CHAPTER 1: ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING

PLUMBING

Plumbing the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing
in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and
other carried-wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life and property pipes and fixtures after installation
i.e., the ‘plumbing system’. (Section 217.6 The Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 1999)

PLUMBING SYSTEM

Plumbing System includes all potable water supply and distribution pipes, all
plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary and storm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof
drains, leaders and downspouts; and all building drains and sewers, including their
respective joints and connections; devices, receptacles, and appurtenances within the
property; water lines in the premises; potable, tap, hot and chilled water piping; potable
water treating or using equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents for same.
(Section 217.12 NPC 1999)

A Plumbing system, reduced to its simplest terms, consists of a supply pipe

leading to a fixture and a drainpipe taking the used water away from this fixture.

The system constitutes the following:

1. The water supply and water distribution system. Carries water from the water
source, street main or a pump to the building and to various points in the building
at which water is used.
2. The plumbing fixtures. The receptacles that receive the supplied water and allow
the occupants of the building to use the water.
3. The drainage system. The piping network within the building which conveys from
the plumbing fixtures all wastes and fecal matter (sanitary drainage) as well as
rainwater (storm drainage) to a point of disposal or a treatment facility.

THE PLUMBER

The plumber is the one who works or engages in the business of installing in
buildings the pipes fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in the water supply and
removing liquid and waterborne wastes.

There are three categories of plumbers based upon their graces of experiences. They
are:

1. Apprentice plumber- a beginner at the trade who usually serves for 3 to 5 years
as helper to a journeyman.
 2. Journeyman plumber- has served his apprenticeship and is competent to perform
the tasks of installing and repairing plumbing.
3. Master plumber- a person technically and legally qualified and licensed to
practice the profession of master plumbing without limitations in accordance with
Republic Act 1378, having passed the examinations conducted by the
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), has received a certificate of
registration from the board of master plumbing and possesses the current license
to practice. (Section 214.5 NPC 200)

THE PLUMBING CODE

The improper installation of plumbing may affect the health of the occupants of a
building and create a center point for the spread of disease. The possibility is of
sufficient public interests to require the regulation of plumbing by law. The right of the
government to regulate the details of plumbing is based on the principle of the
protection of public health.

The basic goal of the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is to ensure the
qualified observance of the latest provision of the plumbing and environmental laws.

THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE

1. All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a
supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor
subject to backflow or back- siphonage.
2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water
in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue
noise.
3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of
water consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to
prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.
5. Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer
shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system.
6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen
type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of
sanitation and personal hygiene.
7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from
concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.
8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to
safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts
so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-approved materials, free from
defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers
to ensure satisfactory service.
10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped
with a water-sealed trap.
 11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate
circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under
ordinary use.
12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging
and the return of foul air to the building.
13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all
leaks and defects in the workmanship.
14. Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy
the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall
not be allowed to enter the building drainage system.
15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water,
sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture,
device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
16. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly
lighted and ventilated.
17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the
disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.
18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage,
suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered
Master Plumbers.
20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for
their intended use.
21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength
of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces
through fixture usage.
22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing systems, which may be deleterious to
surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any
waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form
of treatment.

BRIEF HISTORY OF PLUMBING PRACTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES

• In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government in the City
of Manila. Master Plumber John F. Haas became the first Chief of the Division of
Plumbing Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on the Plumbing
Code of the United States was incorporated into the Building Code for the City of Manila.
• In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines
(NAMPAP) was formally organized
• Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code of the City of Manila” was
enacted and placed under the Department of Public Services, Manila.
• In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962 which in June 18,
1955, became R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” upon ratification of
President Ramon Magsaysay.
• On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
prepared by NAMPAP was promulgated and approved by Malacañang.
• Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the
“Building Code of the Philippines” was passed with the “National Plumbing Code of
1959” as referral code in full text.
• The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted the Revised
Plumbing Code of 1999 which President Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999
pursuant to Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.
TYPICAL PLUMBING SYSTEM OF A
TOILET AND BATH
 CHAPTER 2: PROPERTIES OF WATER

GENERAL

Water plays an important part in the plumbing system. It is a common, but in

many ways, an unusual liquid. Large quantities of water are required in buildings for
personal use, food preparation, cleaning and general domestic purposes, and possibly
also for fire fighting, laundries, swimming pools, irrigation and recreational use.

We sometimes tend to think of water as an inexhaustible natural resource.

However, our supply of fresh water is definitely limited, and improved conservation
practices are necessary if our needs are to be supplied.
THE DEMAND OF WATER

DEMAND REQUIREMENT
Drinking, Cooking, Dishwashing Must be pure, sterilized and protected from
contamination. Supplies taken direct from
mains or from exclusive storage.
Personal Washing and Domestic Cleaning Similar but moderated to allow cold and
hot supplies to be drawn from main
storage tank or cistern via distribution
network.
Laundry Generally clean and wholesome, soft and
free form Iron and Manganese staining.
Fire Fighting High Pressure. Connections must not
permit contamination of mains water.
Swimming Clean, filtered and sterilized with free
chlorine residue for post-sterilization. Can
be recirculated.
Boilers and Heating Plants Soft treated water, stored and circulated
separate from domestic supplies.
Irrigation No special requirement, except reasonably
free from solids and slit (result in blocked
Pipes and nozzles) and uudecomposed
material (pollution).

THE WATER CYCLE

The cycle basically consists of water entering the atmosphere through

evaporation and returning through condensation is that these processes result in natural
water purification. When water evaporates, only water molecules leave the surfaces;
salts and other solids in solution remain behind. The condensed water is thus purified
water- except in so far as it picks up pollutants in the air. Thus evaporation and
condensation of water vapor are the source of all natural fresh water on earth.

Fresh water from precipitation falling on the ground gradually make its way
through streams, rivers and lakes to oceans or seas as a result. As precipitation hits the
ground, it may follow either of two alternative pathways, which are

A molecule of H2O can absorb a maximum capacity of 12 grains.

(Relative Humidity)
RH= (4/12) x 100= 33%
RH= (10/12) x 100= 83.33%

Impervious Layer- does not allow H2O to pass through.

9. Purified Water- water that undergoes a process where the pollutants are
removed or rendered harmless.
 10. Polluted Water- water that contains one or more impurities that make the
water unsuitable for a desired use.
11. Gray Water- water drained from lavatories, sink, laundry trays and showers;
contains minor pollutants.
12. Black Water- water drained from water closets and urinals; carries body
wastes and contains major pollutants.
13. Storm Water- rainwater drained from roof gutters and downspouts.

WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND THEIR CORRECTION

PROBLEM CAUSE EFFECT CORRECTION

1. Acidity Contains carbon Corrosion of non- Passing the water
dioxide. Cistern and ferrous pipes, through a bed of
pond waters rusting and clogging crushed marble or
containing decaying of steel pipes. limestone to
vegetation are likely achieve alkalinity, or
to be acidic adding sodium
silicate.
2. Hardness Presence of Clogging of pipes. Introduction of water
Magnesium and Impaired laundering softeners made up
Calcium and food of Zeolite (a
preparation. greenish granular
material)
3. Turbidity Silt or suspended Discoloration and Filtration
matters picked up in bad taste.
surface or near
surface flow.
4. Color Presence of Iron Discoloration of Precipitation by
and Manganese fixtures and Laundry filtration through
manganese zeolite
(oxidizing filter)
5. Pollution Contamination by Disease Chlorination
organic matter or
sewage

WATER PURIFICATION

Water purification is any method that will remove one or more materials that
make the water unsuitable for a given use. The methods that are commonly used in
water purification are:

1. Settling or Sedimentation
2. Filtration
3. Adsorption/ Flocculation-Coagulation
 4. Aeration
5. Distillation
6. Disinfection/ Chlorination

The natural water includes all of these purification methods except disinfection.
Sitting in lakes, ponds, or the oceans, water is subject to settling (sedimentation). As
it percolates through soil or porous rocks, it is filtered (filtration). Soil and humus are
also good chemical adsorbents (coagulation/ flocculation). As water flows down
streams and rivers, detritus is removed by biological oxidation (aeration). As water
evaporates and condenses, it is distilled (distillation).
Thus, numerous freshwater sources might be safe to drink were it no for human
pollution. The most serious threat to human health is contamination with disease-
causing organisms and parasites, which come from the excrements of humans and
their domestic animals. In human settlements, one can see how the organisms may
get into water and be passed onto people before any of the natural purification
processes can work.
THE METROPOLITAN CEBU WATER DISTRICT (MCWD)

The Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD) is the sole commercial provider in
Metro Cebu comprising of four cities and four municipalities. As of year 2000,
MCWD served 40% of the total population of Metro Cebu.

MCWD is primarily tasked to deliver adequate, safe, potable and affordable water to
is conssionares.

MCWD has two sources or its water supply:

1. Ground Water
2. Surface Water

GROUND WATER TREATMENT PRECESS USED BY MCWD

Ground water sources are naturally and presumably purified by a compact thick
filter media layer of ungraded sands, soils and rocks at considerable depth. Hence,
disinfection using Chlorine Gas and other Chlorine Salts is the only treatment process
employed. Here, water that is extracted from their ground through a pumping equipment
is allowed to pass through chlorination facility using chlorine gas to kill any presence of
coliform organisms and other froms of bacteria. Water is the stored in a reservoir ready
for distribution into each concessionaire’s faucet.

At certain areas in the distribution network, Direct feed pumping stations are
employed to augment the water supply. These are strategically located in different
areas Metro Cebu.

SURFACE WATER BASIC TREATMENT PROCESS EMPLOYED BY MCWD

 Runoff or surface water is first stored in dam. From this, water goes through a
series of treatment processes.

The Buhisan Dam (Tisa Filtration)

Buhisan Dam is Cebu’s first and only dam MCWD’s only surface water source. It
supplies the Tisa (Labangon) filter plant with up to 600 cubic meter per hour (600,000
liters per hour or 158,400 gallons per hour) or about an average of 4,000 cubic meter
daily (4 million liters or 1.05 million gallons).

This dam is located in Buhisan, a southern mountain baranggay of Cebu City. This was
designed by 27 year-old Eusebius Julius Halsema. AG and P, the winning bider, asked
Php 463, 628.00 to do the work. On November 10, 1911, the dam was completed and
ready to be filled.

With a height of 27 meters, the concrete dam has a conical arch design which
transfers the stress in the reservoir (caused by water strain) to the sides of the dam
thereby anchoring it firmly in place.

Three 4.5 meter wide flood gates exist for flood control purposes. Its long
concrete spillway allows overflow water to escape safely when the dam gates are
raised.

Two kilometers of raw water main pipes extend from the dam to the distribution
reservoir in Tisa. From the latter, a four kilometer pipeline distributes water to
concessionaires in Cebu City. Another 21 kilometers of pipelines were also laid for
improved water distribution.

Today the almost 100 year old Buhisan Dam is as strong as when it first
operated.

TREATMENT PROCESS

MCWD treats the surface water using the conventional process comprising of the
following:

1. Aeration
2. Coagulation- Flocculation
3. Sedimentation
4. Filtration
5. Disinfection/ Chlorination

1. Aeration- Water is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb
additional oxygen for better taste.
 2. Coagulation- Flocculation- This is the process by which small sediment particles
which do not settle well combine together to form larger particles which can be
removed by sedimentation. This process includes physical and chemical
process:

a. Coagulation- is the chemical process in which the coagulant reacts with

the sediment to make it capable of combining into larger particles. This is
called destabilization.
b. Flocculation- is the physical process in which the sediment particles
collide with each other and stick together.
3. Sedimentation- This is the process by which suspended solids are removed from
the water by gravity settling and deposition. This process usually follows
coagulation-flocculation. The objective of this process is to remove most of the
suspended solids, reducing the loads on the filters.
4. Filtration- This is the passage of fluid through a porous medium suspended
matter which did not settle by gravity. In water purification, matter to be removed
includes suspended silt, clay, colloids, and microorganisms including algae,
bacteria, and viruses. A filter bed consists of a granular non-porous material held
one place by the force of gravity or by the direction of flow.
5. Disinfection/ Chlorination- This is the most important process used in the
production of water of a safe and sanitary quality. Chlorination is the method of
introducing a controlled amount of chlorine to the water in order to attain a
desired degree of disinfection.

After the processes, water is stored in a reservoir, then to the transmission mains, then
to the, distribution lines, down to the service connections and lastly to the
concessionaire’s faucet.
SURFACE WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT SYSTEM

Water is taken from the water shed reservoir and piped to the treatment plant. At
the plant, (1) water is aerated to release trapped gases and to absorb oxygen for better
taste, (2) Alum/tawas (aluminum sulfate) is added to coagulate organic particles, and (3)
the water is put into a settling basin for several hours to allow coagulated particles to
settle. It is then (4) filtered through sand filters, (5) Chlorine is added to kill bacteria and
put into a storage tank for distribution to concessionaires.
 CHAPTER 3: PLUMBING FIXTURES
FIXTURES- receptacles attached to a plumbing system other than a trap in which water
or waste may be collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system.

COMMON TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES USED IN RESIDENCES

1. Water closet 4. Urinal

2. Lavatory 5. Bidet
3. Kitchen sink 6. Bath tub

WATER CLOSET- A plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to

discharge it through a waste pipe, using water as a conveying medium. Water closets
are classified according to design, make, flushing mechanism, shape and installation.

A. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO DESIGN

1. Siphon washdown 3. Siphon Vortex

2. Siphon jet 4. Reverse trap

1. SIPHON WASHDOWN- The least expensive but the

noisiest; only small amount of standing water-
susceptible to fouling, staining and contamination. It is
mechanically satisfactory and is lower in price. Hence,
it is widely used and entirely acceptable where price is
the main consideration.

2. SIPHON JET- The jet being submerged introduces its

water underwater so that its operation is entirely muffled.
It has a large amount of standing water to prevent fouling.
It is mechanically efficient but expensive.

3. SIPHON VORTEX- this type of bowl develops its flushing

action through the water entering through diagonal holes
around the rim which creates a swirling action which forms
a vortex in the center. It is considered to be the most
quiet, most efficient and most sanitary water closet.
4. REVERSE TRAP – the trap way located at the rear of
the water closet eliminated the buldge at the front. The
design and appearance of the bowl plus its large water
area and quietness in operation, make it desirable than
siphon wash down.

B. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO MAKE

1. One-piece 3. Pail Flush

2. Close Coupled 4. Squat bowl

1. ONE-PIECE WATER CLOSET- The water closet fixture is manufactured with the
bowl and the flush tank molded into a single unit. Usually used in tandem with the
bidet.

2. CLOSED COUPLED WATER CLOSET- a water closet where in the flush tank is
separate but is attached to the toilet bowl. It is a two-piece model.

3. PAIL FLUSH WATER CLOSET- a water closet comprising only of a bowl without
a flush tank. Flushing action is obtained only through water poured from a pail or
bucket. This is used in areas where running water systems are not available.
4. SQUAT BOWL WATER- A water closet that is otherwise known as “Eastern
type” since the user assumes a squatting position rather than a sitting position.

C. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO FLUSING MECHANISM

1. Flush tank
2. Flush Valve (flushometer)

1. FLUSH TANK- holds a supply of water for flushing a fixture such as the water
closet. It has a capacity of 5 to 6 gallons.

2. FLUSH VALVE- valve designed to supply a fixed quantity of water for flushing
purposes. It is activated by direct water pressure without the use of a flush tank.
It is also known as Flushometer or Flushometer valve. The flush valve requires
10 to 20 psi flow pressure.

D. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO SHAPE

1. Round Front
 2. Elongated Front

1. ROUND FRONT- intended for installation on a limited space.

2. ELONGETED FRONT- is more comfortable but occupies a larger space.

E. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO INSTALLATION

1. Free Standing (Flour mounted)

2. Wall Hung (Wall Mounted)

• MINIMUM WATER CLOSET CLEARANCES

• ROUGHING-IN DIMENSIONS OF WATER CLOSET

PLUMBING FIXTURE MATERIALS (GENERAL REQUIREMENTS)

 QUALITY OF FIXTURES

i. Dense
ii. Durable
iii. Non-absorbent
iv. Smooth, Impervious Surface
v. Free form unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces

 MINIMUM TRAP DIAMETER AND DFU VALUE

i. Water closet private installation 76mm Φ (3 “) 4 DFU, 4” Φ

ii. Water closet public installation 76mmv Φ (3”) 6 DFU, 4” Φ

*use 6 DFU when computing for septic tank size

 SIZE OF WATER SUPPLY AND WSFU VALUE

 i. Water closet, Flush tank 12 mm Φ (1/2 “)  3 (Private)
 5 (Public)
ii. Water closet, Flush Valve  25mm Φ (1”)  6 (Private)
10 (Public)

 MINIMUM SIZE OF VENT

i. The minimum size of vent for water closet is 51mm Φ.

 VENTILATION OF T &B

i. Ceiling mount exhaust fan duct type.

ii. Thermal exhaust fan

 TILES IN TERMS OF DESIGN FOR T&B

i. 200mm x 200mm for ceramic

LAVATORY- a fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face. It is also known as
wash basin.

• TYPES OF LAVATORY

1. Wall Hung lavatory

2. Pedestal Lavatory

3. Counter Type Lavatory

 a. Over Counter

b. Under counter

4. One- Piece Lavatory

• TYPES OF LAVATORY FAUCET

a. Center Set
b. Wide Spread

• ROUGHING-IN OF LAVATORY
 • MINIMUM LAVATORY CLEARANCE

• MATERIALS FOR LAVATORIES

a. Vitreous China
b. Enameled Cast Iron
c. Stainless Steel
d. Plastic

• MINIMUM TRAP DIAMETER & DFU VALUE

o Wash basin, in sets  38mmΦ 2 DFU

o Wash basin, single  38mm Φ 1 DFU

• SIZE OF WATER SUPPLY PIPE & WSFU VALUE

o Lavatory 12mmΦ (1/2”)  1 (Private use)

 2(Public use)

• MINIMUM SIZE OF VENT FOR LAVATORY

o The minimum size of vent for a lavatory is 32mmΦ.

BIDET- a plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, especially the
genitals. It is also known as the Sitz Bath.
 - Setting and clearance for bidet shall be the same as in the water closet.
- Bidet minimum trap diameter is 38mm and its DFU value is 2.
- Size of water supply is 12mm and WSFU is 2 (private) or 4 (public)

BATH TUB- a tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing installation designed for one
person. It is available in left outlet and right outlet.

*minimum size of vent is 38mmΦ (1 ½”)

*bathtub minimum trap diameter is 38mm and the DFU value is 2.
*size of supply pipe is 12mm and WSFU value is 2 (private) and 4 (public).

*REQUIREMENTS FOR WHIRLPOOL BATHTUBS (SEC. 411 NPC 1999)

a. Provide removable access panel to the pump.

b. Locate the circulation pump above the crown weir of the trap.
c. The pump and the circulation piping shall be self-draining to minimize water
retention.
d. Suction fittings on whirlpool bathtubs shall comply with the listed standards.

URINAL- A sanitary fixture equipped with a water supply and drain for flushing away
urine.

TYPES OF URINAL
1. Wall hung Urinal

2. Pedestal Urinal

3. Stall Urinal
 4. Trough Urinal

MINIMUM CLEARANCES FOR URINALS

  MINIMUM TRAP DIAMETER AND DFU VALUE
a. Urinal, Wall-mounted  51mm (2”)  6 DFU
b. Urinal, Stall  51mm (2”)  6 DFU
c. Urinal, Trap arm  51mm (2”)  3 DFU

 SIZE OF SUPPLY PIPE AND WSFU VALUE

a. Urinal, Wall-mounted 19mm (3/4”) 5 WSFU
b. Urinal, Stall 19mm (3/4”) 5 WSFU

 MINIMUM SIZE OF VENT

a. The minimum size of vent is 38mmΦ

SINKS

MINIMUM TRAP DIAMETER AND DFU VALUE

• Kitchen Sink (Residential); 1 ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  2 DFU

51mm minimum waste pipe
• Bar Sink (Commercial) 1 ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  2 DFU
51mm minimum waste pipe
• Bar Sink (Private) 1 ½ “Φ  38 mm Φ  1 DFU
38mm minimum waste pipe
• Sink (Commercial, Industrial, Institutional) 1 ½ “Φ  38 mm Φ  3 DFU
58mm minimum waste pipe
• Sink (Clinic); Flushing Rim 3 “Φ 76mm Φ  6 DFU
• Service sink (Slop) 2 “Φ  51 mm Φ  3DFU
• Laundry Tub 1 ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  2 DFU
SIZE OF SUPPLY PIPE AND WSFU VALUE

• Kitchen sink ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  2 (Private); 4 (Public)

• Scullery sink 3/4 “Φ 38 mm Φ 2 (Private); 4 (Public)
• Slop Sink ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  2 (Private); 10 (Public)
• Laundry Tub ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  2 (Private); 4 (Public)
• Bar sink ½ “Φ 38 mm Φ  1 (Private); 2 (Public)

DRINKING FOUNTAIN

• Minimum trap diameter is 31mm and DFU value is 1.

• Size of waste supply is 12mm Φ and the WSFU value (each faucet) is 1 (private
use) or 2 (public use).
• Minimum size of vent is 32mm Φ (1 ¼”)

SHOWER BATH

• Minimum trap diameter is 51mm and the DFU value is 2.

 • Size of water supply is 12mm Φ and the WSFU value (each head) is 2 (private
use) or 4 (public use).
• Minimum size of vent is 38mm Φ.

FLOOR DRAINS

• Minimum trap diameter is 51mm and the DFU value is 2.

HOSE BIBB

• Size of water supply is 12mm Φ and the WSFU value is 3 (private use) or 5
(public use)

KITCHEN SINK- a plumbing fixtures usually consisting of a basin with a water supply,
connected with a drain.

TYPES OF KITCHEN SINK

a. Single Bowl- Single Drain

b. Double Bowl- Single Drain

c. Double Bowl- Double Drain

 d. Triple Bowl

e. Corner Sink

OTHER PLUMBING FIXTURES

• SLOP SINK- A deep sink, usually set low and used by janitors for emptying pails
of dirty water and mop cleaning.
• DRINKING FOUNTAIN- A fixture consisting of a shallow basin, together with a
water jet designed to provide potable water for human consumption.
• LAUNDRY TUB- A deep wide sink or but used for washing clothes. It is also
known as Laundry Tray or Set Tub.
• SHOWER BATH- An apparatus for spraying water on the body, usually from
above. Drain is through the shower bath floor drain.
• SCRUB SINK- a plumbing fixture usually located in the operating room in a
hospital to enable personnel to scrub their hands prior to a surgical procedure;
the hot and cold water supply is activated by a knee-action mixing valve or by
wrist or pedal control.
PLUMBING UNIT (Sec. 217.13 NPC 1999)
The minimum standard quantities of plumbing fixtures that discharge waste into a
plumbing installation include;
1 water meter
1 water closet
1 lavatory
1 shower head and drain for a bathtub or shower stall
1 kitchen sink
1 laundry tray
3 floor drains
4 faucets/ hose Bibb
13 Total numbers of fixtures and fittings that comprise a plumbing
unit

NOTES ON SHOWER RECEPTOR (NPC 1999)

1. Each shower receptor shall be constructed to have a finished dam, curb or

threshold of at least 25.4 mm lower that the outside floor.

2. The dam or threshold shall not be less than 51mm nor more than 228mm in
depth, when measured from the top of the dam or threshold to the top of the
drain.

PLUMBING ACCESSORIES
 1. Soap holder

2. Paper holder
3. Toothbrush and tumbler holder

4. Towel holder/ tower bar

5. Seat Cover

TYPICAL FIXTURE LAYOUT FOR TOILET AND BATH (minimum dimensions)

TOILET FIXTURE CLEARANCES FOR DISABLED PERSONS (per BP 344 The
Accessibility Law)
GRABRAIL HEIGHTS AT URINALS

MOUNTING DIMENSIONS FOR TOILET & BATHROOM ACCESSORIES

MOUNTING DIMENSIONS OF ACCESSORIES AND FITTINGS AT SHOWER
AREA
MOUNTING DIMENSIONS OF ACCESSORIES AND FITTINGS
AT BATH TUB/ SHOWER
 CHAPTER 4: DRAINAGE SYSTEM

The drainage system is composed of the piping network within a structure which
conveys sewage, rainwater, or other wastes from their point of origin to a point of
disposal, such as a public sewer or a private treatment facility (septic tank). This system
is often known as the DWV System (Drainage, Waste and Vent). The complete
drainage system is subdivided into four (4) sub-systems, as follows.

1. SOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM- The piping that conveys the discharge of water
closets or fixtures having similar functions (containing fecal matter), with or
without the discharges from other fixtures.

2. WASTE DRAINAGE SYTEM or SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM- The piping

that receives the liquid discharge, from plumbing fixtures other than those fixtures
(water closets) receiving fecal matter. This piping is free of fecal flow.

3. STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM- The piping system that receives clear water
drainage from leaders, downspouts, surface run-off, ground water, subsurface
water, condensate water, cooling water or other similar discharges and conveys
them to the point of disposal. All sanitary wastes must be excluded.

4. VENT SYSTEM- the piping system that receives a flow or air to or from a
drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect
trap seals from siphonage or back pressure.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A PROPERLY DESIGNED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

a. The piping must be air tight, gas tight and water tight.

b. Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be separately
trapped by an approved type water seal trap. This is to prevent odor-laden and
germ-laden to rise out of the drainage system and contaminate the surrounding
air in the room.

c. Each plumbing fixture trap shall be provided with vent pipes. This is to protect the
drainage system against siphonage and back pressure and to assure air
circulation throughout the drainage system.

d. A cleanout, easily accessible, shall be provided for inspection or cleaning of the

pipe run. The location of the cleanout shall be:
- At the upper end of every horizontal waste or soil pipe.
- At every change of horizontal direction of not more than 22.5
degrees
 - Within 1.5 m (5’) inside the property line before the house sewer
connection
- At every 15m (50’) to a horizontal run of a soil or waste pipe

e. All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a uniform grade of
not less than 2% or 2 cm per meter toward the point of disposal.

f. All horizontal piping shall be supported and anchored at intervals not to exceed 3
meters.

g. Vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipe in
alignment. Stacks shall be properly supported at their bases.
DEFINITION FROM NPC 1999 EDITION

HOUSE / BUILDING DRAIN- part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system,
which receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a
building and conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building.
HOUSE / BUILDING SEWER - extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters
from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street
sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site. No
house/building sewer shall be smaller than 150mm in diameter, nor less in size than the
house/building drain

WASTE PIPE - conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.

SOIL PIPE- any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures
having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the building
drain or building sewer.

SOIL STACK PIPE- a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and waste water.

VENT PIPE - used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for
relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.

VENT STACK- the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to
and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system.

SEPTIC TANK- A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive

the discharge of sewage from a building sewer, separate solids from the liquid, digest
organic matter and store digested solids the clarified liquids to discharge for final
disposal.

PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM- a septic tank with the effluent discharging
into a subsurface disposal field, seepage pits or of such other facilities or may be
permitted by the plumbing code.

ROOF GUTTER- the water collector at the eaves of the building.

DOWN SPOUT- A vertical pipe which conveys rain water, also known as conductor or
rain water.

STORM DRAIN- Receives storm water , clear, rain or surface-water waste (SD)

CATCH BASIN- A receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period of time
to allow materials to settle to deposit.

TRAP- A fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a
liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially
affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it.
MATERIALS USED FOR THE PLUMBING DRAINAGE SYSTEM APPROVED BY
THE 1999 NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE.

EXCRETA DRAINAGE PIPING

1. Cast iron
2. Ductile iron
3. Galvanized steel (shall not be used underground. Kept at least 152mm above
ground)
4. Galvanized wrought iron (shall not be used underground. Kept at least 152mm
above ground)
5. Lead
6. Copper
7. Brass
8. Series 1000, pvc, dmv
9. Extra strength vitrified clay pipe (shall not be used above ground. At least
300mm below finish ground level.)
10. Approved material having smooth and uniform bore

NOTE: ABS and PVC DWV can be used in high rise buildings at the discretion of the
RMP and with the full consent of the owner.

DRAINAGE FITTING

1. Cast Iron
2. Malleable
3. Lead
4. Brass
5. Copper
6. ABS
7. PVC
8. Vitrified clay

VENT PIPES

1. Cast iron
2. Ductile cast iron
3. Galvanized steel
4. Galvanized wrought iron
5. Lead
6. Copper
7. Brass
8. Schedule 40, ABS, DWV
9. Series 1000, PVC, DWV

VENT STACKS
 1. Copper
2. Cast iron
3. Galvanized wrought iron
4. PVC

VENT FITTINGS

1. Cast Iron
2. Galvanized malleable iron
3. Galvanized steel
4. Lead
5. Copper
6. Brass
7. ABS
8. PVC

DOWN SPOUT (INTERIOR)

1. Cast iron
2. Galvanized steel
3. Iron
4. Brass
5. Copper
6. Lead
7. Sched 40, ABS, DMV
8. Series 1000, PVC, DWV

DOWNSPOUT (MEDIUM HEIGHT BUILDING)

1. G.I. pipe, sch. 30

2. CISP, S.W.
3. Copper tube, type DWV
4. Sch. 40, ABS, DWV
5. Series 1000, PVC, DWV

DOWN SPOUT (EXTERIOR/ LOW HT. BLDG)

1. 26 GA, Galvanized sheet metal with steel pipe or cast iron at its lowest section
draining to the catch basin.

DOWN SPOUT (HIGH RISE)

1. Shall be of stronger pipe materials to resist the high hydrostatic pressure.

ROOF DRAIN
 1. Cast iron
2. Copper
3. Other corrosion resistant materials
TRAPS (SEC. 1003 NPC 1999)
1. ABS
2. Cast brass
3. Cast iron
4. Lead
5. PVC

Figure 2- The function of the trap and one of the several functions of a vent preventing
siphonage.
LOSS OF TRAP SEAL- This failure can be attributed directly to inadequate ventilation
of the trap and the subsequent minus and plus pressures which occur in the piping
system. See figure 3.

Five (5) Cause of Trap Seal Loss

1. Siphonage- The withdrawal of a liquid from a trap due to a suction caused by liquid flow
in a pipe.
a. Direct Self- siphonage

b. Indirect or Momentum Siphonage

 2. Back Pressure- pressure developed in opposition to the flow of liquid in a pipe due to
friction, gravity or some other restriction to flow of the conveyed fluid. Excessive pressure
at the lowest branch causing trap seal to look for opening.

3. Evaporation- Occurs when a fixture is not used for a long time. A Deep seal is the best
solution but clogs the pipe due to accumulated solid wastes.
4. Capillary Attraction- foreign objects in the traps absorbing trap seal

5. Wind Effects- strong winds through the vent system forcing water out of the trap

SUPPORTS- are devices for holding and securing pipes and fixtures to walls, ceiling,
floors or structural members. Supports include hangers, anchors, brackets, and cradles.

INDIRECT WASTE PIPING (Section 810 NPC 1999)

  The drains of the following equipments shall not be directly connected to any soil,
waste and vent pipes.

1. Evaporative cooler
2. Air Washer
3. Air Conditioner
4. Cold Storage Room
5. Refrigerator
6. Cooling Counter
7. Food and Drinks Storage
8. Culinary/ Dishwashing Sink for food preparation Room
 Cooling and air conditioning equipments may be separated by an *airbreak.
 Food equipments shall be separated from the drainage system by a full *airgap.

*Airbreak- a physical separation, which may be a low inlet into the indirect waste
receptor from the fixture, appliance or device indirectly connected, at least 25mm.

*Airgap, drainage.- the unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere
between the lowest opening from any pipe, plumbing fixture, appliance or appurtenance
conveying waste to the flood level rim of the receptor.
DRAINAGE, WASTE AND VENT (DWV) PIPING SYSTEM

The drainage system is composed of groups of pipes and fittings that convey waste
from the building to the proper means of disposal system.

1. Building Sewer- That part of the horizontal piping of a drainage system which
system which extends from the end of the building and which receives the
discharge of the building drain and conveys it to the public sewer, private sewer,
individual sewage disposal system or other point of disposal.
2. Building drain- the part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system
which receives the discharge from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of
a building and conveys it to the house sewer.
3. Sewage Disposal System. A system for the treatment and disposal of domestic
sewage by means of a septic tank, cesspool, or mechanical treatment, all
designed to serve a single establishment, development or building.
The drainage piping system contains fittings that serve as drains, traps and vents.

Drains- fittings used for draining fluid from point of use to the piping system.

Traps- fittings or device designed and constructed to provide a liquid seal which prevent
the back passage of air without materially affecting the flow of sewage or water through
it.
Vents-pipes and fittings installed in the system to provide air circulation so as to protect
trap seals from siphonage and back pressure.
TYPES OF TRAP COMMONLY USED IN RESIDENTIAL FIXTURES

1. P- Trap used at lavatories, sinks, floor drain and scuppers.

2. Drum Trap used at bathtubs and bidets
3. House Trap
4. Other Appliances
a. Back flow valve
b. Flow control valve
c. Grease trap/ grease interceptor
Drum Trap- A cylindrical trap
commonly used on the drain pipe
from a bathtub or under the
bathroom floor.
 Back Flow Valve- Device
that prevents the reversal of
flow which might flood and
cause damage to the
building.

SIZESS AND CAPACITIES OF GREASE TRAPS

SIZES DIMENSIONS PIPE SIZE INLET FLOW RATE

(mm) AND OUTLET
LxWxH (mmФ) GPM LPS
- 279 Ф x 216 51 2 0.13
- 301Ф x 203 51 3 0.19
- 330Ф x 241 51 4 0.25
- 356 x 279 51 5 0.32
100 381 x 305 x 283 51 7 0.44
200 406 x 356 x 298 51 10 0.63
300 470 x 400 x 302 51 15 0.95
400 629 x 495 x 381 51 20 1.26
500 699 x 429 x 441 76 25 1.8
600 762 x 470 x 470 76 35 2.21
700 832 x 502 x 518 76 50-55 3.15
800 873 x 559 x 584 76 House Trap-75 a device 4.73
900 902 x 724 x 890 76 installed to prevent
95 6.00
1000 1083 x 851 x 953 76 circulation of100
air between the6.31
1100 1248 x 1016 x 1006 76 drainage of the
125building and 7.89
1200 1422 x 1054 x 1029 102 the building sewer.
150 9.46
1300 1549 x 1105 x 1156 102 200 12.62
1400 1800 x 1308 x 1270 102-127 250 15.77
1500 2029 x 1486 x 1416 127-152 300 18.93
Note: Minimum height of 89mm required from cover of grease trap to bottom of fixtures
served.

Source: Metma Trading and Industrial corporation

CAT. No. 1005
POT. No. 24187

FREE LEVEL HANDLE DRAIN FLOW CONTROL VALVE IS

(METMA BRAND) RECOMMENDED FOR
INSTALLATION BEWEEN
USING FREE LEVEL HANDLE FREE LEVEL HANDLE DRAIN
DRAIN IS FOR EASY AND GREASE TRAP TO
DRIPPING OF WASTE PREVENT FATS FROM
WATER FROM KITCHEN CLOGGING INTO PIPES.
SINK.
 GREASE TRAP. A DEVICE FOR
REMOVING FAT AND GREASE
FROM WASTE WATER BY
ALLOWING THE RETAINED
LIQUID TO COOL AND THE
GREASE TO SOLIDIFY; THEN
THE GREASE IS SEPARATED BY
FLOATATION; IT RISES TO THE
TOP OF THE TRAP, WHERE IT IS
HELD. THE PRIME PURPOSE OF
A GREASE TRAP IS TO ASSURE
A FREE FLOWING DRAINAGE
THROUGH PIPE LINES AT ALL
TIMES BY INTERCEPTING,
ACCUMULATING AND
RECOVERING GLOBULES OF
GREASE FAT AND OILS FROM
WASTE WATER.

GREASE TRAP/ GREASE INTERCEPTOR

NOTE:
Grease trap is not required for individual dwelling units or for any private living
quarters. (sec. 1011.1, NPC 1999)
: No food waste disposal unit shall be connected to or discharged into any grease
trap. (Sec 1013, NPC 1999)

SIZING OF GRESE INTERCEPTORS (TABLE 10-4, NPC 1999)

C= M x W x R x F NOTE:
1 Cubic meter= 264 gallons
WHERE:

C= size of grease interceptors (liquid capacity)

M= Number of meals served at peak hour

R= Waste flow rate;

• With dishwashing machine
• Without dishwashing machine
• Single service kitchen
• Food waste disposer
• Hospital kitchen
 6 gallon flow (per meal/ day)
 5 gallon flow (per meal/ day)
 2 gallon flow (per meal/ day)
 1 gallon flow (per meal/ day)
 25 gallon / bed / day

F= Storage Factors
• Fully equipped commercial kitchen
8 hour operation: 1
18 hour operation: 2
24 hour operation: 3
• Single service kitchen: 1.5

SAMPLE PROBLEM;

Determine the capacity and volume of the grease trap for a canteen that serves
an average of 50 meals a day that is open from 11:00 am to 7:00pm.

 SOLUTION: S= M x W x R x F = 50 x 5 x 2.5 x 1

S= ? = 625 gallons
M= 50 meals
W=5 cal/ meal/ day
R= 2.5 hours
F= 1

Solve for volume of grease trap (V) m3 (cubic meter)

V= 625/ 264 = 2.37 cubic meter  volume of grease trap

OTHER METHODS USED FOR SIZING THE GREASE INTERCEPTOR

• For grease traps the serve non-scheduled meals to a nonspecific number of

occupants, as in restaurants, fast foods services and luncheonettes;

C = 0.09 (K x N x H x G x S)
Where:

C= Liquid capacity
K= Facility access coefficient
= 1.25 for freeways
= 1.00 for recreation areas
= 0.80 for main highways
= 0.5 for lesser roads
N= number of seats (use fractional value if occupancy is rarely full)
H= Number of hours per day of operation
G= Waste flow rate (general value is 4.5 Gals)
S= Sewage capacity factor
= 1.7 for outflow to public sewer
= 2.5 for outflow to opposite disposal
• For grease traps that serve scheduled meals to a specific number of occupants
as in hospitals , nursing homes and schools;

C= 0.14 (M x G x S)

Where;

M= number of scheduled meals served per day; 1, 2 or 3

TYPES OF VENTS

1. Main soil and waste vent

2. Main vent
3. Individual vent or back vent
4. Unit vent
5. Circuit vent or loop vent
6. Relief vent
7. Yoke vent
8. Wet vent
9. Looped vent
10. Utility vent
 Individual vent or back vent. The portion of the
vent pipe system which serves a single fixture.

Main soil and waste vent. The portion of

soil stack pipe above the highest installed
fixture branch extending through the roof.

Main vent. The principal portion of the vent

pipe system to which vent braches may be Unit vent. The portion of the vent pipe system
connected. It serves as a collecting vent which ventilates two fixture of similar design
line. installed on opposite sides of a partition.
 The vent stack is
installed between
the 2nd and 3rd fixture
as a precaution. In
the case the soil
branch becomes
clogged, the 3rd
fixture scours the
pipe of fecal waste
which may obstruct
the vent.

Circuit vent or loop vent. The portion of the drainage system which ventilates two or
more fixture traps that discharge into a soil or waste branch.

SOIL APPLICATION RATE

PERCOLATION (GPD/ SQ. METER)
RATE (25mm) (1”)
1 minute 57.00
2 minutes 46.22
5 34.40
10 24.73

15 19.35
20 16.12
30 11.83 field area:
Disposal
A= (1.50 + 25 + 1.50) 1.80
45 8.60
A= 50.4 m2 < 70 m2 (rule of thumb)
60 * Revise
5.34 distance of trenches
D= 70/ 28 = 2.5 m
Relief Vent. The portion of the vent pipe installation that permits additional circulation of air
around the drainage pipes to eliminate back pressure and retardation of waste flow.
 CHAPTER 5: SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
To protect water resources and the greater environment, all waste from buildings
and industrial processes must be treated to meet certain standards of quality. Domestic
sewage from dwellings and DWV systems in buildings are permitted to be discharged
into the public sewers system, which provides the necessary treatment prior to tits
discharge into nature.

Water Treatment and Disposal

Basic Purposes of sewage treatment

1. To destroy pathogenic micro organisms. Pathogens are disease-causing

bacteria.
2. To remove most suspended and dissolved biodegradable organic materials.

Raw or untreated sewage is mostly pure water since it comprises about 99.9% water
and only about 0.1% impurities. However, sewage contains biodegradable organic
material, which is very likely to contain pathogenic micro organisms.

The amount of pathogens in the waste water is expected to be proportional to the

concentration of fecal coliform bacterium cal E. coli (Escherichia coli). The E. coli
concentration in raw sanitary sewage is about 1 billion/ liter, but it is not a pathogen. In
fact, our bowels will not function properly without it, but as an indicator organism, the
presence of E. coli indicates that water is contaminated with fecal wastes and
pathogens maybe present. DENR standard is 10,000 MPN/ 100ml.

• For water to be safe for drinking the E. coli count shall not be more than 1 E. coli
per 100ml (about 0.4 cup) of water.
• For water to be considered safe for swimming the E. coli shall be more than 200
E. coli per 100ml of water.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The measure of the strength of the sewage in
relation to the total amount of organic material it contains. Untreated domestic sanitary
sewage has an average BOD of about 200mg/ liter. DENR standard is 50 mg/ liter.

Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The measure of the strength of the sewage in relation
to the total amount of suspended solids. Untreated domestic sanitary sewage has an
average TSS of 240 mg/ liter.

Another group of impurities that is of major significance in waste water is the

compounds of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) from plant nutrients. Raw sanitary
sewage contains an average of 35mg/ liter of nitrogen and 10 mg/liter of phosphorous.

THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS

The sewage treatment process may be divided into four major steps:

1. Preliminary treatment. 35% of BOD and 60% of TSS are removed.

2. Primary Treatment, which is subdivided into:
• Sedimentation and retention: raw sewage is retained for the preliminary
separation of indigestible solids and the start of aerobic action.
• Aeration: introduction of air through natural convection or mechanical
blowers to accelerate the decomposition of organic matters.
• Skimming: Removal of scum that floats on top of the partially treated
sewage.
• Sludge Removal: disposal of heavy sludge at the bottom of treated
sewage.
In the primary treatment, 85% of BOD and 85% TSS are removed.
3. Secondary Treatment, namely, the removal of colloidal and dissolved organic
material.
4. Tertiary Treatment, that is, the removal of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorous
and disinfection of effluent by the addition of chemicals, such as chlorine (10
mg/liter).

Sewage Treatment Plants

The design of sewage treatment plants for large buildings, building complexes and
municipalities follows precisely the same processes described above. However, modern
treatment plants do require considerable mechanized equipment and controls in order
to be efficient and reliable. Sanitary Engineers or Plumbing Engineers who specialized
in the subject do the design of these treatment plants.

