LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS Commented [FC1]: OVERALL NOTE:

OF THE DIFFERENT VARIABLES BEANS: (Overall, ok na kailangan lang ng editing,

TO THE GROWTH OF A BEAN SEED (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS)
and if you can provide more supporting details, it wld
be better)
- post hoc explanation is too long, you already have
the figure to display the differences. It wld be better
if you can congest it
- RnD lacks interpretation, you're just rewording the
tables/ figures. Salt (high salinity), Detergent (high

A RESEARCH PRESENTED TO THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
OF KING’S COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES
alkalinity), how about water and sugar?
- When discussing results, you're not interpreting
H20 as control but as an independent variable. Poses
the question, What's the importance on a control
variable? Treatments vs. Control?

Scroll down for the specific corrections …

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN THE SUBJECT

PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

ANAG, MIKE VICTOR

BINWAG, EDBREN IAN B.
BOLINGET, HAROLD LEE C.
BULLAN, FRIEND G.
FAUSTINO, CLINT B.
GUILOD, JETHRO P.
SAGUIPIL, ESTHER G.

MAY 2018
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to extend their greatest gratitude to the following

people who helped and guided them throughout the research.

First and foremost, the researchers want to thank the Almighty God for His

continuous guidance and for being the source of strength, resources and strength to them.

Also, to all faculty teachers, especially to Ma’am Frances Corrine D. Bonilla and

Sir Gary N. Farrong who shared their time, knowledge and wisdom to impart more

learning.

To the Bolinget’s residence, who lent their house for the conduction of the

research experiment.

Lastly, to the researchers’ family especially their parents who continually

supported and guided the researchers through every way they could.

ii
 ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the level of effectiveness of the different

solutions to the growth of a green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seed in terms of height,

number of leaves and width of stem; and to find out which solution had the best effect on

the seed.

The study involves three different solutions composed of: Salt Solution (5%

concentration, Sugar Solution (5% concentration) and Detergent Solution (5%

concentration). The controlled variable is tap water. Data was gathered by recording the

height, number of leaves and width of stem at the end of each week in a 3-week duration.

The ANOVA treatment revealed significant differences between the effects of the

different solutions and the controlled variable. Tap water being the most effective

variable with a mean average of 10.2 centimeters in height, 5 leaves grown and 3.8

millimeters in width. The use of additional intervening variables or additional solutions,

germinate first the seed before proceeding to the experiment, use bigger pots for faster

growth, use fertilizer and compost to enhance growth, the use of additional different

concentrations per solution, add more independent variables for testing or add more

testing plants and place plants on an area that is free from strong winds was the

researcher’s recommendation for the study of future researchers.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Pages
Title Page i
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Tables v
List of Figures vi
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Background of the Study 2
Conceptual Framework 5
Statement of the Problem 13
Hypotheses of the Study 14
Chapter 2: Methodology 15
Research Design 15
Methods and Materials 15
Treatment of Data 16
Chapter 3: Results and Discussion 17
Results 17
Discussion 17
Chapter 4: Conclusions and Recommendations 27
Conclusions 27
Recommendations 28
References 29
Appendices 31
A. Documentations 31
B. Observation Sheet 34
Biographical Sketches 37

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page

1 Designation of variables to the different pots. 16
2 A summary table for the height measured for 17
each solution in a three (3) weeks duration of
observation.
3 ANOVA table for the height measured affected 18
by the different solutions in a 3-week duration of
observation.

4 Post hoc test table of the height 19

5 A summary table for the number of leaves 21
recorder for each solution in a three (3) weeks
duration of observation.
6 ANOVA table for the number of leaves recorder 22
for each solution in a 3-week duration of
observation.
7 Post hoc test table of the number of leaves 22
8 A summary table for the width of stem measured 24
for each solution in a three (3) weeks duration of
observation.
9 ANOVA table for the width of stem measured for 25
each solution in a 3-week duration of observation
10 . Post hoc test table of the width of stem 21

11 A summary table for the height measured for 34

each solution in a three (3) weeks duration of
observation.
12 A summary table for the number of leaves 35
recorder for each solution in a three (3) weeks
duration of observation.
13 A summary table for the width of stem measured 36
for each solution in a three (3) weeks duration of
observation.

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Page

1 Paradigm of study 5

2 Line graph of the height measured in a 3-week 17

observation

3 Summary of the post hoc test on height 20

4 Line graph of the number of leaves measured in a 21

3-week observation

5 Summary of the post hoc test on the number of 23

leaves

6 Line graph of the width of stem measured in a 24

3-week observation

7 Summary of the post hoc test on the width of stem 26

vi
 INTRODUCTION
Plants are tremendously important to life on earth. They are the foundation

of food chains in almost every ecosystem. Plants also play a major role in the

environment by influencing climate and producing life-giving oxygen. Plant project

studies allow us to learn about plant biology and potential usage for plants in other fields

such as medicine, agriculture and biotechnology (Bailey, 2017).

Plant development is an overall term which refers to the various changes that

occur in a plant during its life cycle. In consideration of various horticultural crops and

products, Watada et al. (1984, as cited in Bareja, 2014) proposed the following definition

of development: "The series of processes from the initiation of growth to death of a plant

or plant part". Development consists of both growth and differentiation involving

quantitative and qualitative changes (Hopkins, 1999, as cited in Bareja, 2014). It is

characterized by change in size, shape, form, degree of differentiation and state of

complexity (Abellanosa & Pava, 1987, as cited in Bareja, 2014). However, there can be

growth without differentiation and likewise there can be differentiation without growth.

Plant growth is the irreversible, quantitative increase in size, mass, and/or volume of a

plant or its parts. It occurs with an expenditure of metabolic energy. Therefore, the events

leading to leaf formation and the increase in height of a plant are growth. (Bareja, 2014).

