Fire Hazard Warning Via PLC

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology 1
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
INTRODUCTION
We are in the world of technological advances which certainly affects
everyone to depend and rely in technology for almost every day of our lives. Home
automation takes place as proof or our dependency to technology. This involves
the control and automation of lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning and
security, as well as home appliances such as washer/dryers, ovens or
refrigerators/freezers.(2019 Consumer Reports, Inc.). Modern systems generally
consist of switches and sensors connected to a central hub sometimes called
“gateway” from which the system is controlled with a user interface that is
interacted either with a wall mounted terminal, mobile phone software, tablet
computer or web interface, often but not always via Internet cloud services.(2019
Mansueto Ventures, LLC) One of the most popular technique employed in home
automation is Power Line Communication (PLC) that reuses household
electrical wiring for communication to simultaneously carry both data and electric
power. It is also known as Power-Line carrier, power-line digital subscriber line

(PDSL), mains communication, power-line telecommunication or power-line
networking (PLN).
A wide range of power-line communication technologies are used in different
applications, ranging from home automation to internet access which is often
called Broadband over Power lines (BPL). Most PLC technologies limit
themselves to one type of wire (such as premises wiring within a single building),
but some can across between two levels (for example, both the distribution
network and premises wiring). Typically, transformers prevent propagating signal
which requires multiple technologies to form very large networks. Various data
rates and frequencies are used in different situations.( 2010, ARRL,hq@arrl.org)
Power-line Communication has been found to be the most economical and reliable
method for communication in a medium and over long distance in a power
system.( LinkedIn Corporation, 2019) For sending speech or other signals from
point to point in an interconnected power grid many communication methods can
be used such as Public Telephone network, Direct Lines, Radio Circuits, Power-
Line Carrier Communication (PLCC).( LinkedIn Corporation, 2019)
Narrowband power-line communications began soon after electrical power
supply became widespread. Around year 1922 the first carrier frequency systems
began to operate over high-tension lines with frequencies of 15 to 500kHz for
telemetry purposes, and this continues. (Dostert, T. Waldeck, comparison of

Modulation Schemes with ~re~uekci Agility for Application in Power Line
Communication Systems, 1996) Consumer products such as baby alarms have
been available at least since 1940.(2019, IEEE) In the 1930’s ripple carrier
signaling was introduced on the medium (10-20 kV) and low voltage (240/415V)
distribution systems.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Power Line Communication (PLC) is a communication technology that
enables sending data over existing power cables. This means that, with just power
cables running to an electronic device (for example) one can both power it up and
at the same time control/retrieve data from it in a half-duplex manner.
In connection to this, we proposed a project that aims to help everyone for a
better access in terms of communication, security, and other purposes.
Meanwhile, this proposal intends to produce a Power Line Communication Device
and supposed to answer these following questions:
1. How do Power Line Communication via Fire Alarm System work?
2. What is the significant effect of distance to the latency of transmission?
3. What is the significant effect of distance to the data rate of transmission?

4. What are the things to be considered upon testing and problems
encountered in executing Power Line Communication via Fire Alarm
System functionality?
5. How far is the transmission of communication a Power Line can attain?
6. What are the benefits that Power Line Communication offers over the
existing system of communication use in Fire Alarm System?
HYPHOTHESIS
There is no significant effect in the distance with respect to the data rate
and latency measured in the monitoring system of the sensors including PIR
(Motion), DHT22 (Temperature and Humidity), MQ2 (Gas) from the transmitter
site, as well as in Server and Mobile Phone appliances control latency in
transmission.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
TRANSMITTER MODULATOR CIRCUIT
COUPLER CIRCUIT FIRE ALARM

DISTRIBUTOR
CIRCUIT SYSTEM
BAND PASS FILTER
DATA IN
AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT (OP-
AMP)
CARRIER SMOOTHING
CIRCUIT
Fig. 1: Research Paradigm

THEORY
The power-line communication (PLC) refers to transferring the information
using power-lines as the communication media or channel. The PLC has turn out
to be a flexible approach to implement low cost and reliable networks in home and
industrial environment. In PLC, the present alternating current (AC)power wires in
a building work as a communication medium or a channel, by means of which
information is transmitted from a transceiver toward one or more transceivers.
Subsequently no new wires are necessary for the purpose of communication in
power-line communication systems. As a result, it significantly decreases the
difficulty and struggle of installation of new wires.
The proposed study will go as where the Fire Alarm PLC system transmitter
transmits the data signal together with an alternating power having the frequencies
of 50-60 Hz. The receiver receives only the data signal. A power-line
communication system typically operates by superimposing a modulated carrier
frequency signal on the AC signal in a power-line.
The following are variables involved in the process:

1. Power line Adapter (Transceiver)- Transceiver will provide user with
stable, high speed data transfer rates of up to 600 Mbps on a line length
of up to 300 meters.
2. Powerline- is the existing electrical network which will transformed into a
channel through the superposition of a low energy information signal to
the power wave as well as carrying both electric power and data
simultaneously. As a result, the cost of installation is lower than other
communication system.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The scope of this project work design of Power Line Communication via Fire
Alarm System with limited design, construction and test on a two-station system
where power cable is used as a medium of transmitting information with
specification.
Scope
A power-line communication system operates by superimposing a
modulated carrier frequency signal on the AC signal in a power-line with a
minimum distortion while producing an adequate output. The signal from the
transmitter must provide an undistorted signal into the receiver to be able to drive
information that will be monitored in the server system. In PLC system, the
transmitter transmits the data signal together with an alternating power having the
frequencies of 50 -60 Hz. The receiver receives only the data signals. The
performance of any PLC system is found to be dependent upon time and location.
Communication signaling can only be implemented within the area serviced by
the same powerline connection.
Limitation
Reflection due to various impedance mismatches, multipath fading and
attenuation/transmission losses which affects their performance and
implementation.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The contribution of the study will benefit the people considering that this
equipment service device plays an important role in society today. The study may
also benefit the following:
Administrative Offices and Security Personnel
These Fire Alarm System via Power Line Communication made the
monitoring for security and automation more accessible to Administrative Offices
and Security Personnel.
Students
The design and construction of Power Line Communication via Fire Alarm
System will benefit the individual to understand the basic knowledge of
transmitting data through the convenience offered by existing power line cable
connections, also its a means to replace man’s labor and stress of walking over a
given premise for information delivery and security purposes.
Future Researcher
The study presented may be used as reference data in conducting new
researches or in testing the validity of other related results to improve and innovate
the design. This study will also serve as their cross-reference that will give them
a background or overview to understand deeply the benefits and efficiency of the
project to the individual.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Distance – is a numerical measurement of how far apart objects or points are.
Fire Alarm System – A circuit that detects the fire and activates the siren sound
or buzzer. Fire Alarm System are very important devices to detect fire in the right
time and prevent any damage to people and property.
Half-Duplex – Allowing the transmission of signal in both directions but not

simultaneously.
Latency – Refers to the total amount of time it takes to send an entire message.
OFDM- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a method of encoding
digital data on multiple carrier frequencies.
PLC – Power Line Communication, uses electrical wiring to simultaneously carry
both data and electric power.
Receiver – In communication, it is an electronic device that receives data and
converts the information carried by the medium to usable form.
Sensor – A device which detects or measures a physical property and records,
indicates, or otherwise responds to it.
Signal to Noise Ratio – is used to compare the level of a desired signal to the level
of background noise.
Transmitter – A set of equipment used to generate and transmit data messages
or signals.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter includes the review of related literature and studies that the
researchers considered necessary to understand the topic of the study. Related
literatures are classified as foreign and local. A synthesis of reviewed literature
and studies citing the similarities and differences are presented at the end of the
chapter.
Power Line Communication
The power line communication channel is a notoriously bad channel that
has been developed without regard for any communication consideration
according to Andrew Marshall of Texas Instruments Incorporated. However, it is
so widely distributed that considerable cost saving can be achieved if use is made
of its cable infrastructure.
Power line communications is a topic that has been studied for many years,
although it has never been in the mainstream of communications research
activities. During World War II, some radio amateurs experimented with the power
line communications, when their activities on the radio frequency spectrum were
restricted. As early as June 1954, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers
(AIEE) publishes a report entitled Guide to Application and Treatment of Channels
for Power Line Carrier, which was updated in 1980. In the time since, the result of
several investigations have been published and a number of commercially
available systems have been developed.
Electrical power lines are usually classified into the high (>100 kV), medium
(1kV to 100 kV) and low (1 kV) voltage networks, with respectively increasing
communications difficulties. Much of the past research has focused on low-voltage
electrical power distribution networks, which are also geographically the widest
spread and which usually have the most convenient access within various
buildings and structures.
Historically, the utility organizations have been an important driving force
behind the development of power line communications. A primary motivation has
been to achieve load management. This is usually achieved by selective switching
off at times of peak demand, devices such as water heaters, which consume much
energy at the demand side. Some countries employ a ripple control system. A
ripple control system is a unidirectional system with low data rates that typically
operates in the frequency band below 3kHz, and it has disadvantage that it may
requires several megawatts for information transmission. However more
sophisticated bidirectional Distribution Line Communication system are seen as
the ultimate system for tariff switching, enabling a more leveled load of the
electrical network.
A second important motivation for the development of Distribution Line
Communication systems has been to facilitate meter reading from a distance. This
includes not only electricity meters but also water, gas and temperature meters.
Furthermore, an English study has shown that meter reader achieves an average
information rate of only about 1 bit/s, which is very low to what is possible with
Distribution Line Communication systems. The utility company may also use the
Distribution Line Communication channel to shut off parts of the network in the
event of danger, to gather used statistics, to transmit information to selected users,
or to broadcast simultaneously to all users.
Home automation and intelligent buildings are currently receiving some
attention. Here power line communication can provide a natural communications
link for various devices, such as the sensors of an alarm system.