Following are the definitions of some commonly used terms related to the subject of
sewage treatment methods and disposal processes:

1. Digestion- That portion of the sewage treatment process in which biochemical

decomposition of organic matter takes place, resulting in the formation of simple
organic and mineral substances. Also known as aerobic (bacterial) digestion.
2. Influent- Untreated sewage flowing into a treatment system.
3. Effluent- Treated or partially treated sewage flowing out of a treatment system.
4. Sedimentation- Formation of layers of heavy particles in the influent
5. Aerobic (bacterial) digestion- Digestion of the waste through the natural bacteria
digestive action in a tank or chamber.
6. Active Sludge- The sewage sediment, rich in destructive bacteria, which can be
used to break down fresh sewage more quickly.
7. Filtration- a means of filtering out any solid matter from the effluent.
8. Disinfection- A process to disinfect the effluent with chemicals.
9. Percolation- the flow or trickling of a liquid downward through a filtering medium.
A summary of waste water treatment.
CHAPTER 6: PLUMBING MATERIALS DRAINAGE PIPES AND
FITTINGS
Drainage pipe. This is the pipe that conveys waste from the building to an approved
point of disposal.

Drainage Fittings. This are pipe accessories in the drainage system such as a
coupling, bend, wye, etc; used to join two or more pipes together or to change their
directions.

TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPES

1. Waste pipe
2. Soil pipe
3. Storm pipe
4. Vent pipe

1. Waste pipe. The pipe which carries only liquid waste, free of human excrement
or fecal matter.
2. Soil pipe- the pipe which carries the waste from water closets, urinals or fixtures
of similar function to the building drain. This contains human excrements.
3. Storm pipe- the pipe which convey rainwater from the roof gutter and down
spout to the building storm drain.
4. Vent pipe- the pipe connected to the drainage system that conveys air to and
from the system and keep the water from being siphoned from the trap.

Branch- is the drainage pipe that runs horizontally.

Stack- is the vertical drainage pipe.

The selection of piping materials for the drainage system depends on the following:

1. Pressure 5. Initial cost

2. Velocity 6. Installation cost
3. Temperature 7. Operating problem
4. Corrosiveness of the medium conveyed within

Common drainage pipes and fittings materials used

a. Asbestos Cement Pipe (ACP)

b. Cast Iron Soil Pipe (CISP)
c. Concrete pipe
d. Vitrified Clay Pipe
e. Plastic Pipe
i. Polyethylene (PE)
ii. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
 iii. Acrylonitrile- Butadiene- Styrene (ABS)
f. Iron Pipe Size (IPS)- Iron, Steel, Brass
g. Lead
i. Safe spans is 10.56 kg/m2 and 1.6mm thick
ii. For flushing or vent terminals- 14.63 kg/ m2 and 1.2 mm thick
iii. Lead bends and lead trap shall not be less than 3.2mm in wall thickness.

ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE

This type of pipe is made of asbestos fibers combined under pressure with Portland
cement and silica to form a dense and homogeneous material. It is dense cured for
strength.

TYPES OF ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE

1. Pressure A.C. Pipe- is used for sewer mains, industrial effluent and process
piping, working pressure ranges at 100, 150, and 200 psi.
2. Non-pressure A.C. Pipe- is used for sewer casings for electric cables and as
storm drains.

Properties:
Diameter: 75mm (3’) to 900 mm (13’)
Length: 3.00m (10’) or 4.00m (13’)
For 75, 100, 150mm.
4.00m (13’) for 200mm. (8”0
Through 900 mm. (36”)
Grades: 1500, 2400, 3000, 4000 and 5000
Lbs/ft.
Joints: rubber gasket joint and cement joint
Note:
Asbestos cement pipe (ACP) is remarkably suited for embedment in concrete
structure since both materials have the same properties.

COMMON TYPES OF PIPE FITTINGS

1. Bends (elbows)- are used to complete change of direction in soil, waste and
drain lines in horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions.
2. Y (wye) branches- are used for change of direction (diagonal) and branch
connections of soil, waste and drain pipes.
3. T (tee) branches- are used to join 3 or 4 pipes at perpendicular directions.

CAST IRON SOIL PIPE

Cast iron soil pipe (CISP) is made from an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon, with the
controlled amounts of manganese, sulfur and phosphorous. This is primarily used for
sanitary drain, waste and storm systems.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE

1. Class A- extra heavy (xh)- is often used for underground applications.

2. Class B- Service weight (SV)- is used for general building installations.

TYPES OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE

1. Single hub- is equipped with one hub and one spigot end and used in the
installation of plumbing in its full length.
 2. Double hub- is constructed with a hub on each end so it may be cut into two
pieces when a short piece of pipe is needed.
3. Hubless (no hub)- there is no hub on either ends of the pipe, it is used in lieu of
the single hub calking of the pipe is difficult.

PROPERTIES

• Available diameter (Nom. I.D.)

2”, 3 ”, 4”, 5”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12”, 15”
• Hydrostatic Test:
50 psi for service weight
100 psi for extra heavy

• Length: 5’ and 10’

TYPES OF JOINTS FOR CAST IRON SOIL PIPE

1. Lead and Oakum (calk joint)

2. Neoprene Compression gasket
3. Stainless Steel Couplings (for Hubless pipe)

*Oakum- a hemp treated with pitch to make it moisture proof and resistant to the
elements contained in the waste.

*Calking- plugging an opening with oakum and lead that are pounded into place.
*HUB- that portion of the pipe which, for a short distance, is sufficiently enlarged to
receive the end of another pipe of the same diameter for the purpose of making a joint.
It is also known as Bell.

*SPIGOT- the end of the pipe that fits into a bell or spigot.
FITTINGS FOR CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
CONCRETE PIPE

Concrete pipe is cast in metal molds and compacted by tamping or spinning the molds
(centrifugal casting).

TYPES OF CONCRETE PIPE

1. Non-reinforced concrete pipe- is used for drainage, sewer lines and for gravity-
flow water supply lines if the joints are carefully made. Diameters available range
from 100mm. (4”) to 900mm (36”).
2. Reinforced concrete pipe (RCP)- is made by the addition of steel wire or steel
bars and is primarily used for sewage and storm drainage. Diameters available
range from 300mm (12”) to 3600mm (144”)

VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE

Vitrified clay pipe is extruded from a suitable grade of shale or clay and fired in kilns
producing an extremely hard and dense corrosion resistant material. It is generally used
for underground public sewers, house sewers, drainage (sanitary and storm) systems
and for industrial wastes such as acids.

Vitrified clay pipe is suitable for most gravity-flow systems and is not intended for
pressure service. It is brittle and cracks when laid on unstable ground or base.

PROPERTIES
*Diameter- 100mm (4”) to 1050 mm (42”)
*Grades- standard
- extra strength
- perforated
*Joints - cement joint
- pre-fabricated compression seals
 VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE FITTINGS

PLASTIC PIPES

Plastic pipe is available in compositions designed for various applications including

drain, waste and vent. (DWV)

BASIC TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPE

1. Thermosel Plastic- has the property of being permanently rigid. Epoxy and fiber
glass are example of this.
2. Thermo Plastic- is a material having the property of softening when heated and
hardening when cooled.

TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPES FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1. Polyethylene (PE)- the high density P.E. spiral pipe (HDPE) is used as drainage
and sewer pipe for housing complex, playground, golf course, industrial farm and
stock farm.
It is sufficiently flexible to follow ground contours of snake
around obstacles.
HDPE SPIRAL PIPE

Properties
*Diameter- 100mm (4’) to 900mm (36”)
*Color- black
*Joint- Screw-type couplings
*Brand- Atlanta

HIDE PIPE FITTINGS

2. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)- is a thermoplastic type which is composed of

molecules of polymers. Each molecule is a long chain made of carbon, hydrogen
and other atoms which are melted down and molded.
TYPES OF PVC PIPES USED FOR DRAINAGE

1. uPVC Sanitary pipes (unplasticized)- (DWV) is designed for above and

underground sanitary piping system. It is ideal for drain, waste and vent
installation.
2. uPVC Sewer Pipe- can be used for main sewer system and other underground
waste piping system which requires big diameter pipes.
 CHAPTER 7: BASIC PLUMBING TOOLS FOR DRAINAGE
PIPES AND FITTINGS

THE COMMON TOOLS USED IN THE DRAINAGE PIPES AND FIITINGS ARE:

1. Hacksaw
2. Closet auger
3. Plunger
4. Rule
5. Blow torch
6. Lead pot
7. Pouring ladle Rule/ Push-pull tape. This is
8. Joint runner used to measure pipes to be Blow Torch- this is used as a
9. Ball peen hammer cut and for measuring the run of source of heat when melting
10. Cold chisel the pipes. lead and heating the soldering
11. Caulking irons copper for calk joint.
12. Soldering copper
13. Tin snip
14. Plumb bob
15. Plumb level
16. File

Lead Pot. This is used as a Pouring Ladle- this is used for

vessel for holding lead to be
melted. This is also known
as Melting Pot.
Hacksaw. This is used for
cutting pipes.
scooping up melted lead to be
poured into cast iron soil pipes
to make a calk joint.

Joint runner. This is used to

Closet Auger. This is used for
removing clogs in drain pipes,
usually at water closet, urinal
and lavatory stoppage.
close the gap between the hub Ball Peen hammer- this is
and the spigot of a cast iron used for caulking.
soil pipe while molten lead is
poured into the joint of a
horizontal pipe run. This is also
known as Pouring rope.
Gold chisel- this is used for
cutting cast iron pipes and for
boring holes.
 Calking Iron- this is used for
Tin snip. This is used for
caulking oakum and lead for
cutting G.I. sheets for straps to
bed and spigot joints.
anchor pipes.
Plunger. This is used to clear the
trap at floor drains, or minor
obstructions through a pumping
action. This is also known as
Plumber’s friend or Plumber’s
helper.
Soldering Copper. This is
used for soldering lead on Plumb Level. This is used to
flashing of vent pipes on G.I. establish and guide grades on
Roofing. horizontal drain pipe runs.
File. This is used to remove
the burrs of cut pipes.

Plumb Bob. This is used for

establishing vertical runs for
pipes.

CHAPTER 8: WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

Providing water in buildings is one of the most critical utility requirements. A building
without water supply is unfit for human habitation.

Generally speaking, potable water is supplied from a local utility through a public water
system.

For buildings without public water system, an alternative source of water must be
considered, such as springs, wells and rain water.
SPRING WATER SOURCE

In most conditions, springs are shallow wells with water supply just a few meters from
the ground surface. If this is the source of domestic water supply, careful attention must
be given to yield and purify. The flow may stop during dry season or surface water may
get contaminated.

Spring water can be developed so as to secure maximum protection from contamination

by excavating sufficiently to locate the true spring openings and to insure a secure
foundation for the encasing structure. This structure is known as a spring box which
serves as a collector for spring water. Water collected from the spring box flows to a
larger storage tank and then to the distribution pipes.

The determination of the yield of the spring water source employs a very simple
procedure. They are as follows:

1. Channel the flow of the spring into a collection basin. Make sure that the basin
collects all available flow.
2. Place an overflow pipe through the dam so that the collected water flows freely
through the pipe. There should be no leakage around the pipe.
3. Put a bucket of known volume (for example, a 10-liter bucket) under the overflow
pipe to catch the flow.
4. With a watch, measure the amount of time it takes to fill the bucket. At this
instance, the rate of flow can be determined.
5. Check the rate of flow per day if it is sufficient to supply the daily water demand
of the occupants.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS (DETERMINATION OF SPRING YIELD)

It takes a spring 60 seconds to fill a 10-liter bucket. Determine if its daily yield is
sufficient to the water demand of the community of 200 people. The average daily water
consumption per person is 60 liters.

Solution:

 Determine the rate of flow ( in liters/ second)

Rate of Flow= 10 liters = 0.16 liters/ second

60 seconds

 Determine the daily yield ( liters/day)

Daily yield= 0.16 liter x 60 seconds x 60 minutes x 24 hours

Second 1 minute 1 hour 1 day
= 13, 824 liters per day
  Determine total daily water demand

Total demand= 200 persons x 60 liters/ person / day

= 12,000 liters per day

Therefore, the spring with the daily flow of 13,824 liters can sufficiently meet the
demand of the community of 200 people.

WELLS

Wells are holes or shafts sunk into the earth to obtain water from an aquifer. An aquifer
is a water-bearing formation of gravel, permeable rock or sand that is capable of
providing water, in usable quantities, to springs or wells.

The design and proper construction of a well require scientific knowledge of

hydrogeology, common sense and practical experience.

The types of wells generally refer to the method of its construction, which are:

1. Dub
2. Bored
3. Driven
4. Drilled
a. Percussion or standard
b. Rotary
c. Reverse-circulation rotary
d. Jetting

1. Dug wells- These are wells 60 centimeters or more in diameter dug through
the soft upper soil. The sides may be of masonry or concrete to prevent from caving-in.
It is necessary that the well should be impervious to a depth of at least 3 meters.

2. Bored wells – these are constructed using either hand or power driven earth
auger. A well casing is lowered to the bottom of the hole. After the boring is complete,
cement grout is poured to fill the gap between the bored hole and the well casing. This
is to prevent contamination.

3. Driven wells- a driven well is done by forcing into the earth a 60 to 90

centimeter long piece of perforated steel tube attached to a pointed screen called a
“drive point”. This type of well varies from 32 mm diameter at a depth of 3 to 12 meters.

4. Drilled Wells- A drilling rig is used to drill the well hole and then a casing or
tubular pipe is forced down the hole to prevent it from caving-in. when a water-bearing
stratum of sufficient capacity is found, a well screen is set in place to permit the water to
flow into the casing and to hold back the fine material. The depth of this well is limited
only by the distance one must dig to obtain an adequate supply of fresh water, even
down to 450 meters.

RAIN WATER SOURCE

In terms of resource conservation, rainwater is an attractive alternative. Rain water is

soft and is near to the purest state in the hydrological cycle. However, air pollution
causes rainwater to be acidic which corrode non-ferrous pipes and cause rusting and
clogging of steel pipes.

In spite of these conditions, rainwater collection system remains a viable water source
alternative. This system typically employ a cistern or covered reservoir tanks to store
water collected from roofs or other relatively clean, impervious surfaces. The collected
rain can be used for flushing water closets and urinals, as well as for landscape
purposes wherein potable water is not necessary.

The city council of Cebu promulgated City Ordinance No. 1711 otherwise known as the
“water conservation and Flood Prevention ordinance”. This ordinance requires all
projects to provide a permanent rainwater tank or container proportionate to the roof
area. These are stated as follows:

A. For commercial, Industrial and Institutional buildings

One cubic meter of tank/ container for every fifteen (15) square meters of roof
area and deck, up to a maximum of seven (7) cubic meters.

B. For Residential Buildings (Php 500,000.00 and above project cost)

One cubic meter of tank/ container for every fifteen (15) square meters of roof
area and deck, up to a maximum of three (3) cubic meters.

SIZING OF RAIN WATER CISTERN

There are two methods that can be used in determining the size of the storage tank for
rain water:

1. The use of Cebu city Ordinance 1711 which states that for every fifteen (15)
square meter of roof area, one (1) cubic meter of rain water can be collected.
This is the short method of sizing the cistern.
2. The use of the rain fall data of the locality. This is the long method of determining
the size of the cistern.

SAMPLE PROBLEM1: SIZING OF RAINWATER CISTERN BY LOCAL RAINFALL

DATA
 As part of the design problem, it was required that 5 water closets, 2 urinals and
2 slop sinks of a school building in Cebu city be provided with an alternative source of
water supply, specifically from rainfall catchment. Your are to determine the size of the
rainwater cistern based on the following givens or assumptions:

1. Water closets shall be flush tank types

2. Rainfall data of Cebu is available from PAGASA
3. Roof area is 1,000 square meter.
4. Capacity of cistern to satisfy 30 minute duration of water demand
5. Rainfall catchment efficiency is 80%.

Solution

1. Solving for rainwater demand load

Water closet: 5 x 5 WSFU = 25

Urinal : 2 x 5 WSFU = 10
Slop Sink : 2 x 10 WSFU= 20
Total demand= 55 WSFU

 From tables of valves, the equivalent for 55 WSFU is 29 GPM

 The estimate daily demand is:

Daily demand = 29 gallons x 30 mins. = 870 gallons

Mins
 The estimated annual demand is:

Annual Demand= 870 gallons/ day x 365 days = 317,550 gallons

Or 1,201,926.75 liters
 The estimated average monthly demand is:

1,201,926.75 liters / 12 = 100,160.56

Or
100.16 cubic meters

2. Determining the rain fall data from PAGASA ( average precipitation rate in
millimeters)
January 109.00m July 196.70
February 71.10 August 152.70
March 54.60 September 186.70
April 58.60 October 201.40
May 120.90 November 162.30
June 177.00 December 137.70

Average annual rainfall: 1628.70 mm

 3. Solving for the amount of available rain water per month:

Available rain water = monthly rain fall x roof area x 80%

Therefore:

January 109.00 x 1000 x 0.80 87, 200 liters

February 71.10 x 1000 x 0.80 56, 880
March 54.60 x 800 43,680
April 58.60 x800 46,880
May 120.90 x 800 96,720
June 177.00 x 800 141,600
July 197.70 x 800 157,360
August 152.70 x 800 122,160
September 186.70 x 800 149,360
October 201.40 x 800 161,120
November 162.30 x 800 129,840
December 137.70 x 800 110,160
TOTAL 1,302,960 liters

Average Monthly supply: 1,302, 960 / 12 = 108,580 liters

4. Add the available rain water cumulatively

January 87,200 liters July 630,320

February 144,080 August 752,480
March 187,760 September 901,840
April 234,640 October 1,062,960
May 331,360 November 1,192,800
June 472,960 December 1,302,960
 CHAPTER 9: DOMESTIC COLD WATER SUPPLY
Definition

The domestic cold water supply of the plumbing system consists of the piping and
fittings which supply cold water from the building water supply to the fixtures, such as
lavatories, bath, tubs, water closets and kitchen sinks. This is also known as water
distribution system.

Elements of water Distribution system

1. Water service or house service

2. Water meter
3. Horizontal supply main or distribution main
4. Riser
5. Fixture branches
6. Valves and control
7. Storage tanks

General types of water distribution system

1. Upfeed Distribution system

a. Direct
b. Pneumatic air-pressure system

2. Down feed distribution system

Materials for Mains, Risers and Branches

1. Galvanized Iron (G.I.) Pipes and fittings, schedule 40- is moderately corrosion
resistant and suitable for mildly acid water. It is connected to its fitting with
threaded connections. It is available in diameters form 12 mm (1/2”) to 300 mm
(12”) at a length of 6 meters (20 feet).
2. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Pipes and fittings, schedule 40- is economy and ease of
instruction make it popular, especially on low budget projects.
3. Polybutilyne (PB) pipe
4. Polyethylene (PE) pipe
5. Copper Pipes and Tubing
a. Type K- used primarily for underground water service. It is color-coded in
green.
b. Type L- is most popular for use in water supply system. It is color-coded in
blue.
c. Type M- it has the thinnest wall and is used where water pressure is not
too great. It is color-coded in red.
Fittings

A variety of fittings must be used to install the piping in the project. Fittings are
accessories usually standardized, used for joining two or more pipes together.

Fittings include:
1. Nipple- a short of piece of pipe, threaded on the outside (male threads) at both
ends, used to join couplings or other fittings
a. Short nipple- below 75mm in length. Also known as shoulder nipple.
b. Long nipple- over 75mm in length.
c. Close nipple- where threading meet.
2. Couple- a short internally threaded (female thread) at both ends and used to
connect two pipes in straight line.
3. Elbow- a pipe fitting having a bend and makes an angle (90o or 45o) between
adjacent pipes for a change in direction. It is also known as ell or straight elbow.
a. Reducing elbow- Joins two pipes of different diameters at right angle of each
other. When specifying reducer fittings, the bigger diameter is stated first,
(followed by the smaller diameter. (example: reducing elbow, 25mm x 20mm)
b. Street elbow- an elbow fitting having a 45o or 90o bend with an inside thread
on one end and outside thread on the other. It is also known as service ell or
street ell.
4. Tee- a T-shaped pipe fitting that joins 3 or 4 pipes at perpendicular directions.
a. Straight tee c. reducing tee
b. Straight cross tee d. reducing cross tee

THE WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

ELEMENTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. WATER SERVICE OR HOUSE SERVICE

2. WATER METER

3. HORIZONTAL SUPPLY MAIN OR DISTRIBUTION MAIN

4. RISERS

5. FIXTURES BRANCHES

6. VALVES AND CONTROLS

7. STORAGE TANKS
SERVICE TAP CONNECTION DETAIL
CORPORATION COCK- a valve screwed into the street water main to supply the house
service connection.
GOOSE NECK- the part of a pipe curve like the neck of a goose, usually flexible.
CURB STOP- A control valve for the water supply of a building, usually placed in case of
emergency or should the water supply of the building be discontinued.

WATER CONNECTION DETAIL

WATER METER- a mechanical device used to measure the volume of water passing
through a pipe.
METER STOP- A valve placed at the street side of the water meter and serves as a
controlling device for the building installation.
GENERAL TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. UPFEED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

a. Direct system
b. Pneumatic air-pressure system
2. DOWNFEED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
5. Reducer- a pipe coupling with inside threads, having one end with a smaller
diameter than the other and used for connecting pipes of different size. Both
openings have the same center line.

6. Bushing- a pipe fitting which is threaded on both the inside and the outside and
used to reduce the size of the pipe opening to receive a pipe or fitting of a
different size.

7. Plug- is used to close an opening in a fitting.

8. Cap- is used to close the end of a pipe.

 9. Union- a three piece pipe fitting used to connect the ends of two pipes, neither of
which can be turned. It is also used on pipes that are to be taken down
occasionally. Its parts are:
a. Thread piece
b. Center piece
c. Shoulder piece

10. Flange- a ring shaped plate screwed on the end of a pipe and provided with
holes for bolts, to allow joining the pipe to a similarly equipped adjoining pipe.
The resulting joint is a flanged joint.

11. Extension Piece-

VALVES

Valves are used to control the flow of water throughout the supply system. The proper
location of valves simplifies repairs to the system, fixtures, or equipment being served.
There are usually valves at:
a. Risers
b. Branches
c. And pipes to individual fixture or equipment

• Types of valves
1. Gate valve
2. Globe valve
3. Check Valve
4. Angle valve
5. Ball valve/ stop cock
6. Faucet/ Bibb

TYPES OF PIPE JOINTS

1. Threaded joints- used in Galvanized Iron (G.I.) pipes and fittings. The thread
extensions of the G.I. pipe are as follows:
PIPE SIZE THREAD EXTENSION NO. OF THREAD PER
25MM (1”)
6mm (1/4”) 9mm (3/8”) 18
9mm (3/8”) 9mm (3/8”) 18
12mm (1/2”) 12mm (1/2”) 14
19mm (3/4”) 14mm (9/16”) 14
25mm (1”) 17mm (11/16”) 11 ½
32 mm (1 ¼”) 17mm (11/16”) 11½
37mm (1 ½”) 17mm (11/16”) 11½
50mm (2”) 19mm (3/4”) 11½
 2. Solder joints- for rigid and flexible copper tubing.
3. Flared joints- for flexible copper tubing.
4. Solvent weld or cement joint for plastic pipe.

COUPLING- a short internally

threaded (female thread) at
NIPPLE- a short piece of pipe, threaded on the outside (male both ends and used to connect
threads) at both ends, used to join couplings or other fittings. two pipes in a straight line.

REDUCING ELBOW- joins two

ELBOW- a pipe fitting having a
bend and makes an angle
between adjacent pipes for a
change in direction.
Also know as ELL
pipes of different diameters at
right angle of each other.
When specifying reducer fittings
the bigger is stated first,
followed by the smaller
diameter.
(example: reducing elbow 25mm
x 20 mm)
STREET ELBOW- a pipe fitting
having 45o and 90o bend with an
inside thread on one end and an
outside thread on the other.
It is also known as SERVICE
ELL or STREET ELL

REDUCER- a pipe coupling, with

inside threads, having one end
with smaller diameter than the
other and used for connecting
TEE- a t-shaped pipe fitting that joins 3 or 4 pipes at perpendicular
pipes of different size.
directions.
Both openings have the same
center line.
BUSHING- a pipe
fitting which is PLUG- is used to close CAP- is used to close EXTENSION PIECE
threaded on both the an opening in a fitting. the end of a pipe
inside and the outside
and used to reduce
the size of the pipe
opening to receive a
pipe or fitting of a
different size

UNION- a three piece pipe fitting used to connect the ends of FLANGE- a ring sharped plate screwed
two pipes, neither of which can be turned. on the end of a pipe and provided with
It is also used on pipes that are to be taken down holes for bolts; to allow joining the pipe
Occasionally. to a similarly equipped adjoining pipe.

The resulting joint is a flanged joint.

WATER SUPPLY STORAGE TANKS

In the interest of economy and speed in delivery, it is recommended that

standard sizes of water supply tanks be used wherever possible.

• Types of Water supply storage tanks

1. Pressure tanks- used for hydro pneumatic water supply systems. These
are most advantageous used where the peak water demand rate is
relatively low, such as in small buildings.
2. Gravity tanks- are elevated tanks recommended for large buildings and
high peak water demand rates.
• Requirements for Water Supply Tank Design and Construction
1. Tanks should be designed and constructed so as to be:
a. Water tight
b. Vermin-proof
c. Corrosion resistant
d. Capable of withstanding the pressure under which they are to be
operated
e. Provided with safe and easy means of access for inspection
2. The capacity of any single tank in or on a building shall not exceed
113,000 liters (30,000 gallons) or 113 cubic meters.
3. Tanks shall not be located over openings in floor and roof construction.
 4. Potable water supply tanks for domestic supply and for standpipe or
automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed and installed to furnish
water in sufficient quantity and pressure for such systems.
5. The gravity tanks shall be provided with the following pipes:
a. Intel Pipe- located not less than 100mm (4”) above the top of the
overflow pipe.
b. Overflow Pipe- shall be at least one pipe size larger than the inlet pipe
and not less than the sizes given in Table 1. Overflow pipe shall
discharge above and within 150mm (6”) of a roof or catch basin.
c. Emptying Pipe- shall be located and arranged so as to prevent
damage from water discharged. Sizes shall be in accordance to the
sizes given in Table 2.
d. Outlet Pipe- connected to the down feed pipe and sized according to
the water demand.
e. Air vent pipe- shall be provided with durable screens of not less than
100 mesh.

Table 1. Sizes of Overflow Pipes

TANK CAPACITY SIZE OF OVERFLOW PIPE

Liters Gallons mm inches

0 - 2,842 0 - 750 25 1
2,843 – 5,684 751 – 1,500 37 1½
5,685 – 11,369 1,501 – 3,000 50 2
11,370 – 18,948 3,001 – 5000 62 2½
18,949 – 28,421 5,001 – 7,500 75 3
Over 28,421 More than 7,500 100 4

TANK CAPACITY SIZE OF EMPTYING PIPE

Liters Gallons mm Inches
0 – 18,948 0 – 5,000 62 2 1/2
18,949 – 36,895 5,000 – 10,000 72 3
Over 36,896 More than 10,000 100 4

SIZING OF GRAVITY TANKS

Tanks storage capacity required for domestic water supply should be based upon the
peak demand load on the water supply system and should be adequate to satisfy that
demand for at least 30 minutes.

METHOD 1. Using Load Values (WSFUs) Assigned to Fixtures

The water supply fixture unit (WSFU) is a factor so chosen that the load
producing effects of different kinds of fixtures and their conditions of service can be
expressed as multiples of that factor. As an aid in this regard, tabulated values to given
loads in water supply fixture units are shown in Tables 3 and 4.

Table 3. Demand Load of Fixtures in Water Supply Fixture Units

FIXTURE TYPE WSFU

Private Public
Bathtub 2 4
Bidet 2 4
Drinking Fountain 1 2
Kitchen Sink 2 4
Lavatory 1 2
Laundry Tray 2 4
Shower (Each head) 2 4
Service sink 2 4
Urinal - 5
Water Closet (Flush Tank) 3 5
Water Closet (Flush valve) 6 10

Note: In estimating demand for water closet, use the value for flush value type.

Table 4. Estimating Demand

SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY

FOR FLUSH TANKS FOR FLUSH VALVES
Loads, WSFU Demand, GPM Load, WSFU Demand, GPM

6 5
8 6.5
10 8 10 27
12 9.2 12 28.6
14 10.4 14 30.2

16 11.6 16 31.8
18 12.8 18 33.4
20 14 20 35
25 17 25 38
30 20 30 41

35 22.5 35 43.8
40 24.8 40 46.5
45 27 45 49
50 29 50 51.5
60 32 60 55
 70 35 70 58.8
80 38 80 62
90 41 90 64.8
100 43.5 100 67.5
120 48 120 72.5

140 52.5 140 77.5

160 57 160 52.8
180 61 180 87
200 65 200 91.5
225 70 225 97

250 75 250 101

275 80 275 105.5
300 85 300 110
400 105 400 126
500 125 500 142

750 170 750 178

1000 208 1000 208
1250 240 1250 240
1500 267 1500 267
1750 294 1750 294

2000 321 2000 321

2250 348 2250 348
2500 375 2500 375
2750 402 2750 402
3000 432 3000 432

4000 525 4000 525

5000 593 5000 593
6000 643 6000 643
7000 685 7000 685
8000 718 8000 715

9000 745 9000 745

10000 769 10000 769

SAMPLE PROBLEM: Determine Capacity of Tank by WSFU Values

Determine the capacity of the storage tank of a school building with the following
fixtures:
45 water closets 4 showers
40 lavatories 18 slop sinks
14 urinals 16 drinking fountains
9 kitchen sinks

Solution

1. Determine the demand load (refer to Table 3)

Water closet 43 x 10 430 WSFU

Lavatory 40 x 2 80
Urinal 14 x 5 70
Kitchen sink 9 x 4 36
Shower 4 x 4 16
Slop sink 16 x 5 80
Drinking Fountain 6 x 2 12
Demand Load 728 WSFU

2. Estimate the demand in gallons per minute (refer to Table 4) from Table 4. The
estimated demand for 724 WSFU is 175 GPM.
3. Estimate capacity of the storage tank.
Assume 1 hour as the duration that will adequately satisfy demand.

Capacity = 175 gallons x 1 hour (60 mins)

Mins

= 10,500 gallons

4. Determine the volume of tank

*Use 1 cubic meter= 264 gallons

V= 10,500 G
264

V= 39.77 cubic meter

Say: 40 cubic meter
MODEL VOL. DIMENSION PIPE CONNECTION WGT.
CWT M3 m/m (A) KGS
D H f S O d RP F1 F2 F3 F4 N

500 0.5 992 1265 20 20 20 20 - - 652 864 19 8 40

1000 1.0 1322 1695 25 25 25 25 185 - 652 864 19 8 36
1500 1.5 1597 2145 40 40 40 40 185 - 917 1126 19 8 91
2000 2.0 1641 2060 40 40 40 40 210 - 955 1245 25 8 137
3000 3.0 1877 2170 40 40 40 40 225 - 1043 1345 25 8 164
5000 5.0 2180 2660 50 50 50 50 310 1102 1303 1595 25 16 227
6000 6.0 2300 2780 50 50 50 50 310 1102 1303 1595 25 16 235
10000 10.0 2800 3150 65 65 65 65 325 1510 1715 2010 38 16 420
20000 20.0 3300 3770 65 65 65 65 325 1877 2077 2415 44 16 750
METHOD 2. Using occupant load of the building.

This method provides for the design population with the assigned average daily
water consumption for various buildings and other facilities.

Table 5. Estimated Water Supply Demands

OCCUPANCY AVERAGE DEMAND PEAK DEMAND (GPM

(GPD per occupant) per occupant)
Assembly, Theaters ,Lecture Halls 5 seats + employees 0.17
Churches, Mosques, Synagogues 5 0.12
Factories: No Showers 15 0.12
Factories: with showers 25 0.50
Hospitals 15 0.50
Hotels, Motels 75 0.43
Offices, Stores, Airports, Bus 10 (add 5 for food 0.09
Terminals service)
Residences, Homes, Apartments 100 0.33
Restaurants: Dinner only 2 0.15
Restaurants: 2 meals/ day 35 0.13
Restaurants: 3 meals/ day 50 0.13
Schools: with food service 25 0.12
Schools: with gym and showers 30 0.40

Formula: Solving for estimated average water demand in a building

BAWD = N x OAWD [1 + 0.00077 (Td-65)] + S

Where

BAWD = Average water demand of building in gallons/day

N = Number of occupants in building
OAWD = average water demand per occupant in gallons/day
Td = summer design temperature in oF (use the value= 89.6 oF)
S = Average or peak demand of any special loads

Formula: Solving for Peak water demand in a building

BPWD = N x OPWD [1 + 0.00115 (Td-65)] + S

Where

BPWD = Peak water demand of building in gallons/ minute

OPWD = Peak water demand per occupant in gallons/ minute

SAMPLE PROBLEM: Determining Capacity of Tank by Occupant Load

Determine the capacity of the storage tank of a school building with an estimated
student population of 1,500 people. Assume 25% of the population as daily users of the
building.

Solution

1. Solve for estimated average water demand in the school

BAWD = N x OAWD [1 + 0.00077 (Td-65)] + S

= 1500 (0.25) x 25 [1 + 0.00077 (89.6 – 65)] + 0
= 375 x 25.47
BAWD = 9,551.25 gallons per day
(Use this value for the tank capacity)

2. Solve for the peak water demand in the school

BPWD = N x OPWD [1 + 0.00115 (Td-65)] + S

= 1,500 (0.25) x 0.12 [1 + 0.00115 (89.6 – 65)]
= 375 x 0.12
BPWD = 45 gallons per minute

3. Solve for Volume of Tank.

*1 cu. Meter= 264 gallons

V= 9,551.25
264
V= 36.18 cu.m.

Say: 37 cu.m.

TOOLS FOR SUPPLY PIPING WORKS

1. Pipe vise 8. Strap wrench

2. Pipe cutter 9. Pipe tong/ chain wrench
3. Pipe reamer 10. Basin wrench
4. Pipe stock and die 11. Open end wrench
5. Pipe tap 12. Adjustable wrench
6. Pipe wrench 13. Flaring tool
7. Monkey wrench

WATER SUPPLY PIPE TESTS

 All piping of the potable water supply system should be proved watertight by the
application of the water pressure test, using potable water, so as to disclose leaks and
defects. It is recommended that all potable water supply piping inside buildings should
be tested, prior to covering or concealment and before fixtures and faucets are installed.

1. Rough Piping Testing- Installation is subjected to a hydrostatic test at 862 kPa

(120 psig) minimum for a period of 3 hours and should be proved watertight
without any loss of pressure.
2. Finished Piping Testing- The entire completed system, including all fixtures and
faucets, should be subjecting it to a hydrostatic test of 517kPa (75 psig) for a
period of 3 hours and should be proved watertight without any loss of pressure.

DISINFECTION METHODS

Disinfection of newly installed potable water supply systems, including water

supply tanks is required to remove objectionable matters in order to correct an
unsanitary condition.

• Procedure
1. All water supply connections should be disconnected, plugged or
effectively shut off to prevent any foreign matter or contamination from
entering the water supply thereto.
2. For disinfection, on of the following methods may be applied:
a. The systems, or part thereof, shall be filled with a water solution
containing 50 parts per million (PPM) of available chlorine and
allowed to stand for 24 hours before flushing and returning to
service.
b. The system, or part thereof, shall be filled with a water solution
containing 200 parts per million (PPM) of available chlorine and
allowed to stand for 3 hours before flushing and returning to
service.

BASIC PLUMBING TOOLS FOR SUPPLY PIPES AND FITTINGS

1. PIPE VISE
2. PIPE CUTTER
3. PIPE REAMER
4. PIPE STOCK AND DIES
5. PIPE TAP
6. PIPE WRENCH
7. MONKEY WRENCH
8. STRAP WRENCH
9. PIPE TONG/ CHAIN WRENCH
PIPE VISE- This is used to hold 10. BASIN WRENCH
11. OPEN- END WRENCH
pipe to be cut, threaded or 12. ADJUSTABLE WRENCH
assembled. 13. FLARING TOOL
 PIPE CUTTER- this is used
for cutting G.I. or Copper
tubing.
PIPE REAMER- This is used
to remove the burrs form the
inside of the pipe or to
enlarge an opening.
Burr- a rough or sharp edge
left on metal by a cutting tool,
also known ar burl.
PIPE STOCK AND DIES- This
is used to make external
threads on G.I. Pipes.
ADJUSTABLE WRENCH- this
is used the same as that of a
monkey wrench.
OPEN-END WRENCH- This is
used to pull up flange bolts and
nuts.
PIPE TAP- This is used for PIPE WRENCH-this is used to
making internal threads in screw pipes into or out of their
G.I. Pipes. fittings.
STRAP WRENCH- This is
used when working with brass MONKEY WRENCH- this is
or plated pipes and fittings use to tighten or loosen
since it does not damage the fittings with parallel sides or
surfaced being tightened. It is hexagonal ends such as nuts,
also used in places too small to valves and unions.
admit a pipe wrench.
CHAIN WRENCH- This is used
BASIN WRENCH- for turning pipes usually with
150mm diameter or larger.
FLARING TOOL- This is used to
widen the end of a soft metal
tubing usually copper, to make a
mechanical seal.
 CHAPTER 10: PUMPS FOR WATER SUPPLY
Classification of Pumps

1. Reciprocating Pumps
a. Lift pumps
b. Piston or plunger pumps
c. Deep-well piston pumps
2. Centrifugal Pumps
a. Submersible pump
3. Deep-weel jet pumps
4. Hydraulic Rams
5. Hydropneumatic pressure system

1. RECIPROCATING PUMP- a pump which operates with a to- and –fro motion.

a. Lift Pump- the simplest of the reciprocating pumps and consists of a piston
moving up and down in a cylinder or barrel. A lift pump cannot be used to
raise water above 7.50 to 8.50 meter at a normal atmospheric pressure
(101 kPa) due to:
- Loss of efficiency in the pump
- Friction in the intake pipe
- Impossible to obtain a perfect vacuum
b. Piston or Plunger Pump- is a positive displacement reciprocating pump in
which a plunger is driven backwards and forwards, or up and down by a
mechanical working head.
 ILLUSTRATION

c. Deep-well piston pump- when water is more than 7.5m below the ground,
it is visually necessary to place the pump in or near the water in the well
and pump from there. Water is forced up th drop pipe and out into the
delivery pipe.

ILLUSTRATION

CHART 1. FAULT FINDING: Reciprocating Pump

Fault Cause
No discharge Not printed
Excessive suction lift
Air leaks
Vapour lock
Blockage
Deterioration
Low discharge, low Faulty valves
pressure, single-acting Cylinder liner
Bucket leathers
Air leaks
Excessive back pressure
Excessive noise No oil or contamination
Worn bearings, pinion,
main gear, gear, shaft
eccentric or strap
Excessive speed
Excessive suction lift
Entrained gas or air
Worn valves or faulty valve
operation;
Excessive vibration Undersize piping
Cavitation
Deterioration
Counter balancing
Remedy or action
Prime.
Reduce static lift,
eliminate or reduce friction
on suction side with larger
pipes.
Check and eliminate air
leaks by sealing. Check
gland.
Suction lift excessive for
fluid temperature.
Check for blockage in
suction pipe, foot valve or
strainer. Check suction
valves.
Check cylinder liner for
wear, bucket leathers and
valves
Check valves.
Check liner.
Check leathers. Check
and rectify.
Check that total
discharge head is not
excessive.
Drain and refill
Check for worn parts.
Reduce to maximum
specified level.
Reduce suction lift and/or
increase pipe size to
reduce friction head.
Modify suction pipe
position
Check valves and springs.
Fit large pipes to reduce
flow velocity.
Check against causes of
cavitation. Increase net
positive suction head.
Check for and replace
worn parts.
Fit extension beams and
 increase weight according
to the difference in lift load
to discharge load, also
effected by changing
compensating head to
larger size to match deep-
well cylinder where
practicable. Another
remedy is to resude speed
to gearing. Check motor
loading with ammeter.

Centrifugal Pump- a pump with vanes or impellers that rotate inside a close-fitting case
draw-in liquid at the center and, by virtue of centrifugal force, throw-liquid out through an
opening in the periphery of the case. Unlike the reciprocating pump, a centrifugal pump
will not operate unless the casing is full of water.

1. Submersible Pump- is basically a centrifugal pump complete with electric

motorrs which are positioned under water in a suitable bored hole that
delivers the water to the surface.

• Important considerations for accurate submersible pump selection.

1. Well diameter- indicates the size of pump to be installed.
2. Well depth- indicates the static water level. The vertical distance from the
surface (datum line) to the water level when no water is being pumped.
3. Pumping Water level- the vertical distance from the datum to the water
level when specified capacity is being pumped.
4. Drawdown- vertical distance between pumping and static water levels.
5. Head above datum- indicates the total discharge head (static plus friction)
between datum line and point of measurement.
6. Pump capacity- volume rate flow expressed in cubic meters per hour or
liters per second to be produced by the pump.
7. Pump setting- the nominal vertical distance (in meters) from datum to the
discharge pipe connection at the pump.
8. Water composition- make up of the water to be pumped.
9. Type of drive- specification of the average power source (single phase or
3 phases).
10. Allowable motor overload- percentage of rated motor main plate power (in
kilowatts or horsepower) that will be permitted to be used.

CHART 2. FAULT FINDING: Centrifugal Pumps

Fault Cause Remedy of Action

No Discharge Lack of prime Prime pump and suction line,

Excessive suction lift
Excessive Discharge head
Speed too low
Pump clogged
Wrong direction of rotation
Air leaks
Vapour lock
Low delivery Air leaks/ vapour locks
Worn or clogged impeller
Incorrect pipe size
allowing trapped air to escape
through bleed vent.
Check suction head. Reduce lift
and/or increase pipe size to negate
friction head. Check foot valve and
suction pipe for obstruction.
Cheack total head. Ensure all
valves open. Check piping for
blockages. Ensure non-return valves
are installed correct way round.
Check that pump revolutions are
consistent with recommendations.
Check that impeller is not clogged.
Check pump is rotating in right
direction.
Check suction pipe and connection
for leaks. Check seal or gland.
Check fluid temperature to ensure
that fluid in the suction line is not
flashing to vapour when the pressure
is reduced.
Check and rectify.
Replace and correct.
Check recommendation.
 Increase size reduce friction head.
Blockage or constriction Check total head etc.
Poor suction Ask for recommendation.
Wrong pump Check recommendations.
High fluid viscosity
Low Pressure Worn impeller Check and replace.
Wrong rotation Check and correct.
Flow velocity Check recommendation.
Unbalanced impeller Increase size to reduce friction
head.
Faulty bearings/ bent shaft Check total head etc.
Misalignment Ask for recommendation
Badly installed Check recommendation
Vibration and Cavitation Check operation conditions, fluid
noise temperature and NPSH.
Incorrect rotation Check and rectify.
Flow velocity Increase pipe size. Reduce flow.
Unbalanced impeller Check for wear or clogging
Faulty bearings/ bent shaft Replace if necessary.
Misalignment Check alignment with prime-mover.
Badly installed Check mounting for rigidity.
Excessive wear Corrosion Check that pump material and fluid
are compatible.
Cavitation Check operating conditions.
Abrassive fluid Ask for recommendations.
Heating bearing Running too fast Check maximum operating speed.
Belts too tight Slacken tension.
Misalignment Check alignment
Lack of lubricant Repack with grease or replace.
Distortion Bearings too tight.
DEEP WELL JET PUMP. A pump consisting of a revolving impeller in the pump
housing which forces water down a pressure line to an ejector assembly below water
level.