1
 Background of the Study

Water sustains life, and therefore it is important to all living organisms on our

planet. These include plants, which will wilt, become dry and die in the absence of water

(Querubin, 2014). In crop agriculture, water is often the most limiting resource

determining the growth and survival of plants (Bareja, 2013). This can be seen in both the

yield of crop species and the productivity of natural ecosystems with respect to water

availability (Zumdahl, 2018). Water also is an important climatic factor. It affects or

determines plant growth and development. Its availability, or scarcity, can mean a

successful harvest, or diminution in yield, or total failure (Bareja, 2013).

Salt is very common substance in the soil as well as in the sea. However, the

amount of salt in most soil is very, very low. Plants need a small amount of salinity to

survive, since salt is one of the nutrients necessary for plants to grow so the presence of

salt is necessary (Sciencing.com, 2018). Like humans, plants burn sugar as a source of

energy, and, indeed the entire purpose of a plant’s leaf to manufacture sugar for the plant’

growth and collect sunlight. It may stand to reason, then, that adding sugar to water you

use to water your plants would help foster its growth. Now, detergents are one of the

most produced waste by people. According to Pearson (2017), detergents are used to

clean various things such as clothes and dishes. Detergents sometimes end up on soil

where plants live. These detergents usually do not have a lot of ingredients that will hurt

plants. More often than not, the ingredients in the detergents are made up of organic

materials. However, some kinds of bleach in detergents can be deadly to plants. Some

detergents, especially dish-washing detergents, contain phosphates. Phosphates are

chemicals that are essential to all life, including plants. Detergents usually have anti-

2
foaming agents. These anti-foaming agents are sometimes made out of oils like vegetable

oil, which might be helpful to the plant if the plant can absorb some of the nutrients found

in the detergent. They also sometimes are made out of silica, which is not harmful to

plants. The detergents also often contain perfumes. These perfumes are usually based out

of plants and animals, which are not harmful to the plants when put in the soil. As the

researchers chose this study,” Can the varying solutions: salt-water solution, sugar-water,

detergent solution, and tap water, really enhance the growth of the bean?” With the given

situations above, it is for the researchers to determine the solutions that would make the

green bean grow fast and healthy in order to benefit garden owners and farmers in the

society. If not taken seriously, important information that helps in growing plants faster

will leave the people uneducated. In some situations, they might also end up watering

their plants with harmful solutions that will deteriorate the growth of the plant in cases of

drought and lack of water.

3
 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1: Paradigm of the study Commented [FC2]: Not sure bout this?

Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Green Bean
Level of effectiveness of the

different variables to the growth

of a Green bean seed in terms of

Height, Number of leaves and

Width of Stem.

Intervening Variables
1. Sugar Solution (5% concentration)

2. Salt Solution (5% concentration)

3. Detergent (Pride) Solution (5% concentration)

4. Water

4
 The study aims to test the level of effectiveness of the different variables in

watering a bean seed such as: salt solution (5% concentration), sugar solution (5%

concentration), and detergent solution (5% concentration) and by tap water only. The

researchers chose green bean for testing growth for the reasons that they yield a sizable

plant, it has comparably fast growth rate, and to allow the testing of a plant that can

produce useful conclusions for those who grow it like in the region of Cordillera. Green

bean is one of the most planted crops of the Cordillera. In addition, many people consider

beans and peas as vegetarian alternatives for meat. However, it is also considered part of

the Vegetable Group because it is an excellent source of dietary fiber and nutrients such

as folate and potassium (“Beans and Peas are unique foods”, 2016). Beans (Phaseolus

vulgaris) probably take the prize for least demanding garden vegetable. These fast-

growing plants need the nutrients all plants need nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium but

in much smaller amounts than most plants. Too much fertilizer promotes soft growth,

which is prone to disease problems, as well as insect infestation (Christensen, n.d.)

As it was stated by Pande (n.d.), green bean also is a food that is low in Sodium,

and very low in Saturated Fat and Cholesterol. It is also a good source of Protein,

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus,

Potassium and Copper, and a very good source of Dietary Fiber, Vitamin A, Vitamin C,

Vitamin K, Folate and Manganese.

In order to grow, plants require some mineral salts for survival. Salt water in high

concentration, however, dehydrates the plant. A high salt-solute concentration in the soil

pulls water away from the plant cells, through osmosis and deposits it into the soil. The

5
Salinity Management Guide website reports that different plant species have differing

tolerances for soil salt levels. Injury to the plant occurs when tolerance levels are reached

or exceeded (Klefstad, 2017).

Salinity is a major environmental constraint to crop productivity throughout the

arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Between 30% and 40% of the world irrigated

agricultural lands are prone to salinity (Foolad & Yin, 1997). Phaseolus vulgaris is an

important legume for human nutrition in the world, and bean plant growth is sensitive to

salinity (Aouani et al., 1998). The deleterious effects of salinity on plant growth are

associated with (1) low osmotic potential of soil solution (water stress), (2) nutritional

imbalance, (3) specific ion effect (salt stress), or (4) a combination of these factors. In

addition to the use of traditional breeding and plant genetic transformations, the use of

plant growth-promoting microorganisms may prove useful in developing strategies to

facilitate plant growth in saline soils (Mayak et. al., 2004). Plant growth promoting

rhizobacteria (PGPR) and fungi can facilitate plant growth indirectly by reducing plant

pathogens, or directly via phosphorous solubilization, nitrogen fixation, iron

sequestration by siderophores, phytohormone production (e.g. auxin, cytokinin, or

giberellin), and/or enzymatic lowering of plant ethylene levels (Bjorkman et al, 1998;

Grichko & Glick, 2001). The over salinity of the soil is one of the main factors that limits

the spread of plants in their natural habitats. It is an ever-increasing problem in arid and

semiarid regions (Shanon, 1986). Fisher and Turner (1978) estimate that arid and

semiarid lands represent around 40% of the earth’s area.

