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Enzimas de Restricción
Hasta 1970, no existían métodos disponibles para cortar en ADN
genómico, técnica necesaria para el estudio de la función de los
genes.
Virus (Bacteriofago)
Metilasa
Sitio específico
de
reconocimiento
Enzimas de
restricción
Enzima encargada
Corta secuencias de marcar el ADN
específicas de ADN con un grupo
metilo
Cortesia: Luis Eduardo Sánchez Timm Ph.D.
Enzimas de Restricción
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnolog%C3%ADa_de_ADN_recombinante#Aplicaciones_de_la_tecnolog.C3.A
Da_de_ADN_recombinante
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Genetic Transformation
DNA has to bypass different membrane barriers:
Plant cell wall.
Plasma membrane.
Nucleus membrane.
Integrate into the chromosomes.
Different methods:
Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Biolistics.
Electroporation.
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Making a Transgenic Plant
Identification of a gene.
Isolation of the gene.
Modification of the gene.
Clone the gene into a vector.
Introduce the vector in E. coli for
multiplication.
Genetic transformation of plant cells.
Regeneration of transformed plant cells.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Gram-negative soil
bacterium.
1907 (Smith and
Townsed). Crown-gall
tumor in plants in
wounded cells.
Armin Braun – tumor cells
are transformed.
1974 – Zaenen, Schell, Van
Montagu found
Megaplasmid present
only in virulent
Agrobacterium.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Virulent plasmid:
Tumor-inducing or Ti
plasmid.
Only some genes of the
Ti plasmid are transfer
to chromosome of
plants.
Transfer DNA (T-DNA) is
transferred from
bacteria to plant cells. It
is necessary for tumor
formation.
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Ti Plasmid
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T-DNA
T-DNA is flanked by 25 bp imperfect repeats known
as border sequences (RB, LB).
All DNA contained between the left and right border
is transferred to the plant genome as single strand.
T-DNA
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GENES REQUIRED FOR TRANSFER
The genes are located in a separate part of the Ti
plasmid called the vir (virulence) region.
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Vir Region
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Vir A
Kinase domain activates VirA by
phosphorylating itlself in response
to signalling molecules from
wounded plant sites.
Activated VirA transfer its
phosphate to the soluble
cytoplasmic transcriptional
factor VirG.
VirG stimulates the transcription of
the other vir genes.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens
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Vir D and Vir E
VirD1 and VirD2 responsible for
cleavege of T-DNA strand at borders.
VirD2 binds covalently to 5´end of
the T-strand which is then coated to
form a T-complex with the single
strand binding protein VirE2.
VirD2 contains one nuclear
localization signal. Protects T-DNA
against nucleases.
VirE2 contains two nuclear
localization sequences that interact
with plant components targeting the
T-strand to the nucleus.
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T-DNA Integration
ifferent integrated T-DNA forms.
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Arabidopsis thaliana
Bacillus thuringiensis
Cortesia: Luis Eduardo Sánchez Timm Ph.D.
Cortesia: Luis Eduardo Sánchez Timm Ph.D.
Cortesia: Luis Eduardo Sánchez Timm Ph.D.
Genes Cry
Una gran cantidad de genes Cry han sido clonados, secuenciados y nombrados
como genes cry y cyt.
Actualmente mas de 100 genes Cry han sido secuenciados y clasificados en 22
grupos y subgrupos diferentes dependiendo de su similaridad de aminoacidos.
Las proteinas tóxicas para lepidopteros son las Cry1, Cry9 y Cry2.
Las proteinas tóxico activas para coleopteros son las Cry3, Cry7 y Cry8.
Cry1B y Cri1I tienen actividad dual.
Cry2, Cry4, Cry10, Cry11, Cry16, Cry17, Cry19 y Cyt son tóxicas para dípteros.
Cry5, Cry12, Cry13 y Cry14 son tóxicas para nemátodos.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beq-tgdBZnY