Review in Power Line Communication
Based on the study entitled A Review on Power Line Communication by
Manmeet Bhatia and Reshmita Sharma of Department of EEE SSGI Bhilai, Power
line communication (PLC) is a communication method that utilizes existing public
and private powerline to carry both electric power and data simultaneously.
Powerline are usually classified as high (>100kV), medium (1 to 100 kV) and low
(<1kV) networks. The advantage of using electric power lines as the data
transmission medium is that every building and home is already equipped with the
power lines that are connected to the power grid. Utilization of powerline for
transmission of power and data can also be referred as power-line carrier,
powerline communications, power-line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains
communication, power-line telecommunications, or power-line networking (PLN).
PLC can be achieved through premises wiring within a single building and or can
be between two levels i.e. both the distribution network and premises wiring. In
PLC, powerline is transformed into a channel through the superposition of a low
energy information signal to the power wave. The frequency range used for PLC
narrowband applications is 3 kHz to 148.5 kHz and from 1 MHz to 30 MHz for PLC
broadband applications. PLC can be categorized on the basis of their applications

as narrowband PLC and broadband PLC.
There are four basic forms of PLC:
 In narrow band, In-house power wiring can be used for low bit rate
services like home automation and intercoms.
 Narrowband outdoor applications are mainly used by the utility
companies for automatic meter reading, remote surveillance and
control.
 Broadband In-house networking which utilizes mains power wiring for
transmission of data in home networking.
 Broadband over powerline (BPL) systems provide high-speed
communications capabilities by coupling radio frequency (RF) energy
onto the powerline and offers broadband internet access.
The biggest problem for PLC is interference as the power wiring is
unshielded and untwisted. The wires act as an antenna which emits large amounts
of radio signal. This will cause interference to the existing users of the same
frequency band. Noises/disturbances are unwanted signal introduced to PLC at
any stages. These signals reduce the performance and reliability of PLC. There
are many different sources of noises and disturbances in power line networks. In
general, it is very difficult to predict noises present in networks. On high voltage

networks, channel noise may be due to atmospheric or static discharges, lightning,
circuit breaker operations or transients within a power station. On medium voltage
networks, the on and off switching of capacitor banks used for power factor
correction may cause high noise peaks. On low noise voltage networks, some
household devices or office equipment contribute the noise Second issue with PLC
is that of security. PLC also suffers from data attenuation problem due to the
presence of numerous elements on a power line network. The cost of a power line
network modem is high as compared with modem used to connect phone line with
network.
APPLICATIONS OF PLC
PLC systems as already stated are classified on the basis of services provided by
them i.e. Communication over high voltage grid, access to an internet provider,
in-home networking with high data rate and in-home simple control application with
low bit rate. These are few key areas where PLC is utilized:
 PLC was first adopted for transmission of electrical signals and information
data at a fast rate.
 PLC finds applications in controlling home appliances and automation. The
technology can be applied to reduce the resources.
 Multimedia contents can be distributed through PLC throughout the home.

 Data transmission for different types of communications like telephonic
communication, audio, video communication can be made with the use of
PLC technology.
 In monitoring houses or businesses through surveillance cameras, PLC
technology is far useful.
 Automatic Meter reading applications use the PLC technology to send the
data from home meters to Host Central Station
ADVANTAGES OF PLC
PLC systems are associated with a number of advantages. Few of them are
listed below:
 PLC uses the existing electrical network for communication. So the cost of
installation is lower than other communication system.
 Availability of communication service can be everywhere outlets exist.
 For internal communication of electrical utilities, remote measuring and
control task high, medium and low voltage supply have been used.
 High data transfer rate (up to hundreds of Mbps) can be achieved through
PLC.
ISSUES IN PLC
The performance of any PLC system is found to be dependent upon
time, location and wiring topology. Even Communication signaling can only be
implemented within the area serviced by one transformer.
 Design Issues: The power line carrier was not designed for data
transmission and provides a harsh environment for it. Variable impedance,
noise and high levels of frequency-dependent attenuation are the main
issues.
 Security Issue: powerline is actually not meant for secure data transfer.
 Lack of global standards: there are several different standards for PLC.
 Varying Channel Model: The channel may be described as random and
time varying model.
 Dependency over location of transmitter and receiver: The location of
the transmitter or the receiver could also have a serious effect on
transmission error rates.
 Reflection, Multi-path Fading and Attenuation: Reflection due to various
impedance mismatches, multi-path fading and attenuation/transmission
losses are other issues with PLC which affects their performance and
implementation.
MODELING THE POWERLINE CHANNEL
A power line model is considered as a black box described by
transfer function and the method to modeling the transfer function the PLC uses
the chain parameter matrices describing the relation between input and output
voltage and current of two-port network. Actually channel modeling consists of
investigating the characteristics of the power network as a communication
channel. Bridge taps with different cable lengths and cable types which exists
along the transmission line forms a power line network made of sections. For a
PLC network with several sections, the transfer function for the whole network will
be same equation; however, the transmission matrix for the system differs. PLC
channels suffer from a number of technical problems, chief among them are:
 High interference due to noisy loads, Time and frequency varying
attenuations offered by the medium,
 Dependency on location, network topology and connected loads,
 High non-white background noise and impulsive noise and
 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues that limit available transmitted
power.
Since PLC differs considerably from other well-known channels, so special
care is required to select a modulation scheme that uses potentially high capacity
of these channels optimally and also offers robustness against noise. The
selection of modulation mainly depends upon: noise/ impulse disturbance,
frequency selective nature of channel and regulatory constraint.
Power Line Based Intercom
Power line-based intercom system has sophisticated implementation
because of every building has electrical network. However, this system can be
reliable for a 100 m building itself, we cannot make sure the audio transmission
beyond that building since there would be power transformers along the
transmission line which do not permit the high frequency in between. The electrical
appliances which are generating undesirable harmonics such as CFL bulbs, motor
drives and also switching ON and OFF process of electrical equipment may disturb
audio transmission. This system will provide cost effective since our
implementation is much lower than the expense for running a new wiring network.
Therefore, we do not need to reinstall the communication network wires and this
prevent unnecessary expenses. Cost of our circuit is less than Rs 2000, in addition
power consumption of our circuit is less than 5 Watts. (Dr.J.P.Karunadasa,
J.Jathunanthanan,M.Suhinthan,K.Thishokumar,F.S.Cassim, 2003) The power
line intercom is designed and prototype is tested, which highlights the advantage
of using power-line as transmission medium for in-house communication.

Implementation of this system provides affordable and easy to install hardware.
Power-line communication allows user to use their already existing electrical wiring
to connect to the different devices. Hence does not require separate wiring for the
purpose of communication. Mobility is a major advantage in this system that will
help for occasionally-connecting for communication and removing when not in use.
Also our design provides flexibility where power-line communication extends
connectivity to all electrical outlets in the home. The same electrical outlets that
provide power will also serve as access point for the network devices. (Sundari,
Sivaguru.S, Selvamani.I, Volume 1, Issue 1, February-2017)
The transmission Voice through power-line concept has many advantages
and adds new aspect for communication. The system is inexpensive when
compared with other technologies for example wireless technology for in-house
application. This system also has high potential in terms of innovation and
commercial value due to the uniqueness and the effectiveness. Power-line
communication is a valid technique that allows the exchange of voice by means of
the power-line cables that are present in every dwelling and in every building.
Information transmitted through the power-line can be used to share voice and
also to control home and building automation systems. Equipping a home
environment with a smart power-line communication system will increase the
comfort. A smart home system can improve the independence in every day’s
activities, in a comfortable environment which is very personal and peculiar for
everyone, in any case different from a hospital like setting. A communication
system using power-line communication is successfully designed, implemented
and tested. (Asif Hassan, International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications, Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2013)
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THREE LINE COUPLING CIRCUITS
FORNARROW BAND POWER LINE COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATION
Power Line Communication (PLC) is identified as an emerging technology
that utilizes the power lines as the communications medium to transmit control
signal or data from one device to another base on DLSU Research Congress.
Several methods of communication are made, but the most effective to use is a
transceiver that serves to be a station to transmit and receive a signal to another
station that is connected by power line cable to communicate. The transceiver and
the power line communication together is called PLC modem. The line coupling
circuits are vital in the operation of a power line communication modem. The power
line is found to have an impedance of 1 ohm to 20 ohms, in low voltage networks
particularly in - building wiring while most PLC modems have an impedance of
about 50 ohms. This impedance mismatch would require higher transmit power
and could potentially produce damaging EMI or spurious radiation. The line
coupling unit (LCU) must be designed to match the modem’s impedance with the
power line impedance while filtering the harmful 220V, 60 Hz power line voltage.
Power line communications (PLC) operates in the frequency range from 30
kHz to 450kHz . PLC is a similar technique with wireless communications. A carrier
frequency is needed since the power line is intended to carry the 60 Hz 220V
power. This carrier frequency is modulated so that it can ride along the 60 Hz
power frequency. However, the modem cannot be directly connected to the high
voltage power line. Hence, there is a need to isolate the modem from the power
line. This is the purpose of the line coupling unit (LCU). It couples the modem to
the line while attenuating the high voltage 60 Hz signal before it reaches the
modem. The design of the LCU is critical in the operation of the PLC modem. Aside
from attenuating the 60Hz signal, it has to make sure that the modem’s impedance
matches that of the power line in order to transfer maximum power to the line. If
there is significant mismatch, a significantly larger power is required at the
transmitter which can dangerously produce EMI.
The main function of the line coupling unit (LCU) is to isolate the high
voltage electrical line from the low voltage digital signal transmitted by the modem.
Incidentally, the high impedance mismatch between the modem and the power
line prompted designers of the line coupling unit to design it not only to filter out
the high voltage, but also to match the impedance of the line for maximum power
transfer. Three coupling designs are developed and compared in the study.
Design 1 - Capacitive LCU
Figure 2.1: Capacitive Coupling circuit for PLC modem
The Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV) limits the maximum voltage that will flow
through the bandpass filter. Nonetheless, the series capacitors C1 is rated at
450V in order to handle the 311 V peak voltage generated by the 220V line. The
TVS at the modem side further reduces any high voltage transients that may
reach the modem.
Design 2 - Transformer capacitive coupler using EF20 Core (EF20 LCU)
Figure 2.2: Transformer capacitive coupling circuit

