -------------------------------

Refer to Building Laws Module – NBCP Electrical Regulations

LAMP artificial light Filament Shapes:

BULB glass enclosure

FIXTURE receptacle

LUMINAIRE complete setup

(i.e. Ballast,
Starter,
Driver,
Diffuser,
Reflector)

Glass Bulb Shapes:

FILAMENT LAMPS
FILAMENT threadlike conductor of an electric lamp that is heated to
incandescence by passage of electric current

Standard A
Ellipsoidal Reflector ER
Reflector R
Globular G
Straight S
Tubular T
Pear-shape PS
Flame F
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector PAR (incandescent/halogen)

*e.g. PS 30 = Pear-Shaped Bulb 30/8 or 3 ¾”

**”diameter in eights of an inch”
 Bases: GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS

FLUORESCENT
cylindrical glass tube, sealed at both ends & containing inert gas usually
argon & mercury vapors; greatest variety of colors (daylight to bluish/
pinkish white); phosphor coating blackens when about to die

Cathode built into each end which supplies electrons to start & maintain
mercury arc/ gaseous discharge; light absorbed by phosphors in which
the inside of tube is coated & re-radiated in visible light range

All fluorescent require Ballast, located in metal base

Operation: automatic switch “Starter” + normal wall switch

Starter is self-contained in small tubular jacket inserted in
fixture body & is replaceable

Classification:
1) Shape
a. Standard – (T12; 40W-1.2m, 20W-0.6m )
b. Slim-Line - no starter; single-pin bases
¾”, 1”, 1 ½” diameters
42”-96” (4-8 ft)
(T8, T5, T4, T2 – 40/36W, 20/18W)
c. Circline
INCANDESCENT 2) Tube Operation (dimmable incandescent/halogen)
sealed glass containing filament connected at its ends to contact area in a. Pre-Heat - requires starter; preheats cathode so
the base, completing electric circuit; provides yellow light; no ballast less voltage required to strike an arc; 2-5 seconds
Screw/ Edison Base; compact, low EFF, hot; easy install, high CRI delay after switch is on (aka Switch-Start / Starter-
Start Lamp) w/c can be eliminated by using Trigger
R & PAR Start Ballast that provides both current-limiting
function & appropriate automatic system
complete optical system in a bulb; contains: filament, reflector, & lens
R – internal reflector that throws all of light out the front of lamp b. Instant Start – lamp first switched-on, sufficient
PAR – aka Pressed Reflector; 2 glass parts: 1 reflector welded together; more voltage applied between electrodes to strike arc
precise parabolic control & often designated as a SPOT without pre-heating; eliminates need for external
starters; single-pin bases are called
TUNGSTEN-HALOGEN aka Quartz/ Quartz-Iodine Slim-Line Lamps
hotter burning lamps use halogen gas cycle to prevent rapid depreciation
of lamp filament & darkening of transparent envelop c. Rapid Start – most recent development & widely used;
w/ or w/o ballast, directional focused light (e.g. museums); use low-resistance electrodes w/c can be heated
eyeball luminaire; hot, compact, yellow light continuously w/ low current loses; can be dimmed/
flashed & start instantly; smaller & efficient ballast
 *CFL – Compact Fluorescent Lamp HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS
**Pin Light – “pin/unpin”; fast install
***Downlight – screw base, spiral (for industrial), 1-4 tubes MERCURY VAPOR
****Neon Vapor – neon colors for advertising (series connection) first HID lamp; contains mercury vapor in clear quartz arc tube, produces
visible light of blue-green color; suited for limited industrial areas, general
outdoor applications & street lighting
high wattage, high efficacy

METAL HALIDE
mercury vapor with arc of improved color; in addition to mercury, arc tube
contains metallic vapors such as indium iodide, thallium iodide, or sodium
iodide;
increased light output, improved CRI without phosphors, small source
size, compact, can be downlight/recess-type (e.g. flood lights for parking)

AVE.
LAMP EFFICIENCY PROPERTIES USES
4ft. 40 Watt T-12
(lumens per watt)