ILLUSTRATION
HYDRAULIC RAM OR RAM PUMP. A pump in which the power generated from flowing
in an enclosed pipe is used to raise part of the water to a height above that from which
the flow began.

ILLUSTRATION: A typical hydraulic ram pump

ILLUSTRATION: A typical Hydraulic Ram Installation

 • Definite Conditions Required for Hydraulic Ram to work Effectively

1. The fall (h) must be more than 0.66m, but should not exceed 6m.
2. The drive pipe should be straight and laid to an even grade, and its length should
be 6 to 8 times the available fall. The drive pipe must be long enough to ensure
that when the recoil of water takes place more resistance is offeered by te
moving water in the drive pipe than by the delivery valve and the water
immediately above it.
3. The amount of water available should be at least 10 times the required supply
and there must be a get away for the waste water.
4. The height (H) to which the water is to be delivered should not, in general, be
more than 6 to 8 times the available fall.
5. As a rule, the diameter of the drive pipe should be at least twice the diameter of
the delivery pipe.

• Calculation
In calculating for the quantity of water delivered by a hydraulic ram, use the
formula:

q= Q x h x e
H

Where:

q= Quantity (in liters) delivered from the ram in a given time

Q= Quantity (in liters) flowing to the ram in the same time
h= Head (in meters) of water on inlet side of ram
H= Height (in meters) to which water is raised
e= Effeciency of ram
SAMPLE PROBLEM

To supply a ram, 200 liters of water per hour are available. The head of the ram is
1.00m and the height to which is raised is 5.00mm if the ram is assumed to have an
efficiency of 60%, what quantity of water will be delivered per hour?

SOLUTION:

q= Q x h x e
H

= 200 x 1 x 0.6
5

q= 24 liters per hour

HYDROPNEUMATIC PRESSURE SYSTEM. A pumping system that provide water,
within pre-set flow and pressure ratings, automically on demand.

• Three basic Elements of the Pressure System

1. A pump (of any type or manufacturer)
2. A pressure sensing electric switch- opens and closes the electrical
contacts causing the pump to stop and start.
3. Pressure vessel which contains an elastic medium, usually air.

ILLUSTRATION
 WELL PUMP SELECTION

PUMP DEPTH OF WELL

CAPACITY
0 to 8.00m 8.00 to 18.00m 18.00 to 27.00 to 46.00 and over
27.00m 46.00m
1,136 to Submersible Submersible Submersible Submersible Submersible
2,271 LPH pump pump pump pump pump
(300-600 Jet pump Jet pump Jet pump Jet pump Jet pump
GPH) Piston Deep well Deep well Deep well Deep well
Pump Reciprocating Reciprocating Reciprocating Reciprocating
Pump Pump Pump Pump
2,271 to Submersible Submersible Submersible Submersible Submersible
4,542 LPH Pump pump pump pump pump
(600-1200 Jet Pump Jet pump Jet pump Jet pump
GPH) Plunger
Pump
Over 4,542 Submersible Submersible Submersible Submersible Submersible
LPH (1200 Pump pump pump pump pump
GPH) Jet Pump Jet pump Jet pump
Plunger
Pump

THE PUMPING OF WATER

In the pumping of water, the following are to be considered:

1. Mass of water to be lifted

2. The height through which it must be lifted or forced.
3. The distance it must travel in moving from one place to another.
4. The ways in which in water may be affected by friction.

Pressure- is defined as force per unit area, the area being measured at right angles to
directon of the force. The unit of pressure N/m2 is called Pascal (Pa). Kilo Pascal (kPa)
and Mega Pascal (MPa) are commonly used.

Head- is the height or vertical distance from the point of measurement to the free level
of water in the system.
a. Positive Head- occurs when the free water level is higher than the point of
measurement.
b. Negative Head- occurs where the free water level is lower than the point
of measurement. It is also known as suction, partial vacuum or negative
pressure.
*Water with head of 1.00m and a base of 1m2 will exert a pressure of 9810 N/m2, or
9810 Pa, that is 9.81 kPa.

• Classification of Heads
There are different kinds of head according to their effect on pumping operations.

1. Static Discharge Head or Gravity Head- results from the vertical height of a
column of water. It is the weight of water exerted as a result of the force of
gravity. In pumping operatons, it is the vertical distance (in meters) from the
center line of the pump to the point of free discharge.
2. Pressure head- the vertical height to to which a given pressure will force water to
a certain level
3. Suction Lift- the term used when the source of supply is below the center line of
the pump.
4. Static Suction Lift- the vertical distance (in meters) from the liquid level to the
center line of the pump.
5. Total Suction Lift- the static suction lift plus friction head in the entire suction pipe
and fittings.
6. Suction head- the term used when the source of supply is above the center lne of
the pump. Also known as flooded suction.
7. Static Suction Head- the vertical distance (in meters) from the center line of the
pump to the level of the liquid being pumped.
8. Total Suction Head- the static suction head minus the friction head in the entire
suction pipe and fittings.
9. Total discharge Head- the static delivery head plus the friction head plus the
friction head in all of the delivery pipe and fittings.
10. Velocity Head- the head required to accelerate the water in the delivery pipe. It
should be included in the total pump head but it so nominal that it is usually
ignored.
11. Total Pump Head- the total suction lift plus the total delivery plus the velocity
head.

CHAPTER 11: DOMESTIC HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

DOMESTIC HOT WATER SUPPLY

The supply of hot water of domestic use is based on the need for personal hygiene and
washing in order to remain healthy and safe.
1. Personal hygiene- through science, people became aware that dirt harbors
disease, to keep away from this condition people attend to constantly maintain
their bodies clean. To achieve this, a regular supply of hot water is required to
break down and dissolve oil and dirt. Soap lathers much better in hot water than
cold. Hot water is friendlier to our skin temperature since we are warm blooded
 animals. Hot water also helps to open skin pores, letting the soap get down into
the tissue to lift out the oil and dirt.
2. Washing- certain substances, such as fatty foods on a plate, require a
temperature of 60 degrees centigrade to lift them.
There are several methods of heating water , but the availability of fuel and the cost
involved in operating and maintaining the system are main concerns in choosing the
suitable type. The types of fuel currently available are:
1. Electricity 5. steam
2. Solid fuel- coal 6. Oil
3. Gas 7. Heat pumps
4. Solar
HEAT-UP TIME
In order to achieve the greatest convenience and the best running cost, knowledge of
the heat-up time for water heaters is important. Capacities of water heaters vary
according to requirements, storage size and heat input. This is the reason why most
heaters have to be turned- on before use as they need time to heat up. To be able to
calculate the heat- up time we need to understand a few facts about heating water.
1. Specific heat- is the specific amount of heat for a specific temperature rise. It
takes 4.187 kJ (kilo Joules) of energy to raise 1 kilogram of water through 1
degree centigrade.
2. For the purpose of calculations, 1 liter of water has a mass of 1 kilogram.
3. Temperature Rise (TR)- is the difference between the cold water temperature
and the final required temperature. This is expressed in the formula: TR= (t2-t1)
4. Often the water heater is electrical equipment that is related in kilowatts (kW), it
is necessary to convert kJ to kW. The conversion is kW= 3600 kJ.
Knowing the quantity of water to be heated, the temperature rise and the specific heat
of water, we can calculate the amount of heat required, and because electrical
appliances have the input based on an hourly rate, these figures can be reversed to find
the time it would take to heat up.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate the amount of electrical energy and the time required to heat 13 liters of water
from 10oC to 60oC at 100% efficiency.
Solution
1. Solving for Temperature Rise: TR=60oC - 10oC= 50oC
2. Solving for Energy Required
Energy Required = liters x temperature x specific heat
= 13 liters x 50oC x 4.187 kJ/ liter oC
= 13 liters x 50oC x 4.187 kJ
Liter degree centigrade
= 2,721.55 kJ
3. Convert kJ to kW
kW= 2721.55 kJ
3600 kJ/ kW
4. Solving for Time Required
 T= 2721.55 kJ
3600 kJ/ kWh x 0.76 kW
Convert hours to minutes: T= 0.99 hours x 60 minutes / hour = 59.4 minutes
The above time of 59.4 minutes is quite impractical for a waiting time before hot water is
available. To shorten the waiting time, the input should be increased.
ADDENDUM OF SAMPLE PROBLEM
*If we double the input from 0.76 kW to 1.52kW, calculate the time it will take to reach
the required temperature.
Solution. Use the same figures but this time double the input.
T= 13 liters x 50 oC x 4.187 k
3600kJ/ kWh x 1.52kW

= 2721.55 kJ = 0.497 hours

5472 kJ/ h

Convert hours to minutes

T= 0.497h x 60 min/ h
Time= 29.82 minutes

TYPES OF HOT WATER SYSTEM AVAILABLE

The above stated types of fuel can be used to heat the water in the following systems:
1. Localized water heating (single appliances)
a. High Pressure
b. Low Pressure
2. Centralized hot water system
a. High Pressure
b. Low Pressure
3. Storage water heaters
a. High Pressure
b. Low Pressure
4. Instantaneous water heaters
a. High Pressure
b. Low Pressure

STORAGE WATER HEATER- OPEN OUTLET SINGLE POINT, ABOVE SINK

All heaters of this type are designed to serve one fixture at a time. Although, it is
possible to install the heater between two adjacent fixtures so the swivel spout can be
turned to supply both. They are available from 7 to 34 liters storage and normally have a
2000 watt element fitted. This means that there is heat-up time of 12 minutes to 1 hour.

STORAGE WATER HEATER- OPEN OULET SINGLE POINT, UNDER SINK

The under sink water heater works on the principle of displacement, hot water only
flowing when cold water enters the cylinder and pushes the hot out. To prevent undue
pressure from the cold water inlet, a restrictor is fitted to the inlet connection. Provision
must be made for expansion and this is done by leaving the hot water outlet open and
discharging it over the sink. The cold water faucet controls the flow of hot water and the
hot outlet pipe allows for expansion. Under sink water heaters are not suitable for use
with dish washers, unless installed as low-pressure water heaters.

INSTANTANEOUS HEATERS
Instantaneous heaters instantly heat cold water as it passes through the heater. These
heaters are compact since storage is not required. They are popularly used at showers
and lavatories and due to this condition; there is a shower model and lavatory model.

1. Shower model- has rated power consumption of 6000 watts (6kW)

- provides a continuous supply of hot water at a maximum rate of 3
liters per minute at a showering temperature of 40 degrees
centigrade.
2. Lavatory model- has a rated power consumption of 3000 watts (3kW)
-provides a continuous supply of warm water for hand washing at
the rate of approximately 1.4 liters per minute.
3. Multi-point model- serves several fixtures such as a range of lavatories, sink or
. shower.
OPERATION OF INSTANTANEOUS HEATER

1. When the cold water control valve is turned on, water flows and exerts pressure
on a pressure switch which in turn completes the electrical circuit so that the
element can now heat the water as it passes through. The pressure switch is the
safeguard that the heating element is only on when water is flowing.
2. A preset thermal cut-out switch is also incorporated as a safety measure against
overheating the water.
3. The heating element is thermostatically controlled using a rod thermostat or invar
steel which expands very little. This is fixed inside a tube of brass which expands
very little. This is fixed inside a tube of brass which expands approximately 18
times as much as the invar steel. When the brass tube, which is in contact with
the water, expands, it draws out the invar rod with it and breaks the electrical
contact.
4. A magnet ensures a clean snap action, as the magnet will hold the control switch
until the last minute, so preventing excessive arcing and rapid deterioration of the
contact points.
CENTRALIZED HOT WATER SUPPLY

 In centralized systems, water is heated and stored centrally and distributed to the
hot water faucets via the hot water piping. In the average home, an electric
heating element is directly immersed into the water to be heated. But, for
commercial and larger projects an independent boiler or furnace is used to heat
the water remotely. The hot water is stored in a range boiler or storage tank that
is located as near the boiler as possible to keep heat losses at a minimum.
 To provide an adequate supply of hot water for the average family, a 180 liter
storage cylinder is recommended and is designed to provide the central bulk of
the hot water requirements. The aforementioned value should be increased if
there is an abnormally high usage of hot water or be supplemented with
secondary forms of heating water.

1. The hot water storage vessel holds sufficient water to meet a large draw-off at
peak times.
2. It may be possible to use cheaper, lower grade fuel oil, coal, natural gas or other
solid fuel.
3. The boiler can be housed in its own room, keeping noise and dust out of the
main building.
4. One boiler plant reduces maintenance.

PARTS OF CENTRALIZED HOT WATER SUPPLY

1. Heating element/ boiler 3. Range boiler/ hot water storage tank
2. Thermostat 4. Hot water pipes
 • Heating element- the size of the heating element has a direct bearing on the
heating up time, which is also related to the size of the storage cylinder. A
general guide for adequate supply is: 135 liters  1500 watts
180 liters  2000 watts

Both the 180 liter with a 2000 watt element and the 135 liter with a 1500 watt
element will reach a temperature of 60 degrees centigrade in 5 hours and 15 minutes,
based on cold water entering the cylinder at 10 degrees centigrade.

Caution: It is not uncommon for higher wattage elements to be installed, up to

3000 watts in a 135 liter cylinder, but when this is done in an old installation, the wiring
should be checked to avoid electrical overloading that may result to fire.

• Thermostat- is the key to a satisfactory and economical water heater,

automatically switching off the power when the preset temperature is reached
and switching on again when hot water is drawn off, or the temperature drops
through heat loss. Recommended thermostat settings for average family
requirement are 65 to 0 degrees centigrade. Where there are smaller demands,
60 degrees centigrade is more economical temperature. Some savings can be
made by lowering the temperature setting during summer.

• Range boiler/ hot water storage tank- the hot water tank serves the domestic
hot water system in a storage capacity. There are two types of tanks used for the
storage of hot water:

1. Range boiler- the small cylindrical hot water tank that varies in size from
300 mm to 600 mm in diameter and is not more than 1800 mm long. The
range boiler is made of galvanized steel sheet of standard and extra
heavy gauge. It can be used in either horizontal or vertical position.

2. Storage tank- the large cylindrical hot water tank with a range of diameter
at 600mm to 1350 mm and not more than 4500 mm long.

The proper size of the hot water storage tank depends on the following:
1. The design of the building
2. The number of occupants and
3. The heating capacity of the supply device

• Hot water pipes- should be as short as possible in order to avoid the use of
“dead legs”. A “dead leg” is a long pipe run whereby it takes a long time to push
out the cold water for the sake of a small amount of hot water. The smallest size
of piping that will provide a satisfactory flow should be used. Short, small sized
pipes are less expensive and they waste less heat and less water.

HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The storage tank and heating device of a hot water distribution system are so
assembled as to create a circulation of water within them. The movement of the water is
the result of molecular activity. The application of heat to a body of water caused it to
expand and become less dense, which give it a natural tendency to rise. The inequality
of weights between the hot and the cold water contained in the tank results a circulation
of the liquid. The operation and efficiency of the hot water distribution system is
dependent upon the following:

1. Type of heating system used

a. Direct system
b. Indirect system

2. Type of tank connection used

a. Vertical position
b. Horizontal position
c. Pipes, valves and fittings

3. Types of installation used

a. Upfeed and Gravity return

b. Overhead feed and gravity return
c. Pump circuit system

DIRECT HEATING SYSTEM

In this system the water that is being heated by the boiler is actually used out of the hot
water faucets.

Direct water heaters are classified into four categories:

1. Range boilers
a. Range boiler and furnace coil
b. Range boiler and heater
2. Gas water heaters
a. Side-arm gas heater
b. Gas water heater
3. Oil-Fired water heater
4. Electric water heater

Each type should have a temperature and pressure relief valve and sediment drain at
the lowest part of the tank. Relief valves are set to allow water to blow into a drain line
when the temperature exceeds 100 degrees centigrade or when the pressure exceeds
860 kPa.
• Range Boiler and furnace coil- the range boiler is usually mounted upright on a
stand. A drain is placed at the bottom to remove sediment; a temperature and
 pressure relief valve is placed at the top for safety. The furnace coil is located in
the furnace box.
• Range boiler and Heater- the range boiler is usually installed horizontally on a
stand. The heater maybe fired by coal, gas or oil.

• Side-Arm Gas Heater- is used mostly during summer months in temperate

countries to support furnace oil heaters.
• Gas water heater- a galvanized iron, copper, or porcelain- lined steel tank
enclosed in an insulating jacket. A gas (LPG) burner provides the heat. The
thermostat controls the temperature of the water in the insulated tank. Its
operation is automatic and will keep water at any temperature from 45 to 75
degree centigrade, according to the setting of the thermostat. Gas water heaters
provide an efficient and inexpensive way to supply hot water at all times.

• Oil-Fired water heaters- are similar to the gas water heater, except that a
vaporizing or pressure oil burner supplies the heat.
 • Electric Water Heater- normally has two immersion type heating elements. The
upper heater usually has higher wattage than the lower. Thermostats control
these elements to ensure that the operation is automatic. The heater does not
need a flue or smoke stack since there are no burning products. The electric
water heater may be located in a closet.

INDIRECT HEATING SYSTEM

In this system the water that is heated by the boiler is never used out of the hot water
faucets, but circulates through a heat exchanger. This takes the form of a coil pipe
within the hot water storage tank. The heated water circulates through the system and
in turn heats the water held within the storage tank, then results to the boiler to be
reheated. The advantages of this system are:
1. Since the water in the boiler does not mix with the water in the storage tank, the
risk of rusty water being drawn off through the faucets is eliminated.
2. It keeps the carbonate deposits to a minimum level because once the temporary
hardness of the water has been released it will not recur as the same water is
reheated over and over again.
3. It can use steam as the heating medium instead of water.

There are 3 types of indirect heating system currently used in buildings, these are:
1. Primatic Cylinder
2. Calorifiers
3. Annular Cylinder

1. Primatic cylinder- is a single feed cylinder with a patented internal heat

exchanger. It is designed with two air locks, which prevent the mixing of the
heated water with the useable water.
2. Calorifiers- is a continuous coil of pipe within a vertical cylinder. In hospitals and
factories where steam is already being generated for other uses, it can be used
to heat the water by the indirect method through the calorifier. The steam enters
the coil through the top connection. The strainer removes any solid matter
suspended in the controlled. The thermostat prevents overheating or boiling of
the stored water. A steam trap, fitted near the outlet of the coil, prevents the
steam from leaving the coil until it condenses.
 3. Annulars cylinder- is a horizontal calorifier that works in a similar way to that
described above. This best suited for areas with limited headroom.

NOTE: Where water is being used for heating , the “rule of thumb” to determine the
heating surface is approximately 1000 cubic centimeter of heating surface per 10 liters
of water in the storage tank. For 180 liters of stored water, this works out to
approximately 21 meters of a 15 mm diameter pipe or 16 meters of a 20mm diameter
pipe.

Indirect water heating with an annular cylinder

STORAGE TANK CONNECTION

It is advisable to seat the tank in a vertical position on small installations and in a
horizontal position on the larger installations. In both the vertical and horizontal position,
the tank must be set above the heater to allow the heated water to rise and permit a
more rapid circulation.

Other necessary connections to the tank are:

a. Cold water supply- delivered into the tank via a boiler tube that extends to
within 150mm of the tank bottom. The purpose for this is to avoid the possibility
of cooling the hot water which accumulates at the top of the tank. This cold water
line must have a small hole within 150mm from the top of the tank. This hole
serves as a vacuum breaker and prevents siphonage. The supply line into the
tank must be equipped with a control valve located as close to the hot water tank
as possible.
b. Flow connection- is connected to an opening on the tank somewhere above its
center point. This line is called the flow connection because the heated water
flows from the heater in the tank.
c. Return connection- is connected to a tapping on the bottom of the tank. This
line is called the return connection because it returns the colder water from the
bottom of the tank of the heater.
d. Drain valve- is located at the lowest point of the storage tank.
e. Hot water distribution pipe- is connected to a tapping on the top of the tank at
the point near the flow inlet.
f. Blow-off valve- is installed to the storage tank to control the temperature and
pressure and to prevent serious difficulties should the tank become overheated.

HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION: Types of installations

The installation for hot water distribution consists of the piping work that conveys the
heated water from the storage tank to the plumbing fixtures.

• Upfeed and Gravity Return system

- Commonly used in residential installations
- The purpose of this system is to permit circulation of hot water within the
piping arrangement
- The circulating return is economical since it eliminates water waste.
- The principle on which this system functions is provided in the unequal
weights of 2 columns of heated water of uniform height. The inequality of
weight is the result of a variation in temperature in the 2 columns.

FEATURES OF THE UPFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM:

a. The distribution main is connected to a tapping on the top of the storage tank
close to the flow from the heater.
This pipe is usually suspended from the basement ceiling.
b. Hot water rises are generally connected to the distribution main by means of 45
degree connection.
 However, this practice may vary according to the length of the risers, in order to
avoid one riser circulating faster and more thoroughly than the others. For
example, should an installation consists of 3 risers of varying heights, the longest
can be connected to the main horizontally; the shorter riser by a vertical
connection; and the third riser maybe connected with a 45 degree fitting.
c. The flow riser is passed as near the fixtures as possible. Swing joints are
provided in the supports of risers to allow for expansion and prevent breakage of
the pipes. The flow riser is equipped with a control valve and a drip at its base.
d. The circulating return is connected to a tee that is installed in the riser below the
highest fixture to overcome air lock. The return is usually one size smaller that
the flow riser. It is connected to a return main often suspended from the
basement ceiling. The return riser is also equipped with a drip and a control valve
at its base.
e. The circulating main is usually suspended from the basement ceiling and
installed with a slope to a Y fitting installed in the return connection between the
storage tank and the heating unit. A valve must be placed at this connection.
f. All valves used in the system should be of the gate valve type in order to be
assured of a full way water flow and to overcome trapped water lines- a fault
which occurs in the use of disc or globe valves.
g. The largest diameter of the pipe is at the bottom of the riser, the size diminishing
as it passes through the upper floor s of the building.
OVERHEAD FEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM
- The most efficient method of delivering hot water to fixtures.
- It is generally used in multi-storey buildings.
- It is dependent on the natural laws governing expansion and gravity
- Its advantage is that it allows continuous circulation even if there is a
mechanical defect in the system.
- The operating principle of the overhead system is based on the fact that in a
closed system of piping, water rises when heated. After it has reached the
high point of the system, natural forces of gravity return it to the storage unit.

FEATURES OF THE OVERHEAD FEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM

a. The storage tank should be located at the lowest point of the distribution piping.
b. Overhead feed riser is connected to a tapping at the top of the storage tank close
to the flow connection of the heater. This riser must be extended as direct and
free from offsets as possible to the work space or the ceiling above the top floor
of the building. This riser must not have connections from fixtures.
c. Distribution main is connected to the top of the riser, and is suspended from the
ceiling or the building framework by means of metal hangers. The main must be
pitched away from the riser so that the water will flow to the last drop. The main
shoulder be located so as to make the horizontal runs of the riser as short ans as
equal in length as possible.
d. The horizontal riser branch is connected into the main by means of inverted 45
degree fitting and is pitched to the drop or vertical riser proper. The horizontal
riser branch must be equipped with a valve installed as close as may be
practical.
e. The largest pipe diameter is at the top of the riser, the size diminishing as it
passes through the lower floors.
f. The circulating return main is a line suspended from the basement or lowest
floor. It is pitched and connected to a Y located at the return piping between the
heater and the storage tank.
g. The return risers are connected to the circulating return main.
h. The system is equipped with a relief vent that eliminates the accumulation of air
(air bound) at the top most point of the distributing piping. Air bound is a condition
in the pipe works that retards or prevents the circulation of hot water. There are
two methods to provide a relief vent in the system; 1 connects an uncirculated
riser to the highest point of the overhead distribution main. It is possible to relieve
the air lock from time to time by opening the fixture/ faucet that the riser serves.
2, by installing an air relief valve, which opens when the air accumulates and
automatically closes when the air is released. The relief valve is equipped with a
drain pipe that allows water to drip to an open fixture.
PUMP CIRCUIT SYSTEM
-The circulation of hot water to the plumbing fixture by means of mechanical
device, usually a centrifugal pump. The rotary motion of the impeller of the centrifugal
pump creates an even movement of hot water flow in the pipes which makes this pump
practical to use.
- this is used in buildings where it is impossible to produce a circulation of hot
water.

FEATURES OF THE PUMP CIRCUIT SYTEM

a. The pump is installed on the circulating return main as close to the heater as
possible.
b. The circulating return is connected to the inlet side of the pump and the outlet
side of the pump is connected into the return of the heater.
c. It is advisable to equip the pump with a by-pass, which is done by inserting tees
of the same diameter as the circulating return ahead of the valves. The tees are
connected and the line is equipped with a gate valve. Should the pump get out of
order, the control valves may be closed and the hot water will circulate around
the pump into the return pipe of the heater. This practice serves as a temporary
means of water circulation. When the by-pass is not in use, the valve with which
it is equipped must be closed. The valves on either side of the pump must be
open at all times when the pump is in operation.
 NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
( Republic Act 1378 = the “Plumbing Law” )

HISTORY OF PLUMBING PRACTICE

WALLED CITY (Intramuros): Birth of plumbing profession in the Phlippines

PUEBLO: Towns
ILUSTRADOS: Elite Group
GOV. GEN. HARRISON: Issued a letter of instruction on proper waste disposal
MASTER PLUMBER JOHN F. HASS: First Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and
Inspection
NAMPAP: National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines
First Members:
Francisco Geronimo Mariano de Ocampo
Igmidio Suarez Eusebio Mina
Jose Rivera Raymundo Reyes Sr.
Roberto Feliciano Gregorio Lazaro
Raymundo Gumapac John Jones
Trinitario Ortiz Valentin Casupanan
Crispin Francisco Teodoro Pastor
Cornelio Odvina Jesus Tanghal Dera
CITY ORDINANCE 2411: a.k.a. Plumbing Code for the City of Manila
HOUSE BILL NO. 962 R.A. 1378: a.k.a. Plumbing Law of the Philippines
F.E.A.T.I. UNIVERSITY: First Curriculum for Plumbing Engineering
FIRST AMENDMENT: Inclusion of “Asbestos-Cement Pipe” as an approved
plumbing material
BOMP: Board of Master Plumbers
AIR, WATER & FOOD: basic necessities of life

BASIC PRINCIPLES

 Plumbing fixtures, devices & appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and at
pressure adequate to enable them to function satisfactorily and without undue noise under all normal
conditions of use.

 Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper
performance and cleaning.

 Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a sewer or with a private sewer-disposal system
shall have at least one water closet and one kitchen-type sink. Further, a lavatory and bathtub or
shower shall be installed to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.

 Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from concealed fouling
surfaces & shall be located in ventilated enclosures.

 All piping of plumbing systems shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED materials, free from
defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbersto ensure
satisfactory service.

 Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap.

 The drainage piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from
siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.

 Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the
workmanship.

 Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods & similar
materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected
indirectly with the building drainage system.

 No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted & ventilated.

ARCHITECTURAL LICENSURE EXAMINATION REVIEWER: National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
 If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in the buildings where there is no sewer
within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the building sewage by
some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as septic tank.

 Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface
waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous
through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.

CHAPTER 1: ADMINISTRATION

1. APPLICATION FOR PERMITS

 A Registered and Licensed Master Plumber shall file an application at the office of the
Building Official in behalf of the building owner: Application shall:
 Identify & describe the plumbing work covered
 Have the description of the land upon which the plumbing work is to be done
 Indicate the use or occupancy
 Be accompanied by plans, drawings, diagrams, computations, technical
specifications, & other pertinent data required by Administrative Authority
 Be signed by the Owner or permittee
 Be signed & sealed by the Registered & Licensed Master Plumber.
 Plans & Specifications:
 All plumbing plans, drawings, diagrams, design analyses/computations as required,
technical specifications, bill of materials & other required documents for all types of
occupancy shall be prepared, signed & sealed by a Registered & Licensed Master
Plumber, without limitation pursuant to Republic Act 1378, as amended.
 The above requirements shall be submitted in (6) sets
2. PERMIT ISSUANCE
 The Administrative Authority may issue Partial Permit for the construction of a part of a
large and/or complicated plumbing system before the entire plans & specifications for the
whole system submitted or approved:
 Retention of approved plans, specifications, computations & other pertinent data:
 One (1) set for Administrative Authority
 Two (2) sets returned to the Applicant
 One (1) set kept at the Jobsite
 Expiration:
 One (1) year from date of issuance
 Within 120 days if the work is suspended or abandoned
3. APPLICATION FOR EXISTING PLUMBING SYSTEM
 Additions, Alterations or Repairs
 Changes in Building Occupancy
 Maintenance
 Moved Buildings
4. INSPECTIONS
 General:
 No portion of any plumbing system shall be concealed until inspected & approved
 All Administrative Plumbing Personnel, Plumbing Inspector shall be a Registered
Licensed Master Plumber
 Inspection Request:
 Shall be filed at least three (3) working days before such inspection is intended.
 Shall be in writing & jointly signed by Owner & the Registered and Licensed Master
Plumber-Contractor.
5. CONNECTION APPROVAL
 Permanent Connection: shall be approved by Administrative Authority
 Temporary Connection: shall be endorsed by Administrative Authority to other
authorities or government agencies.

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CHAPTER 2: DEFINITIONS

 ABS - Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
 ACCESSIBLE - When applied to a fixture, connection, appliance or equipment, shall
mean having access thereto, but which may require prior removal of an access panel, door or similar
obstruction.
 READILY ACCESSIBLE - shall mean direct access without necessity of removing any panel, door
or similar obstruction
 AIRBREAK - a physical separation, which may be a low inlet into the indirect waste
receptor from the fixture, appliance or device indirectly connected.
 AIR GAP, DRAINAGE - the unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between
the lowest opening from any pipe, plumbing fixture, appliance or appurtenance conveying waste to
the flood level rim of the receptor.
 AIR GAP, WATER DISTRIBUTION - an unobstructed vertical distance through the free
atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet conveying potable water to the flood-
level rim of any tank, vat or fixture.
 APPROVED TESTING AGENCY - an organization primarily established for purposes of
testing to approve standards and approved by the Administrative Authority.
 BACKFLOW - the flow of water or other liquids, mixtures or substances into the distributing
pipes of a potable supply of water from any source other than from its intended source.
 BACKFLOW CONNECTION - condition or any arrangement whereby reverse flow can occur.
 BACKPRESSURE BACKFLOW - occurs due to an increased reverse pressure above the supply
pressure. This may be due to pumps, boilers, gravity or other sources of pressure.
 BACKFLOW PREVENTER - device or means to prevent flow of liquid from returning to the
source of supply. Also called “Vacuum Breaker”
 BACK-SIPHONAGE - the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a
plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a negative pressure in such pipe.
 BACKWATER VALVE - a device installed installed in the drainage system to prevent reverse
flow.
 BACKVENT PIPE - the part of the vent line, which connects directly with an individual trap
underneath or behind the fixture and extends to the branch or main vent pipe at any point higher than
the fixture or fixture traps it serves. This is sometimes called an “Individual Vent”
 BALL COCK - a valve opened & closed by the fall & rise, respectively of an attached
ball floating on the surface of the liquid.
 BALL JOINT - a type of pipe connection in which a ball-shaped end is held in a
cuplike shell and allows movements in every diretion.
 BATTERY OF FIXTURES - any of two or more similar adjacent fixture which discharge
into a common horizontal soil or waste branch.
 BELL OR HUB - that portion of a pipe which, for a short distance, is sufficiently
enlarged to receive the end of another pipe of the same diameter for the purpose of making a caulked
or push-on joint.
 BENDING PIN (or IRON) - a tool for straightening or bending lead pipe.
 BIDET - Also called a “stiz” bath.
 BLANK FLANGE - a pipe flange that is not drilled for bolt holes.
 BLIND FLANGE - a flange that closes the end of the pipe. There is no opening for the
passage of liquid & gas.
 BLOW-OFF - a controlled outlet of a pipeline to discharge liquid or detritus.
 BOILER BLOW-OFF - a valve outlet of a boiler that permits discharge of accumulated
sediment.
 BRANCH - any part of piping system other than the main, riser or stack.
 BRANCH INTERVAL - a length of soil or waste stack corresponding in the general to a storey
height, but in no case less than 2.43m within which the horizontal branches from one floor or storey
of a building are connected to the stack.
 BRANCH VENT - a horizontal vent connecting one or more individual vertical back vents
with the vent stack or stack vent.
 BRAZED JOINT - any joint obtained by joining of metal parts with alloys which melt at
temperatures higher than 499 degrees centigrade, but lower than the melting temperature of the
parts to be joined.
 B&S - Brown & Sharpe (Specification) or Bell & Spigot (Ends of Pipes)
 BUILDING DRAIN - that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a drainage system which
receives the discharge from soil, waste & other drainage pipes inside the walls of the building &
conveys it to the building sewer beginning 0.6m outside the building wall.

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 BUILDING SEWER - that part of the horizontal piping of a drainage system which starts from
the end drain & conveys it to a public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage disposal system or
other point of disposal.
 BUILDING SUBDRAIN - that portion of an underground system, which cannot drain by gravity
into the building sewer.
 BUILDING SUPPLY - the pipe carrying potable water from the water meter or other source of
water supply to a building or other point of use or distribution on the lot. Building supply shall also
mean water service connection.
 CAULKING - plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials that are
pounded into the annular space. Also, the material pounded into the annular opening.
 CATCH BASIN - a receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period of time
to allow settable material to deposit.
 CERTIFIED BACKFLOW ASSEMBLY TESTER - a person who has shown competence
to test and maintain backflow assemblies to the satisfaction of the Administrative Authority having
jurisdiction.
 CESSPOOL - a non-watertight lined excavation in the ground which relieves the
discharge of a sanitary drainage system or part thereof, designed to retain the organic matter & solids
discharging therefrom, but permitting the liquid to seep through the bottom & sides of the cesspool.
 CHASE - a vertical shaft for installation of different pipe stacks.
 CHECK VALVE - a valve that automatically closes to prevent the flow of liquid or gas in
a reverse direction.
 CIRCUIT VENT - a group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme fixture connection
on a horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack. A.k.a. “Loop Vent”.
 COMMON VENT - A.k.a. “Loop Vent or Unit Vent”.
 COMBINATION WASTE & VENT SYSTEM - a specially designed system of waste piping
embodying the horizontal wet venting of one or more sink or floor drains by means of a common
horizontal waste & vent pipe, adequately sized to provide free movement of air above the flow line of
the drain.
 COMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION - a structure which any part of its structural framework
will ignite & burn at a temperature of 756 degrees centigrade or less.
 COMMON - that part of plumbing system designed & installed to serve more than
(1) appliance, fixture, building or system.
 CONFINED SPACE - a room or space having a volume less than 1.4 m3 with 250 kilogram
calorie of the aggregate input rating of all fuel-burning appliances installed in that space.
 CONTINUOUS VENT - a continuous vent is vertical vent that is a continuation of the drain to
which the vent connects.
 CONTINUOUS WASTE - a drain connecting the compartments of a set of fixtures to trap or
connecting other permitted fixtures to a common trap.
 CONDUCTOR OR DOWNSPOUT - a vertical pipe to convey rainwater.
 CORPORATION COCK - a stop valve placed at the connection of the water service pipe to the
water main.
 CRITICAL LEVEL - C-L or C/L marking on a backflow prevention device or vacuum
breaker is a point conforming to approved standards & established by the testing laboratory (usually
stamped on the device by the manufacturer) which determines the minimum elevation above the flood
level rim of the fixture or receptacle served where the device may be installed. When a backflow
prevention devices does not bear a critical level marking, the bottom of the vacuum breaker,
combination valve or the bottom of any such approved device shall constitute the critical level.
 CROSS-CONNECTION - any connection or arrangement, physical or otherwise, between a
potable water supply system and any plumbing fixture or any tank, receptacle, equipment or device,
through which enables non-potable, used, unclean, polluted, contaminated water or other substances
to enter into any part of such potable water system under any condition.
 DEAD-END - the extended portion of a pipe that is closed at one end to which no
connections are made on the extended portion, thus permitting the stagnation of liquid or air therein.
 DEVELOPED LENGTH - the length of a pipe along its centerline & fittings
 DIAMATER - is the “nominal diameter” as designated commercially:
 I.D. - inside diameter
 O.D. - outside diameter
 DOMESTIC SEWAGE - the liquid & water-borne wastes derived from the ordinary living
processes, free from industrial wastes & of such character that permit satisfactory disposal without
special treatment. It is discharged into the public sewer or into a private sewage disposal system.
 DOUBLE-BEND FITTING - a pipe fitting with adjacent reverse bends and shaped like
letter “S”.
 DOUBLE OFFSET - two offsets in succession or in series such that the centerlines of the
outside ends are in the same straight line.

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Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
 DOWNSPOUT - the vertical portion of a rainwater conductor
 DRAIN - a pipe, which carries ground surface waters, storm water or wastewater
into a building drainage system.
 DRAINAGE SYSTEM - includes all the pipings within public or private premises which convey
sewage or other liquid wastes to a legal point of disposal but does not include the mains of a public
sewer system or a public sewage system or disposal plant.
 DURHAM SYSTEM - a term used to describe soil or waste system where all pipings are of
threaded pipe, tubing or other such rigid construction using recessed drainage fittings to correspond to
the types of piping.
 EFFECTIVE OPENING - is the minimum cross-sectional area at the point of water supply
discharged measured or expressed in terms of: (also applicable to air gap installation)
 Diameter of a circle
 Diameter of a circle of equivalent cross-sectional area (if the opening is not circular)
 EXISTING WORK - the on-going installation of the plumbing installation of the plumbing
system or any part thereof which has been installed prior to the effectivity of the National Plumbing
Code.
 FERRULE - a metallic sleeve, caulked or joined to an opening in a pipe, into which
a plug is screwed that can be removed for cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe.
 FIXTURE - a receptacle other than a trap attached into a plumbing system in which
water or wastes may be collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system.
 FIXTURE BRANCH - the water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & the water-
distributing pipe.
 FIXTURE DRAIN -the drainpipe from the trap of a fixture to the junction of that drain with
any other drainpipe.
 FIXTURE SUPPLY - a water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.
 FIXTURE UNIT - is an arbitrary quantity in terms of which the load producing effects of
water requirements on the plumbing system of different kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed in
some arbitrary chosen scale.
 One fixture unit is equivalent to a rate of flow at 28.3 liters per minute or (1 cu.
ft. per minute)
 FLOOD LEVEL - the level in a fixture at which water begins to overflow over the top of
rim of the fixture.
 FLOOD LEVEL RIM - is the top edge of the receptacle from where water overflows.
 FLOODED - a fixture is flooded when the liquid therein rises to the flood level rim.
 FLUSH TANK - a tank located above or integral with water closet, urinal or similar
fixtures for flushing or removing excrements in the fixture.
 FLUSH VALVE - is a device located at the bottom of the tank for the purpose of flushing
water closet or similar fixtures.
 FLUSHOMETER TANK - is integrated within a n air accumulator vessel which is designed to
discharge a predetermined quantity of water into fixtures for flushing purposes.
 FLUSHOMETER VALVE - is a device, which discharges a predetermined quantity of
water into fixtures for flushing purposes & is actuated by direct water pressure.
 GATE VALVE - a valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disc
fitted against a machine-smoothed faces, at right angles to the direction of flow. The disk is raised or
lowered by means of a threaded stem connected to the handle of the valve. The opening in the valve
is usually as large as the full bore of the pipe.
 GLOBE VALVE - a valve in which the flow of fluid is cut off by means of a circular disc
that fits over & against the horizontal valve seat. The movement of the plane of the disc is parallel to
the normal direction of flow of water through the orifice (hole) resulting to tortuous passage which
offers a high-pressure loss. (to throttle water pressure)
 GOOSENECK - a return bend of a small sized pipe, one end of which is about 30cm
long & the other end is about 7.5cm long. It is commonly used as a faucet for a pantry sink. Also,
the term means the flexible tubing connection between the service pipe & the water main.
 GREASE INTERCEPTOR -an interceptor of at least 3 cubic meters capacity to serve one or
more fixtures which is remotely located.
 GREASE TRAP - a device designed to retain grease from 1 to a maximum of 4 fixtures.
 GROUP VENT - a branch vent that performs its functions for 2 or more traps
 HORIZONTAL BRANCH - is a drain pipe extending laterally from a soil or waste stack or
building drain with or without vertical sections or branches, which receives the discharge from one or
more fixture drains and conducts it to the soil or waste stack or to the building drain.
 HORIZONTAL PIPE - is any pipe or fitting installed in a horizontal position or which forms an
angle of not more than forty-five 45 degrees from the horizontal plain.