It also employs a MOV at the power line side and a TVS at the modem side. The
transformer utilized in this circuit is built by the proponents using the transformation
equation given in equation 1. Based on the TMDSPLCKIT-V3 PLC modem
specifications, its impedance is about 50 ohms. The impedance of the line is
assumed to be 1 ohm based on the CENELEC standard. Given these values and
plugging them in equation 2, the turns ratio of the transformer is found to be 7:1.
The actual power line side winding (primary side) is 4, while the modem side
winding (secondary side) is 28.
Equation 1
The EF20 N87 core uses Mn-Zn ferrite material with a cross sectional area of 31.9
mm2, a flux path length of 46.3 mm, and a flux density of Bsat = 18.08 mT. The
final circuit uses a 680 nF capacitor at the modem side. Considering that the
modem has 50 ohms impedance, this gives a low cut-off frequency of about 5kHz.
Design 3 - Transformer Capacitive Coupler using EE30 Core
The circuit is basically the same as in Figure 5. The main difference lies in the core
that is used. EE30 also uses Mn-Zn material but has a larger cross sectional area,
Ae = 60 mm2, and a longer flux path length. It has an inductance factor of 1900
nH. The transformation ratio is calculated to be 4:1. The resonant frequency is at
about 6.8 kHz.
There are three sets of tests done for each LCU, the single LCU attenuation test,
the hot connection test, and the complete modem connection test. For the first two
tests, a single frequency spanning the range from 300 Hz to 3MHz is applied to
the modem side of the LCU. The Narrowband PLC range is from 30 kHz to 500
kHz. The test extends the range of the frequency below and above the NBPLC
range in order to make a credible conclusion on the LCU characteristics.
 Single LCU Attenuation Test
The purpose of this test is to measure the attenuation at the power line side
of the LCU. Figure 6 shows the test set-up. A single frequency covering the
range from 3kHz to 3MHz is injected to the modem side of the LCU. The
oscilloscope measures both the input and output voltage waveforms. All
designs exhibit bandpass behavior.
 Hot Connections Attenuation Test
In this test, a pair of LCUs is connected to the power line, one for the
transmitter and the other for the transmitter. The process done in the Single
LCU test is repeated here for each of the LCU. The oscilloscope measures
both the input and output voltage waveforms.

 Complete Modem Connections SNR Test
Since the first two tests show the EE30 to have a more desirable
characteristic, it is the one used in the last test. In this test, an OFDM signal
generated by the Modem is sent through the LCU. Through the modem’s
firmware, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) at the transmitter and receiver are
measured. The SNR includes the effect of noise that are prevalent in the
power line in the overall characterization of the LCU.
The line coupling unit (LCU) plays a vital role in the optimum operation of a
PLC modem. The low impedance of the power line as well as disturbances caused
by switching on and off of electrical loads like appliances inherently requires a well-
designed LCU. In this study, three LCUs were designed, namely, the capacitive
LCU, the EF20 LCU, and the EE30 LCU. Of the three, the EE30 coupler promises
less attenuation and robustness to effects of noise. The transformer in both the
EF20 and EE30 couplers provided some gain and this helped a lot in reducing the
attenuation once the LCUs are already connected to the power line. The two
couplers also exceeded the 10 dB SNR of the internal LCU. (Marion Albert T.
Batingal, et al., Proceedings of the DLSU Research Congress Vol. 3 2015)

OFDM-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
There different ways to modulate digital bits to a transferable frequency.
The researcher will describe the type of modulation used by the power line module.
OFDM is a form of multicarrier modulation. An OFDM signal consists of a
number of closely spaced modulated carriers. When modulation of any form- voice,
data, etc. is applied to carrier, then sidebands spread out either side. It is
necessary for a receiver to be able to receive the whole signal and to be able to
successfully demodulate the data. As a result, when signals are transmitted close
to one another they must be spaced so that the receiver can separate them using
a filter and there must be a guard between them. This is not the case with OFDM.
Although the sidebands from each carrier overlap, they can still be received without
the interference that might be expected because they are orthogonal to each other
another. This is achieved by having the carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal of
the symbol period. To see how OFDM works, it is necessary to look at the receiver.
This acts as a bank of demodulators, translating each carrier down to DC. The
resulting signal is integrated over the symbol period to regenerate the data from
that carrier. The same demodulator also demodulates the other carriers. As the
carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal of the symbol period means that they wil
have a whole number of cycles in the symbol period and their contribution will sum
to zero-in other words there is no interference contribution.
Figure 3.1: Basic Concept of OFDM
One requirement of the OFDM transmitting and receiving systems is that
they must be linear. Any non-linearity will cause interference between the carriers
as a result of inter-modulation distortion. This will introduce unwanted signal that
would cause interference and impair the orthogonality of the transmission.
In terms of the equipment to be used the high peak average ratio of multi-
carrier systems such as OFDM requires the RF final amplifier on the output of the
transmitter to be able to handle the peaks while the average power is lower and
this leads to inefficiency. In some systems the peaks are limited. Although this
introduces distortion that results in a higher level of data errors, the system can
rely on the error correction to remove them.

Data on OFDM
The traditional format for sending data over a radio channel is to send it
serially, one bit after another. This relies on a single channel and any interference
on that single frequency can disrupt the whole transmission. OFDM adopts a
different approach. The data is transmitted in parallel across the various carriers
within the overall OFDM signal. Being split into a number of parallel “substreams”
the overall data rate is that of the original stream, but that of each of the
substreams is much lower, and the symbols are spaced further apart in time. This
reduces interference among symbols and makes it easier to receive each symbol
accurately while maintaining the same throughput. The lower data rate in each
stream means that the interference from reflections is much less critical. This is
achieved by adding a guard band time or guard interval into the system. This
ensures that the data is only sampled when the signal is stable and no new delayed
signals arrive that would alter the timing and phase of the signal. This can be
achieved far more effectively within a low data rate substream.

Figure 3.2: Guard Interval on OFDM Signals
The distribution of the data across a large number of carriers in the OFDM signal
has some further advantages. Nulls caused by multi-path effects or interference
on a given frequency only affect a small number of the carriers, the remaining ones
being received correctly. By using error-coding techniques, which does mean
adding further data to the transmitted signal, it enables many or all of the corrupted
data to be reconstructed within the receiver. This can be done because the error
correction code is transmitted in a different part of the signal.
To give you a glimpse of what you’ll be able to read in this post. Imagine
one day, you plug your computer in the electric outlet and you don’t only get power
but also Broadband internet access. They would be using Meralco’s infrastructure
- specifically their electric posts - to deploy what is called Broadband over Power
Lines (BPL) through Power Line Connection (PLC). I must admit, BPL and PLC
are new terms to me though the technology has been here years ago. And it is
only now that I understand what it is, how it works, and how I will be able to use it.
In a very brief explanation, Power line Connection enables electric or power lines
to carry data – something like transforming your power cords into a LAN Cable and
your electric outlets as LAN outlets. For more info about PLC, see the PLC
Wikipedia page here. Broadband over Power Lines uses the PLC system but in
wider scope. Broadband over power lines (BPL), also known as power-line Internet
or powerband, is the use of PLC technology to provide broadband Internet access
through ordinary power lines. A computer (or any other device) would need only to
plug a BPL “modem” into any outlet in an equipped building to have high-speed
Internet access How stuff works has provided a great explanation on BPL: The
power flowing down high-voltage lines is between 155,000 to 765,000 volts. That
amount of power is unsuitable for data transmission. It’s too “noisy.” As stated
before, both electricity and the RF used to transmit data vibrate at certain
frequencies. In order for data to transmit cleanly from point to point, it must have a
dedicated band of the radio spectrum at which to vibrate without interference from
other sources. Hundreds of thousands of volts of electricity don’t vibrate at a
consistent frequency. That amount of power jumps all over the spectrum. As it
spikes and hums along, it creates all kinds of interference. If it spikes at a frequency
that is the same as the RF used to transmit data, then it will cancel out that signal
and the data transmission will be dropped or damaged en route. BPL bypasses
this problem by avoiding high-voltage power lines all together. The system drops
the data off of traditional fiber-optic lines downstream, onto the much more
manageable 7,200 volts of medium-voltage power lines. Once dropped on the
medium-voltage lines, the data can only travel so far before it degrades. To counter
this, special devices are installed on the lines to act as repeaters. The repeaters
take in the data and repeat it in a new transmission, amplifying it for the next leg
of the journey. In Current Communications Group’s model of BPL, two other
devices ride power poles to distribute Internet traffic. The CT Coupler allows the
data on the line to bypass transformers. The transformer’s job is to reduce the
7,200 volts down to the 240-volt standard that makes up normal household
electrical service. There is no way for low-power data signals to pass through a
transformer, so you need a coupler to provide a data path around the transformer.
With the coupler, data can move easily from the 7,200-volt line to the 240-volt line
and into the house without any degradation. Some companies carry the signal in
with the electricity on the power line, while others put wireless links on the poles
and send the data wirelessly into homes. The signal is received by a powerline
modem that plugs into the wall. The modem sends the signal to your computer. I
haven’t seen a wireless BPL modem yet but for sure there’s one out there. So that
you can just plug the BPL modem and it will act as a home network - something
like wi-fi. There, now we know what PLC and BPL is. On the next post, we will take
a look at where BPL globally and here in the Philippines.( 2010-2016, XenForo
Ltd.).
Relative Humidity (Under burning)
Relative humidity is an expression of the amount of moisture in the air
compared to the total amount the air is capable of holding at that temperature and
pressure. Each 20 degrees rise in temperature (which often occurs during the
morning hours on a clear day) reduces the relative humidity by about half, and
likewise, each 20 degrees drop in temperature (which often occurs in early
evening) causes relative humidity to roughly double. When a cold front pass over
an area, the air behind the front is cooler and drier than the old airmass it is
replacing. The result is a drop in both temperature and humidity.
Preferred relative humidity for prescribed burning varies from 30 to 55
percent. Under special conditions, a wider range of relative humidity’s, as low as
20 percent and as high as 60 percent, can produce successful burns. When
relative humidity falls below 30 percent, prescribed burning becomes dangerous.
Fires are more intense under these conditions and spotting is much more likely;
proceed only with additional precautions. When the relative humidity is 60 percent
or higher, a fire may leave unburned islands or may not burn hot enough to
accomplish the desired result.
The moisture content of fine dead fuel such as pine needles and dried
grasses responds rapidly to changes in relative humidity. However, there is a time
lag involved for fuels to achieve equilibrium with the moisture condition of the
surrounding atmosphere. Also, previous drying and wetting will influence fuel
moisture. Therefore, the relative humidity and fuel moisture must be assessed
independently.
Relative Humidity (Debris burning)
Relative humidity (along with temperature) controls fuel moisture content up
to about 32 percent. Liquid moisture such as rain or dew must contact a fuel for
moisture content to rise above 32 percent, and the increase depends upon
duration as well as the amount of precipitation.
Recently-cut pine tops have a drying rate that is somewhat independent of
relative humidity as long as the moisture content of fresh tops (needles still green)
is above about 32 percent. Once this material initially dries to moisture content
below 32 percent, it behaves as a dead fuel and becomes much more responsive
to daily fluctuations in relative humidity. The response to changes in relative