Daylight 51 color matching; similar to high proportion of blue

north sky not for general use
Cool White 58 factories, offices,
high efficiency + good CRI
schools; cold look
Deluxe Cool 42 less efficient than daylight PRESSURE SODIUM (HPS / LPS)
White by 20%; stores & some newest HID, arc tube made of high-density polycrystalline alumina
better CRI in long factories containing mixture of sodium;
wavelengths most efficient HID, low CRI, expensive, long life span
White 59 highest efficiency factories, offices
Warm White 59 high efficiency; moderate
CRI, poor with reds –
offices
emphasis is yellows &
greens
Deluxe 42 most efficient; closest
Homes, restaurants,
Warm White approximation to tungsten
hotels
filament CRI;
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE CAPACITOR electric component consisting of conducting plates insulated by
desired bright, white, colored, & long-lasting light; ideal for retail, feature lighting, layer of dielectric material; introduces capacitance into circuit
ceiling fixture, cove light
electronic gear box; bluish light used for medical equipt (before) CAPACITANCE quantitative measure of electric energy storage capability of
Compact, minimal heat, different colors, up to 120°, no need for diffuser, capacitor, usually in farads/ microfarads
lower wattage, longer lifespan, OLED version, outdoor/indoor, med CRI
DIMMER device to control amount of light by reducing current/voltage
BALLAST auxiliary equipment for fluorescent & HID which limits amount of
specially designed; applicable Halogen, LED, Fluorescent, CFL
current in lamp & provides proper starting voltages;
Low Power Factor = cheap but inefficient
REFLECTOR e.g. aluminum
High Power Factor = Capacitor improves efficiency
Ballast = “regulate electricity”
DIFFUSER e.g. plastic, acrylic
Starter = “determines if regulated electricity was correct”
LUMINAIRE device supporting source of light & helps control light rays from LIGHTING SYSTEMS
source; control rays necessary to secure even distribution to
avoid glare, cut-off direct rays to eyes, eliminates disturbing CORNICE shielded by panel parallel to wall & attached to ceiling to
reflection of rays from polished surfaces distribute light downwards the wall (direct lighting)
Types: Eyeball, Saucer, Spotlight, Pendant (low/high bay),
Wall/Floor/Ceiling Light, Task Light, Oddities, COVE shielded by ledge to distribute light upwards over ceiling &
Lantern, Exterior Lights, Bollards upper wall (indirect lighting); for accent
*Q: Alternative cheap street lighting? CFL, then Fluorescent
VALANCE shielded by panel parallel to wall across top of window to
*Q: Most common for advertising? Fluorescent, then Metal Halide/ Neon/ LED
distribute light upwards & downwards over wall
*Q: For outdoor parking? HID (all types), then Metal Halide, Mercury Vapor
TYPES *Skylight if >5% area of roof, radiant heat goes in instead of daylight
Ceiling Mounted Down Lights Floor Lights
Eyeball, Saucer LIGHTING METHODS
Spotlights Fluorescent Fittings
Pendants (low/high bay) Lanterns LOCAL lamps at definite points where light is especially needed
Wall/ Ceiling Lights Oddities producing pools of light mingled with areas of shadows;
Task & Table Lights Exterior Lights opposite of uniform illumination;
Bollards depends upon furniture & activities position
CLASS DOWNWARD % UPWARD %
Direct >90 <10 GENERAL diffused light & uniform intensity over entire area; lamps evenly
high contrast sharp shadow; direct&reflected glare spaced without regard to furniture location;
Semi-Direct 60-90 40-10 provided with reflectors, baffles, diffusing prisms to prevent
no high contrast; larger room, reduce dust glare, harsh shadows, & uneven illumination
General Diffuse 40-60 60-40
equal light in all directions; d&r glare COMBINED sufficient general lighting to illuminate various objects in room &
Semi-Indirect 10-40 90-60 furnishes additional local lamps at desks, reading tables,
good brightness control; free from shadows
showcases, & other equipments
Indirect <10 >90
great brightness control; efficient depend on
reflection factor for ceilings & sidewalls
DECORATIVE atmosphere & interest when not requiring much light
Factors Affecting Desirable Seeing Conditions: RECOMMENDED DESIGN ILLUMINATION LEVELS (DOE)
INTENSITY OF ILLUMINATION TASK MIN / MAX (lux) APPLICATION
ACTIVITY ILLUMINATION 50-100 Circulation/ corridors
Infrequently Used
100-200 Stairs
Areas
Casual Work: conferencing, interviewing, inactive filing 10 – 30 fc 100-200 Hotel, escalators
Moderate Work: intermittent filing, general clerical 30 – 50 fc
Prolonged Work: active filing, index referencing, main sorting 50 – 100 fc 300-750 Gen Offices, Typing,
Precision Work: accounting, auditing, tabulating, bookkeeping, Computing
business machine operation, reading poor 100 – 150 fc Working/ Interiors 300-750 Confe Rooms
reproductions, rough layout drafting 500-1000 Deep-plan Office
Fine Precision Work: cartography, designing, detail drafting 150 – 200 fc 500-1000 Drawing Office
QUALITY OF LIGHT
Localized lighting for 750-1500 Designing, Arch, Engg
Exacting Tasks 1000-2000 Detailed & Precise Work
UNIFORMITY freedom from variations of illumination in a room/space
Absolute Uniformity – same intensity throughout, not
EFFICACY RANGES & CRI
practicable; 25% deviation from average intensity
cannot be detected by eye, acceptable maximum LAMP TYPE RATED POWER EFFICACY MINIMUM CRI
(lumen per watt)
DIFFUSION no. of directions & angles from w/c illuminating rays proceed; Incandescent 10-100 10-100 100
Good Diffusion - light falls upon matte/satin surface CFL 3-125 41-65 80
from variety of directions, eliminating shadows & Linear FL
streaks of brilliancy; Halophosphate 10-40 55-70 70
Poor Diffusion – illumination from one direction, Triphosphor 14-65 60-83 80
causing visual confusion due to distorted highlights & Mercury 50-2000 40-63 20
shadows Metal Halide Up to 1000 75-95 65
LPS 20-2000 100-180 0
ABSENCE OF GLARE Glare - effect of brightness in field of vision causing HPS 20-250 80-130 21
annoyance/discomfort/interference with sight;
Direct/ Disability glare – light source in field of vision FL TROFFER
Reflected/ Discomfort Glare –reflection in viewed surface WATTAGE DIMENSION
4 X 36/40 W 24 x 48 in
Bare lamps/ brilliant fixture globes not in line of sight 3 x 36/40 W 24 x 48 in
45° between horizontal & line of sight accepted as 2 x 36/40 W 12 x 48 in
greatest permissible angle 1 x 36/40 W 12 x 48 in
COLOR OF LIGHT depends upon type of lamp; used to enhance certain
4 x 18/20 W 24 x 24 in
qualities (e.g. FL lamps used to enhance food in restaurants)
3 x 18/20 W 24 x 24 in
Tri Phosphate Coating: 2 x 18/20 W 24 x 24 in
T12 – 40W (1.2m); 20W (0.6m) T8 – 36W (1.2m); 20W (0.6m) 1 x 18/20 W 12 x 24 in
T5 – 1.2-28W T9 – 21W
T6 – 14W T3 – 7W
LIGHTING TERMS TRANSMISSION passage of light through medium when light falls upon a
transparent material; it is refracted (bent)as it passes through
ABSORPTION loss of light when rays strikes any medium material but emerges at same angle it entered;