6
 From the results of the studies, which looked at the effect of salt stress on growth,

one can notice a connection between the decrease in plant length and the increase in the

concentration of sodium chloride (Beltagi et al., 2006; Mustard and Renault, 2006; Gama

et al., 2007; Jamil et al., 2007; Houimli et al., 2008; Rui et al., 2009; Memon et al., 2010).

Numerous studies showed the affection of leaf area negatively by using different

concentrations of NaCl (Raul et al., 2003; Netondo et al., 2004; Mathur et al., 2006; Chen

et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2007; Yilmaz and Kina, 2008; Rui et al., 2009). The harmful

influence of salinity on leaf number, also increases with the increase in concentration,

according to the studies held by Raul et al. (2003), Jamil et al. (2005), Gama et al. (2007),

Ha et al. (2008). Additionally, many studies have shown that the fresh and dry weights of

the shoot system are affected, either negatively or positively, by changes in salinity

concentration, type of salt present, or type of plant species (Bayuelo Jimenez et al., 2002;

Jamil et al., 2005; Niaz et al., 2005; Saqib et al., 2006; Turan et al., 2007; Saffan, 2008;

Rui et al., 2009; Taffouo et al., 2009, 2010; Memon et al., 2010).

Many studies confirm the inhibitory effect of salinity on biochemical processes,

of which photosynthesis is the most important. The effect on photosynthesis can be

gauged from the effect on the photosynthetic pigments. Moreover, the results of specific

studies (Sultana et al., 2000; Tort & Turkyil maz, 2004; Misra et al., 2006; Murillo-

Amador et al., 2007; Taffouo et al., 2010) clearly indicate that salinity reduces the content

of photosynthetic pigments in treated plants.

Protein content can also be affected negatively or positively, by salt stress. The

results of certain studies (Sultana et al., 2000; Tort & Turkyilmaz, 2004; Beltagi et al.,

7
2006; Chen et al., 2007; Kapoor & Srivastava, 2010) demonstrate a decrease, or increase,

in protein content in plants treated with different salt concentrations.

Agriculture plays a pioneering role in economic development in many countries,

especially in Saudi Arabia. However, salinity, which affects most areas of the kingdom,

represents one of the main obstacles that limit the expansion of the agricultural area or

the increase in agricultural production for many crops. High salinity is due to the high

concentration of soluble salts in irrigation waters and the high rate of evaporation caused

by the high temperatures in Saudi Arabia, inefficient drainage, or soil type. Bean is one of

the important economic cereal crops, a cereal used as food for both people and animals,

besides its capacity to tolerate salinity. In light of this, our research aims to study the

effect of salt stress, using different concentrations of sodium chloride, on the growth and

metabolism (Faba, 2014) and to determine the extent of its tolerance of salinity. (Amira &

Qados, 2013)

In addition, an earlier experiment showed that beans are one of the most sensitive

plants to a high concentration of salt (Gauch, et.al). Plants' cell walls become swollen and

rigid when the cells fill with water. In other words, the cells become turgid, or swollen

and hard, when osmotic pressure builds in the cells. This action keeps the leaves of the

plant from wilting and allows it to stand up in sunlight as stated by Nigel D. Purchon

(n.d.) a Biology teacher. He also added that when a concentrated sugar solution is added,

the cell walls shrink and pull apart from each other — and the plant wilts. Sugar lowers

8
the osmotic potential of the water present in the soil, making less water available for the

plant to take in from the soil. (Klefstad, 2017).

The plants watered with 50 grams of sugar per liter (5% concentration) of

water were the strongest, healthiest and the largest. This was determined by

measurement and visual inspection (Burud, 2016).

Additionally, Matthew Paul and Patrick Van Dijck (2011) clarifies in their

research project entitled “How Do Sugars Regulate Plant Growth?” autotrophic

organisms synthesize sugars, principally sucrose in the reactions of photosynthesis. This

ancient primary process drives the growth and development of all organisms as a source

of energy and carbon source. But can sugars actually regulate growth processes

themselves beyond just supplying them with the carbon and energy they need? Well, the

answer to this question and articulated in the mini review by Ponnu et al. (2011) is an

emphatic yes. Sugars perform diverse functions in living organisms. In plants the

pathway that synthesizes the non-reducing disaccharide trehalose, however, has become

highly specialized around the signaling function of the precursor of trehalose, trehalose 6-

phosphate (T6P). The model that has developed quite rapidly over the last couple of years

or so is that T6P signals the availability of sucrose and then through the SnRK1 protein

kinase regulatory system orchestrates changes in gene expression that enable sucrose to

be used in growth processes. Plants cannot grow, it would seem, without this regulatory

system that connects sugars with growth and development. Not only is there regulation of

the amount of growth and development by T6P seen in many diverse tissue types, but

T6P appears also to control qualitative aspects of growth and development that affect

9
organ form and function such as in inflorescence, leaf, tuber, and seed development

(Karcher, N.D.).

In completion, one must define detergent as a watering element. Detergent is

defined as "A cleansing substance that acts similarly to soap but is made from chemical

compounds rather than fats and lye." By the American Heritage Dictionary of the English

Language. Modern detergents contain a chemical called a surfactant, which, defined by

Word Net 1.6 is "A substance capable of reducing the surface tension of a liquid in which

it is dissolved." This allows the detergent to spread further, penetrate better and clean

much more efficiently. With the addition of "builders," which make the surfactants work

much better. Detergents are used mainly for four different things: personal cleansing,

laundry, dish washing and house cleaning. Detergents have been known to have

detrimental effect on the plant’s health and growth. The chemical components in the

detergents disturb the internal balance of the plants and the various processes in them like

water intake and nutrients absorption, photosynthesis and growth, etc. (“The effect of the

Detergent to a plant’s growth”, 2013). In addition, detergents containing harmful

ingredients cause damage to the soil structure by raising the alkalinity of soil.