humidity is much more rapid in fine dead fuels suspended above the ground than
in those that have become part of the litter layer. These elevated needles and other
suspended dead materials are not in contact with the damp lower litter and are
more exposed to the sun and wind.
When burning piled debris, once the larger-diameter fuels ignite, increases in
relative humidity have little effect on fire behavior during the active burning phase.
Low humidities (below 30 percent), however, will promote spotting and increase
the likelihood of fire spreading between piles.
Emergency Management
Cultural property management is entrusted with the responsibility of protecting and
preserving an institution's buildings, collections, operations and occupants.
Constant attention is required to minimize adverse impact due to climate, pollution,
theft, vandalism, insects, mold and fire. Because of the speed and totality of the
destructive forces of fire, it constitutes one of the more serious threats. Vandalized
or environmentally damaged structures can be repaired and stolen objects
recovered. Items destroyed by fire, however, are gone forever. An uncontrolled
fire can obliterate an entire room's contents within a few minutes and completely
burn out a building in a couple hours.

The first step toward halting a fire is to properly identify the incident, raise the
occupant alarm, and then notify emergency response professionals. This is often
the function of the fire detection and alarm system. Several system types and
options are available, depending on the specific characteristics of the protected
space.
Fire protection experts generally agree that automatic sprinklers represent one of
the single, most significant aspects of a fire management program. Properly
designed, installed, and maintained, these systems can overcome deficiencies in
risk management, building construction, and emergency response. They may also
provide enhanced flexibility of building design and increase the overall level of fire
safety.
The following text presents an overview of fire detection, alarm and sprinkler
systems including system types, components, operations, and answers to
common anxieties.
Fire Growth and Behavior
Before attempting to understand fire detection systems and automatic
sprinklers, it is beneficial to possess a basic knowledge of fire development and

behavior. With this information, the role and interaction of these supplemental fire
safety systems in the protection process can then be better realized.
Basically, a fire is a chemical reaction in which a carbon based material
(fuel), mixes with oxygen (usually as a component of air), and is heated to a point
where flammable vapors are produced. These vapors can then come in contact
with something that is hot enough to cause vapor ignition, and a resulting fire. In
simple terms, something that can burn touches something that is hot, and a fire is
produced.
Libraries, archives, museums, and historic structures frequently contain
numerous fuels. These include books, manuscripts, records, artifacts,
combustible interior finishes, cabinets, furnishings, and laboratory chemicals. It
should be recognized that any item containing wood, plastic, paper, fabric, or
combustible liquids is a potential fuel. They also contain several common,
potential ignition sources including any item, action, or process which produces
heat. These encompass electric lighting and power systems, heating and air
conditioning equipment, heat producing conservation and maintenance activities,
and electric office appliance. Flame generating construction activities such as
soldering, brazing, and cutting are frequent sources of ignition. Arson is

unfortunately one of the most common cultural property ignition sources, and must
always be considered in fire safety planning.
When the ignition source contacts the fuel, a fire can start. Following this
contact, the typical accidental fire begins as a slow growth, smoldering process
which may last from a few minutes to several hours. The duration of this "incipient"
period is dependent on a variety of factors including fuel type, its physical
arrangement, and quantity of available oxygen. During this period heat generation
increases, producing light to moderate volumes of smoke. The characteristic smell
of smoke is usually the first indication that an incipient fire is underway. It is during
this stage that early detection (either human or automatic), followed by a timely
response by qualified fire emergency professionals, can control the fire before
significant losses occur.
As the fire reaches the end of the incipient period, there is usually enough
heat generation to permit the onset of open, visible flames. Once flames have
appeared, the fire changes from a relatively minor situation to a serious event with
rapid flame and heat growth. Ceiling temperatures can exceed 1,000° C (1,800°
F) within the first minutes. These flames can ignite adjacent combustible contents
within the room, and immediately endanger the lives of the room's occupants.
Within 3–5 minutes, the room ceiling acts like a broiler, raising temperatures high
enough to "flash", which simultaneously ignites all combustibles in the room. At
this point, most contents will be destroyed and human survivability becomes
impossible. Smoke generation in excess of several thousand cubic meters (feet)
per minute will occur, obscuring visibility and impacting contents remote from the
fire.
If the building is structurally sound, heat and flames will likely consume all
remaining combustibles and then self extinguish (burn out). However, if wall
and/or ceiling fire resistance is inadequate, (i.e. open doors, wall/ceiling breaches,
combustible building construction), the fire can spread into adjacent spaces, and
start the process over. If the fire remains uncontrolled, complete destruction or
"burn out" of the entire building and contents may ultimately result.
Successful fire suppression is dependent on extinguishing flames before, or
immediately upon, flaming combustion. Otherwise, the resulting damage may be
too severe to recover from. During the incipient period, a trained person with
portable fire extinguishers may be an effective first line of defense. However,
should an immediate response fail or the fire grow rapidly, extinguisher capabilities
can be surpassed within the first minute. More powerful suppression methods,
either fire department hoses or automatic systems, then become essential.

A fire can have far reaching impact on the institution's buildings, contents
and mission. General consequences may include:
Collections damage. Most heritage institutions house unique and
irreplaceable objects. Fire generated heat and smoke can severely damage or
totally destroy these items beyond repair.
Operations and mission damage. Heritage occupancies often contain
educational facilities, conservation laboratories, catalogue services,
administrative/support staff offices, exhibition production, retail, food service, and
a host of other activities. A fire can shut these down with adverse impact on the
organization's mission and its clientele.
Structure damage. Buildings provide the "shell" that safeguards collections,
operations and occupants from weather, pollution, vandalism and numerous other
environmental elements. A fire can destroy walls, floors, ceiling/roof assemblies
and structural support, as well as systems that illuminate, control temperature and
humidity, and supply electrical power. This can in turn lead to content harm, and
expensive relocation activities.
Knowledge loss. Books, manuscripts, photographs, films, recordings and
other archival collections contain a vast wealth of information that can be

destroyed by fire. Injury or loss of life. The lives of staff and visitors can be
endangered.
Public relations impact. Staff and visitors expect safe conditions in
heritage buildings. Those who donate or loan collections presume these
items will be safeguarded. A severe fire could shake public confidence and
cause a public relations impact.
Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
A key aspect of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emergency in
a timely manner, and to alert the building's occupants and fire emergency
organizations. This is the role of fire detection and alarm systems. Depending on
the anticipated fire scenario, building and use type, number and type of occupants,
and criticality of contents and mission, these systems can provide several main
functions. First they provide a means to identify a developing fire through either
manual or automatic methods and second, they alert building occupants to a fire
condition and the need to evacuate. Another common function is the transmission
of an alarm notification signal to the fire department or other emergency response
organization. They may also shut down electrical, air handling equipment or
special process operations, and they may be used to initiate automatic

suppression systems. This section will describe the basic aspects of fire detection
and alarm systems.
Fire Detectors
When present, humans can be excellent fire detectors. The healthy person
is able to sense multiple aspects of a fire including the heat, flames, smoke, and
odors. For this reason, most fire alarm systems are designed with one or more
manual alarm activation devices to be used by the person who discovers a fire.
Unfortunately, a person can also be an unreliable detection method since they
may not be present when a fire starts, may not raise an alarm in an effective
manner, or may not be in perfect heath to recognize fire signatures. It is for this
reason that a variety of automatic fire detectors have been developed. Automatic
detectors are meant to imitate one or more of the human senses of touch, smell
or sight. Thermal detectors are similar to our ability to identify high temperatures,
smoke detectors replicate the sense of smell, and flame detectors are electronic
eyes. The properly selected and installed automatic detector can be a highly
reliable fire sensor.
Manual fire detection is the oldest method of detection. In the simplest form,
a person yelling can provide fire warning. In buildings, however, a person's voice
may not always transmit throughout the structure. For this reason, manual alarm
stations are installed. The general design philosophy is to place stations within
reach along paths of escape. It is for this reason that they can usually be found
near exit doors in corridors and large rooms.
The advantage of manual alarm stations is that, upon discovering the fire,
they provide occupants with a readily identifiable means to activate the building
fire alarm system. The alarm system can then serve in lieu of the shouting person's
voice. They are simple devices, and can be highly reliable when the building is
occupied. The key disadvantage of manual stations is that they will not work when
the building is unoccupied. They may also be used for malicious alarm activations.
Nonetheless, they are an important component in any fire alarm system.
Thermal detectors are the oldest type of automatic detection device, having
origin in the mid 1800's, with several styles still in production today. The most
common units are fixed temperature devices that operate when the room reaches
a predetermined temperature (usually in the 135°–165°F/57°–74°C). The second
most common type of thermal sensor is the rate-of-rise detector, which identifies
an abnormally fast temperature climb over a short time period. Both of these units
are "spot type" detectors, which means that they are periodically spaced along a
ceiling or high on a wall. The third detector type is the fixed temperature line type
detector, which consists of two cables and an insulated sheathing that is designed
to breakdown when exposed to heat. The advantage of line type over spot
detection is that thermal sensing density can be increased at lower cost. Thermal
detectors are highly reliable and have good resistance to operation from
nonhostile sources. They are also very easy and inexpensive to maintain. On the
down side, they do not function until room temperatures have reached a
substantial temperature, at which point the fire is well underway and damage is
growing exponentially. Subsequently, thermal detectors are usually not permitted
in life safety applications. They are also not recommended in locations where
there is a desire to identify a fire before substantial flames occur, such as spaces
where high value thermal sensitive contents are housed.
Smoke detectors are a much newer technology, having gained wide usage
during the 1970's and 1980's in residential and life safety applications. As the
name implies, these devices are designed to identify a fire while in its smoldering
or early flame stages, replicating the human sense of smell. The most common
smoke detectors are spot type units, that are placed along ceilings or high on walls
in a manner similar to spot thermal units. They operate on either an ionization or
photoelectric principle, with each type having advantages in different applications.
For large open spaces such as galleries and atria, a frequently used smoke
detector is a projected beam unit. This detector consists of two components, a
light transmitter and a receiver, that are mounted at some distance (up to 300
ft/100m) apart. As smoke migrates between the two components, the transmitted
light beam becomes obstructed and the receiver is no longer able to see the full
beam intensity. This is interpreted as a smoke condition, and the alarm activation
signal is transmitted to the fire alarm panel.
A third type of smoke detector, which has become widely used in extremely
sensitive applications, is the air aspirating system. This device consists of two
main components: a control unit that houses the detection chamber, an aspiration
fan and operation circuitry; and a network of sampling tubes or pipes. Along the
pipes are a series of ports that are designed to permit air to enter the tubes and
be transported to the detector. Under normal conditions, the detector constantly
draws an air sample into the detection chamber, via the pipe network. The sample
is analyzed for the existence of smoke, and then returned to atmosphere. If smoke
becomes present in the sample, it is detected and an alarm signal is transmitted
to the main fire alarm control panel. Air aspirating detectors are extremely
sensitive and are typically the fastest responding automatic detection method.
Many high technology organizations, such as telephone companies, have
standardized on aspiration systems. In cultural properties they are used for areas
such as collections storage vaults and highly valuable rooms. These are also
frequently used in aesthetically sensitive applications since components are often
easier to conceal, when compared to other detection methods.