ABSORPTANCE aka ABSORPTION FACTOR; ratio of light absorbed by
material to light falling upon it
ACCENT LIGHTING directional lighting to emphasize space / object
DIFFUSE REFLECTION beam of light reflected diffusely, ray scattered in all directions,
if it strikes rough or matte surface
DOWN LIGHT fixture producing concentrated direct lighting from a
single hub; may be recessed or ceiling mounted
EYE BALL (semi)/recessed lighting unit with rotating spherical
element that may be turned to project light in any direction
FILTER device which changes amount &/or color of light
when passing through translucent material (e.g. plastic)
emerging rays are spread in all directions
(DIFFUSED TRANSMISSION)
TRASMITTANCE aka TRANSMISSION FACTOR; ratio of light transmitted to
light striking the surface; = 1 – (absorptance)
UL APPROVED Underwriter’s Laboratories, an independent testing agency,
has tested representative samples of labeled device & has
certified that it meets criteria of classification for which it is
labeled; CSA (Canadian Standards Association) is
Canadian equivalent
VALANCE long source of light over window, light illuminates wall &
draperies for spacious effect

HIGH HAT can-type of recessed incandescent downlight

COMMUNICATION & SIGNAL SYSTEMS
LUMILINE tubular fluorescent lamp with disc base at each end
General Types:
MUNSELL SYSTEM system for cataloguing colors based on smallest 1) SURVEILLANCE & SIGNAL EQUIPMENT
discrete increment of color change recognizable by a human; Fire, smoke, intruder detection & alarm systems
uses Hue, Chrom, Value to organize complete range of (all signal systems require surveillance systems to process info, transmitting it, & a
possible colors means of indicating signal audibly/visually/permanently)

PHOTOMETRICS data describing beam characteristics of lamp/ fixture 2) AUDIO & VISUAL EQUIPMENT
tel, intercom, TV, CCTV
REFLECTANCE aka REFLECTION FACTOR; ratio of light reflected by a
surface to light falling upon it (expressed in %) 3) TIME EQUIPMENT
clock & program equipt
REFRACTION process by which light is bent when passing from one medium
to another General Parts:
1) Detectors
SPECTRUM range of electromagnetic radiation 2) Control Unit / Panel
3) Alarm Devices
SPECULAR beam of light reflected when a light ray striking a shiny or 4) Wiring / Circuitry
REFLECTION glossy surface at an angle of incidence is reflected as the
same beam with equal angle of reflection, retaining original FIRE ALARM & SPRINKLER SYSTEM
image see Fire Section below
INTRUSION / BURGLAR ALARM SYSTEM TELEPHONE SYSTEMS
metallic tape & micro/magnetic switches used to detect door & window Elements of Phone Installation:
motion & glass breakage; eye/laser light beam used to detect movement 1) Service Entrance
once blocked a. Overhead
b. Underground – rigid iron, ½” min conduit,
INDUSTRIAL BUILDING SECURITY SYSTEM clearance 6” min between phone service & electric conduit

1) Door & Exit Controls 2) Protector – protect against lightning; desirably with cabinet (metal box) located
electrified security door hardware that triggers alarm when door as closes as possible to entrance,1 protector required for each pair of
is opened without authorization phone wires entering building