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 HOUSE DRAIN - is that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
receives the discharges from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it
to the house sewer outside of the building.
 HOUSE SEWER - is that part of a plumbing system extending from the house drain at a
point 0.60m from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the
street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site.
 HOUSE STORM SEWER - is the pipeline from the building to the public or street storm drainage
system.
 HUBLESS PIPES - are cast iron soil pipes with plain ends connected together with bolted
stainless steel bands and neoprene gaskets.
 INDIRECT WASTE PIPE - is a pipe that does not connect directly with the drainage system
but conveys liquid wastes by discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or receptacle directly
connected to the drainage system.
 INDIVIDUAL VENT - is a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap & which connects with the vent
system above the fixture served to terminate in the open air. (a.k.a. backvent)
 INDUSTRIAL WASTE - any and all liquid or water-borne waste from industrial or commercial
processes, except domestic sewage.
 I.P.S. - means Iron Pipe Size
 INSANITARY - a condition contrary to sanitary principles or injurious to health.
 INTERCEPTOR (CLARIFIER) - is a device designed & installed to separate & retain
deleterious, hazardous or desirable matters from normal wastes & permits normal sewage or liquid
wastes to discharge into the disposal terminal by gravity.
 INVERT - the lowest portion of the interior part of any pipe or conduit that is not
vertical.
 LABELLED - equipment or materials bearing a label of a listing agency. All labels
shall be embossed, stamped or indelibly marked with stickers, glued on the finished product
indicating the weight, specifications & logo of the manufacturer.
 LATERAL
 In plumbing – A secondary pipeline
 In sewerage – A common sewer to which no other branch sewer is connected. It
receives sewage from building sewer service connections only.
 LATRINE - a water closet consisting of a continuous through containing water. The
though extends under two or more adjacent seats. Prohibited by health authorities for permanent
installations.
 LAVATORY - a.k.a. wash basin
 LEACHING CESSPOOL - a cesspool that is not watertight.
 LEADER - a pipe connected from building gutter to the downspout or conductor.
 LENGTH OF PIPE - is measured along its centerline
 LIQUID WASTE - is the discharge from any fixture, appliance or appurtenance in
connection with a plumbing system which does not receive fecal matter.
 LOCAL VENT - a pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room to
the outer air.
 LOOP OR CIRCUIT VENT - a vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil waste pipe
branch at a point downstream of the last fixture connection and turning to a horizontal line above the
highest overflow level of the highest fixture connected thereat; the terminus connected to the stack
vent in the case of loop venting or to the vent stack nearby in the case of circuit venting.
 MAIN - any system of continuous piping, which is a principal artery of the
system were branches are connected.
 MAIN VENT - the principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches are
connected.
 MOBILE HOME PARK SEWER - that part of the horizontal piping of sanitary drainage system
which measures 0.6 meter downstream from the last mobile home site and conveys sewage to a
public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage disposal system or other points of disposal.
 NUISANCE - any work regulated by the “Plumbing law” that is dangerous to human
life or detrimental to health & property
 OAKUM - hemp or old hemp rope soaked in oil or tar to make it waterproof.
 OFFSET - in a line of piping is a combination of elbows or bends, which brings
one section of the pipe out of the line but into a line parallel with the original section.
 PB (POLYBUTELENE) - tube made of plastic material colored black. The cross-sectional shape
is normally oval and is denoted by its outside diameter (O. D.). Normally used as water service
connection from main to meter.
 PE (POLYETHYLENE) - tube made of plastic material colored black. The cross-sectional shape
is circular and is denoted by its outside diameter (O. D.).

ARCHITECTURAL LICENSURE EXAMINATION REVIEWER: National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

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 PIPE - a cylindrical conduit or conductor conforming to the particular
dimensions commonly known as “pipe size” & its denoted by its interior diameter (I. D.).
 PLUMBING - the art & technique of installing pipes, fixtures & other apparatuses in
buildings for bringing the supply, liquids, substances &/or ingredients & removing them; & such
water, liquid & other carried-wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life, property; also the pipes and
fixtures after installation i.e., the plumbing system.
 PLUMBING APPLIANCE – any one of a special class of device or equipment intended to perform
a special plumbing function. Such device or equipment may operate automatically or may be
manually adjusted or controlled by the user or operator.
 PLUMBING APPURTENANCE - a manufactured device or a prefabricated assembly or an on-
the-job assembly of component parts, and serves as adjunct to the basic piping system & plumbing
fixtures. An appurtenance demands no additional water supply nor does it add any discharge load to a
fixture or the drainage system. It performs some useful functions in the operation, maintenance,
servicing, economy or safety of the plumbing system.
 PLUMBING FIXTURES - are approved-type installed receptacles, devices or appliances supplied
with water or receive liquid or liquid-borne wastes and discharge such wastes into the drainage
system to which they may be directly or indirectly connected. Industrial or commercial tanks, vats &
similar processing equipment are not plumbing fixtures, but may be connected to or discharged into
approved traps or plumbing fixtures.
 PLUMBING SYSTEM - includes all potable water supply & distribution pipes, all plumbing
fixtures & traps; all sanitary & storm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains, leaders &
downspouts; & all building drains & sewers, including their respective joints & connections; devices,
receptacles, tap, hot & chilled water pipings; potable water treating or using equipment; fuel gas
piping; water heaters & vents for same.
 PLUMBING UNIT - a minimum standard quantity of plumbing fixtures that discharge
wastes into a plumbing installation including:
 1 water meter
 1 water closet
 1 lavatory
 1 shower head & drain for a bathtub or shower stall
 1 kitchen sink
 1 laundry tray
 3 floor drains
 4 faucets/hose bibb
 PRESSURE - the normal force exerted by a homogeneous liquid or gas, per unit of
area on the wall of the container
 Static Pressure - the pressure existing without any flow of motion
 Residual Pressure - the pressure available at the fixture or water outlet; allowance
is made for pressure drop due to friction loss, head, meter & other losses in the
system during maximum demand period.
 PRIMARY BRANCH - of the building drain is the single sloping drain from the base of a stack
to its junction with the main building drain.
 PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM – a septic tank with the effluent discharging into a
subsurface disposal field ,into one or more seepage pits or into a combination of subsurface disposal
field & seepage pit or of such other facilities as may be permitted under the procedures set forth
elsewhere in the Plumbing Code.
 PRIVATE SEWER - a building sewer, which receives the discharge from more than one
building drain & conveys it to the public sewer, private sewage disposal system, or other points of
disposal.
 PRIVY - an outhouse or structure used for the deposition of excrement.
 PRIVY VAULT - a pit beneath a privy where excrement collects.
 PUBLIC SEWER - a common sewer directly controlled by public authority to which all
abutters have equal rights of connections.
 PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)
 Potable water pipings - color-coded BLUE
 Drainpipes - color-coded GRAY, ORANGE or BROWN
 QUALITY OF MATERIALS - all plumbing fixtures and materials used in any discharge or
plumbing system or parts thereof shall be free from defects.
 RECEPTOR - an approved plumbing fixture device of such materials, shape &
capacity to adequately receive the discharge from indirect waste pipes, constructed & located to be
readily cleaned.
 REGULATING EQUIPMENT - include all valves and controls used in plumbing systems which
are accessible.

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Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
 RELIEF VENT - a vertical vent line, the primary function of which is to provide
additional circulation of air between the drainage & vent systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a
specially designed system such as a “yoke vent” connection between the soil & vent stacks.
 RETURN BEND - an open return bend usually made up of two 90degree bends with
inside & outside threads, flanged, or welded fittings; and also applied to 180degrees bend in copper
tubing.
 RIM - an unobstructed top open edge of a fixture.
 RISER - a water supply pipe, which extends vertically to one full story or more
to convey water into a pipe branches or plumbing fixtures.
 ROUGHING-IN - the installation of all pipings and fitting parts of the plumbing system,
which can be completed prior to the installation of fixtures & accessories. These include sanitary &
storm drainage, tap, hot & chilled water supplies, gas pipings, vent pipings & the necessary fixture
supports.
 SANITARY SEWAGE - the wastewater containing human excrements & liquid household
waste. Also called domestic sewage
 SEAL - the vertical distance between the dip & the crown weir of a trap. Also,
the water in the trap between the dip & the crown weir.
 SECONDARY BRANCH - any branch in the building drain or other than the primary branch.
 SEEPAGE PIT - a loosely lined excavation in the ground, which receives the discharge
of a septic tank & designed to permit the effluent from the septic tank to seep through pit bottom &
sides.
 SEPTIC TANK - a water-tight receptacle which receives the discharge of a sanitary
plumbing system or part thereof, designed & constructed to retain solids, digest organic material
through a period of detention & to allow the liquids to discharge into the soil outside of the tank
through a system open-jointed sub-surface pipings or a seepage pit.
 SERVICE PIPE - the pipe from the street water main or other source of water supply to
the building served.
 SEWAGE - any wastewater containing animal or vegetable matter in suspension or
solution and may include liquids containing chemicals in solution.
 SEWER - a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage & wastewater.
 SEWERAGE OR SEWERAGE WORKS - a comprehensive term, including all constructions for
collection, transportation, pumping, treatment & final disposition of sewage.
 SHAFT - a vertical opening through a building for elevators, dumbwaiters, lights,
ventilation or similar purposes.
 SIAMESE CONNECTION - a hose fitting with clapper valves for combining the flow from
two or more lines of hose into a single stream. The inlet fitting of a fire standpipe located above
ground level.
 SIPHONAGE - a suction created by the flow of liquids in pipes. A pressure less than
atmospheric.
 SHIELDED COUPLING - an approved elastomeric sealing gasket with an approved outer shield
& a tightening mechanism.
 SLIP JOINT - an adjustable tubing connection, consisting of a compression nut, a
friction ring, & a compression washer, designed to fit a threaded adapter fitting or a standard taper
pipe thread.
 SOIL STACK PIPE - a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter & wastewater.
 SOIL PIPE - any pipe, which conveys the discharge water from water closet, urinal
or fixtures having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the building
drain or building sewer.
 SOLDERED JOINT - a pipe joint obtained by joining metal parts with metallic fixtures or
alloys which melt a temperature below 427 degrees centigrade & above 149 degrees centigrade.
 SPIGOT - the end of a pipe which fits into a bell. Also a word used
“synonymously with faucet”.
 SPECIAL WASTE - wastes which require some special methods of handling such as the use
of indirect waste piping & receptors; corrosion-resistant piping; sand, oil or grease interceptors;
condensers or other preteatment facilities.
 STACK - the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings extending
through one or more stories & extended thru the roof
 STANDPIPE - a vertical pip, or a reservoir, into which water is pumped to give it at a
head, classified as:
 Wet Standpipe - water pressure is maintained at all times
 Automatic Standpipe System - operates automatically by opening a hose valve
 Manually-Operated Standpipe System - remote control device at each hose
station
 Dry Standpipe - having no permanent water inside the pipe.

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Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
 STORM WATER - that portion of the rainfall or other precipitation which runsoff over the
earth surface after a storm
 SUBSOIL DRAIN - an underground drainpipe that receives only sub-surface or seepage
water & convey it to a sump for disposal by gravity flow or by lift pump.
 STACK VENT - an extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain
connected to the stack. The uppermost end above the roof is called “Stack Vent Through Roof”
(SVTR).
 SUMP - an approved tank or pit which receives sewage or wastewater and is
located below the normal grade of the gravity system & must be emptied by mechanical means.
 SUPPORTS - supports, hangers, anchors, brackets, cradles, are devices for holding &
securing pipes and fixtures to walls, ceiling, floors or structural members.
 SURFACE WATER - that portion of rainfall or other precipitation which runs off over the
surface of the ground.
 TAILPIECE - the pipe or tubing that connects the outlet of a plumbing fixture to the
trap.
 TAPPED TEE - a tee with the branch tapped to receive a threaded pipe or fittings.
 TRAP - a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly
vented, a liquid seal prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the
flow of sewage or wastewater through it.
 TRAP ARM - that portion of a fixture drain between a trap and a vent.
 TRAP SEAL - the maximum vertical depth of liquid that a trap will retain, measured
between the crown weir & the top of the dip of the trap.
 TUBE - a cylindrical conduit or conductor conforming to the particular
dimensions known as “tube sizes” & denoted by its outside diameter (O.D.).
 UNCONFINED SPACE - a room space having a volume equal to at least 1.4 m3 of the aggregate
input rating of the fuel-burning appliance installed in that space. Rooms adjacent and open to the
space where the appliance is installed, through openings not furnished with doors, are considered a
part of the unconfined space.
 UNIT VENT - an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe will serve (2)
traps.
 VACUUM - air pressure less than atmospheric. Also, implies siphonage, in piping
system.
 VACUMM PREVENTER - see Backflow Preventer.
 VENT PIPE - a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing
system & for leaving the negative pressure exerted on the trap seals.
 VENT STACK - the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air
to & from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system.
 VENT SYSTEM - pipes installed to provide flow of air to or from a drainage system or to
provide a circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from siphonage & back pressure.
 VERTICAL PIPE - any pipe or fitting installed in a vertical position or which forms an
angle of not more than forty-five (45) degrees with the vertical line.
 WASTE PIPE - a pipe, which conveys only wastewater or liquid waste of fecal matter.
 WATER TREATMENT - a device which conditions or treats water supply to improve water
quality, remove suspended solids by filtration.
 WATER - DISTRIBUTING PIPE - a pipe which coveys potable water from the building
supply pipe to the plumbing fixtures & other water outlets.
 WATER MAIN - or street main is the water-supply pipe for public or community use.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM - of a building or premises consists of the water service pipe,
water supply line, water distributing pipe and the necessary branch pipes, fittings, valves all
appurtenances required for the supply of potable water.
 WET VENT - that portion of a vent pipe through where wastewater also flows
through.
 WELDED JOINT OR SEAM - any joint or seam obtained by the joining of metal parts in a
plastic molten state.
 WELDER, PIPELINE - a person who specializes in the welding of pipes & holds a valid
certificate of competency from a recognized testing agency, based on the requirements of the
regulating authority.
 WYE - a hose connection with two-gated outlets permitting two connections of
the same or smaller coupling diameter to be taken from a single supply line. Also, a pipe fitting of
three branches that form the letter “wye”.
 YOKE VENT - a pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor &
below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a point above the floor & higher than the
highest spill level of fixtures for preventing pressure changes in stacks.

ARCHITECTURAL LICENSURE EXAMINATION REVIEWER: National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
CHAPTER 3: GENERAL REGULATIONS

1. GRADE OF HORIZONTAL PIPING

 Drainage pipes shall be run in practical alignments & at a uniform slope between manholes of
not less than 20mm/m or 2% toward the point of disposal.
If it is impracticable to obtain such slope due to the following conditions:
 Excessive depth of the proposed drainage line
 Structural and/or geological features of the terrain
 Existing adverse in arrangements of building structure
Any such pipe or piping 102mm or larger in diameter may have a slope of 10mm/m or 1%
provided it is approved by Administrative Authority
2. CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF DRAINAGE FLOW
 Changes in direction of piping shall be made by the use of approved pipe fittings & shall be
the angles presented by:
 22 ½ degrees bend
 45 degrees bend
 60 degrees bend or other approved fittings of longer sweeps.
 Horizontal drainage lines connecting to a vertical stack shall enter through:
 45 wye branches
 combination wye & 1/8 bend branches
 or other approved fittings of longer sweeps.
 Horizontal drainage lines connecting to other horizontal drainage lines shall enter through:
 45 wye branches
 combination wye & 1/8 bend branches
 or other approved fittings of longer sweeps.
 Vertical drainage lines connecting to other horizontal drainage line shall enter through:
 45 wye branches
 or other approved fittings of longer sweeps.
 60 degree branches or offsets (only for pipes installed in true vertical position)
3. PROHIBITED FITTINGS & PRACTICES
 No Drainage Fitting shall use:
 Double hub fitting for leak-caulked joint in vertical position
 Single or double tee branch
 Single or double tapped tee branch
 Side inlet quarter bend
 Running thread, band or saddle
Except that: double hub sanitary tapped tee may be used on vertical lines as a fixture
connection. (approved stainless steel bands with neoprene gaskets for jointing hubless cast
iron soil pipes are acceptable for use)
 No Drainage or Vent piping shall be drilled & tapped for making connections thereto, and
no cast iron soil pipe shall be threaded.
 No Waste Connection shall be made to a closet bend or stub of a water closet or similar
fixtures.
 No Vent pipe shall be used as a soil or waste pipe & vice versa
4. PROTECTION OF PIPING, MATERIALS & STRUCTURES
 All pipings passing under or through walls shall be protected from breakage with embedded
metal pipe sleeves.
 All pipes passing through or under cinders or other corrosive materials shall be protected
from external corrosion by encasing same with polyethylene sheath or in any other
approved manner.
 Void between pipes & sleeves through concrete floors in the ground shall be appropriately
sealed with bitumen.
 The bottom of all pipe trenches deeper than the footing of any adjacent building or structure
& parallel to it must be at least 45degrees therefrom, unless permission is granted by
Administrative Authority.
 No building sewer or other drainage pipings or part thereof, constructed of materials other
than that approved for use under or within the building, shall be installed under or within
0.6m of any building or structure, nor less than 0.3m below the finish ground surface.

ARCHITECTURAL LICENSURE EXAMINATION REVIEWER: National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
5. HANGERS & SUPPORTS
 VERTICAL PIPING:
 Cast Iron Soil Pipe - Bell & Spigot & Hubless pipe shall be supported at every
storey or closer.
 Screwed Pipe - Iron Pipe Size (IPS) shall be supported at not less than every other
storey height.
 Copper Tubing - shall be supported at each storey or at a maximum intervals of 3m o.c.
 Lead Pipe - shall be supported at intervals not exceeding 1.20m at centers with a
rigid vertical back-up
 Plastic Pipe - shall be supported at every 1m interval.
 HORIZONTAL PIPING:
 Cast Iron Soil Pipe
 Suspended cast iron soil pipe shall be supported at not more than 1.5m intervals,
except that pipe exceeding 1.5m length may be supported at not more than 3m
intervals. Supports shall be adequate to maintain alignment & to prevent sagging &
shall be placed within 0.45m of the hub or joint.
 Hubless or compression gasket joints must be supported at least every other joint
except that when the developed length between supports exceeds 1.2m, they shall be
provided at each joint.
 Screwed Pipe - IPS shall be supported at approximately 3.0m intervals for piping
19mm diameter & smaller & 3.6m intervals for piping 25mm & larger in diameter.
 Copper Tubing - shall be supported at approximately 1.8m intervals for piping 38mm
diameter & smaller & 3.0m intervals for piping 51mm & larger in dia.
 Lead Pipe - shall be supported at by stiff metal or wooden backing for entire
length with hangers properly spaced.
 In Ground - piping buried on the ground shall be laid on the firm bed for its
entire length, except where concrete cradle support is provided which is adequate &
approved by the Administrative Authority.
 Plastic Tube - shall be supported by stiff metal or wood backing with hangers in its
entire length for small-size tubings up to 38mm diameter & without backings but with
spaced metal hangers at approved spacing for larger-size tubings.
6. TRENCHING, EXCAVATION & BACKFILL
 Tunnels shall have:
 a clear height of 0.6m above the pipe & shall be limited in length to 1/2 the depth of the
trench.
 2.4m max. length & shall be limited in length to 1/2 the depth of the trench.
 driven pipes shall have at least one pipe size larger than the pipe to be laid

 Trenches shall be back-filled in thin layers of 0.3m above the top of the pipe with clean earth
which shall not contain stones, boulders, cinders or other materials which can damage or
break the pipes or cause corrosive action.

CHAPTER 4: PLUMBING FIXTURES

1. MATERIALS – GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

 All porcelain enamel surfaces on plumbing fixtures shall be acid resistant
 Water closet bowls for public use shall be elongated bowl types equipped with open-front
seats.
2. MATERIALS – ALTERNATIVES
 Restaurant kitchen & other special-use sink may be made of approved-type bonderized &
galvanized sheet steel not less than Ga.16 U.S. B&S or 1.6mm thk.
3. STAINERS & CONNECTIONS
 Strainers serving shower drains shall have a waterway equivalent area of the “tailpiece” –
meaning, the sum of all the areas of the perforation of the strainer is equivalent to the outlet
area.
 Fixtures having concealed slip joint connections shall be provided with an access panel or
utility at least 0.3m in its least dimension for inspection & repair.
 Continuous waste fixture tailpiece connections were exposed or accessible may be of
seamless drawn brass not less than Ga. 20 B&S or 0.8mm thk.

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  Continuous waste or waste & overflow shall not be less than:
 38mm outside dia. (O.D.) for:
 sinks, dishwashers, laundry tubs, bathtubs, & similar fixtures
 urinals (brass & copper-not allowed!)
 32mm outside dia. (O.D.) for:
 lavatories, drinking fountains & similar small fixtures
4. SPECIAL FIXTURES & SPECIALTIES
 Wastewater drain for “Sacrarium” cupsink at church altar & baptisteries font outlet shall
discharge direct to the ground & not connected to any sanitary or drainage system.
5. INSTALLATION
 No water closet or bidet shall be set closer than 0.375m from its center to any side of the
wall or obstruction or closer than 0.75m center to center to any similar fixture.
 No urinal shall be set closer than 0.6m center to center.
6. SHOWER STALLS
 Each shower receptor shall be a n approved type and be constructed to have a finished dam,
curb, or threshold which is at least 25.4mm lower than the outside floor.
 In no case shall any dam or threshold be less than 51mm or more than 228mm in depth
when measured from the top of the dam or threshold of the drain.
 The finished floor of the receptor shall slope uniformly from sides towards the drain not less
than 2% or 20mm/m or more than 4% or 40mm/m.
 559mm min. width of threshold.
 1.2m min. distance between the door or entry to the drain.
 0.6m2 min. finished interior area of shower stalls (any shape) & shall be capable of
encompassing a 762mm dia. circle.
 The minimum area & dimensions shall be maintained from a point above the shower drain
outlet to a height of 1.78m with no protrusions other than the fixture valve or valves,
shower head & safety grab bars or rails.
 When shower receptors are built above ground the sub-floor & rough side of walls to a
height of no less than 76mm above the top of the finished dam or threshold.
 No metallic shower sub-pans or linings may be built-up on jobsite of not less than (3) three
layers of standard grade 6.8kg asphalt-impregnated roofing felt. All folds, laps &
reinforcing webbing shall extend to at least 101mm in all directions producing a tensile
strength of not less than 0.9kg/mm in either directions.
 For public showers: drains in gutters shall not be spaced more than 4.9m apart.
 48.880C max. temperature of hot water in showers & shall have:
 individual shower control valves of the pressure balance or the thermostatic mixing valve
type for individual water heaters
 master thermostatic mixing valve type in lieu of individually controlled pressure balance
or the for multiple gang showers
7. MINIMUM RATIO of PLUMBING FACILITIES
 1 laundry tray & 1 automatic washer standpipe per 1 dwelling unit
 2 laundry trays & 2 automatic washer standpipes per 10 apartments
 1 kitchen sink per 1 dwelling unit or 1apartment
 1 lavatory per 5 persons (where there is exposure to skin contamination with poisonous,
infectious, or irritating materials)
 1 laundry tray per 50 persons
 1 slop sink per 100 persons
 1 water closet & 1 urinal per 30 workmen (for temporary workingmen facilities)
 1 drinking fountain per occupied floor in schools, theaters, auditoriums, dormitories offices
or public building
 total no. of water closets required for females shall be at least equal for the total no. of water
closets & urinals required for males.
 For assembly areas (theaters, auditoriums, dormitories, offices, of public buildings) used by more
than 6 persons:
 1 drinking fountain for the first 75 persons & additional of 1 drinking fountain for the next
150 persons.

CHAPTER 5: INSPECTION & TEST

 It is the duty of the Registered & Licensed Master Plumber to notify the Administrative
Authority not less than 3 days before the work is inspected.
 In water testing, the water shall be kept in the pipe system or in the potion under test for at
least 15 minutes before the inspection starts.

ARCHITECTURAL LICENSURE EXAMINATION REVIEWER: National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
  In air testing, after closing all other inlets & outlets, air is forced in the pipe system (through
a connection with an air compressor), until there is a uniform gauge pressure of 34.5 Kpa
sufficient to balance a column of mercury 254mm in height for a period of at least 15
minutes.
 In water piping, it shall be tested & proved tight under water pressure not less than the
working pressure which is to be used plus 50% for a period of at least 15 minutes. A
344.5 Kpa air pressure may be substituted for the water test.

CHAPTER 6: WATER SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION

1. BACKFLOW PREVENTION DEVICES, ASSEMBLIES, & METHODS

 AIR GAP - the minimum air gap to provide backflow protection.

ITEM Not affected by Affected by side

FIXTURES
NO. side walls (mm) walls (mm)
Lavatories & other fixtures with effective openings
1 25 38
not greater than 13mm in diameter
Sinks, laundry trays, goosenecks bath faucets &
2 other fixtures with effective openings not greater 38 57
than 19mm in diameter.
Over rim bath fillers & other fixtures with effective
3 51 76
openings not greater than 25mm in diameter.
Effective openings not greater than 25mm in 2 times diameter of 3 times diameter of
4
diameter. effective opening effective opening

 EFFECTIVE OPENING - the minimum cross sectional area at the seat of the control valve or the
supply pipe or tubing which feeds the device outlet. If two or more lines supply one outlet, the
effective opening shall be the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the individual supply lines or the
area or the single outlet, whichever is smaller.
 ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM BREAKER (AVB) - consist of a body, a checking member & an
atmospheric opening.
 DOUBLE CHECK VALVE BACKFLOW PREVENTION ASSEMBLY (DC) - consists of two
independently acting internally or externally loaded check valves, four properly located test cocks
with connectors & two isolation gate valves.
 PRESSURE VACUUM BREAKER BACFLOW PREVENTION ASSEMBLY (PVB)
- consists of a loaded air inlet valve, an internally loaded check valve, two properly located test cocks
& two isolation gate valves.
 REDUCED PRESSURE PRINCIPLE BACKFLOW PREVENTION ASSEMBLY (RP)
- consists of two independently acting internally loaded check valves, a differential pressure relief
valve, four properly located test cocks & two isolation gate valves.
2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
 Access & clearance for testing, maintenance & repair shall require 305mm min. space
between the lowest portion of the assembly & the grade, floor or platform. Elevated
installations more than 1.52m above the floor or grade shall be provided with platform
sufficient to support maintenance person.
 Where potable water is discharge to the drainage system, it shall be by means of an approved
air gap of two (2) pipe dia. min. to 25mm max. from the supply outlet & the top surface of
the drainage inlet.
3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
 Water Closet & Urinal Flushometer Valves shall be equipped with a listed atmospheric
vacuum breaker & shall be installed at the discharge level of the flushometer valve with a
critical level at least 152mm distance according to its listing above the overflow rim of a
water closet bowl or highest part of a urinal.
 Water Closet & Urinal Tanks shall be equipped with a listed ballcock & shall be installed
with the critical level at least 25mm above the full opening of the overflow pipe.
 152mm minimum installation of a listed atmospheric vacuum breaker:
 in the discharge side of the last valve for inlets to Tanks, Vats, Swimming Pools &
other receptors.
 above the highest point of usage & located on the discharge side of the last valve for
Potable Water Outlets with Hose Attachments. &
 above the aspirator unit for Water Inlets to Water Supplied Aspirators.

ARCHITECTURAL LICENSURE EXAMINATION REVIEWER: National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
4. MATERIALS
 Water pressure pipes shall be of:
 For cold-water distribution systems - Brass, Copper, Centrifugal Cast Iron Pipe (CCI),
B&S & F&F ends, Ductile Cast Iron Pipe (DCI), Galvanized Wrought Iron, Galvanized
Steel, or other approved PE & PVC water pressure pipe.
 For hot & cold-water distribution systems- CPVC water pipe & tubing
 Cast iron fittings up to & including 51mm in size, when used in connection with potable
water piping shall be galvanized.
 All small-sized malleable iron water fittings shall be galvanized.
 Water pipes & fittings with a lead content that exceed 8% shall be prohibited & shall not be
used in potable piping systems.
5. VALVES
 Valves up to & including 51mm size shall be brass or other approved materials. Sizes over
51mm may have cast iron or brass bodies. Each gate valves shall be a fullway type with
working parts of non-corrosive materials.
 A valve used to control two (2) or more openings shall be a fullway gate valve.
6. GRAVITY SUPPLY TANKS
 Covers of gravity tanks shall be vented with a return-bent vent pipe having an area not less
than the area of the down-feed riser pipe.
 For overflow control, inlets shall be controlled by a float valve, float switch or electrode-
type water level control.
 Shall have a valved drain pipe & an screened overflow pipe
7. WATER PRESSURE, PRESSURE REGULATORS & PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES
 Inadequate water pressure – water pressure less than 103 Kpa
 Excessive water pressure – water pressure greater than 551 Kpa
 All pipe determinations shall be based on eighty percent (80%) the reduced pressure.
 For listed non-storage instantaneous heaters having an inside diameter of not more than
76mm is not required to have pressure relief valve with approved drain.
 Each pressure relief valve shall be an approved automatic type with drain, & each such relief
valve shall be set at a pressure not more than 1033 Kpa.
 approved Combination Temperature & Pressure Relief Valve (CT & PRV)
8. INSTALLATION, INSPECTION, & TESTING
 All water service yard piping shall be at least 0.3m below the finish ground level.
 Water pipes if run or laid with the same trench or building sewer shall be:
 Min. of 0.3m above the top sewer or drain line (may be constructed of clay or materials
no approved for use within a building)
 Placed on a solid shelf excavated on one side with min. of 0.3m clearance from the side
of sewer, drain line & the water line
 Unions shall be installed in the water supply piping within 0.3m away from regulating
equipment, water heater, conditioning tanks & similar equipment which require removal for
servicing or replacement.
9. SIZE OF POTABLE WATER PIPING
 “Size of water piping shall be based on the total water demand”
 The quantity of water required to be supplied to every plumbing fixture shall be represented
by “Fixture Units” (FU)
 61m max. length of supply piping.
 No building water service pipe shall be less than 19mm in diameter.
10. EQUIVALENT WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (some)

Number of Water Supply

ITEM Fixture Units (WSFU)
FIXTURES
NO.
Private Use Public Use
1 Lawn Sprinklers (standard type, each head) 1 1
2 Bar Sink, Drinking Fountain, Lavatory 1 2
Bidet, Bathtub(With or Without Shower Over),
3 Laundry Tub or Clothes Washer (each pair of faucets), 2 4
Shower (each head), Sink or Dishwasher
4 Water Closet (economical flush) 2.5 4
Water Closet (flush tank & flushometer-tank),
5 3 5
Hose Bibb or Sill Cock (standard type)
6 Mobile Home (each)-temporary facilities 6 6
7 Urinal (flush tank) - 3
8 Urinal (pedestal or similar type) - 10
9 Urinal (stall & wall) - 5

ARCHITECTURAL LICENSURE EXAMINATION REVIEWER: National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
11. SUPPORT
 Support all piping at intervals of not more than (4ft.) four feet or (1219mm), at end of
branches & change of direction or elevation.
 Support trap arms in excess of (3ft.) three feet or (914mm) in length as close as possible to
the trap.
 Closet rings shall be fastened (1/4inch) or (6.4mm) above finished floor.
12. THRUST BLOCKING
 In lines with rubber gasketed joints, thrust blocks shall be installed at all:
 Changes in direction, as tees & bends
 Changes in size, as at reducers
 Stops, as at dead ends; &
 Valves, where thrusts may be expected.

CHAPTER 7: EXCRETA DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1. MATERIALS
 Excreta Drainage Pipings shall be of Cast Iron, Ductile Iron, Galvanized Steel, Galvanized
Wrought Iron, Lead, Copper, Brass, Series 1000 PVC DWV, Extra-strength Vitrified Clay
Pipe or other approved materials having smooth & uniform bore except that:
 No Galvanized Wrought Iron or Galvanized Steel Pipe shall be used underground & shall be
kept at least 152mm above ground.
 No Vitrified Clay Pipes or Fittings for building drain or sewer shall be used above ground or
whenever piping is pressurized by a pump or ejector. They shall be kept 0.3m below finish
ground level.
 Drainage Fittings shall be Cast Iron, Malleable Iron, Lead, Copper, Brass, ABS, PVC,
Vitrified Clay Pipe or other approved materials having smooth interior waterway of the same
diameter as the piping served.
 ABS & PVC DWV piping installations shall be used in high rise buildings
2. SIZE OF DRAINAGE PIPING
 Minimum Trap Diameters & Drainage Fixture Unit Values (some)

Trap & Trap Drainage

ITEM
FIXTURES Arm Size Fixture Units
NO.
(mm) (DFU)
Sinks, bar, commercial 51mm min. waste,
1 Receptors (floor sinks), indirect waste receptors for 38 1
refrigerators, coffee urns, water station, ect..
Bidet, Bathtub, Laundry tubs, Wash basins (in sets),
Sinks or Dishwashers (res’l/com’l) 51mm min. waste,
2 38 2
Urinal, wall mounted, washout, separate trap 50.8mm min.
waste
Sinks, commercial or industrial, schools, etc…, including
3 dishwashers, wash up sinks, & wash fountains 50.8mm 38 3
waste
Clotheswashers, Floor drains, Shower (single stall),
Urinal, stall, separate trap,
4 51 2
Urinal, wall mounted, washdown or siphon jet, integral
trap, trap arm only
5 Drinking Fountains 31 1
Mobile home park traps (one for each trailer),
6 76 6
Water closet, public installation
7 Water Closet (private installation) 76 4
8 Water Closet (public installation) 76 6

3. CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF EXCRETA DRAINAGE FLOW

 Changes in direction of drainage piping shall be made by appropriate use of approved fittings
& shall be of the angles presented by a 22 ½ degrees or 1/16 bend, 45degrees or 1/8 bend,
and 60degrees or 1/6 bend or other approved fittings of equivalent sweeps.
 Vertical drainage lines connecting with horizontal drainage lines shall enter through forty-five
(45) degree branches or other approve fittings of equivalent sweep. Sixty (60) degree
branches or offsets may be used only installed in a true vertical position.

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Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
4. CLEANOUTS
 Each horizontal drainage pipe shall be provided with a cleanout at its upper terminal & each
rung of piping which is more than 15 meters in total developed length shall be provided
with a cleanout & every 15 meter length or a fraction thereof.

SIZE OF PIPE SIZE OF CLEANOUT

(mm) (mm)
38 38
51 38
64 64
76 64
102 or larger 89

 Cleanouts may be omitted:

 On horizontal drain less than 1.5 meter in length unless such line is serving sink or
urinals.
 On short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of seventy-two (72) degrees or less
from the vertical line (or an angle 1/5 bend).
 Additional cleanout shall be provided on a horizontal line with an aggregate offset angle of
direction exceeding 135 degrees.
 Each 90degrees cleanout extension shall be extended from a wye type fitting or other
approved fitting of equivalent sweep
 Clearances in front of the cleanout:
 in piping 51mm or less shall have clearance of not less than 305mm in front of the
cleanoout.
 in piping 51mm or larger shall have clearance of not less than 450mm in front of the
cleanoout.
 in underfloor piping shall be extended to or above finish floor or shall be extended
outside the building when there is less than 450mm vertical & 750mm horizontal
clearance from means & access to such cleanout.
 6.1m max. distance from an access door, trap door, or crawl hole (in residential)
5. DRAINAGE OF FIXTURES LOCATED BELOW THE UPSTREAM MANHOLE OR
BELOW THE MAIN SEWER LEVEL
 The minimum size of any pump discharge or any discharge pipe from a sump having a water
closet connected thereto shall not be less than 50.8mm diameter.
 All such pumps & receiving tanks shall be automatically discharged & when rated “public
use” shall be provided with dual pumps or ejectors. The invert of the lowest inlet to the
tank shall have a 51mm min. distance above the high water or “starting” level of the
pumping operation.
 Vent of sump & receiving tanks shall extend separately to the roof having a 51mm min.
 Air tanks for ejector shall have an air pressure of 3kg min. for each meter of height the
sewage is raised.
 Fixture outlets shall not be connected to the horizontal excreta drainage piping system within
2.4m of any vertical to horizontal change of direction of a stack containing suds-producing
fixtures. (Fixtures using soaps/detergents)
 The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than 32mm nor less than 1/2 the
diameter of the drain to which it is connected.

CHAPTER 8: INDIRECT WASTE PIPING, WET VENTED SYSYTEMS & SPECIAL WASTES

1. INDIRECT WASTE CONDITIONS

 The airgap for drainage shall be not less than 25mm between the plumbing fixture, appliance
or appurtenance outlet & the rim of the floor sink or receptor.
2. INDIRECT WASTE PIPING
 Indirect waste pipes less than 4.6m in length need not to be larger in diameter than the drain
outlet or tailpiece of the fixture or 13mm in diameter min.
3. INDIRECT WASTE RECEPTORS
 No standpipe receptor for any clotheswasher shall extend more than 8m or less than 0.45m
above its trap.
 Stills, sterilizers & simillar equipment shall be drain through an airgap.

ARCHITECTURAL LICENSURE EXAMINATION REVIEWER: National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
4. STEAM & HOT WATER DRAINAGE CONDENSERS & SUMPS
 No steam pipe shall be directly connected to any part of a plumbing or drainage system, nor
shall any water having a temperature above 60degrees C be discharged under pressure
directly into any part of a drainage system.
 All condensers & sumps shall be properly trap with a deep sealed trap extending within
152mm at the bottom of the tank.
 Traps shall have 19mm dia. opening to serve as siphon breaker.
 Sumps, condensers or intercepting tanks constructed of concrete shall have:
 Walls & bottom 102mm thickness
 Cement plaster not less than 13mm thickness
 Sumps, condensers or intercepting tanks constructed of metal shall be not less than No.12
U.S. Standard Gauge (2.77mm thickness)
5. CHEMICAL WASTES
 Where acid or corrosive chemical is placed & each vent pipe connected thereto, shall be
constructed of chemical-resistant glass-lined pipe, high silicon iron pipe, lead pipe not less
than 3.2mm wall thickness, an approved type of ceramic glazed or unglazed vitrified clay or
other approved corrosion resistant material.
6. VERTICAL WET PIPING
 Wet venting is limited to vertical drainage piping receiving the discharge from the trap arm of
one (1) & two (2) fixture unit. Fixtures that also serves as a vent for not to exceed four (4)
fixtures.
 Size of wet vent shall be:
 Max. of 1 pipe size larger than the required min. waste pipe size of:
 the upper fixture
 the sum of the fixture units served by such wet-vented section
 Min. 51mm diameter
7. COMBINATION WASTE & VENT SYSTEMS (CW & VS)
 Shall be permitted only where structural conditions preclude the installation of conventional
systems
 Any branch more than 4.6m in length shall be separately vented
 Min. area of vent shall be 1/2 the inside cross-sectional area of the drain pipe served.
 Min. dia. of traps shall be 2 pipe sizes larger than any fixture, tailpiece or connection.
 In no case any tailpiece or connections shall exceed 0.6m long.
8. AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
 19.1mm min. size of condensate wastes pipe
 Air-conditioning condensate waste pipes shall connect indirectly to the drainage system
through an airgap or airbreak.

CHAPTER 9: VENTS & VENTING

1. MATERIALS
 Vent Pipes shall be of Cast Iron, Ductile Iron, Galvanized Steel, Galvanized Wrought Iron,
Lead, Copper, Brass, Schedule 40, ABS, DWV, Series 1000 PVC or other approved materials
having smooth & uniform bore except that:
 No Galvanized Wrought Iron or Galvanized Steel Pipe & Fittings shall be used underground
& shall be kept at least 152mm above ground.
 Horizontal & vertical vent lines & vent stacks shall be Copper, Cast Iron, Galvanized
Wrought Iron or Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes.
 Vent Fittings shall be Cast Iron, Galvanized Malleable Iron or Galvanized Steel, Lead,
Copper, Brass, ABS, PVC, Vitrified Clay Pipe or other approved materials having smooth
interior waterway of the same diameter as the piping served.
2. SIZE OF VENTS
 Shall not be less than 1 1/4 (32mm) nor less than 1/2 the dia. of the drain to which it is
connected.
 The aggregate cross-sectional area shall not be less than the largest required building sewer.
3. VENT TERMINATION
 Each vent stack through roof (VSTR) shall:
 extend its flashing all around the stack
 terminate vertically not less than 15cm above the roof
 have a clearance of 0.3m away from any vertical surface nearby

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Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
 Each vent opening shall:
 not terminate not less than 3m from or at least 0.9m above any operable window, door
opening, air intake or vent shaft
 at least 0.9m min. away from any lot line, alley & street boundary lines.
4. VENT STACKS & RELIEF VENTS
 Yoke vent in connection with the vent stack shall be placed not less than 1.0m above the
floor level.

CHAPTER 10: TRAPS & INTERCEPTORS

1. TRAPS REQUIRED
 Not more than 1 traps shall be permitted on a trap arm.
 1 trap may serve:
 3 single compartment sink of the same depth
 3 lavatories immediately adjacent to each other not more than 0.75m apart.
 In no case any tailpiece or connections shall exceed 0.6m long.
2. TRAP SEALS
 Each fixture trap shall have a water seal of not less than 51mm & not more than 102mm
deep.
3. INDUSTRIAL INTERCEPTORS (CLARIFIERS) & SEPARATORS
 Shall be so designed & located as to be readily accessible for cleaning & shall have a water
seal of not less than 152mm deep.
4. GREASE TRAPS
 Shall not be installed for a facility that has an approved rate of flow of greater than 3.4L/sec
& lower than 1.3L/s.
 The total capacity of fixtures discharging to any grease trap shall not exceed 2 1/2 times the
certified liters per minute flowrate of grease traps.
 Grease traps may be used as a fixture outlet provided:
 Hor. distance between the fixture & the grease trap does not exceed 1.2m.
 Vertical tailpipe or drain does not exceed 0.75m.
 Grease traps shall have an approved water seal of 51mm min. in depth or the diameter of its
outlet.
5. SAND INTERCEPTORS
2
 Shall be have a dimension of 0.2m min. for the net free opening of the inlet section & a
610mm min. depth under the invert of the outlet pipe.

CHAPTER 11: STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1. RAINWATER SYSTEMS
 Rainwater Downspout or Conductor Pipings placed within the interior side of the building
inside a vertical pipe chase or run within a vent shaft shall be of Cast Iron, Ductile Iron,
Galvanized Steel, Iron, Lead, Copper, Brass, Schedule 40, ABS, Series 1000 PVC DWV, or
other approved materials.
 Rainwater Downspout or Conductor located on the exterior side of a low height building
shall be not less than Ga. 26 galvanized sheet metal.
2. ROOF DRAIN
 Strainers
 Should not exceed 102mm above the surface of the roof immediately adjacent to the
drain
 Dome-type strainers shall have at least 1 1/2 times the area of the outlet pipe to which it
is connected.
 Roof Deck strainers shall have at least 2 times the area of the outlet pipe to which it is
connected.
 Vertical Wall Areas
 For 1 wall – add 50% of area of the wall to the roof area
 For 2 adjacent walls – add 35% of the total wall areas to the roof area
 For 2 walls opposite each other & of the same heights – add NO additional area
 Vertical piping may be round, square or rectangular provided that the area of a rectangular
piping shall have at least the equivalent cross sectional area of a circular piping & its
dimensions shall not exceed 3 to 1.

