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Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
ScienceDirect
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Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 545–552
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
The
The 12th
12th International
International Conference
Conference Interdisciplinarity
Interdisciplinarity in
in Engineering
Engineering
Development
Development of of aa Monitoring
Monitoring and and Control
Control System
System for
for
Timber’s
Timber’s
Manufacturing Engineering Society Drying
International Process
Drying Process
Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, 28-30 June
2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
a, b
Mircea
Mircea Dulău
Dulăua, *,
*, Istvan
Istvan Madaras
Madarasb
Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off
0F
0F
a
“Petru Maior” University of Tîrgu-Mureș, N. Iorga no.1, Tîrgu-Mureș, 540088, Romania
a
“Petru Maior” University of Tîrgu-Mureș, N. Iorga no.1, Tîrgu-Mureș, 540088, Romania
between S.C. used capacity andno. 56,
operational efficiency
b
Larix Mobila S.R.L., Iernuțeni no. 56, Reghin, 545300, Romania
b
S.C. Larix Mobila S.R.L., Iernuțeni Reghin, 545300, Romania
1. Introduction
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 04-075-224-9499; fax: 04-026-523-3210.
* The
Corresponding
cost author.
of idle Tel.: 04-075-224-9499;
capacity fax: 04-026-523-3210.
is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance
E-mail address: mircea.dulau@ing.upm.ro
E-mail address: mircea.dulau@ing.upm.ro
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured
in several ways:
2351-9789© 2018Thetons of production,
Authors. available
Published by Elsevier Ltd. hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity
2351-9789© 2018The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is anAfonso.
* Paulo open access
Tel.:article under
+351 253 510the761;
CC BY-NC-ND
+351 253license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC fax:
BY-NC-ND 604 741
license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
E-mail and peer-review
address: under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
psafonso@dps.uminho.pt
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
About 85% of the timber’s drying industrial equipment work based on the conventional process, through hot air
convection, under 100oC and atmospheric pressure. The principle of the conventional drying involves the air forced
circulation through the timber stack with the help of the fans and the heat exchangers. This way ensures the heat
transfer to the wood and the moisture takeover from the wood. The excess moisture from the air is eliminated
through the exhausts with adjustable flaps, simultaneously being admitted an equal quantity of fresh air. The
moistening of the air can be done with vapors or cold water, sprayed through nozzle.
In order to assure all the mentioned functions involved in the drying process, the drying installation is equipped
with systems for: heating, ventilation, air evacuating, command and monitoring (Fig. 1).
Mircea Dulău et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 545–552 547
Mircea Dulău and Istvan Madaras/ Procedia Manufacturing00 (2018) 000–000 3
The heating system consists of: water tank (heated with electrical resistance, Rh), pump for water recirculation,
water-air heat-exchanger (Fig. 2).
Through the timber stack it is necessary to assure the uniform circulation of the air (about 1m/s). So, with the
fans, the ventilating system transfers the heat from the environment to the timber and takes over the moisture
(eliminated from the timber, Fig. 2).
In order to remove the moisture and to assure the air exchange between the drying chamber and outdoors, the
evacuating system uses the intake and exhaust with flaps (Fig. 3).
Drying chamber
Ventilating
system
Water
tank Pump
Stack timber
Rh Heat
M
exchanger
M M Chamber
wall
The control of the system is made using the Siemens programmable controller, connected to the additional
devices. It highlights: CPU 313C, Profibus CP342-5 communication, DO16xDC24V/0.5A digital output module,
AI8x12Bit analogical input module, 220V AC/24V DC power supply, module with 8 relays.
The control of the temperature inside the drying chamber is made using a software implemented On-Off
controller (Fig. 4). The algorithm considers the difference between the real value of the measured temperature and
the set-point value specified by the drying recipe. So:
• if the temperature inside the drying chamber is lower than the set-point value, the recirculation pump is coupled;
• if the temperature inside the drying chamber is higher than the set-point value, the recirculation pump is
decoupled.