2) Personnel Entry Control 3) Main Terminal Cabinet / Room - where serviced wires end; small sizes
card reader mounted to metal cabinets attached or recessed in walls/columns; large
st sizes & frame types (accessible from both sides) located in rooms
a. 1 level – insertion of card
nd intended for purpose & constructed of fire resisting materials
b. 2 level – encoding of 3-digit number + insertion of card
rd
c. 3 level – attendant compares card data through computer to 4) Vertical Riser Conduits / Riser Shafts
check person’s appearance a. Riser Conduits –medium installation, series of metal cabinets aligned
3) Watchmen’s Tour Equipment vertically, one on each floor connected by vertical conduit
a. Station allows guard to call in through intercom & permits b. Riser Shafts – very large installations, series of individual full length
general alarm to ring through operation of key interconnecting closets aligned vertically, one on each floor
with fire proof door; slots on floor form clear & broken opening
TV ANTENNA SYSTEM
amplify signal by special cable & distribute to various wall outlets, booster amplifier 5) Splicing Cabinets / Closets - permit riser cables in riser shaft or conduit to be
spliced to cables/tel wires to floors
SOUND AMPLIFYING & PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS 6) Floor Conduits - connects splicing cabinet/closets into
1) Mic 2) Amplifiers 3) Loudspeakers Distribution Terminal Cabinets & to floor ducts, wall outlets, etc
Types of Phone Systems:
INTERCOM SYSTEM 1) Single-Line – basic like at home
1 or more master stations (admin, selective calling) & several 2) Small Business Multiple-Line – can voice mail system w/ 2-10 ports
remote stations (staff, non-selective), one of which monitors front door 3) Large Business Multiple-Line – over 50 employees; T1 lines
PABX SYSTEM (Private Automatic Branch Exchange) direct line + trunkline Types of Phone Lines:
solid-state tech, up to 500 lines & trunks, 4 operator consoles, over 140 1) Analog – 4 grooves on center of connector, middle 2 conductors
simultaneous conversations + full intercom facilities = TIP & RING connect a phone line; all modems need analog line
0.60 x 0.70 x 1.80 m cabinet (disadvantage: repair by whole) 2) Digital – 6-8 grooves on connector; for multiple lines & phones w/ digital
 direct internal & external dialing status indicators
 consultation hold (hold outside call while making inside call) 3) T1 – powerful phone line acts as tube to funnel info at fast rate; popular as leased
 confe call (internal & external) lines (e.g. direct access business offices in diff bldgs in a complex)
 call transfer & camp-on feature (e.g. Fiber Optics: glass fiber, specialized technician, “pt to pt system”)
 auto call back Phone System Hardware:
 call forwarding 1) PBX Server
 distinctive ringing for different functions 2) Control Unit
 paging, executive priority, dictation access, personnel location 3) Individual Units
4) IP Telephony
Phone System Features: Characteristics of Sound:
1) Call Waiting / Multiple Lines 2) Conference Call 3) Call Attendant 1) LOUDNESS – aka Sound Intensity Level measure of intensity of sound
4) Hands Free 5) Speed Dial 6) Redial expressed in decibels (dB)
7) Caller ID 8) Number Blocks 9) Voice Mail
10) Call Transfer 11) Remote Door Entry 12) Surge Protection
2) PITCH – frequency of sound wave perceived by human ear;
13) Battery Backup 14) 15) high pitch = high frequency
Accessories:
1) Headset 2) Intercom 3) Message Keyboard CONTROL OF SOUND IN A ROOM
1) shape
ACOUSTICS 2) design, location
ACOUSTICS science which deals with production, control, transmission, reception, & 3) amount & location of reflective / absorptive materials
effects of sound in an enclosed space 4) reverberation time in seconds; RT = 0.16V / ΣA ;
V = volume in cu.m, ΣA = total absorption in Metric Sabins
SOUND human ear’s response to pressure fluctuations in air caused by vibrating NOISE CONTROL
objects; travels in space by Wave Motion 1) insulation (i.e. walls, partitions, doors, windows, ventilating systems)
Types of Sound: Speech, Music, Noise (unwanted sound) 2) structure-borne noise & machine isolation
Physical Qualities of Sound:
1) FREQUENCY (f) – number of sound ripples generated in unit time ACOUSTICAL DEFECTS usually caused by reflected sound
unit in Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second (c/s);
normal young adult is capable of hearing sounds ranging from 1) Prolonged Reverberation – continuation of sound in an enclosed space
20 Hz-20 kHz, below 20 Hz are after initial source has been terminated
infrasonic frequencies w/c are not heard but Cause: room surface hard & smooth or very large, little sound
perceived as vibrations. Above 20 kHz are energy absorbed & takes a long time for sound to die out
ultrasonic frequencies, not also heard
Effect: blurred sound
8 frequency bands/ octaves; considered in room acoustics
w/ following center frequencies:63, 125, 250, 500 Hz; 1, 2, 4, 8 kHz Factors: Volume of room
2) SPEED (c) – speed of sound in air = 344 m/s; does not vary with frequency of Sound absorbing qualities of room
sound or loudness; sounds at all audible frequencies, Number of people & furniture
regardless of loudness, travel at same speed
speed of sound in solid > in liquids / gases 2) Echo – distinct reflection of original sound, with sufficient time delay
3) WAVELENGTH (λ) – distance between 2 adjacent compressions/rarefactions in Cause: path of reflected sound >20 m/65 ft path of direct sound
a sound wave c = f λ ; meters = speed in m/s (cycles/s) Solution: front part reflective, rear part absorptive
greater frequency, smaller wavelength
FREQUENCY
WAVELENGTH 3) Resonance – reinforcement of certain sound frequencies due to
ft m
63 18.0 5.46
sympathetic vibrations; relatively large amplitude of vibration produced
125 9.0 2.75 when frequency of source equals natural frequency of room
250 4.5 1.38 Cause: rooms with highly reflective surfaces
500 2.3 0.69 Effect: emphasis on certain frequencies at expense of others
1,000 1.1 0.34
2,000 0.6 0.17
4,000 0.3 0.09
4) Flutter Echo – rapid but repetitive succession of sounds
8,000 0.15 0.04 Cause: highly reflective parallel surfaces
4) INTENSITY – amount of sound power falling on a unit area
unit is watt per sq.m (W/m2) 5) Undue Focusing – converging of sound at certain points with resulting
Threshold of Audibility – 10-12 W/m2; 0 dB loss of energy in other parts
Threshold of Pain – 10 W/m2; 130 dB Cause: concave surfaces
ACOUSTICAL TERMS LIVE ROOM room containing unusually small amount of absorption
ABSORPTION fraction of incident sound energy absorbed by a surface
COEFFICIENT MASKING increase in threshold of audibility of sound required so that
sound can be heard in the presence of another sound
ANECHOIC CHAMBER sealed room in which all surfaces are designed to completely
absorb all sounds produced in the room NOISE ISOLATION single number rating derived from measured value of noise
CLASS (NIC) reduction between 2 rooms
ATTENUATION reduction in sound level; dB per meter
NOISE REDUCTION reduction in sound pressure level of noise
BACKGROUND NOISE ambient noise (NRC)
NOISE REDUCTION number rating derived from measured values of sound
BREAK-IN NOISE transfer of noise from a space surrounding duct into the duct COEFFICIENT (NRC) absorption coefficients of a material (250, 500, 1000, 2000 Hz)
through duct walls
OUTDOOR-INDOOR weighted single number rating of sound reduction
BREAK-OUT NOISE transfer of noise from interior of duct through duct walls into TRANSMISSION CLASS effectiveness of a partition that separates indoor space from
space outside duct (OITC) outside

DEAD ROOM room containing unusually large amount of absorption REFLECTION measure of sound reflective property of a surface
COEFFICIENT
DIFFRACTION change in direction of propagation of sound as result of
bending caused by a barrier in path of sound wave REVERBERANT sound field created by repeated reflections of sound from
SOUND FIELD boundaries in an enclosed space
DIFFUSE SOUND sound field in which sound comes in equal intensity from all
directions
REVERBERATION time it takes for sound intensity to decay by 1 millionth of its
TIME (RT) steady state value after sound source has been terminated
DIRECT SOUND sound arrives at a receiver along direct line from source
without reflection from any surface
SABIN unit of measure of sound absorption
ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE exterior background noise in a neighborhood (e.g. traffic)
SCATTERING irregular diffraction of sound in many directions
FIDELITY faithful reproduction of sound source
SOUND INSULATION ability of a barrier to prevent sound from reaching a receiver
IMPACT NOISE noise caused by collision of 2 objects
SOUND INTENSITY (SI) average rate of sound energy flow through a unit area in a
given direction
INTERMITTENT SOUND sound which is discontinuous or fluctuates to such extent that
at times its sound pressure level falls below measurable level
SOUND INTENSITY quantity expressed in decibels of airborne sound
INVERSE SQUARE LAW sound intensity in a free field varies inversely with the square LEVEL (SIL)
of the distance from the source
SOUND LOCK small space that works as buffer between source room &
ISOLATION lack of acoustical connection receiving room