ARCHITECTURAL LICENSURE EXAMINATION REVIEWER: National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
CHAPTER 12: HOUSE DRAINS & HOUSE SEWERS

1. SEWER REQUIRED
 It is considered that public sewer is not available if it is located more than 61m from the
proposed building or exterior drainage facility or any lot or premises thereat.
 Building sewer  beginning 0.6m from outside face of the wall.
2. SIZE OF BUILDING SEWERS
 Size of any building sewer shall be determined on the basis of the total number of fixture
units drained by such sewer, but in no case size of building sewer shall be less than 150mm.
3. GRADE, SUPPORT, & PROTECTION OF BUILDING SEWER
 Grade of building sewers shall not be less than 2%. In special cases where 2% grade cannot
be achieved, it may be reduced but shall not be less than 1%.
 Building sewer shall be installed not less than 0.6m from the outer face of the building,
foundation or wall nor less than 0.3m below the finish surface of the ground.
4. CLEANOUTS
 Additional building sewer cleanouts shall be installed not to exceed 15m o.c. in straight runs
& each aggregate change in direction exceeding 135degrees.
 No cleanouts will be required when a building sewer or a branch thereof does not exceed 3m
in length.
 Manholes can be installed in lieu of cleanouts & shall be located not exceeding 91m in
between & outlet pipe connections shall be made by the use of flexible compression joints no
closer than 0.3m from outside of the manhole.
5. SEWER & WATER PIPES
 The bottom of the water pipe, at all points, shall be at least 0.3m above the top of the sewer
or drain line.
 Water pipes constructed of clay or other materials not approved for the use within a building
shall be laid a 0.3m min. clear above the sewer or drain pipe.
 Water pipe joints shall be installed not less than 3m away from sewer line in both directions.
6. ABANDONED SEWERS & SEWAGE DISPOSAL FACILITIES
 Every abandoned building (house) sewer, or part thereof, shall be plugged or capped in an
approved manner within 1.5m of the property line.
 All drainage piping shall clear domestic water supply wells by at least 15.2m. The distance
may be reduced to not less than 7.6m when the drainage piping is constructed of materials
approved for the use within a building.

CHAPTER 13: JOINTS & CONNECTIONS

1. TYPES OF JOINT
 Caulked joints - for bell-&-spigot Cast Iron Soil (CISP) & other similar joints
shall be firmly packed with oakum or hemp & filled with pig lead to a depth of not less than
25.4mm.
 Threaded joints - for Iron Pipe Size (IPS) pipe & fittings shall be standard taper
pipe threads. Threaded Plastic Pipe shall be Sch.80 min. wall thickness.
 Wiped joints - joints in lead pipe fittings or between lead pipe or fittings &
brass or copper pipe, ferrules, solder nipples or traps shall be full-wiped lead joints. Wiped
lead joints shall have an exposed surface on each side of a joint not less than 19mm & at
least as thick as the material being joined.
 Solder & Sweat joints - joints in copper tubing shall be made by the appropriate use of
approved brass or copper fittings. Solders & fluxes with a lead content which exceeds 0.002
are prohibited in piping systems used to convey potable water.
 Flared joints - for soft copper water tubing
 Cement Mortar joints - except for repairs & connections to existing lines constructed
with such joints such joints prohibited on new building sewers.
 Burned Lead joints - shall be fused together to form a uniform weld at lest thick as
the lead sheets being joined.
 Asbestos Cement Sewer Pipe joints - shall be a sleeve coupling of the same
composition as the pipe or of other approved materials, and sealed with neoprene rubber rings
or joined by approved type compression coupling
 Mechanical joints - shall be for Centrifugal Cast Iron water pipe.
 Molded Rubber Coupling Joints - joined by means of molded neoprene rubber coupling
joints. Neoprene rubber shall be used in soils subject to oil intrussion.

ARCHITECTURAL LICENSURE EXAMINATION REVIEWER: National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
  Elastomeric Gasketed & Rubber-ring Joints - shall conform to IAMPO
(International Association of Plumbing & Mechanical Officials) Installation Standard.
Neoprene gaskets are recommended for oil handling piping works.
 Pressure-Lock Type Connection - a mechanical connection which depends on an internal
retention device to prevent pipe or tubing separation. Connection is made by inserting the
pipe or tubing inside the filling to a prescribed depth.
 Shielded Coupling & Hubless Cast Iron Pipe joints - shall not be considered as slip
joints.
2. USE OF JOINTS
 Clay Sewer pipes - shall be joined with neoprene gasket for hub & spigot joints.
 Screwed Pipe to Cast iron Pipe - shall be either caulked or threaded
 Lead to Cast Iron, Wrought Iron or Steel - shall be by means of wiped joints to caulking
ferrule, soldering nipple or bushing.
 Copper Water Tube - shall be joined by brass fittings properly soldered or brazed
together.
3. SPECIAL JOINTS
 Copper Tubing to Screw Pipe Joints - shall be made by the use of brass adaptor fittings.
Joints between copper tubing & the fittings shall be properly sweated or soldered or made
with flared & screw ends adaptor fittings the connection between the treaded pipe & the
fitting made with a standard pipe size screw joint.
 Slip joints - may be used in fixture drains & traps.
 Expansion joints - used in soil & waste stacks to provide necessary expansion &
contraction joints of the pipes for high-rise buildings.
4. FLANGED FIXTURE CONNECTIONS
 Gasket Material shall be graphite-impregnated asbestos, felt, or similar approved types.

CHAPTER 14: QUALITY & WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS, PLUMBING MATERIALS & REFLECTED
STANDARDS

1. USE OF COPPER TUBING

 Copper tube shall not be used for piping carrying chemical or industrial wastes
2. LEAD
 Lead bends & lead traps shall not be less than 3.2mm in wall thickness.
3. CLOSET RINGS (CLOSET FLANGES)
 Each such closet ring or closet flange shall be approximately 178mm in diameter, when
installed together with the soil pipe, present a 38mm wide flange & a groove face to receive
the fixture gasket or ball wax.
 Caulked-on closet rings or closet flanges shall not be less than 6.4mm thick & not less than
51 in overall depth.
 Four (4) bolts per water closet.
4. VALVES & FITTINGS
 Drainage Gate Valves shall be:
 Cast Iron bodies for 102mm or larger
 Cast Brass or Bronze bodies for sizes less than 102mm
5. REFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR PLUMBING MATERIALS
 AHAM - Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers
 ANSI - American National Standard Institute
 ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 ASSE - American Society of Sanitary Engineers
 AWWA - American Water Works Association
 CISPI - Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute
 CS & PS - Commercial Standards & Product Standards
 FS - Federal Specifications
 IAPMO - International Association of Plumbing & Mechanical Officials
 PDI - Plumbing & Drainage Institute
 PNS - Philippine National Standard Certification Mark
 UL - Underwriter’s Laboratories, Inc.
 WQA - Water Quality Association
 ISO - International Standard Organization
 EN - European Committee for Standardization Central Secratariat

ARCHITECTURAL LICENSURE EXAMINATION REVIEWER: National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
6. PLUMBING MATERIALS (some)
 ABS - Acrylonitrile-Butadine-Styrene
 DWV - Drain, Waste & Vent
 CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
 UPVC - Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
 CPE - Chlorinated Polyethylene

APPENDIX A: RECOMMENDED RULES FOR SIZING THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

1. GENERAL
 Velocities shall not exceed 3m/sec of the maximum values given in the appropriate
installation standard.
 Allowances in Equivalent Length of Pipe shall be based on non-recessed threaded fittings.
For recessed threaded fittings or streamline solder fittings, use 1/2 the allowances.
2. DEMAND WEIGHT OF FIXTURES IN WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
 The weights for maximum separate demands may be taken as 75% of the demand for supply.

APPENDIX B: PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

1. GENERAL
 Where permitted by the rules & regulations of the Department of Environment & Natural
Resources (DENR). The building sewer may be connected to a private sewage disposal
system & shall be determined:
 Basis of location
 Soil porosity
 Ground water level
The system shall consist of a septic tank with effluent discharging into a subsurface disposal
field, into one (1) or more seepage pits or into a combination of subsurface disposal field
& seepage pits.
2. CAPACITY OF SEPTIC TANKS
 The capacity of any one septic tank & its drainage system shall be limited by the soil
structure classification.
3. AREA OF DISPOSAL FIELDS & SEEPAGE PITS
 When disposal fields are installed, it shall have:
 Minimum of 14m2 of trench bottom shall be provided for each system
 Side wall area of the required 304.8mm & not to be exceed 914.4mm below leach line
 When leaching beds are permitted in lieu of trenches:
 The area of each such bed shall be at least 50% greater than the tubular requirements for
trenches.
 Side wall area of the required 304.8mm & not to be exceed 914.4mm below leach line
 No excavation for a leach line or leach bed shall extend within 1.5m of the water table.
 No excavation for a seepage pit shall extend within 3m of the water table.
4. SEPTIC TANK CONSTRUCTION
 Septic tanks shall have a min. of 2 compartments
 Inlet compartment of any septic tank shall not be less than 2/3 of the total capacity of the
tank.
 Secondary compartment of any septic tank shall have a min. capacity of 1m3 & max.
capacity of 1/3 the total capacity of the tank.
 0.9m x 1.5m Min. dimension
 0.6m min & 1.8m max. depth
 Septic tanks having over 6m3 capacity, secondary compartment of such septic tank shall
have a min. 1.5m length.
 Septic tanks shall have a min. of 2 manholes with 508mm min. dimension
 Whenever a first compartments exceeds 3.7min length, additional manhole shall be
provided.
 Size of the vertical leg of a round inlet & outlet fittings shall not be less than the size of the
connecting sewer nor less than 104.6mm. a baffle type fitting shall not be less than the size
of the connecting sewer nor less than 106.6mm hor. dimension from inlet & outlet pipe
inverts.
 The inlet & outlet pipe or baffle shall extend 101.6mm above & at least 304.8mm below the
water surface. The invert of the inlet pipe shall be at level not less than 50.8mm above the
invert of the outlet pipe.

ARCHITECTURAL LICENSURE EXAMINATION REVIEWER: National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
  Side walls shall extend at least 228.6mm above the liquid depth. The cover of the septic
tank shall be at least 50.8mm above the back vent openings.
 Partitions or baffles between compartments shall be of solid durable material & shall extend
at least 101.6mm above the liquid level.
5. CONCRETE SEPTIC TANKS
 Shall have bituminous coating or by other approve means extending at least 101.6mm below
the water line.
6. STEEL SEPTIC TANKS
 Shall have a of No.12 U.S. Ga. (2.8mm) min. thickness & shall have bituminous coating or
by other approve means extending at least 101.6mm below the water line.
7. DISPOSAL FIELDS
 When seepage pits are used in combination with disposal fields, the filter material in trenches
shall terminate at least 1.5m from the pit excavation.
 The inverts of all outlets shall be level & the invert of the inlet shall be at least 25.4mm
above the outlets.
8. SEEPAGE PITS
 Shall be circular in shape & shall have an excavated diameter of 2.2m min.
 Shall have a sidewall of 3m min. below inlet.
 Concrete slab covering of 127mm min. thickness.
 228.6mm min. inspection hole.
9. CESSPOOLS
 May be installed for single family dwellings where it is established that a public sewer system
will be available in less than two (2) years.
 Shall have a sidewall of 3m min. below inlet provided a strata of gravel or equally pervious
material of 1.2m in thickness is found therein. But in cases without such conditions, sidewall
may be increased to 6.1m min. below the inlet.
10. COMMMERCIAL or INDUSTRIAL SPECIAL LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL
 Interceptors shall have not less than two (2) compartments.
11. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET

*Nothing Follows*

ARCHITECTURAL LICENSURE EXAMINATION REVIEWER: National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Prepared by: ARCH. EDZEL R. AMANTE
 PLUMBING DESIGN AND ESTIMATE

Chapter 1 – Plumbing

 Plumbarius – individual who worked I the sanitary field of Ancient Rome

 Plumbum – means “lead”
 DWV – Drainage, Waste, Vent
 Blow-off/ detritus – controlled outlet used to discharged water.
 Common vent – dual vent
 Diameter – Diameter of a pipe/tube refers to the internal diameter (ID) of such pipe,
except brass and copper tube.
 Fixture Unit Flow Rate – total discharge flow in gallons/min of a sample fixture divided by
7.5 gallons. Refer to NPC 1999 
 Lateral – (1) In plumbing – secondary pipe. (2) In sewage, it receives sewage only from
building sewer.
 Return Bend - 180° bend in pipe
 Stack vent – Waste/Soil Vent

Chapter 2 – Plumbing Materials

 Cast Iron pipe (CI) – (1) 1.5m long.ranging from 50-150mmØ. (2) less than 25 storey. (3)
ferrous oxide called rust (4) Types of CI: SV Type (general) and XV Type (extra
duty/underground).
 Asbestos Pipe – Twice (2x) as that of the standard cast iron pipe.
 Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe – (1) Cheapest (2)light in weight (3) slightly flexible
 Vitrified Clay Pipe – length of 0.72m, heated in a large kiln under a temp of 1370°C.
 Lead Pipe – poisonous and injurious
 Galvanized Steel Pipe – 6m long. Easily corroded by alkaline and acid water. Deteriorate
faster when used in hot water supply. Kapal  Manipis 
 Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe – more resistant to acid waste that steel pipe.
 Brass Pipe – made of alloy/zinc and copper. 15% (alloy/zinc) and 85% copper
 Copper pipe – (1) durable and extremely corrosive resistant material. (2) Type K, L and M.
(3) It may be used 1 size smaller than a steel pipe.
 Plastic/ Synthetic Pipe – developed in the mid year of 1935 Naitatag ang NAMPAP 
1. PE and PB tubes are in coil available at 30m long. Ang PB pwede hanggang 150m long. 
2. PVC pipes and fittings weighs about 1/5 of the metal pipe.
3. PE weighs about 1/8 as much as steel pipe.
 Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone – acetone
 Plastic – derived from coal and petroleum products.
 Celluloid – 1st Plastic material introduced followed by Bakelite (1905) and now, PE.

Chapter 3 – Measuring, Cutting and Joining Pipes

 For Cast Iron Pipe, Single hub used more than 1.5m long, double hub if shorter. Hubless
pipe with neoprene rubber sleeves. In joining hubless, oakum followed by molten lead
20-25mm lalagpas lang ng 3mm.
 For Galvanized Steel Pipe, cutting is done by using 14-teeth per inch hacksaw blade.
Nipples ranging from 2-12 inches long.
 One (1) roll of Teflon Tape is 1 meter long
 For copper pipe, cutting is done by using 24-teeth per inch (heavy pipes) and 32-teeth
per inch(thinner). NEVER allow the fluxed joint to stand for more than 3 hours before
soldering.
  For plastic pipe,(1) joining by SOLVENT WELDING. (2) Insert and make a quarter turn(1/4)
and turning should not be more than 30sec. (3) 2 hours before testing the line under
pressure. (4) 15-20hrs permit to use of the line.

Chapter 4 – Sewage Disposal System

 Daily average of human waste/excreta – 80 grams (feces) and 950 grams (urine), diluted
with water at the rate of 30-100 gallons/day.
 Total sewage solids, 50% is organic (nabubulok)

TYPES OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM:

1. Cesspool – hole in the ground curbed with stones, bricks etc. (obsolete)
2. Privy – concrete sealed vault with wooden shelter (obsolete)
3. Septic Tank
4. Public Sewer Line – consisting of STP

TYPES OF PUBLIC SEWER LINE:

1. Combination Public Sewer – conveys both storm water and sanitary waste (obsolete)
2. Sanitary Sewer – sanitary waste only.
2.1 Intercepting/ Trunk Line Sewer – concrete pipe 0.6-3m in diameter. Min depth = 3m
2.2 Tributary Sewer – vitrified clay/concrete laid in open trench.NOT more than 3m below
street grade.
3. Storm Drain

 Manhole – Interval distance = 75-150m, Manhole diameter = 0.9-1.2m

 Sewage Ejector – when public sewer line was installed at a depth of 2-4m below the
street level.
 SEPTIC TANK – sludge (sa baba), scum (lumulutang). MIN inside dimension = 0.9 wide, 1.5
long, 1.2 depth.
 Stabilization – process of decomposition.
 Putrefaction – decomposition caused by anaerobic bacteria
 Septic – A sewage that turns dark and smell unpleasantly due to anaerobic
decomposition.
1 m3 = 264 Gallons
 Location of Septic Tank: 2m from the outside wall, 15m away from any source of water
supply.

Chapter 5 – The Waste Pipe

 Special Waste - When a waste pipe is NOT directly connected to a soil stack/house drain.
 Premature Waste Line Defects – tilted or crooked joint connection.
 Cleanout – equal to the diameter of waste pipe.
 Scouring – means to flush or wash out, to remove dirt or grease by flowing through.
 Flowing water at drainage pipe must be ½ the pipe diameter.
 Fixture Unit – amount of water each fixture discharges in 1min interval.
 WASTE PIPE – Direct and Indirect waste.
 Generally, 50mm pipe is required for ALL TYPES of urinals.
Chapter 6 – The Soil Pipe

 Stack vent – extended above the roof NOT less than 0.3m long and NOT less than 75mm
(3”) diameter.
 When the roof is to be used other than protection from the elements of the weather,
Vent stack should be extended NOT less than 2m above roof.
 Cleanout - equal to the diameter of the soil branch. Located at the farthest end of the
branch away from the vertical soil pipe.

Chapter 7 – The House Drain

 House Drain – receives discharges of all soil and wastes stacks. Collecting Line of a
Plumbing System. Being HORIZONTAL PIPELINE.

CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSE DRAIN:

1. Combined Drain – sanitary waste and storm water. (obsolete)
2. Sanitary Drain – sanitary and domestic waste only
3. Storm Drain
4. Industrial Drain

 Any branch of the house drain terminating at a floor drain or fixture, shall be provided
with 100mm pipe extended at least 2inches above the floor.
 The trap of the floor drain – NOT more than 0.5m below finished floor line.
 Cleanout – installed every 20m interval distance.
 House Trap – installed in the house drain immediately inside the foundation wall of the
building.
 Area Drain – MINIMUM SIZE – 100mm or 4” pipe
 If the fixture is less than 1.5m from the drain, it should be TAPPED but NOT necessarily
VENTED.
 MINIMUM size for floor drain – 75mm or 3” p-trap, installed NOT more than 0.2m below the
floor line.
 Cellar – Basement Floor Drain
 GREASE TRAP – (1) Basin width should NOT be less than 0.60m. (2) Length should be 3-4
times its width. (3) MINIMUM DEPTH of concrete grease trap should NOT be less than 1.2m
below the outlet invert.

Chapter 8 – The House Sewer

 House Sewer/ Building Sewer – starts 0.90m from the outer face of the building.
 Most practical method of establishing grade – 1/8 bend

Chapter 9 – The Storm Drain

 Splash Pan – collector of water coming down from the downspout

CLASSIFICATION OF STORM DRAIN:

1. Inside Storm Drain – located UNDER the basement floor or w/in walls of the building.
2. Outside Storm Drain – installed outside the foundation wall of the building.
3. Overhead Storm Drain – adopted when the street drainage is higher in elevation than the
basement floor of the building.
o Change in direction: (1) combination of wye and 1/8 bend (2) long radius fittings
 Roof leader / downspout – water conductor.
Pag sa loob, conductor. Pag
sa labas downspout.
Chapter 10 – Traps for Plumbing Fixtures

 1856 – first patented trap was innovated in the United States.

 P-Trap was called “Gooseneck”
 Trap Seal = Water Seal

WATER SEALED P-TRAP:

1. Common Seal – 5cm deep
2. Deep Seal P-Trap – 7.5 – 10cm
 Permissible and Objectionable Trap
 P-Trap shall be installed within 0.60m of the fixture it served.
 Long Run Horizontal Pipe / Running Trap – could be used only near the drain of the floor
area or yard. NOT provided with a hand-hole cleanout.
 Every trap shall be self-cleaning and must be provided with a cleanout.
 NO fixture shall be double trapped.

Classification of Fixtures to be installed:

1. Class 1 (Private Use) – residential houses, apartment and private bathroom of hotels etc.
2. Class 2 (Semi-Public Use) – office buildings, factories, dormitories and the like
3. Class 3 (Public Use) – schools, gymnasium, hotel, railroad and bus terminals, public comfort
rooms.

Chapter 11 – Plumbing Ventilation

 Compressibility – One of the properties of gas. When compressed, pressure greater than
one atmospheric is developed.

TRAP SEAL LOSS:

1. Siphonage – minus pressure. The trap of a common seal is open and exposed to the
atmosphere, both the inlet and the outlet orifices will be under balance atmospheric pressure.
(1) Direct/Self-Siphoning – created when a rapid flow of water passing through the pipe siphon
down the water seal inside the traps with NO VENT PROVISION.
(2) Indirect/ Momentum Siphoning – created by heavy discharge of water from a fixture installed
on a line serving another fixture at a lower floor. (Pababa)
2. Back Pressure – plus pressure. When large amount of water flow drops downward rapidly
forming a slug like, the air inside the pipe will be compressed downward.
3. Evaporation
4. Wind Effect
5. Capillary Action – draining of water

TYPES OF VENTILATION:
1. Main Soil and Waste Pipe – extended through roof
2. Main Vent/ Collecting Vent Line – Vent stack connecting all vent
3. Individual Vent/ Back Vent – usual ventilation in a fixture connecting to the main vent.
4. Unit Vent – vent between two(2) identical fixtures
5. Circuit/ Loop Vent – two or more fixtures connected in a soil or waste branch
6. Relief Vent – vent for battery of fixtures.
Toke/By-pass Vent – if 2-3 floors interval
7. Looped Vent – fixtures that are away from the main vent
8. Wet Vent

 NO vent shall be less than 38mm (1½”) Ø except for a 32mm (1¼”) Ø waste pipe.
 Vent – practically rise vertically or at 45° up to the point of 0.15m above the fixture.

Chapter 12 – The Sovent System

 Two Line Drainage System = DWV

 Sovent System – completely eliminates the vent stack and other forms of ventilation.
 First introduce by Fritz Sommer in 1962
 Aerator – spatters/scatters the effluent in drops or small blobs wherein they are mixed
with the air. Cannot produce either plus/minus pressure of more than 25mm water
gauge. A water seal 50mm high is safe against siphoning or back flow.
 The original material used for Sovent is copper.

Chapter 13 – Cold Water Supply in Building

 Water (liquid form) 839 times heavier than air

 Water (vapor form) 133 times lighter than air
 Wells that are supplying water for public use – MINIMUM distance of 100m radius from
residential areas.
 There should be NO CONCRETE Sanitary sewers existing w/in 15m radius of the well.
 NO outdoor privy, cesspools, septic tank or drain field shall be located w/in 45m radius of
the well.
 A complete chemical analysis for each type of water sold shall be made at least twice a
year.
 When NEW mains are installed, or old mains repaired, they should be filled with strong
chlorine solution of 40 to 60mg per liter for at least 24hrs.
 Water main – 3m horizontally from sanitary sewer when they are parallel.

PUBLIC WATER DISTRIBUTION:

1. Direct Pressure Distribution – centrifugal/piston pump
2. Indirect Pressure Distribution – turbine pump

 House Service – pipe connection from the public water main/any water supply to the
building served.
 Branches – horizontal pipes that serve the faucets/fixtures.

COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION:

1. By normal water pressure
2. Overhead feed system
3. Air Pressure Distribution System – 10 storeys, when air is compressed into a closed
compartment under atmospheric pressure to the extent of ½ its volume content, the pressure will
increase up to 15lbs/in2 capable of elevating water up to 10.5m high. The ideal pressure range is
from 20-40psi.

 Direct Up-feed pumping system – innovation of air pressure water distribution/ triplex
pump. ONLY ONE pump operates at a time.
 Normal Pressure – refers to the pressure range measured over a period of 24hrs. For
residential, normal pressure ranges from 30-40psi. On the other hand, water pressure
greater than 50psi may cause pipe hammering/bursting of pipe joint.
  Pressure Reducing Valve – keep the pressure constant at 40psi/ reset to any pressure
desired.
 MAXIMUM DEMAND – max water distribution of fixtures in terms of FU. One unit is valued
at 8 gallons of water discharge per min interval.
 Public Water Distribution – has an averaged water pressure of 50psi.

Chapter 14 – Hot Water Supply in Building

 Hot water installation: copper tube, stainless steel pipe, PVDC plastic pipe.

HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION:

1. Up-feed and Gravity Return System – installed at the bottom of the riser.
2. Overhead Feed and Gravity Return System – installed at the top of the riser.

 Pump Circuit System – mechanical device used to circulate hot water to the plumbing
fixtures.
 HOT WATER TANK: (1) Range Boiler – small, (2) Storage Boiler – large
 Range Boiler – generally made of copper or stainless steel sheet, D=0.3-0.6m & not more
than L=1.8m
 Storage Boiler – made of heavy-duty stainless, D=0.6-1.3m & not more than L=5m
 A 12mm (½”) thick fiberglass – efficient insulating cover.
 Hot and Cold water running in parallel – minimum distance of 0.15m.

TYPES OF WATER HEATING SYSTEM:

1. Hot water space heating system – LOW temperature.
2. Hot water supply system – HIGHER temperature.

Chapter 16 – Fire Protection in Building

 MARCH – Fire Prevention Month.

 Elevated water tank – supply constant pressure
 Underground water reservoir – covered with earth from 0.6 to 0.9m
 Hydropneumatic pump – used to store air under pressure
 Sprinkler heads – open automatically at temperatures of 135°F - 160°F
 Typical spacing of sprinkler heads: (1) 3.80m horizontal. (2) 3m vertical.
 Nozzles are set about 2.40 – 3.60m apart on the supply pipes and spaced about 3 – 4m
apart at right angle exposed beams or panels.
 Enough water to operate at least 25% for 30mins.
Plumbing: 1. C I S P. -
Alley. 3 meters with walk, not less than 2 meters. 2. Acid resistant C I P.
Alter or alteration. change use or material. 3. Asbestos pipe.
Back pressure. (drainage) air pressure in drainage pipe greater 4. Bituminous fiber sewer pipes.
than atmospheric pressure. 5. Vitrified clay pipe.
Back flow. (water) flow of water in water system from other 6. Lead pipe.
sources other than its water source, also called back siphonage. 7. Galvanized steel pipe.
Back siphonage. for drainage and water. 8. Galvanized wrought iron pipe.
Back vent pipe. also called individual vents, F C O (floor clean out) 9. Brass pipe. most expensive and most durable (not available
for 1st floor, W C O (wall clean out) for 2nd floor and up, diameter for commercially).
individual vents is 2 to 3 inches and drainage line is 4 inches. 10. Copper pipe. used in H V A C.
Ball cock. faucet opened and closed by a ball floating on the 11. Plastic or synthetic pipe.
water, also called ball cock valve. Choice of pipe:
Ball joint. for W C without water storage tank, a cup like shell, ball 1. Quality.
in cup-like shell that allow movement. 2. Cost of installation.
a. Labor.
Battery of fixtures. similar adjacent fixtures, 2 or more is called a b. Material.
battery. 3. Resistance to chemical and acid waste.
Bell or hub. that portion of a pipe which for a short distance, is 4. Durability.
sufficiently enlarged to receive the end of another pipe of the Reason of C I S P for drainage:
same diameter for the purpose of making a joint. 1. Easy drainage installation.
2. Availability.
Bending pin. (or iron) a tool used for straightening or expanding
lead pipe. Closing end of pipes:
1. Cap.
2. Plug.

Types of flange:
1. Drilled.
2. Blank.
Bibb. known today as hose bib (H B), part of water line and is a 3. Blind.
faucet found in service area and gardens.
Key cock. used in hospitals, chemical laboratory, and laboratories. Blank flange. flange that is not drilled. types:
Compression cock. 1. Slip flange.
2. Screw flange.
Self-closing faucet.
Bidet. (lavatory always on the left.), a plumbing fixture use to leaching cesspool.
wash the genitals, also called a sitz bath (tool bath), types:
1. Stall. Blind flange. a flange that closes the end of a pipe. There is no
2. Stand. opening for the passage of water.
3. Recessed. Blow-off. use in hot water storage tank, controlled outlet/pipe use
to discharge water detritus and steam, one type of releif vent.
Materials for pipes: 2 types of hot water tank:
1. Range boiler.
255734724.doc
2. Hot water storage tank.
Branch (water and drainage and storm drain)(horizontal), (water)
branch out of the house service pipe which is the largest pipe,
(drainage) connects to house drain to septic tank, any part of the
pipes not the main pipe or stack.
Branch interval. a length of soil or waste stack that branch into
the main at storey height, one branch not less than 8 feet, types:
1. soil pipe. use water closet.
2. waste. other waste water.
Stack. a vertical pipe (drainage).
Riser. a vertical pipe (water).
Branch vent. a vent pipe connecting from a branch of the drainage
system to a vent stack.
Building drain. house drain.
Building sewer. house sewer, is that part of plumbing found
extending 4 or 5 feet from interface of foundation wall.
Building sub-drain. that portion of a drainage system which cannot
drain by gravity into the building sewer.
Bushing. joining the different size pipes in single run.
Caulking. plugging or opening with oakum used in jointing.
Oakum. a hemp fiber melted.
Cap. closing a pipe or pipe line.
Ferrule. the clean out.
Catch basin. CB, for rain water retention of storm or rain water.
AD-CB. area drain, catch basin.
Cesspool. a pit for the reception or detention of sewage.
Effluent. having a solid and liquid separate chamber.
Leeching cesspool. old waste goes down and at side.
Valves:
Check valves. automatically closes to prevent backflow or reverse
direction or flow of water.
Circuit vent. a group vent extending from in front of the last
fixture connection on a horizontal branch to the vent stack, limited
to 3 to 5 fixture per vent.
Common vent. (dual vent or unit vent), serving 2 or more fixtures.
Conductor. (downspout, rainleader, roof leads), a vertical pipe to
convey rain water.
Continous vent. is a vertical vent that is a continuation of the
drain, to which the vent connects.
Corporation cock. (corporation stop, stop vault), to stop water to an
individual house, connected to metering device and the water
main.
Coupling.
Court. open unoccupied area.
Gooseneck. to prevent high pressure.
Water outlet. any faucet, water closet, etcetera.
Cross connection. a physical connection between 2 system.
Dead end. the extended portion of a pipe that is closed at one end
to which no connections are made on the extended portion, thus
permitting the stagnation of water or air therein.
Developed length. length along the center line of a pipe to the
fitting.
Diameter. types:
1. outside diameter. (brass, copper).
2. internal diameter. (iron, etcetera).
3. nominal internal diameter.
Double-bend fitting. use commonly in factories, a pipe fitting
shaped like the letter "S".
Double offset. 2 offsets in succession in series in the same time.
Flat offset. used in ventillation air stack.
255734724.doc
Drain. a sewer on other pipe or conduit used for conveying ground
water, surface water, storm water, waste water, or sewage.
FD. floor drain.
Fixture drain. the drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of
the drain with any other drain pipe, from fixture to main drain or
the junction itself.
Drainage system. the drainage pipes of the plumbing system that takes
waste water to the sewers. 3 components:
1. Drainage.
2. Waste.
3. Vent.
Dry vent. only with air, no waste ever goes through it, vent stack.
Fixture unit:
1 person 8 gallon per minute, 1 and one half gallon per minute.
Lavatory. 2 fixtures unit.
WC. 6 fixture unit.
Flashing. a piece of sheet metal fitted under another piece of flat
metal or wood over which water is expected to run.
Float level. a level at the fixture where water will flow over the
edge of the fixture or rim.
Flood level/overflow level. the level in a fixture at which water
begins to overflow the top or rim of the fixture.
Floor area. the area minus the shaft, pipe chase and pipe sleeves,
the area included between the wall exclusive of vent, shaft and
sleeve.

Wet vent. stack vent. Flush valve. W. C., directly connected with the supply.

Ferrule. a metallic sleeve, calked or otherwise, joined to an Flushometer valve. with aid of water tank.
opening in a pipe, into which a plug is screwed that can be
removed for the purpose of cleaning or examining the interior of Gate valve. inlet, a valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of
the pipe, clean out (WCO, FCO), size of cleanout 4 inches. a circular disk, fitting against machine-smoothed faces, at right angles to
the direction of flow. The disk is raised or lowered by means of a
Fixture. a receptacle attached to a plumbing system. threaded stem connected to the handle of the valve. the opening in
Classification according to use: the valve is usually as large as the full bore of the pipe.
1. Soil:
a. Water closet. Globe valve. a valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a
b. Slop sink. circular disk that fits against the valve seat. The plane of movement of
c. Urinals. the disk is parallel to the normal direction of flow of water, which is
2. Scullery: turned through a tortuous passage to direct the flow normal to the face of
A scullery is a room in a house traditionally used for washing up dishes the disk, can control gas and air.
and laundering clothes, or as an overflow kitchen when the main kitchen is
overloaded. ... Goose neck. a return bend of small-sized pipe one end of which is
a. Kitchen sink. about 1 foot long and the other end is about 3 inches long. It is
b. Laundry sink. commonly used as a faucet for a pantry sink. Also, the lead connection
c. Pantry sink. large kitchen sink. between a service pipe and a water main.
3. Bathing:
a. Bath tub. Grade. slope of pipes, two percent slope or one fourth inch per
b. Biddet. foot.
c. Shower bath. complete assembly. Ground water. three sources of water:
1. Rainfall. storm water.
Fixture branch. the supply pipe between the fixture and the water 2. Natural surface. Surface water.
distributing pipe, all branch connected to fixture. 3. Underground water. ground water, portion of the rainfall or
percipitation.
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Group vent. a branch vent that performs its function for 2 or more traps.
Height of building. vertical distant from grade line to the highest
point of the roof of the building.
Horizontal branch. a branch drain extending laterally from a soil
or waste stack, with or without vertical sections or branches, that
receives the discharge from one or more fixture drains and
conducts it to the soil or waste stack or to the building drain.
House storm sewer. house catch basin, is the pipeline from the building to
the public storm sewer system.
Indirect waste pipe. a waste pipe that does not connect directly
with the building drainage system but discharge into it through a
properly trapped fixture or receptacle, not connect to waste pipes.
Individual vent. back vent pipe.
Industrial waste. liquid waste from industry free of waste, toxic
waste.
Installation of plumbing. by master plumber.
Interceptor. receptable to intercept and separate grease,
chemicals, and oil, grease trap.
Invert. the lowest portion of the inside of any pipe or conduit that
is not vertical.
Latrine. WC with continuous water supply, not a permanent
installation.
Lavatory. wash basin for washing face and hand.
Length of pipe. the length as measured along.
Local vent. crude vent.
Loop or circuit vent. , a continuation of a horizontal soil or waste
pipe beyond the connection at which liquid waste from a fixture
enter the waste or soil pipe, circuit vent, associated with vent
stack.
Circuit. stock vent.
Main. the main of any system: main sewer line, main water supply
line, main/public storm sewer, distributing main.
Main vent. vent stack.
Man hole. access for man to go through, 3 meters depth minimum.
Master plumber. person with knowledge of plumbing who employs
plumbers, for residential.
Nipple.
Sanitary engineer. for large establishment.
Slope. pitch, grade, mot exceed 2 %.
Plan. must be sealed by a professional sanitary engineer.
Plasiomic valve. ball in the water closet.
Plumbing. the art and technique of installing in building pipes and
fixtures.
Plumbing fixtures. a receptable attached to a plumbing system
other than a trap in which water or waste may be collected or
retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system.
Plumbing system. the plumbing system of the building,
institution, factory or industrial establishment from bring and
distributing water to discharging sewer, sewerage system.
Plumbing official. hold authority in water and sewerage and
national plumbing code.
MWSS. urban.
LWVA. rural.
LOWA. local water.
DPWH. in charge of the sewers.
Potable water. water fit for drinking, culinary and domestic
purposes.
Primary branch. is the single sloping drain from the base of the
stack to its junction with the main building drain or with another
branch thereof, same as lateral.
Private or private use. for private use.
Private sewer. private owned and not directly controlled by public
authority.
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Privy. outhouse or structure use to dispose excrement.
Privy vault. a pit beneath a privy in which excrement collects.
Public or public use. public is invited to use these in any
institution.
Public sewer. common sewer directly controlled by public
authority, main sewer.
Releif vent. help provide circulation of air between drainage and
vent system
Repair. repairing or replacing a small part of the system.
Return bend. 180 degrees turn.
Revent pipe. back vent pipe, individual vent.
Riser. vertical pipes use only on water.
Reservoir. water cistern.
Orifice. to releive pressure from downfeed system.
Roughing in. pipes without the fixtures.
Sanitary sewage. (domestic waste) domestic sewage combination
of human excrement and liquid household waste.
Sanitary sewer. for sanitary sewage with or without industrial
waste but without rain water.
Seal. vertical distance between the dip and the crown, water in
traps. top dip
Indirect momentum siphonage. seal is sucked out.
Secondary branch. any branch in a building drain other than the
primary branch.
Septic tank. watertight receptacle which receives the discharge of
a plumbing system.
Service pipe. the pipe from the water main or source of water
supply to the building served.
Sewage. the liquid waste conducted away from the
establishments.
Sewer. a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and waste liquid.
Sewerage/sewerage works. sewer system of the entire community,
including collection, transportation, pumping, and treatment.
Shaft. (chase) a vertical opening through a building for elevators,
etceteras.
Siamese connection. a wye connection used on fire lines so that 2
lines of hose may be connected to a hydrant or to the same nozzle.
Siphonage. vaccum or suction created by the flow of liquid in
pipes. -negative pressure
Soil pipe. from water closet, urinals.
Soil stack pipe. vertical pipe for fecal matter or liquid waste.
Spigot/faucet. the end of a pipe which fits into a bell.
Stack. a general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste, or
vent piping.
Stack vent. for soil and waste stack connected to the highest
horizontal drain connected to the stack.
Standpipes. a vertical pipe usually used for the storage of water,
frequently under pressure, types:
1. Wet.
2. Dry.
Storm water. that portion of the rainfall or other precipitation which runs off
over the surface after a storm.
Story. surface of floor to surface of next floor.
Subsoil drain. building sub-drain.
Sump. a pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes
are drained.
Supports. hangers, cradles, straps, etceteras.
Surface water. natural water or water on the surface after a rain.
Tapped tee. a cast-iron bell-end tee with the branch tapped to receive a
threaded pipe or fitting. used only for ventillation.
Sanitary tee.
Trap. a fitting or device so constructed as to prevent air, gas and some
vermin through a pipe.
Union. to move one pipe only.
Unit vent. an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe will
serve 2 traps.
Vaccum. an air pressure less than atmospheric. also siphonage.
Vent. a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of the air in a
plumbing system and for reducing the pressure exerted on trap seals.
Vent stack. for ventillation.
Vertical pipe. any pipe or fitting installed in a vertical position.
255734724.doc
Wet vent. that portion of the vent pipe through which liquid waste 4. Public sewer line.
flow.
Public sewer line:
Waste pipe. lavatory, floor drain., a pipe which convey only liquid 1. Trunk line.
waste, free of fecal matter. 2. Tributary.

Yard. is an open, unoccupied space, other than a court. Septic tank. decompose raw sewage in 2 process:
1. Sedimentation.
Planning: 2. Anaeboric decomposition.
1. Location of C O:
a. In every change in direction. Sludge. creates bacteria to create anaerobic.
b. All horizontal pipes.
c. At every 15 feet of pipe. Construction and location of septic tank:
2. Provision of individual ventillation connected to ypur VSTR. 1. 15 meters away from potable water.
3. Traps: 2. Must have an inlet and outlet made of sanitary Y.
a. House trap.
b. Grease trap. Minimum water content depth of 1.20 meters for proper reduction of
c. Seal trap. organic materials, with a total depth of 1.50 meters.
4. Soil pipe/waste pipe.
5. Offset. Dimension of a septic tank: 0.75 by 1.5 by 1.20 meters.

Water supply: Technical data:

1. Location of main line. 1. Minimum width: 0.90.
2. Prohibition use of cross T. 2. Minimum length: 1.50.
3. Provision of air chamber. 3. Minimum depth: 1.20.
4. Use of valves. 4. Residential: 0.14 to 0.17 meter cube per person.
5. 12 persons, not more than 2.0 meters cube.
3 types of water distribution: 6. School, commercial, industrial: 0.057 meter cube to .086 meter cube per
1. Upfeed system. person.
2. Downfeed system (gravity).
3. Zoning system. Manhole has intervals of 75 meters to 150 meters, with a diameter of .90
to 1.20 meters. And is protuded 15 centimeters from surface to overcome
Pipe lengths: water infiltration.
1. Brass pipe: 20 feet.
2. PVC: 10 to 20 feet. Types of waste:
3. RSC: 10 to 20 feet. 1. Black: feces.
4. G I: 20 feet. 2. Grey: soap.
5. C I: 5 feet. 3. White: rain water.
6. Cement: 1 meter.
2 types of standpipes:
3 available private disposal system: 1. Dry.
1. Cess pool. 2. Wet.
2. Septic tank or vault.
3. Privy. Types of vents:
255734724.doc
1. Wet vent. for water. 2. Sanitary drain.
2. Dry vent. for air.
Drum trap is a special equipment used on plumbing fixtures that discharge
Types of tanks: large volume of water.
1. Suction type tank.
2. Pneumatic tank. Self closing faucet, faucets are used when it is descred that the flow of
3. Elevated tank. water is stopped automatically upon release of the pressure of the hand.
4. House tank.
The most common form of iron found in spring and well water is ferrous
P traps: bicarbonate (a colorless salt).
1. Common seal trap: 50 millimeter depth between overflow and dip, used
in lavatories. In tall buildings, sprinklers can be supplied with water from elevated
2. Deep seal trap. 75 to 100 millimeters depth between overflow and dip, storage tank.
used in sinks.
Fire extinguishment is normally accomplished by absorption of heat by
Moldex uses the O-ring. carbon monoxide and reduction of temperature.

Septic tank. cannot be outside property line and inside house, position
next to last fixture served, good in laundry area.
Aeration process. one method to separate waste from water in a public
filtering system.
To prevent leakage from treaded connection use teflon, for flange
type use gusset.
A device which introduces air into an existing stream of water,
aerator fitting.
A backflow preventor is a device to prevent backflow into a potable
water supply.
A plumbing fixture used especially for washing the middle parts of the
body, bidet/prosterior.
A blank flange is a flange that is not drilled.
A back vent is a vent connecting one or more individual vents with
a VS or a SV.
A drain that convey storm water to a satisfactory terminal, catch basin.
The fire code of the philippines was created under the P D 1185.
Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard, abatement.
It is not prefferable to use short radius fittings on soil branches for making
changes in direction.
A flush valve is a type of plumbing accessories.
In sewerage system pipe should be installed with a grade of 1 4th inch per
foot.
Water supply outlets usually installed outside the building, hose
bib.
The principal use of hydropneumatic tank is for air under pressure storage.
Caulking and threading are 2 different methods of connecting pipes and
fittings.
A manhole is an access chamber for underground piping.
G I pipes used for water lines are commonly manufactured in
length of 20 feet.
Water pressure instrument, pressure gauge.