Consequently, the damaged soil deteriorates healthy plants. Also, some bleaching

detergents kill the good bacteria in the soil (Cichetti, n.d.). According to

cababstractsplus.org (n.d), upon interaction of plants with low concentration of a

detergent, several plants show signs of better growth and development (Cichetti, n.d.).

Having the height, number of leaves and width of stem to be the plant’s

dependent variables to be observed in order to see the most effective solution, some

necessary factors for all plant growth includes: light, air, and minerals but some plants

10
need more water than others. Since stems are responsible for supporting leaves and

flowers in the best position for food gathering and reproduction and storing nutrients for

future use. Leaves are also responsible for absorbing the sun rays, the majority of the

photosynthetic production, taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen and water

vapour (breathing), and removing waste products from the plant. At moderate

temperatures most plants show stem elongation and leaf growth because of an increase in

photosynthesis. The plant acquires more carbon and through this process and therefore is

able to make bigger leaves or grow in general (The Regents of the University of

California, 2017). Where photosynthesis, according toCharmaine, M., 2018,

photosynthesis is an important biochemical pathway involving the production of

sugar(glucose) from the light, water and carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. It gets

energy from absorbed photons and uses water as a reducing agent.

For conclusion, as stated by Kozlowski (1972), Variations in size of organs result

from changes in hydration, temperature, and growth. Size variation, caused by recurrent

shrinking and swelling that are a function of the changing levels of hydration, may

greatly exceed those resulting from daily growth of tissues or direct temperature

variations. On a long-term basis, diameter variation also depends on growth. Water influx

into the cells leads to irreversible changes in volume if it is accompanied by cell wall

extension.

11
 Statement of Problem:

Generally, the study aims to discover the effect of the different variables in

watering a green bean seed in terms of growth.

At the end of the research, the study aims to answers the following questions:

1. Is there a significant difference between the variables in watering a green bean

seed in terms of height?

a. Salt Solution (Iodized Salt) -5% Concentration, 250 ml

b. Sugar Solution (Brown Sugar) - 5% Concentration, 250 ml

c. Detergent (Pride) Solution -5% Concentration, 250 ml

d. Tap Water, 250 ml

2. Is there a significant difference between the variables in watering a green bean

seed in terms of number of leaves?

a. Salt Solution (Iodized Salt) -5% Concentration, 250 ml

b. Sugar Solution (Brown Sugar) - 5% Concentration, 250 ml

c. Detergent (Pride) Solution -5% Concentration, 250 ml

d. Tap Water, 250 ml

3. Is there a significant difference between the variables in watering a green bean

seed in terms of the width of the stem?

a. Salt Solution (Iodized Salt) -5% Concentration, 250 ml

b. Sugar Solution (Brown Sugar) - 5% Concentration, 250 ml

c. Detergent (Pride) Solution -5% Concentration, 250 ml

d. Tap Water, 250 ml

12
 Hypotheses

1. Ho: There is no significant difference among the variables in terms of height.

2. Ho: There is no significant difference among the variables in terms of number

of leaves.

3. Ho: There is no significant difference among the variables in terms of the width

of stem.

13
 METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The Study is a Quantitative Research where the design used is experimental,

since the study was to determine the effectiveness of the different variables to the growth

of a bean seed in terms of height, number of leaves and width of stem.

Methods and Materials

Over 50 seeds of green beans from farmers that are planting beans in Benguet Commented [FC3]: ? what happened to the 30 seeds? No data.
How many seeds per pot? Check photodoc.

were used in the study. 20 black pots were provided by the researchers and were filled Commented [FC4]: Never start a sentence with a number.
Word it out e.g “Twenty black pots…”

with top soil. Top soil was collected at Boted, Tawang, La Trinidad, Benguet. All pots

will be labeled according to the variables to be watered. The green beans were planted

with approximately 1-inch depth in all the pots. Pots 1-5 will be watered with a 5%

concentrated salt solution, pots 6-10 will be watered with 5% concentrated sugar solution, Commented [FC5]: How? Solvent?

pots 10-15 will be watered with 5% concentrated detergent solution. Lastly, pots 16-20

will be watered using tap water only as shown in Table 0. The seed will be watered for a

duration of 3 weeks once a day. The plants were placed in a covered area free from other

water sources and are accessible to air and sunlight. The height, the number of leaves and

the width of the stem will be measured at the end of every week. The height will be

measured using a ruler and the width of the stem will be measured using the caliper.

14
Table 1: Designation of Variables to the different pots.

Salt Solution Sugar Solution Detergent Solution Water

(5% (5% (5%
concentration) concentration) concentration)
POTS Pot 1 Pot 6 Pot 11 Pot 16

Pot 2 Pot 7 Pot 12 Pot 17

Pot 3 Pot 8 Pot 13 Pot 18

Pot 4 Pot 9 Pot 14 Pot 19

Pot 5 Pot 10 Pot 15 Pot 20

Treatment of Data

The data gathered was analyzed and interpreted using the Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA). ANOVA is a statistical method used to test differences between two or more

means (Lane, n.d.). This method was used to determine the differences between the

effectiveness of the variables.

15
 CHAPTER III

Results and Discussions

This chapter discussed about the results of the experiment based on the data

gathered, the conclusions and interpretation of the results.