LEAK small opening in a barrier allows airborne sound to pass

SOUND PRESSURE fluctuating pressure of sound superimposed on static air
pressure
through
SOUND TRANSMISSION single number rating of sound insulation of a partition MECHANICAL alternate liquefying & evaporation of volatile liquid with low
CLASS (STC) REFRIGERATION boiling point usually Freon 12 / 11, during which gives off & takes heat

REFRIGERATION 1) gas at normal temp & pressure

STRUCTURE-BORNE sound propagated through a solid structure
CYCLE 2) high pressure in a compressor which raises its boiling point & temp
SOUND 3) same high pressure, vapor is piped into condenser coils
4) cooled by water or air to a degree below liquefaction point
TRANSMISSION ratio of transmitted sound energy to incident sound energy 5) condenses into a liquid state, passes to the evaporator
COEFFICIENT 6) evaporator, pressure is relieved by suction stroke of compressor
7) boiling point of liquid refrigerant drops
TRANSMISSION measure of sound insulation of a partition 8) evaporation into a vapor
LOSS (TL) 9) water/air surrounds evaporator coils gives up heat in causing
vaporization at low pressure, reducing temp to temp of refrigerant
10) cold air (Direct Expansion Method) free-blown into room / passed
WHITE NOISE noise whose energy is uniform over a wide range of into areas thru ducts
Frequencies (e.g. White Light – equal amount of light of 11) cold water (Indirect Expansion Method) piped at low temp to any
different wavelength); “hissy” sound desired point & sprayed to cool passing air
12) refrigerant sucked back to compressor & repeat cycle
HEATING, VENTILATING, & AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC)

AIR-CONDITIONING process of treating air & its simultaneous control of temp,

humidity, motion, & purity of air in a confined space

Functions / Elements of AC:

1) Cooling & De-Humidifying
2) Heating / Humidifying
3) Cleaning / Filtration
4) Circulation

AC Standards:
1) Cooling & De-Humidifying – summer cooling; 76°-80°F & 50% humidity
2) Heating & Humidifying – winter cooling, 70°-75°F & 30-35% humidity
3) Air Motion – air velocity ave 15-25 ft per min, 36” above floor
4) Air Supply – 5- 7 ½ cu.ft per min per person (non-smoking)
25-40 cu.ft per min per person (smoking)

Methods of Cooling & De-Humidifying:

1) Passing air through cold water spray (e.g. portacool)
2) Passing air through coils w/ cold water
3) Passing air through coils w/ refrigerant (DIRECT EXPANSION COILS)
4) Passing air through combination of sprays & coils

FREON (banned) refrigerant; Properties: high heat vaporization, moderate

pressure change for low to high temp range, non-toxic, incombustible,
non-explosive, non-corrosive
Types of AC Systems: WINDOW TYPE AC
CENTRAL AC a. Method of Cooling, refrigeration plant
b. Source of heating e.g. boiler/ furnace
c. Air Handling Unit (AHU) with filters, pre-heater,
spray, cooling coils, & re-heater
d. Air Distributing Equipt composed of ducts, fans, & air outlets
e. M/AT controls

AC Equipment:
REFRIGERATION PLANT

1) Compressors
a. Piston Type / Reciprocating – up to 100 tons
b. Centrifugal – quieter, less vibration & maintenance,
better operating control
c. Screw-Type – 2 screws to compress refrigerant

2) Condensers
a. Air-Cooled – unit & packaged-type AC
b. Water-Cooled
i. Double-Piped

SPLIT TYPE AC
 ii. Shell & Tube HEATING & HUMIDIFYING EQUIPMENT
1) Tempering Coils – steam; pre-heaters/ reheaters
2) Water Heaters – heat water in spray chamber to add heat & humidity

AIR DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT

1) Ducts – galvanized sheet metal / aluminum sheets; rectangular in
section, depending on aspect ratio (4/ 3:1; not exceed 5:1)
Circular ducts for high velocity systems

iii. Evaporative

3) Evaporators
a. Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
similar in operation to shell & tube condenser; Refrigerant is
expanded into a shell enclosing the tube through which water
flows
b. Direct Expansion Coils (containing refrigerant itself)
installed in spray chamber so that water sprayed into air
comes into contact with cooling coils or the air itself comes into
direct contact with cooling coils, as window type unit

COOLING & DEHUMIDIFYING EQUIPMENT

1) Water Sprays
2) Cooling Coils

*Ton of Refrigeration:
1 ton (TR) (tonner) = 12,000 Btu

2
Residential – 14-15 m /TR 2) Fans
2
Commercial – 16-18 m /TR a. Centrifugal Fans (Radial Fans) – moving air at high pressure
2
Office/Restaurant - 10 m /TR b. Propeller / Axial Fans – for wall exhausts
**ERV – Energy Recovery Ventilator
 3) Air Outlets MECHANICAL WARM AIR
a. Wall Outlets
i. Vaned Outlets
ii. Perforated Grills
b. Ceiling Outlets
i. Plaques
ii. Perforated Panels
iii. Perforated Ceilings

CONTROL EQUIPMENT

1) Sensing Devices
a. Humidistat
b. Thermostat
c. Pressure Regulators

2) Actuating / Operating Devices STEAM HEATING

a. Dampers – control flow of air in form of louvers Air-Vent System (One-Pipe Gravity System)

b. Control Valves – valves with variable orifices moved by motors

to present smaller / larger openings directed by a thermostat

c. Relays – electrical energy to amplify / convert power of a

thermostat or other controllers so that resultant force will be
sufficient & adaptable to operate valve / damper

HEATING SYSTEMS
Types of Heating Systems:

TYPE OF HEATING HEATING METHOD OF METHOD OF

SYSTEM MEDIUM DEVICE AIR HANDLING DISTRIBUTION Vacuum System (Two-Pipe Steam Heating System)