The key advantage of smoke detectors is their ability to identify a fire while
it is still in its incipient. As such, they provide added opportunity for emergency
personnel to respond and control the developing fire before severe damage
occurs. They are usually the preferred detection method in life safety and high
content value applications. The disadvantage of smoke detectors is that they are
usually more expensive to install, when compared to thermal sensors, and are
more resistant to inadvertent alarms. However, when properly selected and
designed, they can be highly reliable with a very low probability of false alarm.
Flame detectors represent the third major type of automatic detection
method, and imitate the human sense of sight. They are line of sight devices that
operate on either an infrared, ultraviolet or combination principle. As radiant
energy in the approximate 4,000 to 7,700 angstroms range occurs, as indicative
of a flaming condition, their sensing equipment recognizes the fire signature and
sends a signal to the fire alarm panel.
The advantage of flame detection is that it is extremely reliable in a hostile
environment. They are usually used in high value energy and transportation
applications where other detectors would be subject to spurious activation.
Common uses include locomotive and aircraft maintenance facilities, refineries
and fuel loading platforms, and mines. A disadvantage is that they can be very
expensive and labor intensive to maintain. Flame detectors must be looking
directly at the fire source, unlike thermal and smoke detectors which can identify
migrating fire signatures. Their use in cultural properties is extremely limited.
Advise from Fire Marshall
The proponents also conducted an interview to Fire Officer in order to
know if the product is beneficial to people. The proponents also want to know if
the product is safe to use.
As stated by Sr. Insp. Richard Erichson C. Malamug, fire marshall at
Cainta Municipality, our product is best applicable for Advance Notice to
Occupant. He also added that Powerline Communication via Fire Alarm System
is more practical to use in residential areas. He said that Gas sensor and Heat
detector already exist in industry but a device with Gas, Heat together with
Motion sensor in one compact device a good innovation plus its connection within
Power Line is quite impressive which will save labor through minimal cost of
installation. According to him our product will basically help people.
As a summary, this chapter discusses the development of Power Line
Communication application, it shows that there are many ways on how we can use
power line as a tool of transferring information. Aside from the study shows that
despite of its disadvantages it still an effective and low-cost way as a medium for
communication.
This gives an overview on the projects made possibly by different people
that are related to this study one of which is Power line based intercom system
has sophisticated implementation because of every building has electrical network
(Dr.J.P.Karunadasa, J.Jathunanthanan, M Suhinthan,K. Thishokumar,
F.S.Cassim, 2003). Implementation of this system provides affordable and easy to
install hardware. (Sundari, Sivaguru.S, Selvamani.I, Volume 1, Issue 1, February-
2017). The transmission Voice through power-line concept has many advantages
and adds new aspect for communication. The system is inexpensive when
compared with other technology. (Asif Hassan, International Journal of Scientific
and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2013)
In addition, this also presented an overview of study on how to lessen the
attenuation present in electrical network as the medium to use for power line
communication. Different coupling circuit test are conducted in order to determine
the most effective way in reducing unnecessary signal in powerline for its
information transmission. (Marion Albert T. Batingal, et al., Proceeding of the
DLSU Research Congress Vol. 3 2015)

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The chapter discusses the research method used, description of the study,
data gathering procedures, instrumentation and statistical treatment of data.
RESEARCH METHOD USED
The study made use of the experimental research design, while other
conditions are made constant at least one condition is manipulated and differential
effect of this condition is manipulated.
To guarantee the internal validity of the experiment, variable such as
distance, data rate and delay of the sensors are considered. Only two Powerline
adapter transmits and receives data was used in all the tests conducted to
guarantee the external validity of the experiment. It is, therefore, a prime
requirement to control and monitor external and internal influences that may affect
the conduct of the experiment.

Powerline Network
PLC System Design
In this paper the researcher uses a microcontroller to provide data
generation and synchronization. The input data to the PLC transmitter is an
Arduino based system collecting all data from sensors connected to it. Arduino
microcontroller is use to read parallel input data and then convert it into serial data
ready for digital modulation. For the power line module, we use AV600 Power Line
Adapter with a maximum power consumption of 4.60 W and a standby power
consumption of 0.88 W. It ranges 300 meters in house or building with linear wiring
topology.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The evaluation in the receiver latency output of the module is to be test at
the AV600 adapter receiver connected to a router to disseminate information
gathered by the sensors from the transmitter site. This will be monitored in a local
host in the server and can also be monitored using mobile phones having
Powerline Application for as long as your connected to the router. The distance of
each module was dependent on the availability of power outlet in a room. On the
other hand, evaluation of the data rate is to be test at the AV600 adapter, each
connected to client and server peer to peer connection.
INSTRUMENT USED
Figure 3.3: TP-Link AV600 Power Line Adapter (TL-PA4010)

KIT)
The AV600 Powerline Adapter brings internet to any area with a power
outlet using your home's electrical wiring. Powerline adapters and extenders must
be deployed in a set of two or more.
Figure 3.4: TL-MR3220-150Mbps-3G/4G Wireless and Router
TL-MR3220 features blazing 4G speeds and backward compatible with
200+ 3G modems, allowing users to share a 3G/4G mobile broadband with family
and friends via wired or wireless connection. WPA / WPA2 Encryptions.
\WPA/WPA2 encryption standards ensure your wireless connection is safe from
intruders.
Figure 3.5: Arduino UNO REV 3
Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P
(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which output pins 6 can be used
as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

Figure 3.6: Arduino Ethernet Shield 2
The Arduino Ethernet Shield 2 connects your Arduino to the internet in mere
minutes. Just plug this module onto your Arduino Board, connect it to your network
with an RJ45 cable and follow a few simple steps to start controlling your
world through the internet

Figure 3.7: MQ2 Gas Sensor
MQ2 gas sensor can be used to detect the presence of LPG, Propane and
Hydrogen, also could be used to detect Methane and other combustible steam, it
is with low cost and suitable for different application. Sensor is sensitive to
flammable gas and smoke. Smoke sensor is given 5 volts to power it.
Figure 3.8: DHT22 Humidity and Temperature Sensor
The DHT22 is a basic, low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor. It
uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding
air, and spits out a digital signal on the data pin (no analog input pins needed).
Figure 3.9: PIR Motion Sensor
PIR sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used to detect
whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small,
inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. For that reason, they are
commonly found in appliances and gadgets used in homes or businesses. They
are often referred to as PIR, "Passive Infrared", "Pyroelectric", or "IR motion"
sensors.
Figure 3.10: Buzzer

Piezo buzzer is an electronic device commonly used to produce sound.
When subjected to an alternating electric field they stretch or compress, in
accordance with the frequency of the signal thereby producing sound.

Figure 3.11: Stepdown Regulator
A "buck" or "step-down" switch-mode voltage regulator is one in which the
output voltage is lower than its input voltage.
Figure 3.12: Power Supply 12V-5A
It can supply 12V DC up to 5 Amps, running from 110V or 220V power.

Figure 3.13: Solid State Relay
A solid-state relay (SSR) is an electronic switching device that switches on
or off when a small external voltage is applied across its control terminals. SSRs
consist of a sensor which responds to an appropriate input (control signal), a solid-
state electronic switching device which switches power to the load circuitry, and a
coupling mechanism to enable the control signal to activate this switch without
mechanical parts.
Figure 3.14: AC Outlet
An electrical outlet or receptacle is a socket that connects an electrical device
to an electricity supply.
Power Line
Transmitter Receiver
Figure 3.15: Operation of Power Line Communication via Fire

Alarm System
Figure 3.15 shows the operation of Power Line Communication via Fire
Alarm System. The transmitter side will gather all data such as temperature and
humidity, gas level and motion inside the room through DHT22, MQ2 and PIR
sensor which will be transmitted through powerline using AV600 Power Line
adapter. Another AV600 Power Line adapter is connected to an ac source in the
receiver side which will transfer the data received from the transmitter to the router.
Laptop and Mobile phones connected to router can monitor the output or data
gathered by the sensors in the transmitter side. Once the MQ2 (Gas Sensor) or
DHT22 (Humidity and Temperature Sensor) reach a specific level, the buzzer will
alarm and SSR will be trigger that will cause all appliances connected to the
circuitry shut down. However, appliances control may vary depending on what you
set on the server or application. You can control appliances using Manual and
Automatic Mode. Manual mode allows you to on and off your appliances
depending on your choice while Automatic mode will depend on the sensors
output, once MQ2 (Gas Sensor) or DHT22 (Humidity and Temperature Sensor)
triggered, all appliances will automatically shut down as well as it alarms the
buzzer.
Designing Coding Fabrication Testing
Figure 3.16: Methodology of the Design

Figure 3.16 shows the flow of the conceptual procedures in completing
the project. The designing stage focuses on the outline and materials needed for
the project. After designing, the researchers will encode the program using
Arduino software. Once the coding is complete, the project is ready for
fabrication. It is the stage where building of the prototype and wiring of the
components will be completed. Lastly, testing will be done in order to check the
performance and functionality of the project.
DESIGNING OF THE PROJECT
In designing stage, the proponents bought all the necessary materials
needed in fabricating the prototype. They also designed the casing and placing of
components using Adobe Photoshop.