Figure 2: Line graph of the height measured in a 3-week observation

Table 2: A summary table for the height measured for each variable in three (3)
weeks duration of observation (0 indicates no height measured).
Variables: Salt Solution Sugar Solution Detergent Water (H20)
(5% (5% Solution (5%
concentration) concentration) concentration)
Mean 0 8.6 0 10.2

The height differences affected by the different variables as shown in figure 3 in a

3-week duration of observation. As shown in table 2, Water (H20) with 10.2 centimeters

has the highest mean average in height, meaning it is the most effective variable
compared to the other solutions, followed by Sugar solution (5% concentration) with a
Commented [FC6]: Discuss what might have caused the sugar
solution to delay the growth of the seeds compared to the (+)
control i.e. h20. There may not be a sig. dif between them but if you
can provide cross references to support the delay, it’s better.

16
mean average of 8.6 centimeters in height, followed by Salt Solution (5% concentration)

and Detergent Solution (5% concentration) with no height measured due to the

detrimental effect of the solution which made the seed unable to germinate. The salinity

level of the salt solution (5% concentration) was too high and the alkalinity level of the

detergent solution (5% concentration) was also too high for the seeds, resulting for the

damage of the seeds and the inability to germinate.

Table 3: ANOVA table for the height measured affected by the different variables in
a 3-week duration of observation.
SS Df MS F-computed f-critical

Between 448.2 3 149.4 170.7429 3.238872

Within 14 16 0.875
Total 462.2 19

The ANOVA table for the height affected by the different variables as shown in

Table 3. The null Hypothesis is rejected since the F-comp value 170.7429 is greater than

the F-crit value 3.238872 at 0.05. Since the Null hypothesis is rejected, there is a

significant difference among the different variables in terms of height.
Commented [FC7]: Don’t leave long spaces after a paragraph.
Follow it with a new paragraph. It’s not necessary for
interpretations/ discussion to be placed after a table/ figure. That’s
why we put a figure/ table label (Table 1.0, Figure 2.0) as reference,
just put a note on the paragraph which table/ figure you’re
discussing (e.g. As shown in Table 1.0…)

17
Table 4: Post Hoc Test Table of the Height of the different variables.

Post Hoc Test was conducted to determine which variables has a significant

difference between other variables.

Salt solution has a significant difference between sugar solution since the

significant value is 0.000 which is less than the significant level at 0.05.

Salt solution has no significant difference between detergent solution since the

significant value is 1.000 which is greater than the significant level at 0.05.

Salt solution has a significant difference between water since the significant

value is 0.000 which is less than the significant level at 0.05.

Sugar solution has a significant difference between the detergent solution since

the significant value is 0.000 which is less than 0.05 significant level.

18
 Sugar has no significant difference between water since the significant value

0.067 which is greater than 0.05 significant level.

Detergent solution has a significant difference between water since the significant

value is 0.000 which is greater than 0.05 significant level as shown in table 4. Commented [FC8]: Continued from FC4: This paragraph can be
placed before Table 4- so there’s a continuity with the words/
discussions

Figure 3: Summary of the post hoc test on the height.

Salt Sig. Dif. Sugar

Salt No Sig. Dif. Detergent

Salt Sig. Dif. Water

Sugar Sig. Dif. Detergent

Sugar No Sig. Dif. Water

Detergent Sig. Dif. Water

The table summarizes the significant differences of the post hoc test on the height.

Salt solution has a significant difference between sugar solution, salt solution has

no significant difference between detergent solution, salt solution has a significant

difference between water, sugar solution has a significant difference between the

detergent solution, sugar has no significant difference between water, and detergent

solution has a significant difference between water.

19
Figure 4: Line graph of the number of leaves recorded in a 3-week observation

Table 5: A summary table for the number of leaves recorder for each variable in
three (3) weeks duration of observation (0 indicates no number of leaves recorded)
Variables: Salt Solution Sugar Solution Detergent Water (H20)
(5% (5% Solution (5%
concentration) concentration) concentration)
Mean 0 2 0 5

The number of leaves impacted by the different variables in a 3-week duration of Commented [FC9]: For example, this paragraph can be placed
right after the post hoc summary

observation as shown in figure 3. As shown in table 5 water has the highest mean average Commented [FC10]: As shown in Table 5, (comma)

for the number of leaves grown with a mean average of 5 leaves, meaning it is the most

effective solution among the four, followed by sugar solution (5% concentration) with a

mean average of 2 leaves grown. Next to Sugar Solution (5% Solution) is Salt Solution

(5% concentration) and Detergent Solution (5% concentration) with no recorded grown

leaves due to the detrimental effect of the solutions which made the seed unable to

germinate.

20
Table 6: ANOVA table for the number of leaves recorder for each variable in three
(3) weeks duration of observation
SS Df MS F-computed f-critical

Between 83.75 3 27.91667 65535 3.238872

Within 0 16 0
Total 83.75 19

The ANOVA table for the number of leaves affected by the different variable as

shown in Table 6. The null Hypothesis is rejected since the F-comp value 65535 is highly

greater than the F-crit value 3.238872 at 0.05. Since the Null hypothesis is rejected, there

is a significant difference among the different variables in terms of the number of leaves.

Table 7: Post Hoc Test Table of the Height of the different variables.

Post Hoc Test was conducted to determine which variables has a significant

difference between other variables.

21
 Salt solution has a significant difference between sugar solution since the

significant value is 0.000 which is less than the significant level at 0.05.

Salt solution has no significant difference between detergent solution since the

significant value is 1.000 which is greater than the significant level at 0.05.

Salt solution has a significant difference between water since the significant value

is 0.000 which is less than the significant level at 0.05.