According to the Fig. 5, the control of the thermal agent temperature is also made by a software implemented
On-Off controller. For the heating it is used an electrical resistance, supplied through an opto-coupler and a relay
connected to the controller’s output.
In the closed-loop control diagram from the Fig. 6, the algorithm considers the difference between the calculated
equilibrium moisture and the set-point value, specified according to the drying recipe. In order to control the
closing-opening of the flaps, dc servos, relays and a microcontroler are used. So:
• if the equilibrium moisture is higher than the set-point value, the intake-exhaust flaps are opening;
• if the equilibrium moisture is lower than the set-point value, the intake-exhaust flaps are closing.
The On-Off controller considers (Fig. 7): V_P – the process value; S_P – the set-point value; delta – the
controller hysteresis; start – the starting condition for the drying cycle; output – the command signal.
E.g., if the start condition is valid, the maximum and minimum values for the hysteresis (delpa_up, delta_down) are
calculated. These values are compared to the V_P value and, depending on the result, the output of the controller
(command) is set/reset.
Temp.
sensor
Temp.
sensor
Air relative
Moisture On-Off Drying moisture
Flaps chamber
set-point controller
_
In the presented control structures, the measurement of the air moisture is made by a Honeywell sensor, HIH
4000-003, with: power supply of 5V; operational temperature between (- 40...+85)°C; range between (0-100)%;
response time of 15 sec., for slow air flow and temperature of 25°C; accuracy of ±3.5% for 25°C. The real value of
the moisture is a function of the output voltage of the sensor, corrected with a compensation formula [1]. The
measurements of the air temperature and thermal agent are made by PT 100 sensors, with: range of (-50…200)°C;
electrical resistance of 100Ω for 0°C. The analogical input of the PLC cannot read the resistance values over 600Ω,
so a voltage divisor is used in order to measure the wood resistance, then the wood moisture is determined [1,9]. The
mathematical method of equilibrium moisture determination is more precise and allows the real time monitoring
(e.g., for the temperature of 70oC, it results a value of 5.87% for the equilibrium moisture).
The monitoring system (Siemens WinCC) highlights four pages: Process, Recipes, Graphics and Service (Fig. 8)
[16]. The Process page displays the timber and equilibrium moistures, the air temperature and moisture, the set-point
values for the moisture and the temperature [1].
From the Recipes page, the human operator can choose an existing recipe of drying (e.g., beech and oak) or can
define the drying parameters, depending on the wood species (Fig. 9).
The interface has a Service page, with access rights only for the admin. Through this page, he can start the fans,
the recirculation pump and the heating system. Also, the page allows the manually control of the fans’ speed, the
flaps position and the changing of the controller’s parameters (Fig. 9).
The real time evolution of the timber’s moisture, the chamber’s temperature, the equilibrium moisture and the air
relative moisture can be displayed in the Graphics page (Fig. 10).
550 Mircea Dulău et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 545–552
6 Mircea Dulău and Istvan Madaras/ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
4. Conclusions
The timber’s drying process has the most important role in improving the quality of wood and in increasing the
utilization of the wood in the final products. The key of these requirements refers to the control of the temperature
and equilibrium moisture in the drying chamber. The final value of the moisture up to which the timber has to be
dried depends on the final destination of the product. E.g.: (9-12)% for the furniture made of massive wood;
(13-15)% for windows and exterior doors; (6-8)% for musical instruments [3]. Therefore, the timber’s drying
operation is mandatory before any woodworking process.
The presented paper is complementary with the study from [1] (by the same authors) and details the components
of the timber’s drying system, including the systems for heating, air evacuating and ventilation, command panel and
monitoring. Considering that the process of drying has large time constants and the drying regimes are included in
the command software, the proposed On-Off control method implemented using the Siemens programmable
controllers, combined with Step 7 software, proves its efficiency. The implemented interface allows the full control
of the operations, using pages of monitoring, recipes and graphics.
With adequate modifications, the schematic can be extended to the proportional-integrative-derivative (PID)
algorithm, including the control of the air moistening inside the drying chamber.
Acknowledgements
This paper is based upon work supported by the Energy and Electrotechnologies Management research center.
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