Reset Button
Figure 3.17: Orthographic Projection of the Prototype

CODING OF THE PROGRAM
The proponents used Arduino software in executing their program. All the
materials bought are compatible with this software.

FABRICATION OF THE PROTOTYPE
The fabrication stage includes building of the case, placing of components
inside the case and wiring of the prototype. The proponents used black plastic
box as the main material of the casing.
Figure 3.18: Schematic Diagram of the Prototype

Figure 3.18-1: Arduino and Ethernet Shield Connection
Figure 3.18 shows the schematic diagram of the prototype and Figure 3.18-
1 shows the connection of the Arduino to Ethernet Shield. A Power Supply (12V-
5A) is connected to a Stepdown Regulator that supplies 5V to Arduino Uno
Sensors, Buzzer and SSR. Ethernet Shield is attached on top of Arduino which
makes all their Pins connected. Gas Sensor (MQ2) connect its pin 4 DO to digital
pin 2 of Arduino and pin 3 AD to analog pin A0 of Arduino. Moisture /Humidity
Sensor (DHT22) connect its Data/Out to digital pin of Arduino. Motion Sensor
connect its Data/Out to digital pin 4 of Arduino. SSR connect its pin 2 to digital pin
5 of Arduino and digital pin 6 of Arduino to one pin of the buzzer.

TESTING OF THE PROTOTYPE
Testing was made to evaluate the operation of the prototype. The
proponents assigned two places for the testing, the transmitter site and the
receiver site. Before testing, the proponents make sure that the two sites have the
same powerline connection. They also measure the distance every testing to
evaluate if the reception of data varies according to distance and set a stopwatch
to monitor the delay of the sensors data transmitted to the receiver site as the
sensors in the transmitter site operates. Once MQ2 (Gas Sensor) or DHT22
(Humidity and Temperature Sensor) triggered in the transmitter site, the buzzer
alarms and the timer start at the receiver site to monitor the delay of the
transmission and stop if the indicator light in the monitoring system turns red/high
which means high gas or temperature level. In testing the PIR or motion sensor
the timer starts when motion is executed in the transmitter site and the timer stops
when MOTION DETECTED appear on the monitoring system. Appliances control
in Automatic Mode is test by starting the timer when the buzzer alarms and the
timer stops when the appliances shut down. Manual Mode is test by starting the
timer when ON button is activated and stop the timer when the appliances turns
on and vice versa. Monitoring system can be accessible in two different ways, first
is in the server and second can be access through mobile phones as long as your
mobile phone has the Power Line application and connected to router plugged in
to AV600 Power Line Adapter. All results in testing will be fully discuss in Chapter
4.
Figure 3.19: Monitoring System for Humidity, Temperature,

Combustible Gas and Motion Detector
Figure 3.23: Monitoring System: Notification in Mobile Phone
Figure 3.24: Monitoring System: Appliances Control During Manual

Mode in Mobile Phone (Red- Activates Off, Green- Activates On)
Figure 3.25: Monitoring System: Appliances Control During Manual

Mode in Server (Red- Activates Off, Green- Activates On)
Figure 3.26: Monitoring System: Current Reading Logs, Daily Logs

and Monthly Logs in Mobile Phone
Figure 3.27: Monitoring System: Server Daily Logs
Figure 3.28: Monitoring System: Server Monthly Logs

During the test, Figure 3.19 shows the Monitoring System available both in
Server and Mobile Phones, when gas has been detected by MQ2 sensor, changes
in gas level is monitored and the red indicator light indicates high level of gas in
the transmitter site while green indicator light indicates normal temperature
reading.
Figure 3.20 shows the Monitoring System available both in Server and
Mobile Phones also but when high temperature has been detected by DHT22
sensor, changes in temperature level is monitored and the red indicator light
indicates high level of temperature in the transmitter site while green indicator light
indicates normal temperature reading.
Figure 3.21 shows the Monitoring System available both in Server and
Mobile Phones when motion has been detected by PIR sensor in the transmitter
site while Figure 3.22 shows the Monitoring System available both in Server and
Mobile Phones when no motion has been detected by PIR sensor in the transmitter
site.
Figure 3.23 shows the Monitoring System available in Mobile Phones.
When Gas Sensor (MQ2) or Humidity/Temperature (DHT22) has been triggered,
mobile phone will be notified as the buzzer alarms in the transmitter site.
Figure 3.24 shows the Monitoring System available in Mobile Phones. This
can be seen during Manual Mode where you can automate all the appliances
tapped in SSR, when the button turns red it turns off the appliances and when the
button turns green it turns on the appliances.
Figure 3.25 shows the Monitoring System available in Server. This can be
seen during Manual Mode where you can automate all the appliances tapped in
SSR, when the button turns red it turns off the appliances and when the button
turns green it turns on the appliances.
Figure 3.26 shows the Monitoring System available in Mobile Phones. It
shows the current reading by the sensors that update every 5 second. It also shows
the availability of daily and monthly logs where you can check the sensors reading
from previous days or months specifically.
Figure 3.27 shows the Monitoring System available in Server that shows
daily logs while Figure 3.28 shows the Monitoring System available in Server that
shows monthly logs.

Statistical Treatment of Data
We use t test approach for statistical treatment of data because a t test is a type
of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant difference between
the means of two groups, which in our case, distance serves as the independent
variable while latency and data rate serves as the dependent variable. They are
all related in certain features.
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
Equation 1 was used in determining t value, wherein it measures the size
of the difference relative to the variation in your sample data. The T is simply the
calculated difference represented in units of standard error. The greater the
magnitude of T, the greater the evidence against the null hypothesis
Equation 2 was used in determining degree of freedom which refers to the
number of values involved in the calculation that have the freedom to vary.
Equation 3 was used in determining variance which is the expectation of the
squared deviation of a random variable from its mean.

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
How do Power Line Communication via Fire Alarm System work?
Power Line Communication via Fire Alarm System work as the transmitter
site transmits data to the receiver site over the existing electrical network and can
be activate in either Manual or Automatic mode. Once it is activated in manual
mode appliances can be control ON and OFF. However, if it is activated in
automatic mode the sensor’s in the transmitter detects gas or high temperature,
the buzzer will alarm and the SSR will cut the power supplied to the appliances
connected to the prototype. Data will be transmitted over powerline network and
all readings from the sensors will be monitored by the server and mobile phone in
the receiver site.
What is the significant effect of distance to the latency of transmission?
Distance affects the performance of the operation of the project in terms of
latency of the sensors. It varies directly proportional, as the distance increases,
latency of the transmission also increases.

What is the significant effect of distance to the data rate of transmission?
Distance also affects the performance of the operation of the project in
terms of data rate. It varies inversely proportional, as the distance increases, data
rate of the transmission decreases.
What are the things to be considered upon testing and problems
encountered in executing Power Line Communication via Fire Alarm System
functionality?
Power Line network must be interconnected to assure that the data transmission
will takes places. IP address of the server must be properly configured to the
program of the prototype in order to access data from the Arduino by the receiver.
Problems encountered in implementing the project was the unavailability of AC
power socket in testing premises. We also had difficulties in pairing the Powerline
adapter between floors but it pairs within the floors.
How far is the transmission of communication a Power Line can attain?
Base on the AV600 Powerline Adapter we use the maximum distance it can
reach is 300 meters. But upon testing, we attain 80 meters in transmitting data
from the transmitter to the receiver using the AV600 Powerline Adapter.
What are the benefits that Power Line Communication offers over the
existing system of communication use in Fire Alarm System?
As Power Line Communication utilizes existing electrical network for
communication, cost of installation is lower than the other Fire Alarm
Communication System. According also to the Fire Marshall we interviewed our
design is a good innovation as we built our prototype having all the sensors in one
compact device connected to power line save labor through minimal of cost and
installation.
The proponents conducted several tests to evaluate the functionality of the
Power Line Communication by using Fire Alarm System. They tested the project
in 15 different distances. During the test, the proponents place the receiver in a
12
10
8
Time
0
3.9 5.33 6.96 9.82 12.04 15.67 18.75 24.34 29.69 34.14 39.41 53.58 65.73 74.27 88.3
Distance
MOTION (seconds) HUMIDITY (seconds) GAS (seconds)

SERVER (seconds) MOBILE (seconds) Data Rate (Mbps)
specific room and changes the place of the transmitter to different room with the
same connection of Power Line. The proponents also consider the availability of
AC socket in every room to make sure the varying distance of AC to AC socket
because it will affect the time delay of the sensors reading in the Monitoring `
Table 4.1 shows the summary of the time delay in the Monitoring System
once the Gas Sensor (MQ2) and Humidity/Temperature (DHT22) triggers in the
transmitter site as well as the delay in Motion Sensor (PIR) and appliances control
when in Manual Mode as the distance varies every testing. In this trial, the
proponents chose to place the transmitter location in different room while the
receiver stays in a specific room with the same Power Line connection. As a result,
sensors delay varies directly proportional to the distance. However, Appliances
delay in the server varies proportionally to the distance while the typical time delay
in Mobile Phone do not exceeds 4 seconds. The delay in Mobile Phone is consider
to be the time difference between the changes of Sensor’s reading in the server
and Sensors reading in the Mobile phone updates.
Life Span of the Product
The lifetime of a product has two definitions: first is the span of time that
the item is safe to use (commonly referred to as its shelf life) and second is the
span of time that the product is in production and warrantied.

