VILLARAN, Cedric Emmanuel Serrano PHL 104 – Ethical Systems Prelims Reviewer October 8, 2015

The autonomy, according to Kant, should be respected by all means. There are ethical theories which are purely pinoy
If you respect the autonomy, you will fulfill the promise no matter what Sikolohiyang Pilipino ni Virgilio Enriquez
Felipafut ? - train dilemma or effect F. landa Jocano’s Filipino Values

There is no definite distinction between ethics and morals

Ethos means purpose
Mors, mores means custom, culture There is no absolute definition of morality
As a community, we cannot individuate the self from the other The other is always an accomplice
Moral responsibility - may nagawa sa iba The other is always there
Ethics assumes that as a collective ground, Morality is all about collective
subject (subjectum) i am under a particular law, policy, or rule *i am subjected to follow such particulars
Individual + subject = agent - i have my own capacities unlike you *i have the capacity to be a slave
The moment that we absolutize things, gg *i have the capacity to change the system
Post-modern, kaniya kaniya

Ethics is an orientation on how we recount to society

Ethics is an orientation of life, kung saan tayo patungo

This is the story of the river blindness disease unconscious dream

Invermectin can kill the parasites, but only for dogs, not for human consumption Lao Zi’s paradox
Dr. William Campbell, Scientist and Researcher of Merck and Company 10 dimensional spaces of Michiyukaku (hypervision)
Petitioned Dr. Vagelos, CEO of MC Telos & principles are only guidelines

Latimer case Moral freedom

One of the most puzzling cases is that which concerns morality The decisions we make as individuals affect me and my immediate society
The morally right thing is supported by reason In morality, it is the very ME who is at stake
This is necessary in order to reach our collective goal, without which, we become “homo homini lupus”

Our consciousness is affected by the world Is the vision/telos connected to the consciousness?
A Our ethics is centered at how our life revolves at C class
B
C upper 50^ tuition Moral freedom
C lower Kermit Vandivier’s Case
D upper (rentals for squatters) He was pressured to join the fraud
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VILLARAN, Cedric Emmanuel Serrano PHL 104 – Ethical Systems Prelims Reviewer October 8, 2015
D lower (squatters)
E (nomads) Hegemongy
View of reality: Triangle Homegeneity

Identity thinking – identity is patterned to the Western framework

Ethics is an orientation, a system of thought that guides us towards autonomy
> to reason out, argue, and come up with objective arguments We have been focusing on the person (Ancient to German Idealists) = grand narrative
Objective Ethics is reasoned, rationalized
Autonomy is a subjective act of the past, present, and future
> persons who are future-oriented, Agential
> imaginations, hopes, dreams, aspirations, and struggles, to become autonomous

Authoritarian Ethics observes blind obedience, reward and punishment

Sigmund Freud:
1. Projection
2. Rationalization – rationalized defense mechanism (insanity ~ human dignity, thus ethical)
3. Repression – stuck at comfort zone
4. Denial – non-confrontation

LECTURE 2
Moral Agent – embedded in you as unconscious orientation
Characterology is the moral foundation, ideology, presentiments, orientation (Fromm), presuppositions (Gadamer)
Good is a dictate of a character influenced by external
Wake-up state is a dictate from the outside
Unconscious – I, me, very core of humanity (freedom, responsibility, agency)
Conscious – society first, then me; determines one’s actions
Agency is the capacity to project yourself in the future (to realize such projection)
Marx: it is the world that determines the consciousness
Fromm: we all share the same human nature; the unconscious is the repository of all our potentialities

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VILLARAN, Cedric Emmanuel Serrano PHL 104 – Ethical Systems Prelims Reviewer October 8, 2015
Impact of Modernity in autonomy, dignity, human person, self Identity is imposed, a product of modernity
Foucault: I am a product and agent of force
Derrida: The center is of power; the grand narrative, story of the West, became the center
>If there are small powerplays, who now holds the truth? The person has a concept of humanity
Deleuze: Rhyzome/rhyzomic desire = nothing holds the truth which structure has to be changed
macro: abstract concept; micro: concrete reality The concept of humanity is foreign/alien

LECTURE: CULTURAL RELATIVISM

Different cultures have different moral codes
If there are different moral codes, cultural relativism establishes a radical thesis---ethical relativism
Ethical Relativism dictates that there are no universal, absolute truths in ethics binding all people everywhere at all times

Morality is socially-approved
The moral code of a society determines what is right within the society
The moral code of our own society has no special status, it is just one among many others
It is arrogant of us to judge other cultures (especially not in their perspective or context) Respect ~ Axel Honneth

Ruth Benedict on cultural patterns

Societal Characterology affects the individual preference, characterology, not the other way around
Individual Cultural Preference is grounded on prejudice, bias

CRITIQUES TO CULTURAL RELATIVISM

1. Society and concept of good do not jive at all times
2. Ethical principles are always more than what society says; these emanate from innate human dignity (Peter Singer)

CR >> ER >> SER & EER

Subjective Ethical Relativism or Subjectivism

> taste, aesthetic judgments, positive feeling ~opinionated
Friedrich Nietzsche: Perspectival Philosophy good = I feel it; I like it; I desire it

Subjectivism – nothing is good, bad in itself, apart from our feelings

Values exist only in the preferences of individual people No preference is objectively correct, incorrect

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VILLARAN, Cedric Emmanuel Serrano PHL 104 – Ethical Systems Prelims Reviewer October 8, 2015
Emotive Ethical Relativism or Emotivism
> emotional reaction to a certain set of events, facts is the judgment or grounds of judgment of right and wrong
> expression of positive or negative feeling
> moral things are mere emotional preferences no facts
Jodi Dean – relentless revolution inside that cannot satisfy you ~ titillation by world, externality

Logical Positivism parallel to EER Moral Language is not a fact-stating language

> to assess Utilitarianism Objective Truth is that which has been tested, and proven true, so many times
2 Types of Verifiability
1. Empirical – experience is verified by science (scientific laws, theories)
2. Analytic Since good can’t be empirically/analytically verifies, it’s just a taste!

Utilitarianism greatest good, benefit for the greatest number of people

Jeremy Bentham: Principle of Utility society over individual
John Stuart Mill: On Liberty 1. Alternative actions
> prevent harm to others 2. Direct, indirect benefits and costs
> the individual is sovereign 3. Greatest utility is the ethically appropriate course

Utilitarianism with no grounds as a response to modern times which had grounds = anti-foundationalist, anti-essentialist
How do we allow society to progress? The response is always utilized. Humanity is set-aside.

Objections to Utilitarianism
~ not everything we do is HEDONISTIC
> it is a fact that things such as family, friendship, artworks, and life itself, are more valuable than pleasure
> utility entails moral justification, but disregards autonomy, human dignity, and rights

Rule Utilitarianism (RU): we ought to follow rules which give benefit

Life is greater than pleasure
Subjective pleasure is the practical benefit in neoliberal society wherein nothing holds us