A gate valve or service cock, corporatin cock.
House drain is a system of horizontal piping inside a building that extends
and connects with the house sewer. 2 types:
1. Combine drain. (sanitary and storm).
A plastic pipe for hot and cold water, PVDC pipes.
A water pump most commonly used for elevation of waste, sump
pump.
Roughing-in is the installation of all parts of plumbing sustem
which can be completed prior to the installation of fixtures.
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Small particle of smoke can be detected in less than a minute.
Wet and dry fire water pipes are called standpipe.
Siamese is a wye connection.
Integrated network of hydraulic design piping system, sprinkler system.
Responsible of fire code, director general.
Sanitary and industrial plumbing water piping inside building and
premises shall conform to the provisions of national plumbing code.
The design, construction, and operation of deepwells for abstraction of
groundwater sources shall be subjected to the provisions of the water code
of the Philippines.
The quality of drinking water from meteoric surfaces and underground
sources shall conform to the criteria set forth by National Standards of
Drinking water.
Sanitary sewages from buildings and neutralized or pre-treated industrial
waste water shall be discharged directly to the nearest street sanitary
sewer main in accordance with the criteria set in the code of sanitation and
the national pollution control commission.
by the board of electrical engineering persuant to R A 184 otherwise known
as the electrical engineering law.
All mechanical systems, equipment and installation mentioned in this code
shall conform to the provisions of the philippine mechanical engineering
code, as adopted by the board of mechanical engineering pursuant to
Commonwealth Act number 294 as amended, otherwise known as the
Mechanical engineering law.
Industrial establishment shall be provided with positive noise abatement
devices to tone down the noise level of equipment and machineries to
acceptable limits set down by the department of labor and the national
pollution control commission.
In the application form for mechanical, electrical, and
sanitary/plumbing permits, the Professional in charge shall sign
and seal and write in the box the following:
1. PRC registration number.
2. Full name in print.
3. PTR number.
4. Address of P I C (professional in charge).
5. PTR date/place of issue.
6. T I N.

All pipe materials to be used in buildings shall conform to the In applying for electrical wiring permit, the required are:
standard specs of the Philippine standard council (PSC). 1. Electrical wiring plan or layout.
Electrical plans and specifications below 20 outlets or a capacity of 4 kw up 2. Schedule of loads.
to 600 v shall be signed and sealed by duly licensed master electrician. 3. Location plan.
4. vicinity plan.
U A P is duly accredited for architects while the following: 5. Riser diagram.
1. Civil engineers. P I C E (Philippine institute of civil engineers). 6. General notes (specs).
2. Mechanical engineers. P S M E (Philippine society of mechanical 7. Legends and symbols.
engineers). 8. Details.
3. Electrical engineers. I I E E (institue of integrated electrical
engineer). 5 sets of building plans and specs are given to:
4. Master plumbers. NAMPAP. 1. Applicant.
Color coding: 2. Architect and engineering department.
1. Water line. blue. 3. Land use and zoning.
2. Electrical. red, orange, light gray. 4. Land and grade.
3. Sanitary. Orange, brown. 5. Local fire chief.

All electrical system, equipment and installlation mentioned in the code Aside from the professional, the professional in charge can sign
shall conform to the provision of the Philippine ekectrical code, as adopted and seal his/her name in the DPWH forms.

255734724.doc
2 other signatories in DPWH application form for certificate of
completion (electrical works) aside from building owner:
1. Professional electrical engineer/master plumber.
2. Contractor.
2 documents required for certificate of occupancy from building
official:
1. Certificate of completion.
2. Logbook.
PD 1096 prescribes that dry standpipe is required for every
building of 4 or more floors.
Dry standpipe shall have sufficient strength to withstand a water pressure
of 20 kilograms per square centimeter when ready for service.
All dry standpipe shall extend from the ground floor and over the roof and
shall be equipped with 63 millimeters outlet in every floor level with a
minimum height from floor line of 1.20 meters.
The minimum size of a fire hose outlet of an interior wet standpipe
is 38 millimeter diameter.
The frames on either side of the moving steps of an escalator is
called balustrade.
The maximum angle of inclination of an escalator is 30 degrees.
A device designed to stop a descending elevator or counterweight
beyond its normal limit of travel by absorving and dissipating the
kinetic energy of the car or counter weight is called buffer.
In high rise apartments or residential condominiums of more than
5 stories, the minimum number of elevator that shall be kept on a
24 hour service is one.
The minimum clear distance from any part of a boiler to any wall as per
NBC is 1 meter.
Smokestacks shall have a minimum rise above the eaves of any building of
5 meters.
The temperature and humidity of the air for comfortable cooling is to be
maintained at 68 to 74 degrees fahrenheit.
Lighting outlet. direct connection of a lampholder.
Type 2 building under NBC shall be fire resistive for 1 hour.
Cross bar. device half the width of door leaf which opens the door when
subjected to pressure.
Condenser. where vaporized refrigerants is liquified.
Minimum clear height of a window type aircon at grounfd floor is
2.13 meters.
International access signs have white graphics on blue
blackground.
NBC allows circular stairs as exit if minimum width of run is not less than
250 millimeters.
Service connection line. connects horizontal main to water service meter.
Fixtures. recieve and discharge water into the drainage system.
The minimum size of trap and branches allowed for bath tub is 2 inches
diameter.
Riser. a potable water supply that extend vertically one full storey or more
to convey water to branches and fixtures.
In buildings, water supply for fire fighting must meet:
1. Be part of domestic supply of building.
2. Be added to domestic supply of building.
3. Not required if fire hydrant is within 100 meters.
Fire damper is also called smoke damper which can also be smoke damper
serve as fire damper.
Each door in a means of egress shall not be 70 centimeter.
Plumbing code provisions:
1. All roof extension of soil and waste stack should run full size at least 0.30
meters above the roof.
2. Other than weather protection, not less than 2.5 meters above the roof.
3. If there are doors, windows, scuttle, air chafts distance edge to edge is 3
meters.
Usual trouble in pipes is in its fittings.
Rendering a pipe waterproof, caulking.
Cast iron in length of 5 feet.
255734724.doc
Pipe of sanitary drainage, cast iron and PVC.
Enlarged part of pipe to receive another end, hub.
Connection of sprinkler to ceiling:
1. Distance between sprinklers, 3 meters.
2. Area covered by a sprinkler, 9 square meters.
Electricity:
From NBC:
Lines must be 10 to 7.5 meters in height from sidewalk.
Poles not less than 5 meters from fire hydrant.
Poles not less than 150 meters from a curb.
For building over 15 meters in height there must be 2 to 2.5 meters open
from face of building to pole for ladders.
Conductors over 3oo volts shall not be carried near the ground surface
unless guarded or made unaccessible.
Lines must clear from building surface of no less than .075 meters.
Lines passing over roofs and building tops must have clearance of 1 to 3
meters.
Service drop clearance over roof must not be less than 2.5 meters.
Service drop must not be less than 3 meters from ground.
There should be 2 services by law.
Fees are 5 pesos for permit of pole and installation of pole.
Approved. acceptable to the authority enforcing the code.
Electricity. electric phenomena manisfectation.
Atoms:
1. Electron. negative.
2. Proton. positive.
3. Neutron. neutral.
2 general classes:
1. Dynamic electricity (electromagnetic). flows through a
substance, over its surface in the form of electric current.
2. Static electricity (static/electrostatic).
Accessible. not permanently closed in by the structure or finish of the
building; capable of being removed without disturbing the building structure
or finish. Admitting close approach because not guarded by locked doors,
elevation, or other effective means.
Electric current. electric flow in an electric current (amperage)
expressed in amperes.
Electric circuit. electric path composed of a conductor or of several
conductors and conducting electric devices joined together through which
an electric current flows when the path is completed and an EMF is applied.
Circuit diagram. diagram that represent an electric circuit on
papers.
Chase. a recess built in wall to receive piping and wiring.
Mica. best heat insulators.
Electromotive force (EMT). the force without cause (or tend to
cause) the movement of electricity in a conductor.
Electro magnet.
Close circuit (complete). connected to form a continous path from the
source of current back to the same point.
Open circuit (broken or incomplete). conducting elements are disconnected
as to prevent the flow of electricity.
Post knoll effect electrical thermal.
Rheostat. also considered as a dimmer.
Service entrance wire. from attachment service cap to panel
board.
Service drop. attached from Meralco up to building service cap.
THW. for outside and inside.
PTW. for interior.
Watt. ampere times voltage.
Air is a poor conductor of electricity.
Short circuit. a condition resulting from bridging any part of a
circuit with a conductor of a very low resistance.
Amperes. basic unit of electric current.
Amperage. the flow of electric current in a circuit, expressed in
amperes.
Ampacity. the current carrying of a wire or cable expressed in
amperes, (without undue heat).
Ammeter. instrument to measure rate of flow of electricity.
2 types of circuits:
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1. Parallel (multiple). when 2 or more electrical devices are Rectifier. (rotary converter) converts AC to DC, example:
connected so that each one offers a separate path for the flow of transformer. Types:
current between 2 points. 1. Selenium type.
2. Series (simple SC). all parts of a circuit are electrically 2. Silicon type.
connected end to end. 3. Copper-oxide type.
Phase. the number of alternating current that goes to your
Device. a unit/component of electrical system which is intended to carry conductor.
but not consume electrical energy. example: switch. Relation of EMF current resistance. ratio between pressure and resistance
(opposition).
Lighting circuit is 100 watt maximum.
Strength of the continuous current. ratio between EMF and resistance of
Shunt. when a circuit is divided into 2 or more branches, each the conductors.
branch transmitting part of the current. The conductor of each
branch taken separately. Ohm's law (George Simon Ohm):
Formula: I = V/R.
Connectors use for metal: I. current flow (in amperes).
1. Bushing. V. EMF (in volts).
R. resistance (friction in ohms).

Voltage, electrical pressure, (volt): V = I R.

Current: I = V/R.
Resistance: R=V/I.

2. Lock nut. Voltage (volt). unit of EMF/measure of the pressure or force which
keeps electricity in motion.

Voltimeter. device to measure the voltage of the circuit/an

instrument for measuring the voltage drop between any 2 points in
an electric circuit, example: generator/cell/battery.

3. Coupling.
Classification of electrical current:
1. Direct current. flow in only one (or some) direction/flow is said
to be from negative to positive (fixed polarity)(can be steady or
may vary).
Common source. current supplied by a battery (storage)/dry cell.
a. Continous DC. remains steady or uniform.
b. Pulsating/fluctuating DC. strength varies at different times.
2. Alternating curent. continually reverses its flow, its direction of
flow/current that changes in both strenght and direction in a given time,
alternates 60 times per second, with a frequency of 60 cycles per second
(60 hertz).
General note: 1 volt is the pressure which causes 1 ampere to flow through
a wire with a resistance of 1 ohm.
Watt. rate of power used/represent how much is the equivalent
heat volt and amperes produced if plugged to an appliances,
measure the power consumed, potential difference of 1 volt cause
a current of 1 ampere to flow.
Potential difference. when a source of electromotive force is
applied to a conductor, the conductor is said to have a difference in
potential energy.
Wattmeter. instrument that measure the amount of instantaneous
power or power in use at any one time.

255734724.doc
Watt-hour meter, kilowatt-hour meter, electricity meter. Conductors. a wire cable or device offering low resistance to the flow of
instrument used to measure the energy consumed over a period of electric current or other form of metal suitable for carrying currents,
time, measure and register the active power in an electric circuit examples: copper cable.
with respect to time. Insulator. a material that stops transfer of herts/power of the electric
current, resists heat.
Pole. 2 live wire. Raceways. channel designed expressly for holding wires, cables, bustors.
2 pole. 2 live wire, 1 ground. 2. Equipments. general term including fittings devices, appliance
fixtures, apparatus used as part of, or in connection with an
Types of conduits: electrical installation.
1. RSC. 3. Appliances. is a utilization equipment, generally other than industrial,
2. IMC. normally built in standardized sizes or types, which is installed or
3. EMT. electrical metallic tubing. connected as a unit to perform one or more functions; current consuming
4. Flexible metal conduit. equipments. Types:
5. Aluminum conduit. a. Fixed.
6. Non-metallic conduit. b. Portable.
7. Exposed metallic raceways. c. Stationary.
RSC. Rigid steel conduit.
Wires and cables:
IMC. Metallic conduit. 1. Flexible metal clad cable (FC). A C flexible armored cable.
Metal clad (MC). services, feeders, branch circuits, circuits,
Conduits should be supported every 3 to 15 feet. exposed/concealed indoors/outdoors works.
Feeders. cables that goes into a building.
Alternator. a generator of AC is produced by the turning of its rotor, a 2. Non-metallic sheated cable.
device for generating an alternating EMF, for high voltage equipments. 3. Conductor for general wiring. most common building wire, copper wire,
example: TW wire (thermoplastic/PVC).
Generator. a machine that converts mechanical energy (power) 4. Special cable type:
into electical energy (power). a. American home run.
Motor. a machine that converts electrical energy to mechanical b. Cable bus. (busway) large conductors not circular in cross
energy. section
c. Cable bars.
Battery. combination of 2 or more electric cell capable of storing
and supplying direct current by electro-chemical means, 2 distinct Raceways:
classes: 1. Floor raceways:
1. Primary battery. deliver electricity as soon as the parts are assembled a. Underfloor raceways.
or put together provided that it is connected in a circuit. b. Cellular metal floor raceways.
2. Secondary/storage battery. electricity from some external source
(rechargable). Power handling equipment:
Transformers. a device for changing the voltage of an alternating current.
Nickel-cadnium cell. has gained considerable popularity.
Outdoor transformers:
Electrical system of building: (main component/system component) 3 1. H-frame transformer bank. capacity as high as 1,000 kilowatts.
categories: 2. Cluster mounted on a single pole. 225 kilowatts capacity.
1. Wiring. includes conductors and raceways of all types. 3. Pad-mounted. hinged.

255734724.doc
Indoor transformer: 3. #10 (4 millimeter): 30 amperes.
1. Dry type: 4. #8 (6 millimeter): 45 amperes.
a. Rated 600 volts or less of any kilowatts rating. 5. #6 (10 millimeter): 65 amperes.
b. Rated 112 and a half kilowatts or less and 601 to 25,000 volts. 6. #3 (20 millimeter): 100 amperes.
2. Askarel-insulated. 7. #2 (25 millimeter): 115 amperes.
3. Oil-insulated transformer. 8. #1 (35 millimeter): 130 amperes.
9. #0 (50 millimeter): 150 amperes.
Transformer rates:
1. Step up transformer. Types of elevators:
2. Step down transformer. 1. Electric: (parts):
a. Car.
Fuse. can handle up to 2,000 volts. b. Cables:
Circuit breakers. are used when 2,000 volts and up. 1. Guide shoe.
2. Compensation.
Fuse types: 3. Buffer.
1. Cartridge fuse. 4. Secondary sheave.
a. Single. 5. Winding drum machine.
b. Dual. 6. Landing zone.
2. Plug fuse. c. Counterwieght.
d. Contol equipments:
Switch gear. also called unit sub-station. 1. Control panel.
2. Governor.
Types of flourescents: 3. Safety.
1. Bi-pin 2 flourescents. 4. Tension sheave.
2. Single pin flourescents. use for ultraviolet rays. 5. Limit switches.
6. Operating device.
Phenolic base. a insulating material found at the end of the 7. Car leveling device.
flourescent at the base of the pins. e. Elevator pit.
BX pipes. flexible metals. f. Shaft or hoistway.
Condulets. small conduits. g. Penthouse or elevator machine room.
h. Elevator machine:
Height of electric meter from ground, 1.5 meters. 1. Motor generator.
2. Generator field (motor) control.
Height of C O, .20 meter. 3. Rheostatic control.
Distances of C Os, 2 to 2.5 meters. i. Guide rail.
Height of switch, 1.1, 1.2, 1.5 meters. 2. Hydraulic: (parts):
Distance of switch from door jamb, .20 meters. a. Car or cab.
b. Control system.
Bakelite. made from PVC and porcelain. c. Elevator pit.
d. Shaft or hoistway.
Master and slave. the electrical switch. e. Plunger.
Size of wire and capacity: f. Elevator machine room.
1. #14 (2.5 millimeter): 15 amperes. g. Guide rail.
2. #12 (3.5 millimeter): 20 amperes. h. Guide shoes.
255734724.doc
i. Spring buffer. 2. Floor height/ ceiling height.
j. Floor stop and limit switch. 3. Total height of building.
k. Creepage and leveling cam switch. 4. Available speed.
l. Car gate switch. 5. Car capacity.
m. Controller.
n. Motor and pump with tank. Speed of elevators: 5 kilometers per hour.

Parts of an elevator: Types of escalators:

1. Electrical, mechanical room. 1. Criss-cross.
2. Hoistway/shaft. 2. Parallel.
3. Pit.
4. Penthouse. Parts of an escalator:
5. Tension sheave. 1. Balustrade assembly.
6. Counterweight. 2. Handrails.
7. Travel. 3. Truss.
8. Oil and spring buffer. 4. Endless belt.
9. Guide rail. 5. Sprocket assembly.
10. Car platform. 6. Driving machine.
11. Car. Other parts:
12. Cable socket. 7. Tracks.
13. Dovetail joints. 8. Emergency brake.
14. Cable. 9. Controller.
15. Machine beam. 10. Emergency stop button.
16. Elevator machine. 12. Key operated switches.
17. MG set.
Normal width of escalators: 32 to 48 inches.
Counter weight. weight of car and 40 % of its weight of car
capacity. Air conditioning standards:
1. Heating and humidifying.
Freight elevators: (for hoisting and lowering equipments). 2. Cooling and dehumidifying.
1. Dumb waiter. no passengers, just equipments. 3. Air motion. 15 to 25 feet per minute, at height of 36 inches above the
2. Plunger elevator. using piston (for heavy loads). ground.
3. Sidewalk elevator. from sidewalk level going down only. 4. Air supply. 5 to 10 cubic feet per person.
4. Freight elevators. one person plus equipments.
Types of A C:
System of elevator selection of operation: 1. ACCU.
1. Push button control. caters those who called first and push first. 2. ATC.
2. Collective control. collects all ups and downs. 3. CAC.
3. Electronic supervisory collective dispatching and control. use for high 4. FCU.
rise building with constant traffic (service specific number and level of 5. AHU.
floors). 6. HVAC.
7. RAC.
Consideration of elevator selection: 8. PAC.
1. Types of use or occupancy. 9. TR.
255734724.doc
 5. Humidifier. a device for moistening air to a desired degree.
Parts of an A C U:
1. Cooling towers. Types of refrigeration compressors.
2. Air curtain. 1. Reciprocating.
2. Centrifugal.
Aircon load: (HP, 115 V, 230 V) 3. Absorption.
1/6, 4.4 amperes, 2.2 amperes. 4. Screw.
1/4, 5.8 amperes, 2.9 amperes.
1/3, 7.2 amperes, 3.6 amperes. Electric motors. requires starting devices (starter):
1/2, 9.8 amperes, 4.9 amperes. 1. Steam turbine. type of refrigeration plant which takes up space.
3/4, 13.8 amperes, 6.9amperes. 2. Well water.
1, 16 amperes, 8amperes. 3. Cooling towers.
1 1/2, 20mperes, 10mperes. 4. Pumps (centrifugal).
2, 24mperes, 12mperes.
3, 34mperes, 17mperes. Types of aircon:
1. Unitary type/package type. depends on refrigerants as their
A C system: cooling method.
1. Unitarian: Advantages:
a. Package. a. Control is at hand of the occupant or tenant.
b. Cabinet. b. Cooling towers, chillers, pumps, pipings are avoided,
2. Centralized. use of cooling tower. saving space.
5 important components of air conditioning: Disavantages:
1. Cooling unit. a. Noise (creates sound).
2. Compressor. b. Room units have shorter life than central plants.
3. Condenser fan. Systems: 1/4 to 3 horsepower:
4. Cooler. a. Unit type.
5. Control/motor. b. Through the wall.
c. Window type.
A C equipments: 2. Package type A C system:
1. Filter. removes the larger dirt and pollen particles in order to prevent a. Needs from 3 tons to 100 tons (1 ton to 1 horsepower).
clogging spaces between the plates. Types: Location: where there is running water.
a. Electrostatic filter. 3. Centralized air conditioning system:
b. Replacable filters. a. Have a machine/air conditioning room.
c. Cleanable/renewable filters. b. Bigger space to be airconditioned.
d. Roll type, disposable media. 3. Needs a duct wall.
e. Throwaway filters.
2. Cooling coil. arranged so that the cooling consists of bank of tubes. A 3 to 10 changes of air per hour at .45 cubic meter per minute.
cold fluid is circulated on the inside of the tube. When the surface of the
cooling coil is at temperature below dew point of air, it drips to a collecting Most common systems:
pan and disposed off those draw connection. 1. Air to refrigerants to air. room air is cooled by contact with cool
3. Heating Coil. constructed similar to the cooling coil. However fluid refrigerants and then becomes warm. Warm refrigerants is then cooled by
circulated inside has a high temperature. contact with outside air.
4. Fan. fan pulls the air from intake through filter of the aircon unit and
distributes it to the conditioned space.
255734724.doc
2. Air to refrigerant to water to air. if air-cooled condensers are not
available, therefor cooling is needed. Thus this will take thye water that
has removed the heat from hot refrigerant and give heat to outdoor air.
3. Ait to water to refrigerant to water. complete heat transfer/most
economical.
System of distribution:
1. Air to air.
2. Air to air.
3. Chemical/refrigerants:
a. Ammonia.
b. Freon 11 and 12.
System of airconditioning:
1. Cooling by compressive refrigeration.
2. Cooling by absorption.
3. Thermoelectric cooling.
Thermostat. device which respond to change of temperature and
directly or indirectly controls it.
Hydrostat/humidistat. a device which measures the degree of
moisture in air.
Relay. electrical device which protects and controls the thermostat, uses
electrical energy to amplify or convert power of a thermostat.
Air lock. a space which is designed to isolate an air conditioned space from
another space which it is connected. A space which is designed to isolate
an air conditioned space from another space to which it is connected.
Air velocity. a quantity which donates the instantaneous time rate
and direction of air motion.
Pressure regulator. instrument sensitive to changes in pressure.
Control valve. any valve used to regulate fluid flow.
Compressor. a machine that draws vaporized refrigerants from the
evaporator at a low pressure, compact it, and then discharge it to a
condenser.
Accumulator. a vessel whose volume is used to reduce pulsation in a
refrigerant circuit.
Cooling tower. a structure on the roof of a building over which
water is circulated, so as to cool it evaporatively by contact of air.
Condenser. a heat exchange device in a refrigeration system;
consist of a vessel or arrangement of pipes or tubing in which
refrigerant vapor is liquified by the removal of heat.
Evaporator. that part of a refrigeration system in which refrigerant is
vaporized; thereby taking up external heat and producing cooling.
Adiabatic saturation. water to unsaturated air to increase
humidity ratio.
Humidity ratio. weight of actual water vapor over pounds of dry
air.
Dew point. temperature when water vapor becomes saturated and turn to
water.
Dry bulb temperature. temperature of vapor in fahrenheit thermometer,
temperature of a gas or mixture of gases indicated by an accurate
thermometer after correction for radiation.
Wet bulb temperature. the temperature at which liquid or solid water, by
evaporation into air, can bring the air to saturation adiabatically at the
same temperature.
Enthalphy. BTU per minute in fluid or gas.
Psychrometer. instrument to determine moisture in air.
Relative humidity. saturation of water vapor present in air.
Sensible heat. changing temperature without changing its state.
Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC):
Heat and temperature:
Sensible heat. heat through touch.
Absolute temperature. below freezing point.
255734724.doc
Pyometer. device for extremely high temperature. Conductivity. defined as the number of BTUH that flow through one squar
foot of materiaL one inch thick when the temperature drop through the
Thermocouple. device for indicating sensible heat through uniting 2 wires. material under conditions of steady heat flow is one degree Fahrenheit.

Katathermometer. alcohol thermometer to determine air movement and Enthalpy. the total heat in the mixture measured above zero degree
air distribution. Fahrenheit, including the latent heat of water vapor.

Heat transmission: Plenum. an air conditioning compartment maintained under a

Conduction. from body to body when it is in contact.
Convection. by motion of the particle.
Radiation. transmitting rays of heat through air.
Reflection and absorption:
pressure slightly above atmospheric and connected to one or more
distribution duets.
Incinerator. a furnace for consuming waste by fire.
Pressure regulator. instrument sensitive to change in pressure.

Highly polish. reflects more absorb less. Parts of a package type air cond:
Dull surface. absorbs more reflect less. 1. Motor out.
2. Air filter.
Heat units: 3. Grille.
4. Evaporator.
US-BTU. 5. Motor in.
6. Compressor.
Kilogram calorie. 1,000 grams calories, 3968 BTU. 7. Fan and blower.
8. Viscous filter.
Latent heat: 9. Distribution grille.
Latent heat of vaporization. liquid to gas and vice-versa. 10 Condenser.
Latent heat of fusion. liquid to solid and vice versa.
Heating, ventilation, and airconditioning. process of treating air to control
Heat and work: its temperature.
Thermodynamics. heat to work or work to heat.
Mechanical equivalent. 1 BTU to 778 feet-pounds. Heat transmission:
1. Conductor. transfer of heat from a place of higher temperature
Machine room. consist of refrigeration plants that chills water that is to a place of a lower temperature.
circulated to one or handling units. 2. Convection. transfer of heat by motion of the particle of the
heated substance itself.
Vapor lock. the formation of vapor in a pipe carrying liquids which prevents 3. Radiation. process of transmitting rays of heat by passing
normal fluid flow due to wrong application of freon gas. through air.

Humidifier. a device used for moistening air to a desired degree. Common heat distribution system:
Cold packet. usually refer to as the drafts in air condition. 1. Burner/boiler. source of heating.
Common methods of distributing heat:
Flue. it is the byproduct of combustion. 1. Forced circulation of warm air.
2. Hot water.

Latent heat. heat due to changing state of that substance.

255734724.doc
Latent heat of evaporation. change is from liquid to gaseous state.
Latent heat of fusion. change is from solid to the liquid/liquid to the solid
state.
Acoustics: the science of sound, including the generation, transmission,
and effect of sound waves. 3 elements:
1. Sound source: desirable and undesirable.
2. Path. transmission of sound.
3. Receiver.
Sound:
1. Objective: flunctuation in pressure, a particle displacement in an elastic
medium like air.
2. Subjective: auditory sensation evoked by the physical fluctuation.
Parts of sound:
1. Frequency.
2. Velocity.
3. Wavelength.
Frequency. Pressure fluctuation per second; rate of repetition of a periodic
phenomenon (determines the pitch of a sound); number of displacement or
ascillations that a particle undergoes in one second; unit of frequency:
Hertz = cps (cycle per second); the higher the frequency, the higher the
pitch; normal ear responds to sounds within the audio frequency range of
about 20 to 20,000 hertz. Multitudes of frequency (components):
1. Low.
2. Medium.
3. High.
C P S. cycle per second, frequency per second.
Focusing. concave dome sound reflection.
Foci. sound foci, focusing.
Wavelength. the distance a sound wave travels during each
complete cycle of vibration; the distance between layers of
compression; wavelength = speed of sound / frequency (f/m).
Characteristics of sound:
Cycle. full circuit by the particle.
Amplitude. maximum displacement of a particle to either side of its
normal position during vibration.
Pure tone. one enrgy, one frequency; simplest kind of sound because it is
composed entirely of a single frequency.
Musical tone. combination of many pure tones.
Velocity. sound travels at a velocity that depends primarily on the elasticity
and density of the medium.
Magnitudes of sound:
1. Sound power. (w) sound power in watts.
2. Sound intensity. power radiated in a specified direction through unit area
normal to this direction.
3. Sound pressure. variation from normal atmosphere pressure.
4. Decibel. unit of sound (in terms of magnitude); a dimensionless unit for
expressing the ratio of 2 numerical values on a logarithmic scale.
5. Sabin, sabine. sound absorption unit as called in honor of a pioneer in
architectural acoustics; unit of sound in the term of reverberation.
Flutter. buzzing or clicking sound; rapid succession of reflected
soundwaves resulting from a single initial sound pulse.
Diffusion. ray diagramming; reflected sound from convex surfaces; Sound
level is everywhere the same.
Echo. reflected sound; a sound wave reflected or otherwise returned with
sufficient magnitude and delay so as to be perceived as a sound distinct
from the directly transmitted sound.
Reflection. the reflection of sound from a surface.
Background noise.
Masking noise (acoustic perfume).
Noise. unwanted sound.
Decay time. reverberation time.
Reverberation. Prolonged sound; persistaence of sound after the
source has stopped; due to repeated reflections of the sound
remaining between the enclosing surface.
Structural noise. structural borne transmission.
Air borne noise. air borne transmission.
Absorption. sound energy being absorbed.
The best sound absorber is people.
Generation. is the source of sound.
Creep. sound reflected from a curved surface.
255734724.doc
Focusing. occurs when sound waves are reflected from concave
surfaces and build up.
Attenuation factor. used to describe the room to room noise
reduction of a particular construction.
Impact transmission. what happens when a structure is in direct
contact with a vibrating source or is struck by an impulsive force.
Materials can be absorptive or reflective.
Fire safety:
1. Fire and smoke proof passages.
2. Standpipe locations.
3. Accessibility for the disabled.
Mechnical equipments:
Absorber. device containing for refrigerant vapor/vapors.
Acceleration. the derivative of velocity with time.
Accumulation:
Surge drum. a storage chamber for low-side liquid refrigerant.
Surge header. a pressure vessel whose volume is used as a
refrigerant circuit to reduce pulsation.
Aeration. exposing a substance, or area to air circulation.
Air-conditioning. the process of treating air so as to control
simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, distribution,
to meet the requirements of the conditioned space.
Barometer. instrument used for measuring atmospheric pressure.
Boiler. a closed vessel in which a liquid is heated or vaporized.
Boiling point. the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid
equals the absolute external pressure at the liquid vapor interface.
Calorimeter. device for measuring quality of steam or other vapor.
Coil. a cooling/heating element made of pipe or tubing.
Condenser. a vessel or arrangement of pipe or tubing in which
vapor is liquified by removal of heat.
Convection. transfer of heat by movement of fluid.
Cold pockets. draughts/drafts in air condition.
Duct. tube or channel through which air is conveyed or moved.
Damper. a device used to vary the volume of air passing through
an air outlet, inlet, or duct.
Desicant. any absorbent/absorber, liquid or solid that will remove
water vapor from a material.
Engine. device for transforming fuel or heat energy into
mechanical energy.
Generator. basic part of absortion systems; provided with means
of heating used to drive refrigerant out of solution.
Filter. a device to remove solid material from a fluid.
Heat. the form of energy that is transformed by virtue of a
temperature difference.
Horse power. unit of a power in foot-pound-second system, work
done at the rate of 550 feet pound per second or 33,000 feet
pound per minute.
Hooper. an inverted funnel leading into a ventilating flue.
Humidity. water vapor within a given space.
Induction. the entrainment of room air by the jet action of a primary air
stream discharging from an air outlet.
Appliance. a utilization equipment, generally industrial, built-in, standard
form and size, installed as a unit to perform one or more function. (such as
washing, cooking, mixing, etceteras).
Askarel. a synthetic non-flammable insulating liquid, which when
decomposed by electric arc, evolves only non-flammable gaseous mixture.
Branch circuit. is that portion of a wiring system extending beyond the final
overcurrent device protecting the circuit. Types:
1. Appliance. only for appliances.
2. General purpose. for appliances and lights.
3. Individual. for one equipment only.
Building. a solitary structure that stands alone from other structures
divided by open space or by fire walls.
Circuit breaker. a device to open and close a circuit by non-automatic
means, and to open the circuit automatically or a predetermined overload
of current, without injury to itself when properly applied to its rating.
255734724.doc
Concealed. rendered in accessible by the structure or finish of the building
wires in concealed raceways are considered concealed even though they
may become accessible by withdrawing them.
Connector, pressure. (solderless) a pressure wire connector is a device
which establishes the connection between 2 or more conductors or
between 1 or more conductors and a terminal by means of mechanical
pressure and without the use of solder.
Continuous load. a load where the maximum current is expected to
continue for 3 hours or more.
Controller. a device/devices, which serves to govern in a predetermined
manner, the electric power delivered to the apparatus to which it is
connected.
Demand factor. is the ratio of the maximum demand of the
system, or part of a system under consideration.
Disconnecting means. a device or group od devices, or other means of
which the conductor of a circuit can be disconnected from their source of
supply.
Duty, continuous. intermittent duty is a requirement of service that
demands operation for alternate intervals of:
1. Load and no load.
2. Load and rest.
3. Load, no load, and rest.
Exposed. not concealed, a live part can be inadvertently touched or
approached nearer than a safe distance by a person. It is applied to parts
not suitable guarded, isolated or insulated.
Feeder. is the circuit conductors between the service equipment
and the branch circuit overcurrent device.
Ground. a conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental,
between and electrical circuit or equipment and earth, or some conducting
body which serves in place of the earth.
Grounded. connected to the earth.
Hoistway. any shaftway, hatchway, weel hole, or other vertical
opening or space.
Impedence. comprised of resistance and reactance causes a phase
difference between voltage and current.
Lighting outlet. an outlet intended for the direct connection of a
lampholder, a lighting fixture, or a pendant and terminating in a
lampholder.
Location. 3 types:
1. Damp.
2. Dry.
3. Wet.
Multi-outlet assembly. a type of surface or flush raceway designed
to hold conductors and attachments plug receptacles, assembled
in the field or at the factory.
Outlet. a point on the wiring system at which is taken to supply
utilization equipment.
Panelboard. a single or group of panels unit designed for assembly
in the form of a single panel.
Raceway. any channel for holding wires, cables, or busboxes. Maybe of
metal conduit, rigid, non-metallic, flexible metallic tubing, cellular
concrete/metal flow raceways.
Junction box. source of supply to an appliance lighting, source of
power, etceteras.
Receptacle (C O). is a contact device installed at an outlet for the
connection of an attachment to a flexible cord.
Receptacle outlet. an outlet where one or more receptacles are
installed.
Terms for transformer to water heater:
Service. the conductors and equipment for delivering energy from the
electricity supply system to the wiring system of the premise supplied.
Service cable. is the service conductors made up in the form of a
cable.
Service conductors. the supply conductors which extend from the street
main, or from transformers to the service equipment of the premises
supplied.
255734724.doc
Service drop. the overhead service conductor between the last pole or CB. catch basin.
other aerial support, to and including the splicer (if any), to the service CISP, DH. cast iron soil pipe, double hub.
entrance conductors at the building/structure. CISP, SH. cast iron soil pipe, single hub.
Duplex convinient outlet, F M.
Service entrance conductors. 2 types: Duplex cinvenient outlet, S M.
1. Overhead system. D C O, WP. duplex convenient outlet, weather proof.
2. Underground system. VSTR. vent stack through roof.
Service lateral. the underground service conductors between the PVC. plasticized polyvinyl chloride.
main street. PS. product safety.
Switchboard. a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels, GIP. galvanized iron pipe, grade 30 minimum.
on which are mounted, on the face or back or both, switches, ASTM. American system testing material.
overcurrent, and other protective devices, buses, and usually FM. floor mounted or flush mounted.
instruments. SM. surface mounted.
Thermal cut-out. an overcurrent protective device which contains a PVC. Polyvinyl chloride.
heater element in addition to and affecting a renewable fusible member CISP. cast iron soil pipe.
whichs opens the circuit. It is not designed to interrupt short circuit RMP. registered master plumber.
currents. NAMPAP.
CLFS. Chief of the local fire service.
Ampere. unit of current when 6.251 Ao8 electrons pass a given cross CAA. civil aeronautic administration (height clearance in airports).
section in one second. PPA. Philippine ports authority.
NPCC. National pollution control commission.
Volt. unit of electrical potential. RSC. Rigid steel conduit.
Ckt. circuit.
OHM. unit of resistance due to friction in the conductor for direct current KVA. Kilovolt per ampere.
(DC), unit of impedance due to friction in the conductor for alternating KWA. Kilowatt per ampere.
current circuit (A C). PEE. Professional electrical engineer.
IIEE. Institute of intigrated electrical engineer.
Electric circuit. as a complete conducting current from one source BTU. British thermal unit.
of electricity to and through some electrical device and back to the PME. Professional mechanical engineer.
source. PSME.
RHW. Moisture and heat resistant rubber.
Direct current (DC). when flow of electric current takes place at T. Thermoplastic.
constant time rate. TW. Moisture resistant thermoplastic.
Alternating current (A C). when the flow of current is periodically THW. Moisture and heat resistant thermoplastic.
varying in time rate and in direction. THHN. Heat resistant thermoplastic.
Pulsating current (PC or RC). when alternating current is rectified THWN. Moisture and heat resistant thermoplastic.
or change to direct current. XHHN. Moisture and heat resistant cross-linked thermosetting polythylene.
Series curcuit. all separate parts of the circuit carry the same SA. Silicone-asbestos.
current. AVA. Asbestos and varnish Cambric.
Parallel circuit. when more than one branch of a circuit is
connected between the same 2 points. Brand names:
Abbreviations:
DS. downspout. PVC:
FD. floor drain. Atlanta.
255734724.doc
 Emerald. National.
Moldex. Veto.
Neltex. Ever.
Standard. Rectifier:
RSC: National panasonic.
Matchusita. Elevator:
Triangle. Fuji.
Korea. Hundai.
Pusan. Otis.
IMC: Kone.
Matchusita. Goldstar.
Maruichi. Westinghouse.
Nippon. Hitachi.
Setsuyu. Mitsubishi.
EXT: O & K.
Maruichi. Escalator:
Matchusita. Otis.
Junction box: Westinghouse.
Sun bright. Goldstar.
Timco. Hitachi.
Rheostat (beamer): Mitsubishi.
G E. Air Conditioner:
Ever. Fedders.
Circuit breaker/panels/control: Westinghouse.
Ever. Carrier.
Fujihiya. Condura.
Westinghouse. Allen air.
Wire: National Panasonic.
Columbia. Daikin.
Phelt dodge. Amona.
Duraplex. Water heater:
Generator set: National.
G E. Westinghouse.
Westinghouse. Sprinkler heads:
Asia Brown Boviry. Globe.
Transformer: Fire alarm:
Philec. Nohmi Bosai.
G E. Galvanized iron:
Westinghouse. Goodyear.
Lighting fixture: Super.
G E. Apo.
Philips. Meayer.
National. Little giant.
Switches/C O: Cast iron:
255734724.doc
 Dong tek. OKT (3 wire OKT raceway):
Asa. Switch: S1.
Silva. a. S2W. 2 way.
Plumbing fixture: b. S3W. 3 way.
Saniwares. c. S4W. 4 way.
American Standard. Bell:
Kolher.
Briggs. General outlets:
Plumbing accessories:
Gerber. Outlet:
Zuechetti. Electrical outlet:
Great volume. Wall clock:
Clean outs: Fan outlet:
Metma. Outlet for vapor discharge lamp:
Asa. Exit light outlet:
U S.P. Ceiling fan outlet:
Valves and controls: Junction box:
Great volume. Pull switch:
Crane. Lamp holder:
Kitz. Lamp holder with full switch:
Clayton. Drop-chord equipped.
Keystone. Blanked outlet:
Toyo. Universal outlet:
Incandescent light outlet:
Symbols: Flourescent light outlet:
Telephone outlet:
Ceiling receptacle:
C O wall outlet: Convenience outlets:
Vertical lines-wall.
Horizontal lines-terminal. Duplex C O:
Ceiling outlet incandescent lamp: Water proof convenience outlet:
Fan outlet: Weather proof C O:
Flourescent: Weather proof duplex C O:
Suspended lamp: Switch and duplex outlet:
Heavy duty: Range outlet:
Pinlight: Heavy duty outlet:
Eyeball pinlight: Duplex C O split wire:
Flood light: Special purpose:
Circuit line for lights: Floor outlet:
Circuit line for C O: Radio C O:
Master switch: TV C O:
Range, ref, freezer, air con, water heater: Floor outlet:
Washing machine: Lamp holder with pull switch:
OKT (2 wire OKT): Vapor discharge lamp (ceiling):
255734724.doc
Flourescent lamp:
Outlet with blank cover:
Junction box:
Special purpose outlet:
Range outlet:
Switch outlets:
S/S: single pole/togle switch.
S1,2: double gang light switch.
S1,2,3: three gang light switch.
2SW: two way switch.
3SW: three way switch.
SD: automatic door switch.
SWD: weather proof switch.
Sp: switch and pilot light.
Sf: fused switch.
SWf: weather fused switch.
SCB: circuit breaker.
SwcB: weather switch.
S. Single pole switch.
S2. double pole switch.
S3. 3 pole switch.
S4. 4 pole switch.
SD. Automatic door switch.
SE. Electrolier switch.
SK. 4. 4 pole switch.
SD. Automatic door switch.
SE. Electrolier switch.
SK. Key Operated Switch.
SP. Switch and Pilot Lamp.
SCB. Circuit Breaker.
SWCB. Weatherproof Circuit Breaker.
SMC. Momentary Contact Switch.
SRC. Remote Control Switch.
SWP. WEatherproof Switch.
SF. Fused Switch.
SWF. Weatherproof Fused Switch.
Auxilliary systems:
Push button:
Smoke fire alarm:
Buzzer bell:
Bell:
Annunciator:
Outside telephone:
Interconnecting telephone:
Telephone switchboard:
Telephone outlet:
Bell-ringer transformer:
Maid's single plug:
Interconnection box:
Battery:
Motor:
Main connecting switch:
Electric door opener:
Surge arrester:
Lightning arrester:
Ground:
Fuse cutout:
Push Button:
Duzzer:
Bell:
Annunciator:
Outside Telephone:
Interconnecting Telephone:
Telephone Switchboard:
Bell Ringing Transformer:
Electric Door Opener:
Fire Alarm Bell:
Fire Alarm Station:
City Fire Alarm Station:
Fire Alarm Central Station:
Automatic Fire Alarm Device:
Watchman's Station:
Watchman's Central Station:
Horn:
Nurse's Signal Plug:
Maid's Signal Plug:
Radio Outlet:
Signal Central Station:
Interconnection Box:
Battery:
Auxiliary System Circuits:
Panels, circuit, and miscellaneous:
Lighting panel board:
255734724.doc
Power panel:
Pull box:
Controller:
Transformer:
Weatherproof service entrance: G I street elbow:
Electric motor:
Circuit homerun:
Service entrance:
Water pump outlet:
Underfloor duct and junction box:
International access symbol for telephone: G I union:
International access symbol for elevator: Cross section of a check valve:
Lightning Panel: Cross section of a foot valve:
Power Panel: Float valve (side view):
Branch Circuit; Concealed in Ceiling or Wall: Angle valve showing a supply pipe to the water tank of a water
Branch Circuit; Concealed in Floor: closet (cross section):
Branch Circuit; Exposed: G I waterplug:
Home Run to Panel Board. Indicate number of Circuits by number of G I water pipe cap:
arrows:
Feeders: Pantry sink goose neck faucet H & C:
Underfloor Duct and Junction Box. Triple System:
Generator: 1/2 inch diameter by 2 inches G I close nipple:
Motor:
Instrument: Hose bibb:
Power Transformer:
Controller: Siamese connection to a dry standpipe:
Isolating Switch:
Diagram of a fire hose rack to a dry standpipe connection, identify and
Plumbing: label fitting:

Gate valve (screwed type): Typical connection of a 1/2 inch diameter RSC to a metal utility box, label
Globe valve (screwed type): connectors:
Angle globe valve plan and elevation:
Float valve: 1/2 inch diameter P V C elbow (for conduits):
Union screwed: Porcelain split knob with wood screw (x-section):
High pressure steam in heating and ventilating piping:
Thermostat: Ceiling light receptacle, S M (x-section showing electrical wire in mica
Refrigerator: tube):
Heating and ventilating symbol for condenser water flow:
Ceiling light receptacle, F M (x-section showing utility box):
Draw:
Switch with cover: Duplex convenience outlet, S M:
Convenience outlet:
G I elbow: 2 gang toggle switch, F M:

255734724.doc

Duplex convenience outlet, F M/W P:
110 millimeters diameter C I soil pipe, D H:
50 millimeters diameter C I soil pipe, S H:
Cross-section of a typical R C catch basin showing 75 millimeters diameter
P V C D S and 110 millimeter diameter P V C outlets (sewer pipes):
Typical sprinkler head of quartzoid bulbs:
110 millimeters diameter 45 degree bend, S P branch:
110 millimeter diameter by 110 millimeter diameter branch single wye 45
degree:
110 millimeter diameter by 75 millimeter diameter branch single 45 degree
(wye reducer):
2 inches by 4 inches utility box with 1 and a half diameter K O:
Entrance cap, 3w:
L B condulets:
Pigtail, electrical socket:
3 spool electrical post bracket:
Flat head wood screw:
Sheet metal screw:
Countersunk rivet:
Turnbuckle, stub ends:
Profile of a recessed type swimming pool gutter:
Plan of turnstile, rigid arm type traffic control:
Cartidge fuse, knife blade contact:
Plug fuse:
R S C locknut and bushing, show how it is used:
4 inches by 4 inches octagonal utility box with 1/2 inch diameter K O:
Armored cable, 3w:
110 millimeters diameter soil pipe, S H:
110 millimeter diameter 1/4 bend, D H, sanitary pipe fitting:
110 millimeter diameter 1/4 inch bend. sanitary pipe fitting:
110 millimeter by 90 millimeters double wye; reducer:
2 inches by 1 and a half diameter tap tee:
1/2 inch diameter G I union patente:
3/4 inch diameter by 1/2 inch diameter G I coupling reducer:
110 millimeter diameter clean out, C I S P fitting:
50 millimeter diameter u-trap, P V C soil pipe fitting:
Sectional diagram of a dry standpipe with siamese connection at ground
floor and with fire hose attachment in upper floors up to 5th floor:
V T R using C I S P as vent pipe, roofing is of corrugated G I sheet on wood
purlins/rafters. show waterproofing:
255734724.doc
Connection of service wires to R C column.
Concealed siamese and wall hydrant (show face only):
Connection of hot and cold waterlines:
Condulet:
Acoustic ceiling:
Acoustic wall: Catridge fuse ferrule contact:
Carpet connection to floor:
Hair pin cold cathode lamp/tube:
Oval sink:
Connection of water line from main to house:
Escutheon:
Connection from main to water service meter with saddle clamp:
20 millimeter diameter female threaded adaptor UPVC water pipe fitting:
Male threaded adaptor:
Carriage bolt:
20 millimeter diameter end pipe:

32 millimeter diameter by 25 millimeter diameter socket reducer:

G I nipple 5 inches long:

Lag bolt:
G I coupling:

G I tee reducer:

1/4 bend elbow D H:

Grease trap: Machine bolt:

2 inches C W nail:

Button head cap screw:

Olive knuckle butt hinge:

H & B connection with rubber ring: Cabin hook:
Turnbuckle with hook and eye ends:

Oval head wood screw:

Oval head stove bolt:

Siamese connection, triple roof manifold: Septic vault for 4 br residence for 10 people:

255734724.doc
Draw a toilet and bathroom with WC, shower bath, lavatory, and floor drain The gases which occurs in public sewage system is caused by the
with plumbing lines in plan and isometric: decomposition of organic material within the sewer itself.