Our current product, Power Line Communication via Fire Alarm System is
basically good enough for a lifetime but we are recommending the buyers to have
a monthly product test for maintaining good quality of the product especially the
functionality of the sensors and to have safety as well. Black plastic box, screws,
glues, Arduino, Ethernet Shield, PIR sensor, DHT22 sensor, MQ2 sensor, SSR,
Power Line Adapter, LAN Cable and Router have been used in this project.
Arduino, Ethernet Shield, PIR sensor, DHT22 sensor and MQ2 sensor should be
maintained monthly to function properly.
Our product has a flexible life span. It always depends on how the
product has been cared or used. Power Line Communication via Fire Alarm
System is built for having a long-life span for as long as the owner follows the
monthly maintenance and instructions on how to properly utilize, our product will
last. That’s why our product depends on the owner’s way to used it.
Cost Benefit Analysis

Cost Benefit
Average Cost Product Affordable cost of equipment and installation
Equipment downtime is decreased and the
Maintenance Cost
number of major repairs is reduced
Can be easily installed through Power Line
Labor Cost
Connection
Electric Consumption Small consumption of electricity
Easily accessed by Mobile Phone or any gadget
Access
that can connect to Wi-Fi
Table 4.2: Cost and Benefit Analysis
Table 4.2 shows the Cost and Benefit Analysis as we built the project and
gathered data from the results of the implementation and testing. It shows the
advantages our project possess that might possibly sell in the market.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
There is significant effect in the distance with respect to the data rate and
latency measured in the monitoring system of the sensors including PIR (Motion),
DHT22 (Temperature and Humidity), MQ2 (Gas) from the transmitter site, as well
as in Server and Mobile Phone appliances control latency in transmission.
This paper entitled POWER LINE COMMUNICATION VIA FIRE ALARM
SYSTEM provides the feature of transmitting data over Power Line Connection as
medium in a local network. The proponents built a prototype having three different
sensors to prove that Power Line Communication is possible. The prototype has
the principle of gathering all the data in the transmitter site including the gas level,
temperature level and motion that will be connected to the Power Line adapter that
is interconnected to another Power Line Adapter to the receiver room which is
connected to router. Such router will be responsible in dispersing information from
the transmitter through the use of Mobile Phone or any gadget that can be
connected to Wi-Fi. Appliances control is also made possible. It has two variations,
Manual Mode activates appliances depending on your choice while Automatic
Mode works with the sensors, for as long as the sensors read normal conditions,
appliances tapped on SSR will continuously work but when either Gas or
Temperature triggers, SSR will automatically cut the power and turns off all the
appliances as the buzzer alarms and notify the occupants. A notification will also
be sent to whoever has the Monitoring System in Mobile Phone or any gadget
connected to the router.
After having a test, the proponents concluded that this Power Line
Communication via Fire Alarm System will greatly benefit people for easy access
of information, home automation and cheaper fire alarm system setup applicable
not just in residential but also in mercantile premises.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations
are made:
1. Before the actual use of the project, make sure that Power Line
connections between the transmitter and receiver runs in the same line.
2. Make sure that the two Power Line Adapter pair after plugging it to the AC
source.
3. Make sure that the server is place near the router to constantly update the
readings.
4. Make sure that the IP address of the server is correctly encoded to the
Arduino program that will be uploaded to the prototype to function both
the transmitter and receiver properly.
5. Connections between router and server is best using LAN cable instead
of connecting through WI-Fi for a permanent IP address.
6. Works properly with a linear and well installed Electrical Wiring topology.
7. Avoid turning on and off the appliances during Manual Mode unless
important purpose.
APPENDIX 1: Summary Table of Time Delay in the Monitoring System in

Receiver Site
DISTANCE MOTION HUMIDITY GAS SERVER MOBILE Data Rate

(meters) (seconds) (seconds) (seconds) (seconds) (seconds) (Mbps)
3.9 3.5 6.72 2.37 1.1 3 6.5
5.33 4.2 7.12 3 1.21 3 6
6.96 6.02 7.31 3.77 1.53 3 6
9.82 6.1 7.4 4.03 2.02 3 5.8
12.04 6.23 7.56 4.3 2.78 3 5
15.67 6.35 8.21 4.41 3.04 3 5
18.75 6.4 9.2 5.65 3.17 3 5
24.34 7.3 9.2 6.13 3.34 3.02 4.4
29.69 9.1 9.4 6.45 3.77 3.14 4.4
34.14 9.1 9.5 6.67 3.8 3.2 4
39.41 9.15 9.5 6.81 3.8 3.2 3.9
53.58 9.16 9.6 7.15 3.8 3.5 0.89
65.73 9.28 9.8 7.32 4.05 3.8 0.802
74.27 9.31 9.8 7.58 4.18 4.05 0.785
88.3 10 9.92 7.73 4.47 4.21 0.512
APPENDIX 2: Summary Table of t-Test for Distance and Humidity Latency
DISTANCE (X) X-mean(1) (X-mean(1))² HUMIDITY X-mean(2) (X-mean(2))²

3.9 -28.2287 796.8595037 6.72 -1.962666667 3.852060446
5.33 -26.7987 718.1703217 7.12 -1.562666667 2.441927112
6.96 -25.1687 633.4634597 7.31 -1.372666667 1.884213779
9.82 -22.3087 497.6780957 7.4 -1.282666667 1.645233779
12.04 -20.0887 403.5558677 7.56 -1.122666667 1.260380445
15.67 -16.4587 270.8888057 8.21 -0.472666667 0.223413778
18.75 -13.3787 178.9896137 9.2 0.517333333 0.267633777
24.34 -7.78867 60.66338037 9.2 0.517333333 0.267633777
29.69 -2.43867 5.947111369 9.4 0.717333333 0.514567111
34.14 2.01133 4.045448369 9.5 0.817333333 0.668033777
39.41 7.28133 53.01776657 9.5 0.817333333 0.668033777
53.58 21.4513 460.1582717 9.6 0.917333333 0.841500444
65.73 33.6013 1129.047362 9.8 1.117333333 1.248433777
74.27 42.1413 1775.889166 9.8 1.117333333 1.248433777
88.3 56.1713 3155.214944 9.92 1.237333333 1.530993777
Mean(1) Mean(2)
32.12866667 8.682666667
Total 10143.58912 18.56249333
Variance 676.2392745 1.237499556
t-Value df Mean(1)-Mean(2) Variance(s1)/n (Variance(s1)/n)² Variance(s2)/n

3.488728594 14.05123907 23.446 45.0826183 2032.442473 0.08249997
(Variance(s2)/n)² s1/n +s2/n (s1/n +s2/n)² p-value Hypothesis

0.006806245 45.16511827 2039.887908 2.145 Reject
APPENDIX 3: Summary Table of t-Test for Distance and Gas Latency
DISTANCE (X) X-mean(1) (X-mean(1))² GAS X-mean(2) (X-mean(2))²

3.9 -28.2287 796.8595037 2.37 -3.188 10.163344
5.33 -26.7987 718.1703217 3 -2.558 6.543364
6.96 -25.1687 633.4634597 3.77 -1.788 3.196944
9.82 -22.3087 497.6780957 4.03 -1.528 2.334784
12.04 -20.0887 403.5558677 4.3 -1.258 1.582564
15.67 -16.4587 270.8888057 4.41 -1.148 1.317904
18.75 -13.3787 178.9896137 5.65 0.092 0.008464
24.34 -7.78867 60.66338037 6.13 0.572 0.327184
29.69 -2.43867 5.947111369 6.45 0.892 0.795664
34.14 2.01133 4.045448369 6.67 1.112 1.236544
39.41 7.28133 53.01776657 6.81 1.252 1.567504
53.58 21.4513 460.1582717 7.15 1.592 2.534464
65.73 33.6013 1129.047362 7.32 1.762 3.104644
74.27 42.1413 1775.889166 7.58 2.022 4.088484
88.3 56.1713 3155.214944 7.73 2.172 4.717584
Mean(1) Mean(2)
32.12866667 5.558
Total 10143.58912 43.51944
Variance 676.2392745 2.901296

3.948828233 14.12012729 26.57066667 45.0826183 2032.442473 0.193419733

0.037411193 45.27603803 2049.91962 2.145 Reject
APPENDIX 4: Summary Table of t-Test for Distance and Motion Latency
DISTANCE (X) X-mean(1) (X-mean(1))² MOTION X-mean(2) (X-mean(2))²

3.9 -28.2287 796.8595037 3.5 -3.913333333 15.31417778
5.33 -26.7987 718.1703217 4.2 -3.213333333 10.32551111
6.96 -25.1687 633.4634597 6.02 -1.393333333 1.941377777
9.82 -22.3087 497.6780957 6.1 -1.313333333 1.724844444
12.04 -20.0887 403.5558677 6.23 -1.183333333 1.400277777
15.67 -16.4587 270.8888057 6.35 -1.063333333 1.130677777
18.75 -13.3787 178.9896137 6.4 -1.013333333 1.026844444
24.34 -7.78867 60.66338037 7.3 -0.113333333 0.012844444
29.69 -2.43867 5.947111369 9.1 1.686666667 2.844844446
34.14 2.01133 4.045448369 9.1 1.686666667 2.844844446
39.41 7.28133 53.01776657 9.15 1.736666667 3.016011112
53.58 21.4513 460.1582717 9.16 1.746666667 3.050844446
65.73 33.6013 1129.047362 9.28 1.866666667 3.484444446
74.27 42.1413 1775.889166 9.31 1.896666667 3.597344446
88.3 56.1713 3155.214944 10 2.586666667 6.690844446
Mean(1) Mean(2)
32.12866667 7.413333333
Total 10143.58912 58.40573333
Variance 676.2392745 3.893715556

