Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
o Transformer History
o Basic Transformer Design
o Motivation of Superconducting Transformers
o Basics of Superconducting Transformers
o Types
o Electrical Circuit
o Losses and Loss Evaluation
o State-of-the-Art
Source: Die ersten Transformatoren (Déri-Bláthy-Zipernowsky, Budapest, 1885.) Schloss Széchenyi in Nagycenk
Transformer History
• 1885 William Stanley
o Transformer History
o Basic Transformer Design
o Motivation of Superconducting Transformers
o Basics of Superconducting Transformers
o Types
o Electrical Circuit
o Losses and Loss Evaluation
o State-of-the-Art
E : Electric Field
3rd Maxwell Equation – Faraday‘s Law B : Magnetic Induction
A : Surface (constant with time)
ds : Length element
dA : Surface element
Maxwell‘s Equation
H : Magnetic Field
4th Maxwell Equation – Ampere‘s Law
J : Current Density
D : Dielectric Displacement
ds : Length element
dA : Surface element
Very often J⊥dA and H∥ds and D/dt=0
z
I
I
B 2 r 0 I 0 I
Bz , 0
2 R
Vacuum permeability
Single PhaseTransformer
Main flux:
Main inductance:
Stray inductance:
Transmission ratio: ü
Voltage equations:
ü ü
Single PhaseTransformer
Transmission ratio: ü
Voltage equations:
ü ü
I1 ‚ ‚ ‚
I2
R1 L1σ L2σ R2
I0
U1 RFE Lh U2‚
Transformer Inductances
OS
US
aa aw ai bus bos bM
ah
OS US US OS
Stray Inductance z
hw hF hT
r
ah
bM
bF dFe
bT
o Transformer History
o Basic Transformer Design
o Motivation of Superconducting Transformers
o Basics of Superconducting Transformers
o Types
o Electrical Circuit
o Losses and Loss Evaluation
o State-of-the-Art
conventionel
superconducting
Ressource savings
©ABB
Operation
Low short-circuit impedance
- Higher stability
- Less voltage drops
- Less reactive power
Operation
Low short-circuit impedance
- Higher stability
- Less voltage drops
- Less reactive power
Active current limitation
- Protection of devices
- Reduction of investment
22 10.06.2016 Mathias Noe, Institute of Technical Physics
ESAS Summer School, Superconducting Transformers
o Transformer History
o Basic Transformer Design
o Motivation of Superconducting Transformers
o Basics of Superconducting Transformers
o Types
o Electrical Circuit
o Losses and loss evaluation
o State-of-the-Art
Electrical Circuit
I1 ‚ ‚ ‚
I2
R1 L1σ L2σ R2
I0
U1 RFE Lh U2‚
U1I1 U 2 I 2
I1 ‚ ‚ ‚
I2
S
R1 L1σ L2σ R2 2
I0
U1
‚
U2 n
U1 1 BFe AFe
RFE Lh
BFe AFe n1 I1 n2 I 2
S
2 2
n1 I1 n1 j1 A1
n2 I 2 n2 j2 A2
j1 j2 j
Cryostat
LN2 Iron Core
Vacuum
Cryostat
Cryostat
Low Cooling Power Simple Cryostat Simple Cryostat
Iron at Room Temperature Simple Cooling inerface Iron at Room Temperature
Expensive Cryostat High Cooling Power Long recooling after quench
3 Cryostats needed (Iron core loss at low temp.)
Temperature difference
Not suitable for high voltage
Auxiliary
transformer
EHV 380 kV
Generator‐
transformer
Network‐ HSV110 kV
transformer
Distribution‐ MV 10‐30 kV
transformer
Substation LV 0,4 kV
transformer
Short-circuit losses
• PAC AC Loss of Superconductor (current dependant)
• PCL Current lead loss (partly current dependant)
• Padd Additional loss (current dependant)
No-load operation
• PFE Iron core loss (eddy currents) (voltage dependant)
• Iron core loss (Hysteresis loss) (voltage dependant)
• PDi Dielectric loss (voltage dependant)
• PTh Thermal loss (not voltage dependant)
B/T B/T
normal Superconduct.