Mechanical Air Furnace Ducts Registers

Warm Air
Steam Steam Boiler Pipes Radiators
Heating
Hot Water Water Water Heater Pipes Radiators
Heating
Radiant Water Water Heater Pipes Ceiling / Floor
Panel Air Furnace Ducts Ceiling
Heating Electricity Electric Heater Wires Ceiling
HOT WATER HEATING HEATING & VENTILATING SYMBOLS
One-Pipe Hot Water Heating System

Two-Pipe Hot Water Heating System

RADIANT PANEL HEATING

DUCTWORK SYMBOLS

HVAC REGULATIONS (NBCP)

Refer to Building Laws Module – NBCP Mechanical Regulations
COLOR CODING OF PIPING (OLD)
DESIGNATION COLOR
DIVISION
Steam High Pressure WHITE
Exhaust System BUFF
Water H.P. & L.P. Fresh Water BLUE
Salt Water GREEN
Oil Delivery BRASS BRONZE
Discharge YELLOW
Pneumatic All Piping GRAY
Gas All Piping BLACK
Fuel Oil All Piping
Refrigeration Pipes and Fittings
HEAT-POWER APPARATUS SYMBOLS ELEVATORS & DUMBWAITERS

ELEVATOR hoisting mechanism used where several peak periods of traffic

occur each day (e.g. office buildings, hospitals, apartments)
1.50 x 1.80 m min Car Size; 8 ft min Height of Elevator Door

Types of Elevators:
ELECTRIC - by DC motors OIL HYDRAULIC - raised/lowered by
means of movable rod or PLUNGER,
rigidly fixed to bottom of elevator car;
REFRIGERATION SYMBOLS cannot exceed 5 storeys
Architectural Section & Isometric of Elevator Shaft: 3) CABLES – lifting or lowering the car, usually 3-8 cables placed in parallel
Parts of Electric Elevator: fastened to top of car by cable sockets passing over mot driven
1) SHAFT – vertical passageway for car & counterweights cylindrical sheave to the counterweights

2) CAR – cage of light metal on structural frame, top member of which cables that 4) COUNTERWEIGHTS – rectangular blocks of cast iron stacked in 1 frame,
carry the car, are fastened fastened to opposite ends of cables to w/c car is fastened
Bottom Car Clearance: 1.30 - 1.60 m (for maintenance), needs waterproofing Material: Concrete, Steel, Cast Iron
Ladder Up: 600 mm width, 300 mm spacing
5) GUIDE RAILS – vertical tracks that guide car & counterweights

6) MACHINE ROOM – placed directly above shaft in which elevator machine is

housed; may be located at sides or bottom.
Contains motor-generator (MG) set supplying energy to
elevator machine, control board & equipt

7) ELEVATOR MACHINE – turns sheave that lifts & lowers car

8) CONTROLS – push buttons, contacts, relays, devices, M/AT to initiate door

opening, acceleration, retardation, leveling, & stopping of car

9) GOVERNOR – controls speed, signals control panel

10) SAFETY DEVICES

a. Main brake – mounted directly on the shaft of elevator machine.
Elevator first slowed down by dynamic braking action of motor
& brake operates to clamp brake drum, holding car still at floor

b. Safety Switch – stop elevator automatically before car speeds

become excessive; overspeed: speed governor will cut-off
power to motor & set the brake, w/c should stop car but if
speed still increase, governor will actuate rail clamps mounted
at bottom of the car one on each side, which will clamp guide
rails bringing the car to a switch stop

c. Electric Final Limit Switches – located few feet below & above
safe travel limits of elevator car; if car over-travels, either down
or up, switches de-energize motor & sets the main brake

d. Oil / Spring Buffers – placed at bottom of elevator pit, not to stop a

falling car, but bring to a partially cushion stop if car should
overshoot the lower terminal

*Hoistway Door – needs to be fully closed for the elevator to function

**Limit Switch – signals overspeed/ underspeed
***ELD – Emergency Landing Device
 2) One-to-One Double Wrap Traction Machine – cables first wrap over
traction sheave T, then around secondary/ idler sheave S, &
once more around T & S to counterweights; Greater traction &
used in automatic high-speed installation

3) Two-to-One Double Wrap Traction Machine (FREIGHT ELEVATORS)

– 2:1 roping, mechanical advantage of 1-1DWTM^ = high-
speed, low-power, low-cost traction machine

Methods of Arranging Elevator Machines, Sheaves, & Ropes: 4) Underslung System – used where elevator machine is located at the basement
1) Single Wrap Traction Machine – supporting cables pass over sheave in
grooves & connect to counterweights; Lifting power is exerted
by sheave through traction of cables in grooves
Types of Elevator Machines: Hydraulic Type Elevators:
1) Gearless Traction Machine – high 1) Oil – aka PLUNGER Elevators; raised by movable rod/plunger rigidly fixed to
speed, low torque electric motors bottom of car. System is hydraulic & operates like hydraulic automobile
jack (cars), using oil pumped from a reservoir to raise the car
(AC/DC) shaft of w/c is directly connected 2) Conventional – common in low-medium rise buildings (2-8 floors) & use a
to the brake wheel & to driving sheave, hydraulically powered plunger to push elevator upwards
which is directly attached to the end of 3) Roped – combination of ropes & hydraulics
the motor; Elevator cables are placed 4) Twin Post
around this sheave.
5) Holeless – not require holes to be dug for hydraulic cylinder; absence of cables,
drums, MG set & penthouse equipment, makes it inexpensive & choice
medium & high speed elevators for office
for low speed, low rise, no plunger pit difficulties, & no penthouse
& residential condos of ≥ 10 stories; high
application
speed & smooth quality desire