Sugar solution has a significant difference between the detergent solution since

the significant value is 0.000 which is less than 0.05 significant level.

Sugar has a significant difference between water since the significant value is

0.000 which is less than the 0.05 significant level.

Detergent solution has a significant difference between water since the significant

value is 0.000 which is greater than 0.05 significant level as shown in table 7.

Figure 5: Summary of the post hoc test on the number of leaves.

Salt Sig. Dif. Sugar

Salt No Sig. Dif. Detergent

Salt Sig. Dif. Water

Sugar Sig. Dif. Detergent

Sugar Sig. Dif. Water

Detergent Sig. Dif. Water

22
 The table summarizes the significant differences of the post hoc test on the

number of leaves:

Salt solution has a significant difference between sugar solution, salt solution has

no significant difference between detergent solution, salt solution has a significant

difference between water, sugar solution has a significant difference between the

detergent, sugar has a significant difference between water, and detergent solution has a

significant difference between water.

SOP #3
Figure 6: Line graph of the width of stem measured in a 3-week observation.

Table 8: A summary table for the width of stem measured for each variable in three
(3) weeks duration of observation (0 indicates no width measured)
Variables: Salt Solution Sugar Solution Detergent Water (H20)
(5% (5% Solution (5%
concentration) concentration) concentration)
Mean 0 3.5 0 3.8

23
 The width of stem measured and recorded in a 3-week duration of observation as

shown in figure 4. Water has the highest mean average of the 3.8 millimeters width,

meaning it is the most effective variable compared to the other solutions. Next to water is

sugar solution (5% solution) with a mean average of 3.5 millimeters width, followed by

Salt Solution (5% concentration) and Detergent Solution (5% concentration) with no

width of stem recorder making due to the detrimental effect of the solutions which made

the seed unable to germinate.

Table 9: ANOVA table for the width of stem measured for each variable in 3-weeks
duration of observation
SS Df MS F-computed f-critical

Between 66.8375 3 22.27917 274.2051 3.238872

Within 1.3 16 0.08125
Total 68.1375 19

The ANOVA table for the width of stem affected by the different variables as

shown in Table 8. The null Hypothesis is rejected since the F-comp value 274.2051 is

way greater than the F-crit value 3.238872 at 0.05. Since the Null hypothesis is rejected,

there is a significant difference among the different variables in terms of the width of

stem.

24
Table 10: Post Hoc Test tables of the width of the different variables Commented [FC11]: This can be placed on the appendix, since
they already have the summary figure. Just note on the discussion
to check appendices for further data documentation/ analysis

Post Hoc Test was conducted to determine which among the different variables

has a significant difference between the other variables.

Salt solution has a significant difference between sugar solution since the

significant value is 0.000 which is less than the 0.05 significant level.

Salt solution has no significant difference between detergent solution since the

significant value is 1.000 which is greater than the significant level at 0.05.

Salt solution has a significant difference between water since the significant value

is 0.000 which is less than the 0.05 significant level.

Sugar solution has a significant difference between detergent solution since the

significant value is 0.000 which is less than the significant level at 0.05.

25
 Sugar solution has a significant difference between water since the significant

value is 0.373 which is less than the significant level at 0.05. Commented [FC12]: Are you sure 0.373 < 0.05?

Detergent solution has a significant difference between water since the

significant value is 0.000 which is less than the significant level at 0.05 as data shown in

table 9.

Figure 7: Summary of the post hoc test on the width of stem.

Salt Sig. Dif. Sugar

Salt No Sig. Dif. Detergent

Salt Sig. Dif. Water

Sugar Sig. Dif. Detergent

Sugar Sig. Dif. Water

Detergent Sig. Dif. Water

The table summarizes the significant differences of the post hoc test on the width

of stem:

Salt solution has a significant difference between sugar solution, salt solution has

no significant difference between detergent, salt solution has a significant difference

between water, sugar solution has a significant difference between detergent solution,

sugar solution has a significant difference between water, and detergent solution has a

significant difference between water.

26
 CHAPTER IV:

Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter discussed the conclusions formulated based on the statistical

treatment applied on the data gathered. This chapter also includes the recommendations

of the researcher for the study of the future researchers.

Conclusions Commented [FC13]: Sugar solution shld have been the most
effective among the treatments not water, since water is the
control. Water is only used as a variable to determine the efficacy
of the treatments. If water is raised an an independent variable,
The conclusions were drawn from the statistical analysis of the height, width of then it forfeits the whole point of water as a control. (NOT SURE
THO, USE YOU”RE DISCRETION, CHECK YOUR REFERENCES)
the stem and number of leaves. Don’t they have conclusions abt the sugar? Sugar is good to discuss,
they already have Rev lit to support the effect of sugar to plants.

1. Water (H20) is the most effective variable for the growth of a bean seed in terms

of height with an average mean of 10.2 centimeters.

2. Water (H20) is the most effective variable for the growth of a bean seed in terms

of the number of leaves grown with an average mean of 5 leaves.

3. Water (H20) is the most effective variable for the growth of a bean seed in terms

of the width of the stem with an average mean of 3.8 millimeters.

4. Salt solution (5% concentration) and Detergent Solution (5% concentration) had a

detrimental effect on the germination of a bean seed.