SN [MVA] 31,5
UpN / UsN [kV] 110 / 20 in YNd5-Schaltung
IpN / IsN [A] 165 / 909
uk [%] 12,1 7
Current density [A/mm2] - 54
31 10.06.2016 ESAS Summer School, Superconducting Transformers Mathias Noe, Institute of Technical Physics
Working load / %
Operation time / h
Normal
supercond.
Efficiency factor
Total loss / kW
Normal
supercond.
Iron core
Iron core
Copper winding
Copper winding
Current lead
Total loss / kW
Field loss
Total loss / kW
Self field loss
Current lead
Iron core Iron core Field loss
Copper winding Copper winding Self field loss
o Transformer History
o Basic Transformer Design
o Motivation of Superconducting Transformers
o Basics of Superconducting Transformers
o Types
o Electrical Circuit
o Losses and loss evaluation
o State-of-the-Art
Source: Technik und Einsatz von HTSL Leistungstransformatoren, Diss. E. Sissimatos 2005
37 Mathias Noe, Institute of Technical Physics
• Primary Bi 2223
• Secondary YBCO coated conductor
• Conduction cooled
• Temperature 40-80 K
Status June 2016: All components delivered, assembly nearly finished, tests start very soon
Parameter Value
Primary voltage 70.5 kV
Secondary voltage 12.47 kV
Operating Temperature ~ 70 K, press. LN2 (1.1‐3 bar)
Target Rating 28 MVA
Primary Connection Delta
Secondary connection Wye
YBCO tape length ~ 12 km of 12 mm wide tape
HV rated current 230 A
LV rated current 1296 A
Source: F. Roy, “The 28‐MVA FCL Smart Grid Demo Transformer and
Modeling Concerns about its Operation under Fault Conditions,” 2nd
International Workshop on Modeling HTS, April 11‐13, 2011, Cambridge,
United Kingdom.
Data of 400 kVA demonstrator tested in 2010
Parameter Value
Primary Voltage 6.9 KV
Secondary Voltage 2.3 kV
Op. Temp. LN2 at ‐207°C
Target Rating 400 kVA
LV Rated Current 174 A
HV Rated Current 58 A
Source: Superconductivity WEB21, Winter 2011, January 17 2011
D=565 mm D=738 mm
H=810 mm H=2300 mm
53 10.06.2016 Mathias Noe, Institute of Technical Physics
ESAS Summer School, Superconducting Transformers
Parameter Value
Primary Voltage 11,000 V
Secondary Voltage 415 V
Maximum Op. Temp. 70 K, liquid nitrogen cooling
Target Rating 1 MVA
Primary Connection Delta
Secondary
Wye
Connection
20 turns 15/5 Roebel cable per phase
LV Winding
(20 turn single layer solenoid winding)
LV Rated current 1390 A rms
918 turns of 4 mm YBCO wire per
phase
HV Winding
(24 double pancakes of 38.25 turns Source: IRL
each)
HV Rated current 30 A rms
4 mm wide YBCO YBCO Roebel Cable
I/Ic ~ 25% L = 20 m
Source: IRL
Polyimide wrap insulation 15 strands
24 double pancakes 5 mm width
Ic ~ 1400 A @ 77 K, sf
Current standard
Efficiency at 50% 99.27%
Source: Gallaghan Innovation
More information: Neil D. Glasson, Mike P. Staines, Zhenan Jiang, and Nathan S. Allpress, “Verification Testing for a 1 MVA 3-Phase Demonstration Transformer Using 2G-HTS Roebel
Cable“, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, VOL. 23, NO. 3, JUNE 2013
Offshore Platform
Future R&D
Literature
• Reduce AC loss < 0,5 W/kA m
Bernd Seeber, Handbook of Applied
Superconductivity, Vol. 1 und 2, IOP 1998
• Reduce wire cost < 10 €/kA m
Peter J Lee, Engineering Superconductivity, Wiley
• Long length wires and tapes > km Interscience 2001