2) Geared Traction Machine – worm & Testing of Elevator: Ampere Reading, Load Testing (mechanical equipment)
gear between driving motor & sheave;
DUMBWAITER mini elevator used in restaurants to transport food
less superior to gearless since it has Hoistway: 3' x 3' / 0.90 x 0.90 m
more moving parts & requires more Car: 2' x 2'6" / 0.60 x 0.75 m
maintenance

low speed & medium speed passenger &

freight elevs, best for basement/overhead
traction, speeds up to 1000 ft/min (5m/s)

Systems of Elevator Controls:

1) Single Automatic Push Button
Control – 1 call at a time, uninterrupted
trip

2) Collective Control –collect all

waiting calls on trip up & calls on trip
down, stallscalls til answered &
automatically reverses direction at
highest/ lowest calls; car remain at
floor of last stop waiting for next call

3) Electronic Group Supervisory Dispatching & Control – not only single

elevators but entire bank of cars. During peak periods, all cars
in operation; system shuts down automatically & successively
as number of passengers reduces & return to service as
number of passengers increases;
AUTOTRONIC ELEVATORING by Otis Elevator Company &
SELECTOMATIC ELEVATOR SYSTEM by Westinghouse
Electric Co.
ESCALATORS & CONVEYORS
ESCALATOR used where large numbers of people scattered throughout a
given area & on a large number of floors, & constantly moving to
various locations for short periods of time
Spiral Escalators – take less horizontal space
Escalator Specifications:

Width 32” & 48”

Angle of Inclination 30°
Length / Run varies
Speed 90 fpm & 120 fpm

Parts of Escalator Installation:

1) Truss – welded steel frame supporting moving stairway equipt
2) Tracks – steel angles attached to truss on which step rollers are guided
3) Sprocket Assemblies, Chains, & Drive Machine – provide motive power
Emergency Break – on top of Sprocket, stop safely in event of break in chain
4) Driving Machine – provide motive power
5) Controller – contactors, relays, & a circuit breaker; located near drive machine,
emergency stop button wired to controller & placed in or near escalator will stop
drive machine & apply brake. Key operated control switches, at top & bottom
newels, will start, stop, & reverse direction of travel of stairway
6) Handrail & Balustrade Assembly
Safety Features:
1) Handrails & steps travel at same speed to ensure steadiness & balance
2) Large, steady steps to prevent slipping
3) Automatic controls of service break bring to smooth stop if power/parts fail
4) Over/underspeed, auto governor shuts down escalator, preventing
reversal of direction & operates service brake
5) Emergency Stop Switch near comb plate may be manually operated
Fire Pro of Escalators: FIRE SAFETY PRINCIPLES
1) Rolling Shutter – shuts
off well at given floor,
FIRE rapid oxidation process accompanied by evolution of heat,
preventing spread of fire
light, flame, & emission of sound
upward; actuated by temp &
smoke relays
2) Spray Nozzle Curtain – FIRE TRIANGLE Fuel (fire load) -> Oxygen (ventilation) -> Heat (ignition)
closely spaced, high-
velocity water nozzles; form FIRE SAFETY DESIGN Prevent; Safeguard Lives; Reduce Damage
compact water curtain to
prevent smoke & flame from
rising through well ways Classes & Growth of Fire:
3) Smoke Guard – fire proof CLASS FUEL SUPPRESSION
baffles surrounding well Ordinary combustible Water
way, extending downward (wood, cloth, paper, rubber,
about 20° below ceiling A plastics)
level; Smoke & flames
upwards meet water curtain Flammable / Combustible Exclude air from burning materials
from sprinkler heads
B liquids & gases
surrounding baffles, serving
as smoke & flame deflector
Energized Electrical No water;
4) Sprinkler Vent – well way floor openings have duct on each floor equipped with Equipment
smoke pick-up relays, w/c automatically start fans in fresh air intake, located on C Use non-conductive extinguishing agents
roof, driving air downward through well ways; Dangerous gases & smoke are (e.g. gaseous systems)
drawn in thru ducts & exhausted at roof; Spray nozzles around stair well
Combustible metals (e.g. Heat-absorbing medium not reactive with
OTHER BUILDING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS D
potassium, sodium, burning metals
magnesium, reactive metals)
ELECTRIC WALKS transport people horizontally from 0° - 15°;
STAGE
usually for exhibit halls & airport terminals
1 Pre-flashover or growth Flaming combustion; smoldering, poorly-
Installations: phase ventilated fire with substantial smoke
1) Horizontal / Level; 2) Bi-level; 3) Overpass; 4) Underpass
Specs: 2 Flashover Rapid change from local fire to one
Width 27” & 36” involving all combustible materials in a
Speed 120 fpm & 180 fpm room

CONVEYOR BELT 2 end pulleys w/ continuous loop of material rotating 3 Fully developed fire All materials in compartment are alight;
about them; pulleys are powered, moving belt forward (stable phase) max rate of heat release dependent on
ventilation or fuel quantity
for transport of industrial & agricultural materials, self-
uploading bulk freighters & live bottom trucks Decay (cooling period) Gradual consumption of fuel in
4
CHUTES Trash Chute compartment
Linen Chute
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PROVISIONS (NBCP)