3.670415086 14.16121575 24.71533333 45.0826183 2032.442473 0.259581037

0.067382315 45.34219934 2055.915041 2.145 Reject
APPENDIX 5: Summary Table of t-Test for Distance and Server Latency

for Appliances Control
DISTANCE (X) X-mean(1) (X-mean(1))² SERVER X-mean(2) (X-mean(2))²

3.9 -28.2287 796.8595037 1.1 -1.970666667 3.883527112
5.33 -26.7987 718.1703217 1.21 -1.860666667 3.462080446
6.96 -25.1687 633.4634597 1.53 -1.540666667 2.373653779
9.82 -22.3087 497.6780957 2.02 -1.050666667 1.103900445
12.04 -20.0887 403.5558677 2.78 -0.290666667 0.084487111
15.67 -16.4587 270.8888057 3.04 -0.030666667 0.000940444
18.75 -13.3787 178.9896137 3.17 0.099333333 0.009867111
24.34 -7.78867 60.66338037 3.34 0.269333333 0.072540444
29.69 -2.43867 5.947111369 3.77 0.699333333 0.489067111
34.14 2.01133 4.045448369 3.8 0.729333333 0.531927111
39.41 7.28133 53.01776657 3.8 0.729333333 0.531927111
53.58 21.4513 460.1582717 3.8 0.729333333 0.531927111
65.73 33.6013 1129.047362 4.05 0.979333333 0.959093777
74.27 42.1413 1775.889166 4.18 1.109333333 1.230620444
88.3 56.1713 3155.214944 4.47 1.399333333 1.958133777
Mean(1) Mean(2)
32.12866667 3.070666667
Total 10143.58912 17.22369333
Variance 676.2392745 1.148246222

4.324070371 14.04754353 29.058 45.0826183 2032.442473 0.076549748
APPENDIX 6: Summary Table of t-Test for Distance and Mobile Phone

Application Latency for Appliances Control
DISTANCE (X) X-mean(1) (X-mean(1))² MOBILE X-mean(2) (X-mean(2))²

3.9 -28.2287 796.8595037 3 -0.274666667 0.075441778
5.33 -26.7987 718.1703217 3 -0.274666667 0.075441778
6.96 -25.1687 633.4634597 3 -0.274666667 0.075441778
9.82 -22.3087 497.6780957 3 -0.274666667 0.075441778
12.04 -20.0887 403.5558677 3 -0.274666667 0.075441778
15.67 -16.4587 270.8888057 3 -0.274666667 0.075441778
18.75 -13.3787 178.9896137 3 -0.274666667 0.075441778
24.34 -7.78867 60.66338037 3.02 -0.254666667 0.064855111
29.69 -2.43867 5.947111369 3.14 -0.134666667 0.018135111
34.14 2.01133 4.045448369 3.2 -0.074666667 0.005575111
39.41 7.28133 53.01776657 3.2 -0.074666667 0.005575111
53.58 21.4513 460.1582717 3.5 0.225333333 0.050775111
65.73 33.6013 1129.047362 3.8 0.525333333 0.275975111
74.27 42.1413 1775.889166 4.05 0.775333333 0.601141777
88.3 56.1713 3155.214944 4.21 0.935333333 0.874848444
Mean(1) Mean(2)
32.12866667 3.274666667
Total 10143.58912 2.424973333
Variance 676.2392745 0.161664889

4.296843697 14.00669381 28.854 45.0826183 2032.442473 0.010777659

0.000116158 45.09339596 2033.414359 2.145 Reject
APPENDIX 7: Summary Table of t-Test for Distance and Data Rate

Latency for Appliances Control
DISTANCE (X) X-mean(1) (X-mean(1))² Data Rate X-mean(2) (X-mean(2))²

3.9 -28.2287 796.8595037 6.5 2.5674 6.59154276
5.33 -26.7987 718.1703217 6 2.0674 4.27414276
6.96 -25.1687 633.4634597 6 2.0674 4.27414276
9.82 -22.3087 497.6780957 5.8 1.8674 3.48718276
12.04 -20.0887 403.5558677 5 1.0674 1.13934276
15.67 -16.4587 270.8888057 5 1.0674 1.13934276
18.75 -13.3787 178.9896137 5 1.0674 1.13934276
24.34 -7.78867 60.66338037 4.4 0.4674 0.21846276
29.69 -2.43867 5.947111369 4.4 0.4674 0.21846276
34.14 2.01133 4.045448369 4 0.0674 0.00454276
39.41 7.28133 53.01776657 3.9 -0.0326 0.00106276
53.58 21.4513 460.1582717 0.89 -3.0426 9.25741476
65.73 33.6013 1129.047362 0.802 -3.1306 9.80065636
74.27 42.1413 1775.889166 0.785 -3.1476 9.90738576
88.3 56.1713 3155.214944 0.512 -3.4206 11.70050436
Mean(1) Mean(2)
32.12866667 3.9326
Total 10143.58912 63.1535316
Variance 676.2392745 4.21023544

4.186356465 14.17431999 28.19606667 45.0826183 2032.442473 0.280682363

0.078782589 45.36330066 2057.829047 2.145 Reject
APPENDIX 8: AV600 Power Line Adapter

APPENDIX 9: AV600 Power Line Adapter
SPECIFICATIONS
APPENDIX 10: Arduino UNO REV 3
SPECIFICATIONS
APPENDIX 11: Ethernet Shield
SPECIFICATIONS
APPENDIX 12: MQ2 Gas Sensor
SPECIFICATIONS
APPENDIX 13: DHT22 Temperature/Humidity Sensor
SPECIFICATIONS
APPENDIX 14: PIR Sensor
SPECIFICATIONS
APPENDIX 15: Solid State Relay
SPECIFICATIONS
APPENDIX 16: Stepdown Regulator
SPECIFICATIONS
APPENDIX 17: Power Supply (12V-5A)
SPECIFICATIONS
APPENDIX 18: Buzzer
SPECIFICATIONS
APPENDIX 19: AC Socket
SPECIFICATIONS
APPENDIX 20: Casing
SPECIFICATIONS
APPENDIX 21: Router
SPECIFICATIONS
Price
Qty PARTICULAR TOTAL
(PHP)
1 PIR MOTION SENSOR Php190.00

190.00
1 WHITE BUZZER Php60.00
60.00
1 PLUG Php25.00
25.00
1 GAS SENSOR Php288.00
288.00
1 DHT 22 Php360.00
360.00
1 SOLID STATE RELAY Php889.00
889.00
1 ETERNET SHIELD Php500.00
500.00
1 ARDUINO UNO Php450.00
450.00
1 STEPDOWN REGULATOR Php199.00
199.00
1 POWER SUPPLY 12V-5A Php600.00
600.00
1 BOX CASING Php105.00
105.00
1 OUTLET Php25.00
25.00
TP-LINK AV600 POWERLINE
1 Php2,199.00
STARTER KIT 2,199.00
TP-LINK 3G/4G WIRELESS N
1 Php1,999.00
ROUTER 1,999.00
FINAL Php7,889.00
TOTAL
Table 5.1: Bill of Materials

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Fire Hazard Warning Via PLC

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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Industrial Technology 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

We are in the world of technological advances which certainly affects

automation takes place as proof or our dependency to technology. This involves

security, as well as home appliances such as washer/dryers, ovens or

refrigerators/freezers.(2019 Consumer Reports, Inc.). Modern systems generally

consist of switches and sensors connected to a central hub sometimes called

automation is Power Line Communication (PLC) that reuses household

power. It is also known as Power-Line carrier, power-line digital subscriber line

(PDSL), mains communication, power-line telecommunication or power-line

A wide range of power-line communication technologies are used in different

applications, ranging from home automation to internet access which is often

network and premises wiring). Typically, transformers prevent propagating signal

rates and frequencies are used in different situations.( 2010, ARRL,hq@arrl.org)

method for communication in a medium and over long distance in a power

point to point in an interconnected power grid many communication methods can

Line Carrier Communication (PLCC).( LinkedIn Corporation, 2019)

Narrowband power-line communications began soon after electrical power

began to operate over high-tension lines with frequencies of 15 to 500kHz for

telemetry purposes, and this continues. (Dostert, T. Waldeck, comparison of

Modulation Schemes with ~re~uekci Agility for Application in Power Line

Communication Systems, 1996) Consumer products such as baby alarms have

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Power Line Communication (PLC) is a communication technology that

at the same time control/retrieve data from it in a half-duplex manner.

In connection to this, we proposed a project that aims to help everyone for a

better access in terms of communication, security, and other purposes.

Meanwhile, this proposal intends to produce a Power Line Communication Device

and supposed to answer these following questions:

1. How do Power Line Communication via Fire Alarm System work?

2. What is the significant effect of distance to the latency of transmission?

3. What is the significant effect of distance to the data rate of transmission?

4. What are the things to be considered upon testing and problems

encountered in executing Power Line Communication via Fire Alarm

5. How far is the transmission of communication a Power Line can attain?

existing system of communication use in Fire Alarm System?

site, as well as in Server and Mobile Phone appliances control latency in

TRANSMITTER MODULATOR CIRCUIT

COUPLER CIRCUIT FIRE ALARM

Fig. 1: Research Paradigm

The power-line communication (PLC) refers to transferring the information

industrial environment. In PLC, the present alternating current (AC)power wires in

a building work as a communication medium or a channel, by means of which

information is transmitted from a transceiver toward one or more transceivers.

Subsequently no new wires are necessary for the purpose of communication in

power-line communication systems. As a result, it significantly decreases the

difficulty and struggle of installation of new wires.

communication system typically operates by superimposing a modulated carrier

frequency signal on the AC signal in a power-line.

The following are variables involved in the process:

1. Power line Adapter (Transceiver)- Transceiver will provide user with

2. Powerline- is the existing electrical network which will transformed into a

channel through the superposition of a low energy information signal to

simultaneously. As a result, the cost of installation is lower than other

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

where power cable is used as a medium of transmitting information with

A power-line communication system operates by superimposing a

modulated carrier frequency signal on the AC signal in a power-line with a

Communication signaling can only be implemented within the area serviced by

the same powerline connection.

Reflection due to various impedance mismatches, multipath fading and

attenuation/transmission losses which affects their performance and