27
 Recommendations

The following are recommended for future researchers based on the

findings and conclusions:

1. The use of additional intervening variables or additional solutions.

2. Germinate first the seed before proceeding to the experiment.

3. The use of additional different concentrations per solution.

4. Use bigger pots for faster growth.

5. Use fertilizer and compost to enhance growth.

6. Add more independent variables for testing or add more testing plants.

7. Place plants on an area that is free from strong winds.

28
 REFERENCES

Agri-briefs (2003). EU Agricultural Economic Briefs. Retrieve from

http://eceuropa.eu/agriculture/sites/agriculture/files/rural-area-
economics/briefs/pdf/06_en.pdf

Amira M.S. & Abdul Q. (2010). Effect of salt stress on plant growth and metabolism of
bean plant Vicia faba (L.) Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658077X10000032

Armstrong, S. (2018). How Does Water Affect Plant Growth? Retrieved from
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/children/how-does-water-affect-plant-
growth.html

Aouni et.al (1998). Effects of Biological Treatments on Growth of Bean Plants. Retrieved
from https://na/dc.na/.usda.gov

Bailey, R. (2018). Plant Project Ideas. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/plant-

project-ideas-373334

Bareja, B. G. (2014). Introduction: What are Plant Growth, Differentiation and

Development. Retrieved from http://www.cropsreview.com/plant-growth.html

Barja (2013). The Importance of Watering a Plant and in Crop Agriculture. Retrieve from

http://www.cropsview.com/importance-of-water.html

“Beans and Peas are Unique Foods”

Bouchard et. al. (2007). Effect of Various Types of Water on The Growth of Radishes
(Raphanus sativus). Retrieved from https://msu.edu/~vandefi2/Portfolio/labreport.pdf

Charmaine, M. (2018). Why is Water Important to Photosynthesis? Retrieved from

https://sciencing.com/water-important-photosynthe436052sis-6.html

Christeinsen (n.d)

29
Essays, UK. (November 2013). Do Different Detergents Effect Plant Growth? Retrieved
from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmental-sciences/do-different-detergents-
effect-plant-growth-environmental-sciences-essay.php?vref=1

Fisher and Turner, (1978)

Fooland and Yin, (1997). Effects of Biological Treatments on Growth of Bean Plants.
Retrieved from https://na/dc.na/.usda.gov

Karcher, M. (2016). How Do Sugars Regulate Plant Growth? Retrieved from

http://www.1000sciencefairprojects.com/Biology/Effect-of-Sugar-on-Bean-Plant-
Growth.php

Klefstad, K. (2017). The Effects of Sugar & Salt Water on Plants. Retrieved from
https://www.livestrong.com/article/332159-the-effects-of-sugar-salt-water-on-plants/

Mateljan, G. (2018). What's New and Beneficial about Green Beans. Retrieved from
http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=134

Mayak et.al (2014)

Paul, M. & Van Dijck, P. (2011). How Do Sugars Regulate Plant Growth? Retrieved
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355570/

Qados (2010)

Querubin, N. (2014). The Effect of Watering to Plant Growth. Retrieved from

https://prezi.com/dmjp1n5tsskw/the-effect-of-watering-to-plant-growth/

Raul et.al (2003)

Step by Step Guide to Everything, (2018). The Effect of Detergent on Plant Growth.
Retrieved from http://www.stepbystep.com/the-effect-of-detergent-on-plant-growth-
13522/

Salt Tolerance of Plants (2001).

Shanon (1986).

30
The Regents of the University of California (2017). What happens to the leaves, stems,
and roots in cold and warm conditions? Retrieved from http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getke
y.php?key=875

31
 APPENDICES

Appendix A:

DOCUMENTATION:

Labeling pots according to the

solutions to be watered with.

Planting bean seed

approximately 1 inch deep by the

same person on every pot.

Placing plants on a covered area

free from other water sources

and area accessible to sunlight

and air.

32
 Watering Pot 1- Pot 5 with 250

ml of a 5% concentrated salt

solution every day until the end

of the experiment.

Watering Pot 6- Pot 10 with 250

ml of a 5% concentrated sugar

solution every day until the end

of the experiment.

Watering Pot 11- Pot 15 with

250 ml of a 5% concentrated

detergent solution every day

until the end of the experiment.

Watering Pot 16-Pot 20 with 250

ml of tap water every day until

the end of the experiment.

33
 Measuring plant’s height every

week.

Measuring the width of the

plant’s stem every week.

34
 Appendix B:

OBSERVATION SHEET:

Table 11: The Height Measured in Three (3) Weeks duration of observation (0
indicates no height measured)
Height (cm) 1st Week 2nd Week 3rd Week
(4/1/18) (4/8/18) (4/15/18)
Salt Pot 1 0 0 0
Solution Pot 2 0 0 0
(5% Pot 3 0 0 0
Concentration) Pot 4 0 0 0
Pot 5 0 0 0
Sugar Pot 6 0 6 9
Solution Pot 7 0 8 9
(5% Pot 8 0 8 10
Concentration)
Pot 9 0 7 8
Pot 10 0 6 7
Detergent Pot 11 0 0 0
Solution Pot 12 0 0 0
(5% Pot 13 0 0 0
Concentration) Pot 14 0 0 0
Pot 15 0 0 0
Water Pot 16 1.2 11 12
Pot 17 1 9 10
Pot 18 0 8 11
Pot 19 1.2 9 10
Pot 20 0 5 8

35
Table 12: The Number of Leaves recorded in a 3-week duration of observation (0
indicates no number of leaves recorded)
Number of Leaves 1st Week (4/1/18) 2nd Week 3rd Week
(4/8/18) (4/15/18)
Salt Pot 1 0 0 0
Solution Pot 2 0 0 0
(5% Pot 3 0 0 0
Concentration) Pot 4 0 0 0
Pot 5 0 0 0
Sugar Pot 6 0 2 2
Solution Pot 7 0 2 2
(5% Pot 8 0 2 2
Concentration) Pot 9 0 2 2
Pot 10 0 2 2
Detergent Pot 11 0 0 0
Solution Pot 12 0 0 0
(5% Pot 13 0 0 0
Concentration) Pot 14 0 0 0
Pot 15 0 0 0
Water Pot 16 0 2 5
Pot 17 0 2 5
Pot 18 0 2 5
Pot 19 0 2 5
Pot 20 0 2 5

