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Table 10.1 Solutions of the unsteady state heat transfer equation with uniform initial
temperature and constant surface temperature (negligible surface resistance, Bi > 40)
1) Local Temperature
a) Rectangular coordinates
!
Te T 4X 1
ð1Þn ð2n þ 1Þpx ð2n þ 1Þ2 p2
¼ cos exp Fo
Te To p n¼0 2n þ 1 2L 4
b) Cylindrical coordinates
Te T 2X 1
J0 ðrdn Þn
¼ exp R2 d2n Fo
Te To R n¼1 dn J1 ðRdn Þ
with dn being roots of the Bessel function Jo(Rdn) = 0.
The first five roots of Jo(x) are: 2.4048, 5.5201, 8.6537, 11.7915 and 14.9309 (see Table
A.1). Consequently,
d1 ¼ 2:4048=R; d2 ¼ 5:5201=R; d3 ¼ 8:6537=R; d4 ¼ 11:7915=R and
d5 ¼ 14:9309=R
c) Spherical coordinates
Te T 2R X1
ð1Þn npr 2 2
¼ sin exp n p Fo
Te To pr n¼1 n R
2) Mean Temperature
a) Rectangular coordinates
!
Te Tm 8X 1
1 ð2n þ 1Þ2 p2
¼ 2 exp Fo ¼
Te To p n¼0 ð2n þ 1Þ2 4
8 1 1
¼ 2 expð 2:47FoÞ þ expð 22:2FoÞ þ expð 61:7FoÞ þ :::
p 9 25
b) Cylindrical coordinates
Te Tm 4X 1
p2
¼ 2 exp R2 d2n Fo ¼
Te To p n¼1 R2 d2n
4
¼ 2 1:7066expð 5:783FoÞ þ 0:324expð 30:5FoÞ
p
þ 0:132expð 74:9FoÞ þ :::
c) Spherical coordinates
Te Tm 6X 1
1
¼ exp n2 p2 Fo ¼
Te To p2 n¼1 n2
6 1 1
¼ 2 expð p2 FoÞ þ expð 4p2 FoÞ þ expð 9p2 FoÞ þ :::
p 4 9
where
2
A = heat transfer surface area,
m
2
a = thermal diffusivity, m s
Bi = Biot number ð¼ hR=kÞ
cp = heat capacity, J=kg 8C
erf = the error function
Theory 103
Table 10.2 Solutions of the unsteady state heat transfer equation for uniform initial tem-
perature and both resistances, surface and internal, significant ð0:15Bi540Þ
1) Local Temperature
a) Rectangular coordinates
Te T X1
2Bi cos Lx dn with
¼ 2 2
exp d2n Fo dn roots of: d tand ¼ Bi
Te To n¼1d þ Bi þ Bi cosðdn Þ
n
b) Cylindrical coordinates
Te T X1
2 Bi Jo Rr dn with
¼ 2 2
exp d2n Fo dn roots of: d J1 ðdÞ ¼ Bi Jo ðdÞ
Te To n¼1 dn þ Bi Jo ðdn Þ
c) Spherical coordinates
with
Te T RX 1
2 Bi sin Rr dn
¼ 2 2
exp d2n Fo dn roots of: d cotd ¼ 1 Bi
Te To r n¼1 dn þ Bi Bi sinðdn Þ
For the center of the sphere (r=0)
Te T X1
2 Bi dn
¼ 2 2
exp d2n Fo
Te To n¼1 dn þ Bi Bi sinðdn Þ
2) Mean Temperature
a) Rectangular coordinates
Te Tm X 1
2Bi2 with
¼ 2 2 2
exp d2n Fo dn roots of: d tand ¼ Bi
Te To n¼1 ðdn þ Bi þ BiÞdn
b) Cylindrical coordinates
Te Tm X 1
4 Bi2 with
¼ 2 2
2 exp d2n Fo dn roots of: d J1 ðdÞ ¼ Bi Jo ðdÞ
Te To n¼1 dn þ Bi dn
c) Spherical coordinates
Te Tm X 1
6 Bi2 with
¼ 2 2
2 exp d2n Fo dn roots of: d cotd ¼ 1 Bi
Te To n¼1 dn þ Bi Bi dn
Table 10.3 Unsteady state heat transfer with negligible internal resistance ð0:1 < BiÞ
Te T hA
¼ exp t ¼ expð Bi FoÞ
Te To cp m
mcp Te To
t¼ ln
hA Te T
Table 10.4 Solutions of the unsteady state heat transfer equation for a semi-infinite body with
uniform initial temperature
1) Constant surface temperature
Te T x
¼ erf pffiffiffiffiffi
Te To 2 at
2) Convection at the surface
pffiffiffiffiffi
Te T x hx h2 at x h at
¼ erf pffiffiffiffiffi þ exp þ 2 erfc pffiffiffiffiffi þ
Te To 2 at k k 2 at k
where
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Which of the following statements are true and which are false?
1. If the temperature at any given point of a body changes with time, unsteady
state heat transfer occurs.
2. Thermal diffusivity is a measure of the ability of a material to transfer
thermal energy by conduction compared to the ability of the material to
store thermal energy.