Refer to Building Laws Module – NBCP Cranes, Hoists, Elevators, Escalators

Fire Spread: SMOKE CONTROL smoke containment & dispersal; cross/mech vent
NATURE CAUSE Pressurization – air blow into spaces to keep out smoke
Internal Fire Spread between Rooms & Floors
External Congested High Fire Load Areas ESCAPE PROVISIONS direct, simple, not tortuous, no barriers/ cul-de-sacs /
External Loss of Integrity of Fire Wall bottlenecks; limit dead-ends; doors open outward & not
External Proximity of Buildings hidden from view; compartmentalized
ARCHITECTURAL FIRE SAFETY PRINCIPLES: Prevention -> Control -> Safety
1) Handling fire escape for daily use; not storage, well-maintained;
a. Fire Avoidance FR doors correct width & direction of swing
b. Fire Growth Restriction
c. Fire Containment each (sub)/compartment with alternative escape in
d. Fire Control opposite direction furthest from first exit door; adequate
2) Life Safety number of exits, signage, & lighting
a. Fire Detection
b. Smoke Control
c. Escape Provisions FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM (FDAS)
required for fire suppression
FIRE AVOIDANCE reducing possibility of accidental ignition of materials required for 4 storeys + / >1000 sq.m / >15 m;
a. non-flammable construction materials sprinklers required > 2000 sq.m
b. avoid furniture/accessories w/c increase fire load
c. electrical installations follow standards General: Self-Contained/ Stand-Alone
d. sufficient CO to avoid “octopus connections” Building-Wide Systems
e. efficient fire planning & zoning Types:
1) Automatic System – detectors to trigger alarm system
FIRE ZONES High Fire Risk Areas (kitchen, boiler room)
(acc to DHHS) High Fire Load Zone (gas storage room, linen closet) 2) Manual System – visual detection & alarm triggered by hand
e.g. hospitals Life Risk Zone (outpatient department, service areas)
High Life Risk Zone (ICU, Surgical Ward, OR) a. Non-Coded Manual Stations (no address; no exact fire location)
*separate incompatible areas, provide access for firemen i. station locations (source of fire) not identifiable at
control panel when manually triggered
FIRE DETECTION fire alarm systems, heat & smoke detectors, visual
Accessibility ii. Annunciation Panel can be added to convert each
station to non-coded indicating zone
FIRE GROWTH (fire ex, blankets, water & sand)
RESTRICTION AT (fire sprinklers) iii. Beyond 10 zones, coding should be considered

FIRE CONTAINMENT fire rated walls & slabs, zoning, compartmentalization b. Coded Manual Stations (exact fire location)
fire cladding structural components & escape shafts each manual station is coded & code received at
plugging holes, extend CHB walls to upper slab control panel, processed & transmitted audibly on
1.00m ledge prevent fire from creeping up exterior walls system gongs

FIRE CONTROL fire shafts complete with equipment (code usually 3-4 digits; 1st digit – bldg no., 2nd digit – bldg flr;
3rd digit – individual station)
all areas reachable by fire hose
DETECTORS Fire Alarm Panel:
1) Temperature Detector – most common, THERMOSTAT 1) Non-Coded – continuous ringing evacuation type, zoned, identifiable by annunciator

a. Fixed Temperature Unit – triggers contacts when temp is

reached; 1-time, non-renewable w/ low melting alloy fusible plug
b. Rate-of-Rise Unit – activates when rate of ambient temp
differential exceeds predetermined amount. May be combined
with fixed temp unit in a single housing (eg. automatic resetting unit)

Detectors: rated by temp & coverage (i.e. ordinary rooms: 135°F

per 200 sqft; kitchens, attics, & basements: 190-200°F)

2) Photoelectric Detector (EWSFDD) – react to obscuration of light beam by

smoke; best applied where fires produce a lot of smoke & gas

3) Ionization Detector (EWSFDD) – detecting ionized particles in air; do not 2) Master Coded – COMMON/FIXED CODED, “MARCH TIME”; 4 rounds of codes,
detect heavy smoke but few particles like alcohol & plastic fires set to ring bell 108 strokes per minute; rapid evacuation frequently in schools

*EWSFDD – Early Warning Smoke & Fire Detection Devices

4) Flame Detectors – Infrared (IR) & (UV); industrial & highly sensitive

*Smoke Detector – Condo kitchens

**Heat Detector – Residential &
Commercial Kitchens

***COMBINED HEAT & SMOKE

DETECTOR (both can be coded) 3) Zone Coded – grouped by circuit into zones which transmits to panel & ring
*Addressable: Big & expensive zone’s code on single stroke gong/ chimes, immediately identifying station

**MANUAL PULL SYSTEMS –

Pull Station + Junction Box

***Combination Chime & Strobe Light

CONTROL UNIT PANEL
energize audible devices
(bells, buzzers, gongs) upon
receipt of signal from detector;
shut-off oil & gas lines, attic
fans to prevent fire spread,
turning off lights. Most units
with emergency standby
battery
 4) Dual Coded – non-coded & zone coded combi; alarm: identify coded alarm Additional Notes:
located in maintenance office & continuous ringing evacuation alarm for whole bldg AMENITY something that conduces to comfort, convenience, or enjoyment

FACILITY something that makes an action, operation, or course of conduct easier

—usually used in plural <facilities for study> (2) : LAVATORY 2 —often
used in plural b : something (as a hospital) that is built, installed, or
established to serve a particular purpose

SERVICE a facility providing maintenance and repair <television service>

UTILITY a service (as light, power, or water) provided by a public utility

5) Selective Coded – fully coded in w/c all manual devices are coded & all auto
devices arranged to trip code transmitters at the panel

6) PRE-SIGNAL – alert only key personnel, also selectively coded; personnel can
investigate & turn-on alarm manually

SELECTIVE ALARM – control floors

GENERAL ALARM

Alarm Devices General Types:

AUDIBLE ALARM

VISUAL ALARM

REMOTE ANNUNCIATORS

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (e.g. Voice Over)

SPRINKLER ALARM
water flow switches to monitor flow of water in a sprinkler head & when triggered,
trip coded transmitter, setting off a sprinkler code to show up on a sprinkler
annunciator board (SPRINKLER ALARM PANEL)

*Problem FDAS: False Alarm

**e.g. Flow (Dual Coded-Manual) – Pull  Bell  Anunciation Panel 
RLCP or FACP (terminate false alarm) 
Coded / Non-Coded (location of fire)
*Panic Device – quick release latch
Additional Notes:

Balancing: Testing and Commissioning of AC

Rigid Duct has insulation:

Polystyrene
Fiberglass

NEED FOR INSULATION IN DUCTING

INSULATION?
Supply Air – conditioned air - diffuser Yes
Return – grille No; Yes (ERV)
Fresh – diffuser/ vaned No
Pressurized – grille; has fan No
Exhaust – vaned; has fan No