36
Table 13: The width of stem measured in a 3-week duration of observation for each
variable (0 indicates no width measured).
Width of Stem (mm) 1st Week (4/1/18) 2nd Week 3rd Week
(4/8/18) (4/15/18)
Salt Pot 1 0 0 0
Solution Pot 2 0 0 0
(5% Pot 3 0 0 0
Concentration) Pot 4 0 0 0
Pot 5 0 0 0
Sugar Pot 6 0 3 4
Solution Pot 7 0 3 4
(5% Pot 8 0 3.5 3
Concentration) Pot 9 0 3.5 3.5
Pot 10 0 3 3
Detergent Pot 11 0 0 0
Solution Pot 12 0 0 0
(5% Pot 13 0 0 0
Concentration) Pot 14 0 0 0
Pot 15 0 0 0
Water Pot 16 2 4 4
Pot 17 0 3.5 3.5
Pot 18 2 4 4
Pot 19 1.5 3.5 4
Pot 20 0 3 3.5

37
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

I. Personal Data
Name: Friend Bullan
Place of Birth: La Trinidad, Benguet
Date of Birth: April 15, 2000
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Provincial Address: Upper Banangan, Sablan, Benguet
Present Address: Camp Badu Dangwa, La Trinidad, Benguet

Parents
Father: Abraham Bullan
Mother: Erlinda Bullan
Address: Upper Banangan, Sablan, Benguet

II. Educational Background

Senior High School:
Junior High School:
Elementary:
King’s College of the Philippines
Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet
Saint Louis School of Sablan
Poblacion, Sablan, Benguet
Mating Mangosan Elementary School
Calot, Banangan, Sablan, Benguet

38
I. Personal Data
Name: Edbren Ian B. Binwag
Place of Birth: Baguio City
Date of Birth: December 28, 1999
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Provincial Address: Lebong, Ambuclao, Bokod, Benguet
Present Address: #82 – A, Poblacion, La Trinidad, Benguet

Parents
Father: Eduardo M. Binwag, Jr.
Mother: Brenda B. Binwag
Address: #82 – A, Poblacion, La Trinidad, Benguet

II. Educational Background

Senior High School:
Junior High School:
Elementary:
King’s College of the Philippines
Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet
San Jose School of La Trinidad Inc.
Poblacion, Buyagan, La Trinidad, Benguet
Manuel A. Roxas Elementary School
Baguio City

39
I. Personal Data
Name: Clint B. Faustino
Place of Birth: Baguio City
Date of Birth: December 26, 1999
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Provincial Address: Shilan La Trinidad, Benguet
Present Address: #NF004 Coral Shilan, La Trinidad, Benguet

Parents
Father: Christopher M. Faustino
Mother: Felina B. Faustino
Address: #NF004 Coral Shilan, La Trinidad, Benguet

II. Educational Background

Senior High School:
Junior High School:
Elementary:
King’s College of the Philippines
Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet
San Jose School of La Trinidad Inc.
Poblacion, Buyagan, La Trinidad, Benguet
Tacdian Elementary School
Shilan La Trinidad, Benguet

40
I. Personal Data
Name: Jethro P. Guilod
Place of Birth: Baguio City
Date of Birth: August 10, 1999
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Provincial Address: Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet
Present Address: Buyagan, La Trinidad, Benguet

Parents
Father: Chris Guilod
Mother: Rosel Guilod
Address: Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet

II. Educational Background

Senior High School:
Junior High School:
Elementary:
King’s College of the Philippines
Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet
Fianza Memorial National Highschool
Itogon, Benguet
Tinongdan Elementary School
Itogon, Benguet

41
I. Personal Data
Name: Esther B. Saguipil
Place of Birth: Bauko, Mountain Province
Date of Birth: October 07, 2000
Citizenship: Filipino
Religio: Born Again Christian
Civil Status: Single
Provincial Address: Napua, Sabangan, Mountain Province
Present Address: Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet

Parents
Father: Doms Saguipil
Mother: Marivic Saguipil
Address: Napua, Sabangan, Mountain Province

II. Educational Background

Senior High School:
Junior High School:
Elementary:
King’s College of the Philippines
Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet
Mabaay National High School
Mabaay, Bauko, Mountain Proviince
Libo Primary School
Libo, Napua Sabangan

42
I. Personal Data
Name: Mike V. Anag
Place of Birth: La Trinidad Benguet
Date of Birth: May 26, 2000
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Provincial Address: Sagada, Mt. Province
Present Address: Bayabas, La Trinidad Benguet

Parents
Father: Luis V. Anag
Mother: Wilma V. Anag
Address: Sagada, Mt. Province

II. Educational Background

Senior High School: King’s College of the Philippines
Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet
Junior High School: Guisad Valley National High School,
Bado Dangwa, Baguio City
Elementary: Ambiong Elementary School,
La Trinidad, Benguet

43
I. Personal Data
Name: Harold Lee C. Bolinget
Place of Birth: Baguio City
Date of Birth: May 21, 2000
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Born Again Christian
Civil Status Single
Provincial Address: N/A
Present Address: OB92 Boted, Tawang, La Trinidad, Benguet
2601

Parents
Father: Henry P. Bolinget
Mother: Jane C. Bolinget
Address OB92 Boted, Tawang, La Trinidad, Benguet
2601

II. Educational Background

Senior High School:
Junior High School:
Elementary:
King’s College of the Philippines
Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet
San Jose High School of La Trinidad Inc.
Poblacion, Buyagan, La Trinidad, Benguet
St. Therese School of Tomay Inc.
Lower Tomay, La Trinidad, Benguet

44