Elevator: It is not permissible to discharge large volume of storm water into a septic
Escalator: tank.
Standard water closet:
Gate valve: Flourescent lamps can also operate even if the voltage is
Globe valve: considerably below their rated voltage.
Single pole single throw switch:
Carbon Monoxide. Fire extinguishment.
@ pole single throw switch.
Guy. Tension wire.
3 pole and solid neutral switch (3P & SN): Rubber. Insulating material.
Damper. Valve for controling air flow.
Single pole double throw switch. Silver. Best conductor of electricity.
The best conductor of heat is Helium (in its Helium II liquid state), which
Single pole double throw with center off position (in control work called a can conduct heat better than diamond or silver.
hand off automatic switch):
Bidet. Plumbing fixtures.
Use of 2 single pole double throw (3 way) swithc for switching of a lighting Air conditioning. Freon gas.
circuit from 2 locations: Conduit. PVC.

B.E.: Trap. Plumbing device.

The National Electric code is concerned with safety electrical Decibel. Sound energy.
installation only and is not intended as design specifications nor Parallel. Electrical wiring connection.
an instruction manual for untrained persons. BX. Armored cable.
An ordinary flashlight dry-cell battery will, if fresh, develop only
approximately 3 1/2 to 1.5 volts. Grille. Air conditioning part.
The amount of electrical current in amperes depends on the number of
electrons flowing fast a given point in one second. Ferrous Bicarbonate. Iron found in water.
The constant speed in electricity at which power flows, is the same
as the speed of light, or 186,000 miles per second. Algae. Odor in water.
It is a known fact that the greater the current in a wire, the greater Frank Lloyd Wright. Architect of Imperial hotel, Tokyo.
the voltage drop and the greater the power loss in the form of Yamasaki. Architect of the world trade center.
heat. Alvar Aalto. Architect of Baker Dormitory, Boston.
The septic tank is a device to expedite the decomposition. PVDC. Plastic pipe.

The material most commonly used for waste, soil, and vent installation in Hydrostat. contol device sensitive to the degree of moisture in the
plumbing system is the black iron. air; Control moisture in air.
Candle power. unit of illumination.
Acid resistance pipe usually is an alloy of black iron and sulphur. Vitrified clay pipe. the kind of plumbing pipe generally used for
sewers and drains.

255734724.doc
Chlorine. a chemical injected to neutralize the objectionable bacteria as an
added procaution against water pollution.
Gases formed in the septic tank are discharged into the atmosphere by
means of ventilation.
A dry well is sometimes called seepage pit.
Filter trench. best adapted for disposal and treatment of effluent in clay
soil where natural drainage terminal is available.
Trickle. The most efficient system used extensively for secondary
treatment of sewer.
Dry well. A hole in the ground curbed with stone or brick laid in such a
manner as to allow raw contaminated sewage to leach into the soil.
Anaerobic bacteria survives only in places that lack oxygen.
Cast iron pipe is manufactured in length of 5 feet.
Cast iron pipe is joined by caulking made of oakum.
Static pressure. the pressure exerted by water at rest.
Aeration. A process which consists of spraying water into the atmosphere
through jets.
Globe valves. valves that are best suited to main supply lines for which
operation is infrequent.
Centrifugal pump. pump most commonly used for the elevation of
wastes in modern building.
Number 14. minimum size of conductor allowed for housing
wiring.
Caulking. a term for plugging an opening with oakum and lead
that are pounded into place.
The quality of light is measured in terms of Lumens.
Vent pipe is a pipe provided to ventilate a house drainage system
and to prevent the trap siphonage from other fixtures to the house
drain; is that portion of the drainage installation designed to
maintain atmospheric pressure, and prevent trap seal loss.
Conduit pipe used for electrical installations are commonly
manufactured in length of 10 feet.
Siphonage is caused by plus pressure, responsible for trap seal loss.
Soil pipe is that portion of the plumbing system which receives the
discharge of water closets with or without additional drain.
Water closet is a plumbing fixture used to convey organic body
waste to the plumbing system.
Atoms are particles made up principally of electrons and protons.
Traps is a device in plumbing system constructed to prevent the passage
of sewer air.
Radiant heating is the loss of heat by means of warmed partition panels or
floors in rooms.
The flow of current in electrical circuit is impeded by resistance which is the
electrical term for friction.
Hydropneumatic tank is used to store air under pressure and reduce the
frequency of starting and stopping the pumps.
Ammeter is a device or instrument by which the electric power
maybe measured.
Relay is a device that uses electrical energy to amplify or control
the thermostat.
G I pipes are manufactured in the length of 20 feet.
Check valves is a device that prevent backflow of water.
Generator. machine that converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy.
Creep. reflection of sound from a curved surface.
Freon in air conditioning must be compressed and liquified in order
to absorb heat.
Echo. sound waves reflected with such magnitude and delay.
Rotary converter. device used to transform alternating current to
direct current.
Continuity of an electrical circuit can conveniently be determined in the
field by means of a bell and battery set.
Basement. portion of a hoistway extending from the threshold
level of the lowest landing door to the floor at the bottom of the
hoistway.
255734724.doc
Counterweight. in a theater stagehouse, a weight used to balance
suspended scenery or the like.
Air-motor. air operated device used to open or close a damper or
valve.
Wattmeter. device to measure electric power.
Safety switch. protects equipment and appliances in case of
current fluctuation.
Volt. electric pressure measurement.
Thermostat. device sensitive to change in temperature.
Pressure gauge. water pressure instrument.
Mica. material which can best withstand high electricity.
Slate. poorest conductor of electricity.
The flow of electricity is measured in ampere.
Surface water produces insolubility in soaps and incrustation of pipes, while
ground water possess opposite characteristics.
Rain water is adapted for washing but not for drinking.
PVC pipes should not be specified for water from a deep well
carrying an appreciable amount of lime.
When the downfeed system of water supply is employed in a multi-story
building, flush valve W C and urinals can be installed in all floors.
Advances and modern technics in the manufacture of PVC pipes noe
permits its use for hot and cold water supply systems.
One of the causes of failure of water test in sanitary installations is
thye presence of pinholes in the walls of a cast iron pipes used in
the system.
Tee fittings should only be used for vent stacks.
Double hub fittings are principally used to reverse the position of the hub of
a cast iron pipe.
House drain should have a minimum slope of 20 millimeters for every
meter and should be connected to the house sewer of the same size.
Shower bath is a plumbing fixture.
4 advantages of concealed wire over open wire types:
Pipe fitting may be of different material is the pipe.
MWSS requires its commodity users to install water meters in
order to identify illegal users.
Other public water supply, the MWSS is also involved in limited piped sewer
collection.
Mixing valve is a supply fitting which maintains water at a desired
temperature.
T fitting should never be used with pipes carrying sewage.
No vent stack or branch should have a diameter of less than 1/2
that of the soil or waste stack served.
No stack serving a water closet shaould have less than 100
millimeter diameter.
Windows. most satisfactory air outlet for natural ventilation.
Saturation. amount of water vapor with a given amount of air.
In a centralized air-conditioning system, air that should not be
criculated are those coming from kitchen.
In hospital air-conditioning, separate units should be provided for
operating room.
The direct expansion system system of air-conditioning is best suited for
theaters.
A ray of light is reflected in one definite direction when it strikes a surface
lined with aluminum.
In school buildings, the room that requires magnitude of illumination is the
gymnasium.
Freedom from variation in degree of illumination in a room means diffusion.
Uniformity of distribution, color, quality and case of control of light
distribution are some points in favor of flourescent lamps.
Special installation requirements for sprinkler system includes sloping
water proof floors with floor drains.
255734724.doc

Automatic sprinkler systems are installed in buildings that has low
water pressure.
Vertical pipes extending from the basement to the top floor with outlets for
attachment of fire hose in every floor is called stand pipe.
Elevators may be classified according to several schemes and one of them
is car capacity.
Escalators are best suited and installed mostly in stores.
A major part in any elevator installation is the pit.
When the source of sound in a room has ceased, the effect of the sound will
continue, such lingering sound is called reverberation.
In an auditorium, the best sound absorber are the audience.
Time of reverberation is less in a room that is with convex walls.
On striking walls, sound waves are reflected and part of the energy is
converted to heat and is thus absorbed.
Clean out. a pipe fitting for cleaning pipe runs.
Flush valves. a flush tank attached to a toilet bowl.
Corporation cock. a vlaved placed near junction with public water main.
Waste pipe. pipe use for carrying waste or storm water.
Dry well. same as cesspool.
Faucet. also called bibb or cock.
Pressure releif damper. a valve to discharge excess pressure in excess of a
preset limit.
Shower head. in a shower bath, a device through which water is sprayed.
Nipple/coupling. a short length of pipe with threads at each ends.
Tapped tee. a bell end tee which has a branch that is tapped to receive a
threaded pipe or fitting.
Sump pump. a pumping device used to lift sewage to a higher
elevation.
Pipe chase. a continous recess built into a wall to receive pipes,
ducts, etceteras.
Soil stack. a vertical soil pipe carrying the discharge from toilet
fixtures.
Trap. a device to maintain a water seal against sewer gases, air and odors.
Water hammer. a loud thumping noise that results from a sudden
stoppage of flow.
Spigot. the end of a pipe that fits into a bell.
Roughing in. installating the concealed portion of a plumbing
system to the point of connection for the fixtures.
Rain leader conductor. same as downspout.
Water meter. a device for measuring water volume.
Check valve. permits passage of water in one direction only.
Circuit. a continouse electrical path.
Current. unit of measurements is in amperes.
Resistance. measured in Ohms.
Horsepower. equal to 746 watts.
Junction box. location of splices, connections and taps.
110 to 220 volt. voltage between given conductor and any other conductor
in the circuit.
Service drop. Wire from Meralco pole to building attachment.
Service entrance. wire from entrance cap to main switch.
Air conditioner. required independent circuit.
Storage battery. produces d-c current.
Pull box. for pulling of conductors in raceways.
Power factor. A C power (watt) / voltage times amperes
Lightning rod. protects building from lightning.
Lightning arrester. Protects wiring from lightning.
Voltage drop. the difference in emf between 2 points in an
electrical circuit.
Water pipe. where system grounding is connected to.
Resistor. controls current flow in an electrical circuit.
Switch. a device to open or close an electrical circuit.
Cut-out box. contains fuses for electrical circuits.
255734724.doc

A furnished room has better acoustics than a barren one.
Automatic sprinkler system operates under a control of electrical
process.
Sound travels faster in air than in steel or water.
Humidity is water vapor within a given space or environment.
The ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of a reference material
is called specific gravity.
Unit air conditioners when installed under windows are generally
satisfactory.
Lighting is considered as a supplement to the architectural design
that adds to its decorative aspect.
The lumen output and life of the flourescent lamp is about twice
that of a filament lamp.
In the lighting design of dwelling, ceiling outlets can be largely omitted and
wall outlets and baseboard receptacles installed instead.
The design of the electrical and mechanical systems required in a building
is part of an architect's professional service.
Double hub. pipes or fittings that are principally used to reverse the
position of the hub of a soil pipe.
Vent. provides the air circulation necessary to the efficient
functioning of a plumbing system.
Tee fitting. fittings should never be used with pipes carrying sewage but
may be used with vent pipes.
Reducer. are fittings used to connect pipes of different sizes in the same
line.
Angle valve. are used to control water supply to water closet and
lavatory fixtures.
Copper/brass. tubes that are determined by its outside diameter
measurements.
Mixing valve. a water supply fitting which maintains water at a
desired temperature.
Master plumber. should sign and seal plans for plumbing
installation for issuance of permit; is a registered with the PRC is
the duly authorized person to undertake the plumbing installation
work of a building project.
Teflon tape. a nwe product used to ensure water tightness in
joints of G I pipes.
National plumbing code. government rules and regulations enforced to
ensure that plumbing installation conform with the demands of hygiene and
comfort.
Bell/hub. the portion of a pipe which is enlarged to receive the end
of another pipe of the same diameter for the purpose of making a
joint.
Overhead. system of water supply is when water to different fixtures
branches is supplied by gravity from an elevated tank.
Tap. a connection to a water supply main.
Ball cock. a float valve with spherical float.
Couplings. a short internally threaded section of pipe used to joint
2 pipes.
Effluent. a liquid which is discharged as waste especially the discharge
from a septic tank.
Static head/pressure head. the pressure equivalent to that exerted by a
column of water of a given height.
Union. a pipe fitting used to cinnect the ends of 2 pipes, neither of
which can be turned.
Aerator fitting. a device which introduces air into an exciting
stream of water commonly used for sink faucet.
Kilowatt. equivalent to 1.34 horsepower.
Water heater. requires a low voltage transformer.
Grounding system. Protects life property from damage.
Door bell. a susidiary electric circuit.
255734724.doc

Capacitator. charges storage batteries.
Conduit. protects electrical wiring.
Cycle. the flow of current fluctuates in positive and negative
loops.
Direct current. flows in one direction only.
Resistor. controls the flow of current in electric curcuit.
Rheostat controls intensity of current flow.
Conductor. offers low resistance to the flow of electrical current.
Electrical resistance. reciprocal of electrical conductance.
Short circuit. high current flow caused by an abnormal connection
in an electrical circuit.
Series circuit. power passes through all the devices connected
completing its path to the source of supply.
Relay. stores electric charge.
Toggle switch. lever actuated.
Circular mil. used to express cross-sectional area of electrical conductor.
Air conditioner. requires independent brancg circuit.
Riser. for distribution of electrical power to electric panels on the
different floors of a building.
General lighting in offices and factories is done almost entirely
with flourescent lamps because they are most economical to
operate than incandescent lamps.
To prevent damage resulting from high currents caused by
lightning stroke, lightning arresters are used on structures of
buildings.
Air handling units provide for the treatment of air before it is distributed to
an air conditioned space.
Angle valve. water control for lavatory and WC connection.
Tee fitting. should only be used for vent stack.
Tapped tee. for jointing threaded pipes.
Invert. lowest point in interior surface of pipe.
Service cock. normally installed before water meter.
Copper pipe. determined by its outside diameter.
Coupling. for hot and cold water connection.
Storm drain. for conveying rainwater.
Clean out. used for lavatory drain connection.
Manhole. for inspection and cleaning of pipe runs.
Sewer. a pipe for carrying liquid waste.
Siphonage. suction caused by liquid flow. -pressure
Smoke test. to detect leaks in piping work.
Floor drain. appurtenant to a sewer.
Trap. a water seal against sewer gases, air and odor.
Vent stack. prevents water seals of traps from being broken by
siphonage.
Water table. ground water level.
Incrustation. affects the flow of water in pipes.
Ammeter. an instrument for measuring the rate of flow of
electricity usually expressed in amperes.
Conductance. a measure of the ability of a material to conduct
electric current.
Annunciator. a signalling device usually electrically operated
giving an audible signal and a visual indication when energized by
pressing a button.
Rheostat. a device used in an electric circuit to control the flow of
current.
Professional electrical engineer. signs and seal the electrical plans
when the electrical works exceeds 5 kilowatts load as per
philippine electrical code.
Utility box. a box for mounting air conditioning outlet.
60 hertz. the frequency of the electric power generated in Metro
Manila.
Diffuser is a device, object or surface that absorb light or sound from a
source.
Dimmer is a device which varies light intensity of a light source.
Accent lighting is directional lighting which emphasizes a
particular object or draw attention to a particular area.
Generally, to attain the same level of light intensities, the semi-indirect
lighting unit s requires more wattage than the indirect lighting system.
255734724.doc

Cold air can hold more water than hot air.
Fire code says wet stand pipe inside buildings are required for
structure 6 or more stories in height.
Interference and reverberation are 2 properties of sound that are important
when considering the construction of an auditorium or music hall.
An auditorium with a capacity audience present has good
acoustics; however when acoustically corrected is practically
independent of the audience.
The inlet tee of a septic vault is always higher than the discharge
outlet.
Stack is a general term for any veritcal line of soil, waste or vent
piping.
Unit of resistance is called Ohms.
The density of the luminous flux on a surface is called lumen.
The unit of illumination is called candle power.
Cathode is component of flourescent lamp.
Pressure releif valves are safety device for water heater.
Air ducts should have air space between itself and insulator to
prevent moisture condensation.
Loudness is a measure of the magnitude of sound.
The pitch is a measure of highness or loudness of sound.
Master plumber. should sign and seal plans for plumbing
installations for purpose of searching permit.
Relief vents. supplies fresh air to the stacks and branch and prevents
corrosion.
Bidet. a low basin like plumbing fixture on which the user sits and
wash posterior parts of the body.
Sitz bath. bath tub in which one bath in a sitting position; used
especially in hospitals.
Scum. mass of organic matter which flooats on the surface of
sewage.
Slop sink. a deep sink usually set low, especially used by janitors
for emptying parts of the dirty water.
Aerator fitting. a device which introduces air into an existing
stream of water.
Cap. a fitting for closing the end of a pipe.
Panelboard. for control and protection of branch circuits.
Circular mill. equals an area of .00051 square millimeters.
Frequency. expressed in hertz.
Voltage. voltage at supply end less than at load end.
Volts. product of amperes and ohms.
Insulators. rubber, porcelain, or glass.
Conductors. copper, aluminum, or silver.
Short circuit. heat developed resulting to fire.
Feeder. wire from Meralco pole to building attachment.
Friction tape. provides adequate insulation to splices of
conductors.
Service entrance. point of delivery of power from service
company.
Neutral wire. usually are not to be fused.
Wiring plan. for purchasing materials and installation.
Resistors. controls flow of current in an electric current.
Chimes. connects to any power branch circuit.
The visible output of light is measured in foot-candles.
Speed of sound is faster in gas.
Unpainted bricks produce better acoustics.
Humidity is water vapor within a given space or environment.
The cost of maintenance of split type aircon is lower than a unit
window type.
255734724.doc
Ball cock. a float vlave with spherical float. Potable water. water which is satisfactory for drinking, culinary,
and domestic purposes annd shall meet the accepted standard of
Angle valve. controls the direction of water and controls it. purity required by the health department having authority.

Zeolite process. eliminates presence of soluble salts of lime and Types of sewage:
magnesium on water. 1. Domestic sewage.
2. Industrial or trade sewage.
G I pipes. lead caulked joints. 3. Storm water.

Pneumatic tank. avoids construction of tower and longer supply Types of sewers:
lines. 1. Sanitary sewer.
2. Storm sewer.
3. Combined sewers.

Color code of pipes:

1. Potable water. blue.
2. Electric conduit. orange or light gray.
3. Industrial system. Gray.
4. Communication cable. Yellow.
5. Sewage system. orange brown.

Corporation cock. vlave placed near junction with public main. Rigid type:
Filter. usually not included in plumbing works. 1. PVC. Polyvinyl chloride.
Check valve. automatically closes when reversal of water flow. 2. CPVC. Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride.
Outside leaders. pipe used to carry waste or storm water. 3. UPVC. unplasticized polyvinyl chloride.
Pressure regulator. a valve to discharge excess water pressure. 4. PP. Polypropylene.
5. ABS. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
6. SR. Stylene rubber plastic.

Flexible type:
1. PE. Polyethylene.
2. PB. Polybutylene.
Grease trap. necessary for residence with septic tank.
Globe valve. the same end must be used as inlet.

Every 3 meters of a horizontal pipe shall be anchored.

Sources of water supply:

1. Surface water.
2. Ground water.
3. Atmospheric water.

255734724.doc
SANITARY AND PLUMBING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT 
 
A. WATER SUPPLY 
 
1.  SEDIMENTATION  –  A  method  of  purifying  water  wherein  particles  of  matters  that  are 
suspended  in  the  water  are  allowed  to  stay  in  a  container  so  that  they  will  settle  in  the 
bottom, then drawing the water out, leaving these matters in the container. 
 
2.  Water  is  treated  by  giving  CHEMICAL  TREATMENTS  to  kill  the  harmful  bacteria  present 
and  to  cure  the  turbid  taste  or  “mud  taste”,  remove  clay,  salts,  iron,  etc.  commonly  used 
treating liquids is chlorine. 
 
3. Water is purified by FILTRATION.  In various processes, so as to remove the particles of 
vegetable  matter,  mud  and  other  particles  of  matter  present  in  the  water,  most 
commonly used materials are sand and gravel. 
 
4. Raw  water is made to pass on pipes of tiny sieves (strainers) and exposed to air of fine 
mist to purify it.  This is called AERATION method. 
 
5.  A  PUMP  is  water  equipment  used  whenever  the  water  supply  at  its  natural  pressure 
cannot be directly piped to a building, tank or reservoir. 
 
6.  LIFT  PUMP  consist  of  a  piston  traveling  up  and  down  within  a  cylinder  which  is 
connected with a pipe extending down into the source.  The piston and the bottom of the 
cylinder  are  each  provided  with  a  valve  opening  upward.    Upon  the  piston’s  upstroke, 
valve  ‘A’  closes  and  valve  ‘B’  opens.    Upon  the  piston’s  down  stroke  valve  ‘A’  opens  and 
‘B’ closes.   
 
7.  FORCE  PUMP  is  used  to  deliver  water  at  a  point  higher  than  the  position  of  the  pump 
itself.  When the plunger (a piston) descends, valve ‘A’ is closed and water in the cylinder 
is  forced  out  through  valve  ‘B’  and  up  to  the  storage.    When  the  plunger  is  raised,  valve 
‘B’  is  closed  and  ‘A’  open  to  admit  water  to  the  cylinder.  [A  pump  that  uses  pressure  to 
move liquid] 
 
8.  SUBMERSIBLE  PUMP.    This  is  a  kind  of  pump  attached  to  the  end  of  deep  well  pipe 
enclosed in a casing where the pump is capable of functioning while submerged. 
 
CESSPOOL  (SUMP)  ‐  underground  container  for  waste  matter:  a  covered  underground 
tank or well for the collection of waste matter and water, especially sewage.  
 
9. CISTERN TANK.  A reservoir, tank or vessel for storing or holding water or other liquids 
 
10.  WATER  TANK  may  be  used  either  for  the  collection  of  water  without  consideration  of 
pressure,  or  for  storing  water  under  air  pressure  or  under  a  static  head  for  future 
distribution by  pneumatic or gravity means.    Materials  are  PVC,  G.I.,  reinforced  concrete, 
stainless steel or plain steel. 
 
11.  A  SUCTION  TANK  is  a  tank  constructed  of  riveted  or  welded  steel  plate;  the  larger 
tanks  often  being  divided  into  two  compartments.    They  should  be  large  enough  to 
contain  at  least  one  day’s  supply  for  the  entire  building  in  case  the  city  main  is 
temporarily  shut  off.    The  pipe  from  the  pump  to  the  tank  should  be  across  connected  to 
the  city  main  so  that  the  water  may  be  pumped  directly  from  the  main  in  case  of  fire.  
These tanks are used so that the pneumatic tank or other pumps suck the water from this 
tank  and  not  from  the  public  main,  so  that  it  will  not  deprive  the  neighbors  of  water  due 
to pressure. 
 
12.  PNEUMATIC  TANK  –  A  tank  using  air  pressure  from  a  suction  tank  to  distribute  water 
for tall buildings which cannot be reached by normal pressure. 
 
13.  UPFEED  SYSTEM.    Water  is  distributed  from  the  normal  water  pressure  coming  from 
the public water main, for low rise buildings. 
 
14.  DOWNFEED  SYSTEM.      By  gravity,  water  is  distributed  from  overhead  water  tanks  and 
is  supported  either  by  structural  frames  or  on  the  roof  decks.    Fixtures  are  below  the 
gravity  tank.    These  elevated  tanks  are  installed  when  normal  water  supply  from  main 
public  service  pipes  is  not  frequent  and  when  normal  pressure  from  city  main  is  not 
enough to force the water to the highest fixtures. 
 
15.  The  pipe  from  the  public  water  main  or  source  of  water  supply  to  the  building  served 
is called: SERVICING PIPE. 
 
16.  The  vertical  supply  pipe  which  extends  upward  from  one  floor  to  the  next  is  called  a 
RISER and the horizontal pipes that serve the faucets are called BRANCHES.   
 
B. WATER SUPPLY 
 
1. WATER  MAIN  refers  to  the  public  water  system  laid  underground  along  the  streets 
where the house service is connected.   
 
2. GOOSENECK.  One end is 0.30M and the other end is 0.90M long.  This prevents the 
pipe from snapping when the soil settles. [U‐shaped?] 
 
3. CORPORATION  COCK.    A  stop  valve  in  a  service  pipe  close  to  its  connection  with  a 
water main. 
 
4. BUSHING.    A  kind  of  G.I.  fitting  used  as  a  reducer  from  a  bigger  diameter  to  a 
lesser diameter. 
 
5. UNION.    A  G.I.  fitting  which  is  used  when  a  pipe  has  already  been  installed  but 
dismantling is difficult. 
 
6. Excessive  pressure  produces  a  rumbling  sound  called  the  WATER  HAMMER.    This 
occurs  when  a  valve  is  suddenly  turned  off  and  causes  the  water  to  stop,  forcing 
the  pipes  to  shake  and  to  reduce  this,  an  additional  0.30m  to  0.90m  length  of  pipe 
is added to the riser to give air pressure which absorb it. 
 
7. STREET  ELBOW  or  TEE.    A  kind  of  G.I.  fitting  that  has  one  end  external  threads, 
while the other end has internal threads. 
 
8. To  insure  no  leakage,  a  G.I.  pipe  when  threaded  has  to  use  lead  liquid  or  TEFLON 
tape around the thread before tightening the fittings. 
 
9. uPVC means: UNPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE pipe. 
 
10. GATE  VALVES.    This  consists  of  a  wedge‐shaped  plug  which  is  screwed  down 
to  seat  between  two  brass  rings  surrounding  the  inlet  pipe  so  that  a  double  seal  is 
obtained.    The  inlet  and  outlet  are  in  a  straight  line.    This  valve  is  used  when  a 
normal fully open or closed position is desired.  Either end may be used as inlet. 
 
11. CHECK  VALVES.    These  valves  are  used  when  it  is  desired  that  the  flow 
through  a  pipe  be  always  in  one  direction  and  there  is  a  possibility  of  a  flow  taking 
place  in  the  opposite  direction.    One  type  has  a  pivoted  flap  which  is  readily 
pushed  open  by  the  pressure  of  water  from  one  side  but  is  tightly  closed  by  the 
force of a reverse flow. 
 
12. CASING.    A  material  used  as  a  covering,  such  as  a  pipe  bigger  than  the  main 
pipe of a deep well so that the main pipe can be pulled out for repair. 
 
13. OVERHEAD  HEIGHT.    This  is  the  vertical  distance  from  the  higher  source  of 
water  or  overhead  tank  to  the  outlet  (faucets,  shower  head)  and  is  distributed  by 
gravity. 
 
14. WATER  TABLE.    Subsurface  conditions  of  ground  water  and  rock  must  be 
known.    Sites  with  subsurface  which  are  about  1.80m  to  2.40m  below  grade  can 
cause  problems  with  excavations,  foundations,  utility  placement  and  landscaping.  
This is described as a level underground in which the soil is situated with water.  
 
15. PIPE CHASE.  An opening or space to accommodate a group of pipes. 
 
16. When  the  water  supply  of  a  very  tall  building  is  designed  as  a  unit,  the 
required capacities or tanks, pumps and pipings become unduly large and excessive 
pressures  are  developed  in  lower  portions  of  the  downfeed  risers.    The  buildings 
therefore  are  divided  into  horizontal  sections  or  GROUPING,  and  to  design  the  hot 
and cold water supply systems separately for each. 
 
C. FIRE PROTECTION, STORM WATER 
 
1. STANDPIPES  &  HOSES  with  separate  water  reserve  or  up  feed  pumping  are 
extremely  valuable  in  any  buildings  but  become  highly  essential  in  tall  buildings.  
This  system,  intended  for  use  by  building  personnel  until  the  fire  engines  arrive 
and thereafter by the trained staff of the fire department. 
 
 2. Automatic  SPRINKLER  systems  consist  of  horizontal  pattern  of  pipes  placed  near 
the  ceilings  of  industrial  buildings,  warehouses,  stores,  theatres  and  other 
structures  where  the  fire  hazard  requires  their  use.    These  pipes  are  provided  with 
outlets  and  heads  so  constructed  that  temperatures  of  55‐70  degree  Celsius  will 
cause them to open automatically and emit a series of time water sprays. 
 
3. WET  PIPE  SYSTEM.    A  system  of  sprinklers  with  its  pipes  constantly  filling  both 
mains and distribution pipes. 
 
4. DRY  PIPE  SYSTEM.    Generally  confined  to  unheated  buildings,  there  is  no  water  in 
the  distribution  pipes  except  during  a  fire.    Remote  valves  may  be  adequate  by 
sensitive elements to admit water to sprinkler heads. 
 
5. SIAMESE  TWIN.    An  inlet  placed  outside  a  building  close  to  ground  level,  having 
two  openings  so  that  fire  engines  can  pump  water  to  the  dry  stand  pipes  and 
sprinkler system of the building. 
 
6. Sprinkler heads are the ‘quartzoid’ bulb type.  The bulb is transparent and contains 
a  colored  liquid.    At  360  degrees  Fahrenheit,  the  bulb  breaks  and  releases  a  water 
stream.  One is called UPRIGHT when used above piping when piping is exposed but 
when it is hidden inside ceilings that show only the bulb it is called PENDENT.    
 
7. The  portion  of  the  plumbing  system  which  conveys  rainwater  to  a  suitable 
terminal.    This  is  usually  discharged  into  a  street  gutter  conveyed  by  a  public 
STORM  DRAIN  system  and  carried  to  some  drainage  terminal  such  as  lakes  or 
rivers. 
 
8. PEFORATED  PIPE.    When  the  soil  is  not  permeable,  and  it  touches  a  concrete  or 
hollow  block  wall  of  a  basement,  rainwater  will  seep  on  it  and  may  flood.    The 
gravel  is  placed  all  around  this  wall  0.30m  wide  and  about  0.30m  below  the 
basement floor rainwater from the gravel towards the drainage terminal. 
 
 
D. SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 
 
1. BLACK  WATER.  Water  plus  human  waste,  solid  and  liquid,  urine  that  is  flushed  out 
of toilets and urinals. 
 
2. SOIL STACK PIPE.  A vertical soil pipe containing fecal matter and liquid waste. 
 
3. WASTE PIPES.  A pipe which conveys only liquid wastes free of fecal matter. 
 
4. VENT.    A  pipe  or  opening  used  for  ensuring  the  circulation  of  air  in  a  plumbing 
system and for reducing the pressure exerted on trap seals. 
 
5. CLEANOUT  FERRULE.    A  metallic  sleeve  calked  (to  fill  the  gaps,  to  seal  or  to 
waterproof)  or  otherwise,  joined  to  an  opening  in  a  pipe,  into  which  a  plug  is 
 screwed  that  can  be  removed  for  the  purpose  of  cleaning  or  examining  the  interior 
of the pipe. 
 
6. TRAP.    A  fitting  or  device  so  constructed  as  to  prevent  the  passage  of  air,  gas  and 
materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it. 
 
7. HOUSE  DRAIN.    The  part  of  the  lowest  horizontal  piping  of  a  plumbing  system 
which  receives  the  discharge  from  soil,  waste  and  other  drainage  pipes  inside  of  a 
building and conveys it to the house sewer.  It should have a slope of at least ¼” to 
a foot or 6mm for every 300mmor 2%. 
 
8. UNDERGROUND  PIT  (why  not  sump  pits).    A  pit  or  receptacle  at  a  low  point  to 
which the liquid wastes are drained. 
 
9. SHAFT.    A  vertical  opening  though  a  building  for  elevators,  dumbwaiters,  light, 
ventilation and others.  
 
10.  SLEEVE.    A  sheet  metal  placed  when  concrete  is  poured  to  accommodate 
plumping pipes (through the hole made). 
 
11. CAULKING.    lugging  an  opening  around  pipe  joints  with  oakum  (hemp  soaked 
with  oil)  lead  or  other  materials  like  epoxy  adhesive  on  vinyl  that  are  pounded 
place. 
 
12. GRADES  OF  HORIZONTAL  PIPING.    All  horizontal  piping  shall  run  in  practical 
alignment  and  at  a  uniform  grade  of  not  less  than  2%  and  shall  be  supported  or 
anchored  at  intervals  not  exceeding  3.00M  length  (10  feet).    All  stacks  shall  be 
properly  supported  at  their  bases  and  all  pipes  are  rigidly  hundred  (100  inches) 
length. 
 
13. DREASES  TRAP.    This  kind  of  trap  must  be  installed  wherever  oily,  lard 
contained  wastes  from  hotels,  restaurants,  club  houses  or  similar  public  eating 
places  are  discharged  into  the  sewer  or  septic  vault.    Sand  traps  shall  be  placed  as 
near  as  possible  to  the  fixture  from  which  it  receives  the  discharge  and  shall  have 
an air‐tight cover, easily removable to permit its cleaning. 
 
14. TRAP  SEAL.    This  is  the  vertical  distance  between  the  dip  and  the  crown  weir 
(an  embankment  or  levee)  built  to  hold  water  in  its  course  or  to  divert  it  to  a  new 
course  of  a  p‐trap.    Also  it  is  the  water  in  the  trap  between  the  dip  and  the  crown 
weir  to  prevent  unpleasant  and  odorous  gases  to  enter  the  room  through  the 
fixtures. 
 
15. SIPHONAGE.    The  result  of  a  minus  pressure  in  the  drainage  system. 
(Pressure  is  a  force  required  to  move  gas  or  liquid)  when  a  large  amount  of  the 
trap  (seal)  is  absolutely  discharged.    When  the  seal  is  lost,  back  flow  of  gases  from 
the  sewer  line  will  pass  into  the  trap,  finds  its  way  to  the  fixture  drain  outlet  and 
spread into the room. 
 
 16. Upon  the  completion  of  the  entire  water  distribution  system  including 
connections  to  apprentices,  devices,  tanks,  or  fixtures,  it  shall  be  tested  and 
inspected by means of WATER & AIR TEST. 
 
E. SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM, REFUSE HANDLING 
 
1. SEPTIC  TANK.    A  receptacle  or  water  tight  vault  used  to  collect  organic  waste 
discharge  from  the  house  sewer  and  designed  and  constructed  so  as  to  separate 
solids from the liquid, digest the organic matter through a period of detention, and 
allow the effluent to discharge a storm drain. 
 
2. CATCH  BASIN.    A  receptacle  in  which  liquids  are  retained  for  a  sufficient  period  of 
time to deposit ‘settleable’ materials. 
 
3. PUBLIC  SEWER  MAIN.    A  public  sanitary  waste  disposal  system  consisting  of  a 
treatment unit which conveys the raw waste to the disposal system. 
 
4. A common way of disposing solids is by INCINERATION.  This is a controlled burning 
of  combustible  waste.  This  can  be  an  effective  waste  reduction  method  for  70 
percent  of  all  municipal  wastes.    If  this  is  operated  properly,  it  can  reduce  bulk  by 
90 to 95 percent.  Ash left over is generally disposed off in a landfill. 
 
5. Another  method  of  disposing  municipal  solid  wastes  is  by  dumping  of  refuse  at  a 
pre‐planned  site,  compacted  and  covered  with  a  layer  of  earth.    This  method  is 
called a SANITARY LANDFILL. 
 
6. When  garbage  from  different  floors  of  a  high‐rise  building  is  disposed  off  from  an 
opening  and  is  directly  led  to the basement  garbage  bin.  This  is  called  the  RUBBISH 
CHUTES. 
 
7. GARBAGE  DISPOSER.    This  is  a  contraption  inverted  to  dispose  leftovers  straight 
from  the  kitchen  sink.    Simply  turn  on  the  faucet,  flick  the  power  switch  and  place 
the  leftovers  such  as  bones,  fruit  pits,  rotten  vegetables,  spoiled  bones  and 
washed down the drain pipes. 
 
8. After  the  ground  preparation,  a  LINER  should  be  laid  out  on  the  area  enclosed  for 
sanitary  landfill.    The  main  purpose  is  to  prevent  the  seepage  of  leachate  (dirty 
water,  to  cause  liquid  to  percolate)  deep  down  to  the  ground  water  strata.    This 
consists of soil or composite material such as synthetic plastic or asphalt sheets. 
 
9. TRENCH  METHOD.    A  method  of  landfill  wherein  a  tractor  digs  a  trench  with  a 
bulldozer  blade  and  trucks  dump  the  refuse  to  it.    Then  the  tractor  compacts  the 
refuse  thoroughly  and  covers  it  with  earth  that  was  dug  up  earlier.    This  method  is 
primarily used on ground level. 
 
10. AREA  METHOD.    This  method  of  landfill  is  generally  used  on  rolling  terrain 
where  the  existing  slope  of  the  land  can  be  used  as  a  basin.    In  this  method,  trucks 
deposit  refuse  over  the  selected  area.    Huge,  heavy  tractors  with  special 
 compacting  wheels  press  down  the  refuse.    Then  the  refuse  is  covered  with  earth 
hauled in from elsewhere. 
 
11. Collection of human wastes is done by elaborate systems to carry most liquid 
sewage  to  WATER  TREATMENT  PLANTS,  where  the  sewage  undergoes  a  series  of 
treatment  steps  to  remove  polluting  materials,  biological  and  chemical 
contaminants  that  can  harm  human  health  or  ecological  systems.    The  first  stage  is 
the  trapping  or  screening  of  coarse  suspended  matter  into  a  grit  chamber.    Then 
the  use  of  aerobic  microorganisms  to  break  down  the  organic  matter  left  in  the 
sewage  called  the  biological  oxidation.    Then  the  third  phase,  chemical  treatments 
used  to  remove  undesirable  constituents  that  remain.    What  results  is  drinking 
quality water. 
 
12. BIDET.  A fixture that appears like a water closet, since a person sits down on 
it.    But  it  is  designed  as  a  combination  lavatory  which  can  plug  the  drain  and 
collect  hot  &  cold  water,  with  an  inverted  water  sprayer  to  clear  the  most  delicate 
and well‐guarded parts of the body. 
 
F. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS 
 
1. What determines the size of a leaching field? PERCOLATION TEST 
 
2. What is an important concern in private water supply? HARDNESS. 
 
3. What part of water supply design is affected by building height? STATIC HEAD 
 
4. Statements: 
 
a. Correct 
*Dry pipe sprinkler systems are more efficient than wet pipe systems. 
*The hazard classification does not necessarily affect sprinkler layout. 
b. Incorrect 
*Siamese connections serve both sprinklers and standpipes 
*Standpipes  must  be  located  within  stairways  or  vestibules  of  smoke‐proofed 
enclosures. 
*Standpipes  are  required  in  buildings  four  or  more  stories  high  or  those  exceeding 
150 feet. 
 
5. The  pressure  in  a  city  water  main  is  (0.39273  MPa).    If  the  pressure  loss  through 
piping,  fittings,  and  the  water  meter  has  been  calculated  as  231  psi  (o.15847  MPa) 
and  the  highest  fixture  requires  12  psi  (0.08268  MPa)  to  operate,  what  is  the 
maximum height the fixture can be above the water main? 50 FEET (15M) 
 
6. You  have  been  retained  by  a  client  to  design  a  house  in  a  suburban  location.    The 
nearest  water  main  is  one  block  away  (about  1000M)  and  the  city  has  no  plans  to 
extend  the  line  in  the  near  future.    City  and  county  regulations  do  permit  the 
drilling of wells.  What should you recommend you client regarding water supply?  
 
 ESTIMATE  THE  COST  OF  EXTENDING  THE  MUNICIPAL  LINE,  SINCE  THE  WATER 
QUALITY  IS  KNOWN  AND  IT  WOULD  ENSURE  A  LONG‐TERM  SUPPLY.    CONSULT  WITH 
NEARBY  PROPERTY  OWNERS  WHO  PLAN  TO  BUILD  IN  THE  AREA  TO  SEE  IF  THEY 
WOULD BE WILLING TO SHARE THE COST OF EXTENDING THE LINE. 
 
7. Which statements about drainage are correct? 
a. Correct 
*Vents help prevent the drainage of water from traps 
*The house drain cannot also be called the building sewer 
*Cleanouts are always a necessary part of a drainage system 
b. Incorrect 
*Drains  should  always  slope  at  a  minimum  of  1/8  inch  per  foot  (.0099  per 
meter) or 9.9mm/meter. [0.99%] 
 
8. Water hammer most often occurs when: 
WATER SUDDENLY STOPS WHEN FLOW IS TURNED OFF. 
 
9. One component of a plumbing system that every building has is a : STACK VENT 
 
10. Select the incorrect statements: 
 
a. Correct 
*Several  types  of  plastic  can  be  used  for  cold  water  piping,  but  only  PVDC  is 
used for hot water supply where allowed by local codes. 
*Steel  pipe  is  more  labor  intensive  and  requires  more  space  than  copper  pipes 
in plumbing chases. 
*ABS is suitable for water supply. 
b. Incorrect 
*Type M pipe is normally specified for most interior plumbing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ESSENTIAL PARTS OF PLUMBING SYSTEM      (SANITARY DRAINAGE) 
 
1.  HOUSE  SEWER  OR  BUILDING  SEWER   ‐  That  horizontal  run  of  pipe,  starting  from  5’ 
outside  the  building  which  receives  the  sewage  from  the  house  drain  or  building  and 
conveys the same to the sewer main or approved point of disposal. 
           
2.  HOUSE  DRAIN  OR  BUILDING  DRAIN ‐The  lowest  horizontal  run  of  pipe  inside  the 
building  which  receives the  discharge  from  fixtures  and  other  branches  and  conveys  the 
same  to the house or building sewer. 
           
3.  PRIMARY  BRANCH ‐The  Primary  Brach  of  a  building  drain  is  the  single  sloping  drain 
from  the  base  of  a  stack  up  to  its  junction  with  the  main  building  drain  or  with  other 
branches. The primary branch is also called a Lateral. 
           
4.  SECONDARY  BRANCH ‐That  horizontal  run  of  pipe  emanating  from  a  fixture  or  group  of 
fixtures up to its junction with the primary branch. 
           
5.HORIZONTAL  BRANCH ‐That  t  horizontal  run  of  pipe,  which  receives  the  distance  from 
fixture and convey the same to the stack. 
           
6.  BRANCH  INTERVAL ‐That  length  of  pipe  of  a  stack  no  less  than  eight  feet  which 
receives the discharge from the horizontal branch. 
 
7.  SOILSTACK ‐The  vertical  run  of  pipe,  which  receives  discharge  from  fixture  without 
fecal matter. 
 
8.  WASTE  STACK ‐That  vertical  matter  run  of  pipe,  which  receives  discharge  from  fixtures 
without fecal matter. 
 
9.  LATERAL  ‐  In  lateral  plumbing  ‐  a  secondary  pipe  line.  In  sewerage  –  a  common  sewer 
to  which  no  other  common  sewer  is  tributary.  It  receives  sewage  only  from  building 
sewer. 
 
10. FIXTURE DRAIN     ‐The drain from the trap of the fixture to the junction of the fixture 
to the drain of the pipe.  
 
11.  SPECIAL  WASTE  OR  INDIRECT WASTE  PIPE   ‐  Waste water  pipe  from  fixtures  or 
appliances which is allowed to discharge into a properly vented fixture and with no direct 
connection with the drainage system. 
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
PLUMBING CODE: DEFINITION OF TERMS 
 
ALLEY ‐  any  public  space,  public  park  moroughiare  less  than  three  (3)  meters but  not  less 
than two (2) meters in width which has been dedicated or deeded to the public for public 
use. 
 
ALTER  OR  ALTERATION  ‐  any  change,  addition  or  modification  in  construction  or 
occupancy. (Change or repair) 
 
APPROVED ‐  accepted  or  acceptable  under  an  applicable  specification  stated  or  cited  in 
this  Code,  or  accepted  as  suitable  for  the  proposed  use  under  procedures  and  powers  at 
the authority. 
 
AUTHORITY ‐  Authority  in  this  Code  is  mean  to  be  the  individual  official,  board, 
department or agency established an authorized by the office of the President (R.A. No. 
1378)  to  administer  and  enforce  the  provisions  of  this  National  Plumbing  Code  as 
adapted  or  amended.  (Prof.  Sanitary  Engineering)  –  Plans  and  specs, (Master  Plumber)  ‐ 
Install    
 
BACKFLOW ‐  The  flow  of  water  into  a  water  supply  system  from  source  other  than  its 
regular source. Back siphonage is one type of backflow. 
 
BAK PRESSURE ‐ Air pressure in drainage pipes greater than atmospheric pressure. 
 
BACK VENT PIPE ‐ the part of a vent line which connects directly with an individual trap 
underneath  or  behind  the  fixture  and  extends  to  the  branch  or  main,  soil,  or  waste  pipe 
at  any  point  higher  than  the  fixture  or  fixture  trap  it  serves.  This  is sometimes  called  an 
individual vent. 
 
BALL COCK  ‐ A faucet opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ball floating on the surface 
of water. 
 
‐ A float valve with a spherical float. 
 
BALL JOINT  ‐  A  connection in  which  a  ball  is  held in a  cuplike  shell  that  allows movement 
in every direction. 
 
BATTERY  OF  FIXTURES ‐  Battery  of  fixtures  is  any  of  two  or  more  similar  adjacent  fixtures 
which discharge into a common horizontal soil branch. 
 
BELL  OR  HUB ‐  That  portion  of  a  pipe  which  for  a  short  distance,  is  sufficiently  enlarged 
to  receive  the  end  of  another  pipe  of  the  same  diameter  for  the  purpose  of  making  a 
joint. 
 
BENDING PIN (OR IRON)  ‐ A tool used for straightening or expanding lead pipe. 
 
BIBB ‐ Synonymous with faucet is preferred. Faucet or Spigot. 
 
BIDET  ‐ A plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, specially the 
genitals.  Also a sitz bath (Used to wash posterior parts of the body). 
 
BLANK FLANGE  ‐ A flange that is not drilled. 
 
BLIND  FLANGE ‐  A  flange  that  closes  the  end  of  a  pipe.  There  is  no  opening  for  the 
passage of water. (Used for black iron pipes). 
 
BLOW OFF ‐ A controlled outlet on a pipe line used too discharge water or detritus. (In 
Sanitary house trap). 
 
BRANCH ‐ A branch is any part of a piping system other than the main, riser or stack. 
 
MWSS ‐ Installation of national local water works. 
DPWH ‐ For installation & excavation  
 
BRANCH  INTERVAL  ‐  A  length  of  soil  or  waste  stack  corresponding  in  general  to  a  story 
height, but in no case less than eight (8) feet, within which the horizontal branches from 
one floor or story of a building are connected to the stack. 
 
BRANCH  VENT ‐  A  vent  pipe  connecting  from  a  branch  of  the  drainage  system  to  a  vent 
stack. 
 
BUILDING ‐  any  structure  built,  erected  and  framed  of  component  structural parts 
designed  for  the  housing,  shelter,  enclosure  or  support  of  persons,  animals,  or  property 
of any kind. 
 
BUILDING DRAIN         ‐ See house Drain. 
BUILDING SEWER        ‐ See House Sewer. 
 
BUILDING  SUBDRAIN ‐That  portion  of  a  drainage  system  which  cannot  drain  by  gravity 
into  the building  sewer.  (  Any  piping  system  which  needed  to  be  elevated  from  basement 
to the N.G.L.) 
  
CAULKING ‐  Plugging  an  opening  with  oakum,  lead  or  other  materials  that  are  pounded 
into  place. Also, the material that is pounded into the opening. 
  
CAP ‐  A  fitting  into  which  the  end  of  a  pipe  is  screwed  for  the  purpose  of  closing  the  end 
of the pipe. 
  
CATCH  BASIN ‐  A  receptacle  in  which  liquids  are  retained  for  a  sufficient  period  to 
deposit settle able material 
  
CESSPOOL ‐ A pit for the reception or detention of sewage. 
  
CHECK VALVE   ‐ A valve that automatically closes to prevent the flow of water in reverse 
direction.(Prevents reverse flow) 
  
CIRCUIT  VENT ‐  A  group  vent  extending  from  in  front  of  the  last  fixture  connection  on  a 
horizontal branch to the vent stack. See also loop vent. (Loop vent, Branch vent) 
  
COMMON VENT ‐ See unit vent and dual vent 
  
CONDUCTOR, LEADER, OR DOWNSPOUT ‐ A vertical pipe to convey  rain water. 
  
CONTINUOUS VENT ‐  a vertical vent that is a continuation of the drain, to which the vent 
connects. (or VSTR) 
  
CORPORATION COCK  ‐ A stop valve placed in a service pipe close to its connection with a  
water main. 
  
COURT ‐ an open , unoccupied space bounded on two (2) or more sides by the  
walls  of  the  buildings.  An  inner  court  is  a  court  entirely  within  the  exterior  walls  of  a 
building. All other courts are outer courts. 
  
CROSS CONNECTION   ‐ Any physical connection or arrangement of pipes between two  
otherwise  separate building water‐supply pipes or a system through which  or by  
means   of which water supply may flow from one system to the other, the direction  
of  flow depending on the pressure differential between the two systems. 
  
DEAD  END ‐  The  extended  portion  of  a  pipe  that  is  closed  at  one  end  to  which 
no connections  are  made  on  the  extended  portion,  thus  permitting  the  stagnation 
of water or air therein. (Water hammer arrester or air gap or air chamber). 
  
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH  ‐The length along the center line of the pipe and the fittings. 
  
DIAMETER  ‐ “Diameter”  of a  pipe  or  tube  shall mean  the  nominal  internal  diameter  (I.D.) 
of such  pipe;  except  brass  and  copper  tubing  wherein  the  term  shall  mean  the outside 
diameter (O.D.) of tubing. 
 
DOMESTIC SEWAGE    ‐ See sanitary sewage. 
 
DOUBLE‐BEND FITTING ‐ A pipe fitting shaped like the letter “S”. 
 
DOUBLE OFFSET  ‐ Two offsets in succession or in series in the same line. 
 
DOWNSPOUT  ‐ The vertical portion of a rainwater conductor. 
 
DRAIN ‐  A  sewer  or  other  pipe  or  conduit  used  for  conveying  ground  water,  surface 
water, storm water, or sewage. 
 
DRAINAGE  SYSTEM     ‐The  drainage  pipes  of  a  plumbing  system  take  the  water  from  the 
plumbing  fixtures  and  deliver  it  to  the  sewer  or  some  other  outlet.  The  drainage  pipes 
must  be  gas‐light,  and  water‐light.  The  passage  of  air,  odors  or  vitamin  from the  sewer 
into the building must be prevented. 
 
DRY VENT ‐ A vent that does not carry water or water‐ borne wastes. 
 
DUAL VENT ‐ See unit vent. 
EXISTING  WORK ‐  The  term  “existing  work”  shall  apply  to  those  portions  of  plumbing 
system  which  have  been  installed  and  approved  prior  to  the  contemplated  additions, 
collections, or corrections. 
 
FAMILY  ‐  Family  is  one  person  living  alone  or  a  group  of  two  (2)  or  more  persons  living 
together, whether related to each other by birth or not. 
 
FAUCET  ‐  A  valve  on  a  water  pipe  by  means  of  which  water  can  be  drawn  from  or  held 
within the pipe. The valve is placed on the end of the pipe. 
 
FERRULE   ‐  A  metallic  sleeve,  called  or  otherwise,  joined  to  an  opening  in  a  pipe,  into 
which  a  plug  is  screwed  that  can  be  removed  for  the  purpose  of  cleaning  or  examining 
the interior of the pipe. 
 
FIXTURE ‐  A  receptacle  attached  to  a  plumbing  system  other  than  a  trap  in  which water 
or wastes may be collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system. 
 
FIXTURE BRANCH ‐ The supply pipe between the fixture and the water distributing pipe. 
 
FIXTURE DRAIN ‐ The drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of the drain with any 
other drain pipe. 
 
FIXTURE UNIT ‐ One fixture unit is equivalent to a flow rate of one (1)  cubic foot of water 
per minute or seven and a half (71/2) gallons of water per minute. 
 
FLASHING   ‐  A  piece  of  sheet  metal  fitted  under  another  piece  of  flat  metal  or  wood  over 
which water is expected to run. 
 
FLOOD  LEVEL ‐  The  level  in  a  fixture  at  which  water  begins  to  overflow  the  top  or  rim  of 
the fixture. 
FLOOR  AREA ‐  The  area  included  within  surrounding  walls  of  a  building  (or 
portion thereof), exclusive of vent shafts and courts. 
 
FLUSH  VALVE ‐  A  valve  used  for  flushing  a  fixture  by  using  water  directly  from  the  water 
supply pipes or in connection with a special flush tank. 
 
GATE  VALVE ‐  A  valve  in  which  the  flow  of  water  is  cut  off  by  means  of  a  circular  disk, 
fitting  against  machine‐smoothed  faces,  at  right  angles  to  the  direction  of  flow.  The  disk 
is  raised  or  lowered  by  means  of  a  threaded  stem  connected  to  the  handle  of  the  valve. 
The opening in the valve is usually as large as the full bore of the pipe. 
 
GLOBE  VALVE ‐  A  valve  in  which  the  flow  of  water  is  cut  off  by  means  of  a  circular  disk 
that  fits  against  the  valve  seat.  The  plane  of  movement  of  the  disk  is  parallel  to  the 
normal  direction  of  flow  of  water,  which  is  turned  through  a  tortuous  passage to  direct 
the flow normal to the face of the disk. 
GOOSE  NECK ‐  A  return  bend  of  small‐sized  pipe  one  end  of  which  is  about  one  (1)  foot 
long  and  the  other end  is about  three  (3)  inches  long.  It  is  commonly  used  as a faucet for 
a pantry sink. Also, the lead connection between a service pipe and a   water main. 
 
GRADE  ‐  The  slope  or  fall  of  a  line  of  pipe  in  reference  to  a  horizontal  plane  usually 
expressed in percent. 
 
GROUND WATER ‐ The water that is standing in or passing through the ground. 
 
GROUP VENT ‐ A branch vent that performs its function for two (2) or more traps. 
 
HEIGHT  OF  BUILDING  ‐  The  vertical  distance  from  the  “Grade  Line”  to  the  highest  point 
of  the  coping  of  a  flat  roof  or  to  the  deck  line  of  a  mansard  roof  or  to  the  average  height 
of the highest gable of a pitch or hip‐roof. 
 
HORIZONTAL  BRANCH ‐  A  branch  drain  extending  laterally  from  soil  or  waste  stack,  with 
or  without  vertical  sections  or  branches,  that  receives  the  discharge  from  one  or  more 
fixture drains and conducts it to the soil or waste stack or to the building drain. 
 
HOUSE  DRAIN  ‐  part  of  the  lowest  horizontal  piping  of  a  plumbing  system  which  receives 
the  discharge  from  soil,  waste,  and  other  drainage  pipes  inside  of  a  buildings  conveys  it 
to the house sewer. 
 
HOUSE  STORM  SEWER  ‐  A  house  storm  sewer  is  the  pipeline  from  the  building  to  the 
public storm sewer system. 
 
INDIRECT  WASTE  PIPE  ‐  A  waste  pipe  that  does  not  connect  directly  with  the  building 
drainage system but discharges into  is through a properly trapped fixture or receptacle. 
 
INDIVIDUAL VENT ‐ See back vent. 
 
INDUSTRIAL  WASTES  ‐  Industrial  waste  are  liquid  waste  resulting  from  the  processes 
employed in industrial establishments and are free from fecal matter. 
 
INSANITARY ‐ Contrary to sanitary principles or injurious to health. 
 
INTERCEPTOR  ‐  A  receptacle  designed  and  constructed  to  intercept  or  separate,  and 
prevent  the  passage  of  oil,  grease,  sand,  or  other  materials  into  the  drainage  system  to 
which it is directly or indirectly connected. 
 
INVERT ‐ The lowest portion of the inside of any pipe conduit that is not vertical. 
 
LATERAL  ‐  In  plumbing,  a  secondary  pipe  line.  In  average,  a  common  sewer  to  which 
no other common sewer is tributary, receives sewage only from building sewers. 
 
LATRINE  ‐ A water closet consisting of a continuous though containing water. The  
trough extends under two (2) or more adjacent seats. Prohibited by most authorities  
for permanent installations. 
LAVATORY ‐  A  fixture  designed  for  the  washing  of  the  hands  or  face.  Sometimes  called 
a wash basin. 
 
LEACHING CESSPOOL ‐ A cesspool that is not watertight. 
 
LEADER ‐ See conductor. 
 
LENGTH OF PIPE ‐ The length as measured along. 
 
LOCAL  VENT  ‐  A  pipe  or  shaft  serving  to  convey  foul  air  from  a  plumbing  fixture  or  a 
room to the outer air. 
 
LOOP  OR  CIRCUIT  VENT ‐  A  continuation  of  a  horizontal  soil  or  waste  pipe  beyond  the 
connection  at  which  liquid  wastes  from  a  fixture  or  fixtures  enter  the  waste  or  soil  pipe. 
The  extension  is  usually  vertical  immediately  beyond  its  connection  to  the  soil  or waste 
pipe.  The  base  of  the  vertical  portion  of  the  vent  may  be  connected  to  the  horizontal 
portion of the soil or waste stack between fixtures connected thereto.  
 
MAIN  ‐  The  main  of  any  system  of  continuous  piping  is  the  principal  artery  of 
the system, to which branches may be connected. 
 
MAIN VENT ‐ See vent stack. 
 
MANHOLE ‐  An  opening  constructed  in  a  sewer  or  any  part  of  a  plumbing  system  of 
sufficient size for a man to gain access thereto. 
 
MASTERPLUMBER      ‐  A  person  with  knowledge  of  and  experience  in  plumbing  who 
employs journeymen plumbers or who conducts a plumbing business. 
 
OAKUM ‐ Hemp or old hemp rope soaked in oil to make it waterproof. 
 
OCCUPANCY  ‐  Occupancy  is  the  purpose  for  which  a  building  is  used  or  intended  to  be 
used.    The  term  shall  also  include  the  building  or  room  housing  such  use.  Change  of 
Occupancy is not intended to include change of tenants or proprietors. 
 
PERSON  ‐  A  natural  person,  his  heirs,  executors,  administrators,  its  or  their  successor  or 
assigns, or the agent of any of the aforesaid. 
 
PITCH  ‐ See grade. 
  
PLUMBING  ‐  The  art  and  technique  of  installing  in  buildings  the  pipes,  fixtures,  and 
other  apparatuses  for  bringing  in  the  water  supply,  liquids,  substances  or  ingredients  
and  removing  them  and  such  water,  liquid,  and  other  carried‐wastes  affecting  health  and 
sanitation  and  hazardous  to  life  and  property;  also  the  pipes  and  fixtures  after  they  have 
been installed, i.e. the plumbing system. 
 
PLUMBING  FIXTURE    ‐  A  receptacle  attached  to  a  plumbing  system  other  than  a  trap  in 
which  water  or  wastes  may  be  collected  or  retained  for  ultimate  discharge  into  the 
plumbing system. 
 
PLUMBING SYSTEM  ‐ The plumbing system of a building, institution,, factory or industrial 
establishment,  includes  the  water‐supply,  liquids,  substances  and  or  ingredients 
distributing  pipes;  and  those  pipes  removing  them  and  such  water,  liquid,  and other 
carried‐wastes;  the  fixtures  and  fixture  traps;  the  soil,  waste,  and  vent  pipes;  the  house 
drain,  the  foundation  drain,  and  the  house  sewer;  the  storm  water  drainage;  drainage 
ejectors, all with their devices, appurtenances, and connections within or on a building, a 
factory, or an industry. 
 
PLUMBING  OFFICIAL  ‐  The  authority  or  the  officer  charged  with  the  administration  and 
enforcement of the National Plumbing Code, or his regularly authorized deputy. 
 
POTABLE  WATER ‐  Potable  water  is  water  which  is  satisfactory  for  drinking,  culinary, 
domestic  purposes  and  meets  the  requirements  of  the  health  authority  having 
jurisdiction. 
 
PRIMARY BRANCH ‐ A primary branch of the building drain is the single sloping drain from 
the  base of  a  stack  to  its  junction  with  the  main  building  drain  or  with  another  branch 
thereof. 
 
PRIVATE  OR  PRIVATE  USE ‐  Private  applies  to  fixtures  in  a  residence  where  the  fixtures 
are intended for the use of a family or an individual. 
 
PRIVATE  SEWER  ‐  a  sewer  privately  owned  and  not  directly  controlled  by public 
authority. 
 
PRIVY ‐ An outhouse or structure used for the deposition of excrement. 
 
PRIVY VAULT ‐ A pit beneath a privy in which excrement collects. 
 
PUBLIC  OR  PUBLIC  USE ‐  In  the  classification  of  plumbing  fixtures,  public  applies  to 
fixtures  in  general  toilet  rooms  of  schools,  gymnasiums,  hotels,  railroad  stations,  public 
buildings, bars,  public  comforts  stations,  or  places  to which  the public is  invited or  which 
are  frequented  by  the  public  without  special  permission  or  special  invitation,  and  other 
installations  (whether  pay  or  free)  where  a  number  of  fixtures  are  installed  so  that  their 
use is similarly unrestricted. 
  
PUBLIC  SEWER  ‐  a  common  sewer  directly  controlled  by  public  authority  to  which  all 
abutters have equal rights of connections. 
 
RELIEF  VENT ‐    a  vent  the  primary  function  of  which  is  to  provide  circulation  of air 
between drainage and vent system. 
REPAIR ‐  The  reconstruction  or  renewal  of  any  part  of  an  existing  building  for  the 
purpose of  its maintenance. The word  “repair” or “repairs” shall  not apply to any change 
of construction. 
RETURN  BEND ‐  An  open  return  bend,  usually  with  inside  threads,  but  applied  also  to  a 
one hundred eighty (180 degree) bend in a pipe.  
 
REVENT PIPE  ‐ See back vent pipe. 
 
RISER  ‐  A  water  supply  pipe  that  extends  vertically  one  full  story  or  more  too 
convey water to branches or fixtures. 
 
ROUGHING‐IN ‐  The  installation  of  all  pipes  in  the  plumbing  system  that  are  in  partitions 
and under  floors.  It  includes  the  plumbing  work  done  before  the  setting  of  the fixtures, 
or finishing. 
 
SANITARY  SEWAGE ‐  The  sewage  containing  human  excrement  and  liquid  household 
waste; also called domestic sewage. 
  
SANITARY  SEWER   ‐  A  sewer  intended  to  receive  sanitary  sewage  with  or  without 
industrial wastes  and without the admixture of surface water, storm water, or drainage. 
 
SEAL  ‐  The  vertical  distance  between  the  dip  and  the  crown  weir  of  a  trap.  Also,  the 
water in the trap between the dip and the crown weir. 
 
SECONDARY BRANCH ‐ And branch in a building drain other than the primary branch. 
 
SEPTIC TANK   ‐ A septic tank is a watertight receptacle, which receives the discharge of a 
plumbing  system  or  part  thereof,  and  is  designed  and  constructed  so  as  to  separate 
solids  from  the  liquid  digest  the  organic  matter  through  a  period  of  detention,  and  allow 
the  effluent  to  discharge  into  a  storm  drain;  or  directly  to  the  ground  outside  the  tank 
through a system of open joint or perforated piping. 
 
SERVICE  PIPE ‐  The  pipe  from  the  water  main  or  source  of  water  supply  to  the  building 
served. 
 
SEWAGE  ‐  The  liquid  wastes  conducted  away  from  residences,  business 
buildings, institutions,  industrial  establishments;  and  with  such  ground,  surface,  and 
storm water as may be present. 
 
SEWER ‐ A pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and waste liquids. 
 
SEWERAGE,  OR  SEWERAGE  WORKS     ‐  A  comprehensive  term,  including  all  construction 
for collection, transportation, pumping, treatment and final disposition of sewage. 
 
SHAFT  ‐  A  vertical  opening  through  a  building  for  elevators,  dumb‐waiter,  ventilation  or 
similar purpose. 
 
SHALL ‐ As used in this Code, is mandatory. 
 
SIAMESE  CONNECTION  ‐  A  wye  connection  used  on  fire  lines  so  that  two  lines  of  hose 
may be connected to hydrant or to the same nozzle. 
SIPHONAGE  ‐ A suction by the flow of liquids in pipes. A pressure less than atmospheric. 
 
SOIL  PIPE  ‐  A  soil  pipe  is  any  pipe  which  conveys  the  discharge  of  water  closets,  urinals, 
or fixtures having similar functions. Also, a cast‐iron pipe, with bell and spigot ends, used 
in plumbing to convey fecal matter or liquid wastes. 
 
SOIL STACK PIPE ‐ A vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and liquid waste. 
 
SPIGOT ‐  The  end  of  a  pipe,  which  fits  into  a  bell.  Also  a  word  used  synonymously  with 
faucet. 
STACK ‐ A general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste, or vent piping. 
 
STACK  VENT ‐  A  stack  vent  is  the  extension  of  a  soil  or  waste  stack  above  the  highest 
horizontal drain connected to the stack.  
 
STANDPIPE  ‐  A  vertical  pipe  usually  used  for  the  storage  of  water,  frequently  under 
pressure. 
 
STORM  WATER ‐  Storm  water  is  that  portion  of  the  rainfall  or  other  precipitation,  which 
runs off over the surface after the storm and for such a short period following a storm as 
the flow exceeds the normal runoff. 
 
STORY  ‐  Story  is  that  portion  of  a  building  included  between  the  upper  surface  of  any 
floor  and  the  upper  surface  of  the  floor  next  above,  except  that  the  topmost  story  shall 
be  that  portion  of  a  building  of  a  building  included  between  the  upper  surface  of  the 
topmost  floor  and  the  ceiling  or  roof  above.  If  the  finished  floor  level  directly  above  a 
basement  or  cellar  is  more  than  six  (6)  feet  above  grade  such  basement  or  cellar  shall  be 
considered a story. 
 
SUBSOIL  DRAIN  ‐  Subsoil  drains  are  underground  drain  pipes  that  receives  only  sub‐
surface or seepage water and convey it to place of disposal. 
 
SUMP   ‐ A pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained.  
 
SUPPORTS ‐  Supports,  hangers,  anchors,  brackets,  cradles  are  devices  for  holding 
and securing pipes and fixtures to  walls, ceiling, floors, or structural members. 
 
SURFACE  WATER  ‐  portion  of  a  rainfall  or  other  precipitation  which  runs  off  over  the 
surface of the ground. 
 
SWIMMING  POOL ‐  A  water  receptacle  used  for  swimming  designed  to  accommodate 
more than one bather at time and properly connected to a disposal system. 
 
TAPED  TEE ‐  A  cast‐iron  bell‐end  tee  with  the  branch  tapped  to  receive  a  threaded  pipe 
of fitting 
  
TRAP ‐  A  fitting  or  device  so  constructed  as  to  prevent  the  passage  of  air,  gas,  and  some 
vermin  through  a  pipe  without  materially  affecting  the  flow  of  sewage  or  waste  water 
through it. 
 
TRAP SEAL ‐ See seal. 
 
UNIT  VENT  ‐  An  arrangement  of  venting  so  installed  that  one  vent  pipe  will  serve  two  (2) 
traps. 
 
VACUUM ‐ An air pressure less than that atmospheric. Also, siphonage. 
 
VENT ‐  A  pipe  or  opening  used  to  ensuring  the  circulation  of  air  in  plumbing  system  and 
for reducing the pressure exerted on trap seals. 
 
WET VENT ‐ portion of a vent pipe through which liquid waste flow. 
 
WASTE PIPE ‐ a pipe, which conveys only liquid waste, free of fecal matter. 
 
YARD ‐  A  yard  is  an  open,  unoccupied  space,  other  than  a  court,  unobstructed  from  the 
ground  to  the  sky,  except  where  specifically  provide  by  this  Code,  on  the  lot  on  which  a 
building is situated. 
 
 
STANDARD COMMERCIAL SIZE OF GI PIPE FOR WATER SUPPLY: 
a) 1 ⅓    b) 2 ½   c)4 
 
LOCATION FOR CLEAN OUT: 
1. any horizontal waste or soil pipe exceeding 15m 
2. at upper end of every branch 22.5º & over 
 
ZEOLITE‐ treatment of hard water 
 
MAIN  VENT‐  principal  artery  of  venting  system  to  which  vent  branch  pipe  maybe 
connected 
 
COMMON VENT‐ single vent that ventilates multiple traps of back to back fixture 
AIR OUTLET‐ air generated device to open or close a damper or valve 
 
SEPTIC TANK: location and features 
a. 15 meters away from potable water 
b. if theres a public sewer pipe, septic tank is not allowed 
c. no septic tank under house 
d. inlets & outlets are submerge 
e. bottom tank should have slope of 1:10 mm towards center 
f. top cover 0.15 m above soil 
g. 0.30 m air space 
h. 0.50 lower‐ inlet 
i. 0.025 lower‐ outlet 
 
VOLUME OF SEPTIC TANK 
a. min width‐ 0.90 
b. min length‐ 1.50 
c. min depth‐ 1.20 
d. for residential‐ 0.14 to 0.17 per person 
e. 12 persons‐ not more than 2.0 cum 
f. schools, industrial‐ 0.057 cum per person minimum 
0.86 cum maximum 
 
 
MATERIALS FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS 
1. galvanized iron‐ (G.I) steel pipes 
- 15‐20 years life span 
- deteriorates fast when used for hot water 
- corroded w/ alkaline and acid water 
- made out of mild steel 
2. plastic or synthetic pipe 
a. rigid 
1.   polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 
2.   chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (cPVC) 
3. unplastesized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) 
4. polypropylene (PP)  
5. acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 
6. styrene rubber plastic (SR) 
b. flexible 
1. polyethylene (PE)‐ coil form at 30 mts 
2. polybutylene (PB)‐ up to 150 mts long in coil form 
 
3. cast iron pipe‐ durable 
 ‐  use for less than 25 storey because water leak due to vibration 
  2 types: 
1. SV‐ for building installations 
2. XV‐ for underground installation 
 
4. acid resistant cast iron pipe‐ made of alloy, cast iron & silicon 
             ‐ installed in chemical labs for acid waste disposal 
5. asbestos pipe‐ made of asbestos fibers & Portland cement 
         ‐ suitable for embedment on concrete structures 
6. bituminous fiber sewer pipe‐ cheapest and lightest 
             ‐ for house sewer 
7.  vitrified  clay  pipe‐  made  of  clay  &  w/  length  of  0.75  m  threaded  w/  glazed  compound. 
High  resistant  to  acid  &  suited  in  underground  installation.  Brittle, 
cracks easily when laid on unsuitable  ground 
8.  lead  pipe‐  one  of  the  oldest  plumbing  material  .  not  recommended  to  convey  water  for  human 
consumption 
9.  galvanized  wrought  iron  pipes‐  better  than  steel  pipes  for  plumbing  because  it  is  more 
resistant to acid waste 
10.  brass  pipe‐  most  expensive.  Made  of  alloy  of  zinc  &  copper  mixed  15%  :85%  highly 
suitable  for  waste  &  water  because  of  its  smooth  surface  aside  from  its  high 
resistance to acids 
11.  copper  pipes‐  durable  material  w/c  is  extremely  corrosive  resistance.  Easiest  to 
install 
Type K‐ heaviest for underground installation 
         L‐ lighter than K, comes in flexible & rigid type 
        M‐ thinner & available only in rigid form  
 
 
MORE REVIEWS…
NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

A. DEFINITIONS

B. PRINCIPLES
Principle no.1
 All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy or use shall be provided
with a supply of pure and wholesome water,
 Neither connected with unsafe water supplies
 Nor subject to hazards of backflow or back-siphonage.
Principle no.2
 Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in
sufficient volume and
 at a pressure adequate to enable them to function satisfactorily and
 Without undue noise under all normal conditions of use
Principle no.3
 Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water
 consistent with proper performance & cleaning
Principle no.4
 Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to
prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.
Principle no.5
 Every building having plumbing fixtures installed and intended for human
habitation, occupancy or use on premises abutting(adjacent to) a street, alley or
easement where there is a public sewer, shall be connected to the sewer system.
Principle no.6
 Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a sewer or with a private
sewage-disposal system shall have at least one water closet and one kitchen sink
 Further, a lavatory and bathtub or shower shall be installed to meet the basic
requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene
Principle no.7
 Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from
concealed fouling surfaces and
 Shall be located in ventilated enclosures
Principle no.8
 The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard
against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and
 with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned
Principle no.9
 All pipings of plumbing systems shall be of durable NAMPAP APPROVED
materials,
 free from defective workmanship,
 designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory
service
Principle no.10
 Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a
water-sealed trap
Principle no.11
 The drainage piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of
air
 free from siphonage, aspiration(inhalation/suction) or forcing of trap seals under
ordinary use
Principle no.12
 Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to preempt clogging and
the return of foul air to the building (how about above the ceiling?)
Principle no.13
 Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks
and defects in workmanship
Principle no.14
 No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the
pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall be
allowed to enter the building drainage system.
Principle no.15
 Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water,
sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage.
 When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with
the building drainage system.
Principle no.16
 No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly
lighted and ventilated.
Principle no.17
 If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings where there is
no sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for
disposing of the building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.
Principle no.18
 Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable
provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building. (How?)
Principle no.19
 Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered
Master Plumbers.
Principle no.20
 All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their
intended use.
Principle no.21
 Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers with due regard to the
preservation of the strength of structural members and
 the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage.
Principle no.22
 Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system which may be deleterious (harmful/
toxic)to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or
into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some
acceptable form of treatment.
C. MASTER PLUMBER’S CODE OF ETHICS
A registered master plumber shall
1. “maintain” a professional bearing “consistent” with an honorable and dignified
“pursui”t of his/her profession,
2. adhering to a set of conduct becoming (attractivelysuitable) of his/her calling,
3. and shall not:
Code no.1 UNPROFESSIONAL
 Act in an unprofessional manner and
 demand “any” remuneration (payment) “other than” his/her original charges
 except for additional services not covered in the basic contract;
Code no.2 SUPPLANT
 “Supplant” (replace/ out of somebody) another Registered Master Plumber
 “after definite steps” have already been taken toward his/her being commissioned
to perform the contract;
Code no.3 UNDERBID
 Underbid another Registered Master Plumber by reducing his/her professional fees
 after being informed of the fees charged by the other Registered Master Plumber;
Code no.4 GOVERNMENT POSITION
 Take advantage of a salaried government position to “compete unfairly” with a
practicing Registered Master Plumber;
Code no.5 ALLOW LICENSE
 Allow the use of his/her License as Registered Master Plumber for a fee to an
unlicensed Master Plumber in plumbing works
 without his/her personal supervision.
Code no.6 injure REPUTATION
 Injure” falsely” or “maliciously”, directly or indirectly, the reputation of another
Registered Master Plumber by reviewing his/her work for the same client
 unless the professional services of the former have been officially terminated and
 all professional fees have been duly (properly, suitably)paid by the client; [ why
not???]
Code no.7 SELF LAUDATORY
 Advertise in self-laudatory (expressing praise) language,
 act in “any manner” and “engage” in any practice which
 tends to bring “dishonor” to the “dignity” of the
o the Registered Master Plumber,
o the National Master Plumber’s Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) and
o the plumbing profession.

D. ADMINISTRATION
E. HISTORY OF PLUMBING PRACTICE
F. NOTES
 

 
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
  

 
 
  

 
 
  

 
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
  

 
 

 
  

 
 

 
 

 
  

 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
  
 

 
JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

PIPES AND FITTINGS

Pipe – a cylindrical conduit or conductor conforming to the particular dimensions commonly
known as “pipe size” and is denoted by its interior diameter or I.D.

- National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

A cylindrical conduit or conductor conforming to the particular dimensions commonly

known as “pipe size”.

- Uniform Plumbing Code

Fitting – used to join two or more pipes together or to change their directions.

Drainage pipe – this is the pipe that conveys waste from the building to an approved point of
disposal.

Types of Drainage Pipes:

- Waste pipe
- Soil pipe
- Storm pipe
- Vent pipe

Waste pipe – a pipe which conveys only wastewater or liquid waste, free of fecal matter.

Soil pipe – any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures having
similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the building drain or
building sewer.

Storm pipe – a pipe which conveys the rainwater from the roof gutter to the downspout and
discharges it to the building storm drain.

Vent pipe – a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and
for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.

“Branch” is a pipe that runs horizontally.

“Stack” is a pipe that runs vertically.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Asbestos Cement Pipe – this kind of pipe is made of fibrous carcinogenic silicate mineral
combined with Portland cement. This pipe is remarkably superior for embedment in concrete
structure for having the same material properties. Used as soil pipe, waste pipe, vent and
downspout.

Types of Asbestos Cement Pipe:

1. Pressure A.C. pipe – is used for sewer mains, industrial effluent and process piping.
Working pressure ranges at 100, 150, and 200 psi.
2. Non-pressure A.C. pipe – is used for sewer castings for electric cables and as storm
drains.

Specifications:

Diameter: 75mm (3”) – 900mm (13”)

Length: 3.00m (10’) – 4.00m (13’) for 75mm,

100mm, 150mm

4.00m (13’) for 200mm

Grades: 1500, 2400, 3000, 4000, and 5000 lbs.

/ft.

Joints: rubber gasket joint and cement joint.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Cast Iron Soil Pipe (CISP) – made form an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon, with the controlled
amounts of manganese, sulfur and phosphorous. This is primarily used for sanitary drain, waste
and storm systems.

Classifications of Cast Iron Soil Pipe:

1. Class A/ extra heavy duty (XV) – is often used for underground installations.
2. Class B/ service weight (SV) – is used for general building installations.

Types of Cast Iron Soil Pipe:

1. Single hub – is constructed with one hub and one spigot end and used in the installation
of plumbing in its full length.
2. Double hub – is constructed with a hub on each end so it may be cut into two pieces
when a short piece of pipe is needed.
3. Hubless – are cast iron soil pipe with plain ends connected together with bolted stainless
steel bands and neoprene gaskets.

Specifications:

Diameter: 2”, 3”, 4”, 5”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12”, 15”

Length: 5’ and 10’

Hydrostatic Test: 50 psi for service weight (SV)

100 psi for extra heavy duty (XV)

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Types of Joints for Cast Iron Soil Pipe

- Lead and Oakum (calking)

- Neoprene Compression gasket
- Stainless Steel Coupling

“Oakum” hemp treated with pitch to make it moisture proof and resistant to the elements
contained in the waste.

“Calking” is plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials that are pounded into the
annular opening.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

“Hub” that portion of the pipe which, for a short distance, is sufficiently enlarged to receive the
end of another pipe of the same diameter for the purpose of making a caulked or push-on joint.
Also known as Bell.

“Spigot” the end of the pipe that fits into a bell.

Fittings for Cast Iron Soil Pipe

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Note:

National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Section 311 – Prohibited Fittings and Practices

311.1 No double hub fitting for lead-caulked joint in vertical position, single or double tee
branch; single or double tapped tee branch, side inlet quarter bend, running thread, band or
saddle shall be used as a drainage fitting, except that a double hub sanitary tapped tee may be
used on vertical lines as a fixture connection. (Approved stainless bands with neoprene gaskets
for jointing of hubless cast iron soil pipes are acceptable for use.)

Section 315 – Hangers and Supports

315.1 Vertical Piping

Attachment – vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipes in
alignment and carry its weight and contents.

315.1.1 Cast Iron Soil Pipe – Bell & Spigot and Hubless pipe shall be supported at every storey
or closer.

315.2 Horizontal Piping

315.2.2 Cast Iron Soil Pipe – where joints occur, suspended cast iron soil pipe shall be
supported at not more than 1.5 meters intervals; except that pipe exceeding 1.5 meters length,
may be supported at not more than 3 meters intervals. Supports shall be adequate to maintain
alignment and to prevent sagging and shall be placed within 0.45 meters of the hub or joint.
Hubless or compression gasket joints must be supported at least at every other joint except that
when the developed length between supports exceeds 1.2 meters, they shall be provided at each
joint. Support shall also be provided at each horizontal branch connection, placed on or
immediately adjacent to the coupling.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Concrete Pipe – Concrete pipe is cast in metal molds and compacted by tamping or spinning the
molds.

Types of Concrete Pipe:

1. Non-reinforced concrete pipe – is used for drainage, sewer lines and for gravity-flow
water supply lines of the joints are carefully made. Diameters of the pipe are available in
range from 100mm (4”) – 900mm (36”).
2. Reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) – is made by the addition of steel wire or steel bars and
is primarily used for sewage and storm drainage. Diameters of the pipe are available in
range from 300mm (12”) – 3600mm (144”).

Vitrified Clay Pipe – Vitrified clay pipe is extruded from a suitable grade of shale or clay
and fired in kilns producing an extremely hard and dense corrosion resistant material. It is
generally used for underground public sewer, house sewers, drainage (sanitary and storm)
systems and for industrial wastes such as acids.

Vitrified clay pipe is suitable for most gravity-flow systems and is not intended for pressure
service. It is brittle and cracks when laid on unstable ground or base.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Specifications:

Diameter: 100mm (4”) – 1050mm (42”)

Grades: standard, extra strength, and perforated

Joint: cement joint and pre-fabricated compression seals

Vitrified Clay Pipe Fittings

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe – is the cheapest among the sewer pipes. It is sometimes
recommended for house sewer and for septic tank installation. This type of pipe is light in
weight, slightly flexible which could take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or
pulling out from its joints. However, excessive hot water of chemical flow may soften or damage
the pipe.

Lead Pipe – one of the oldest plumbing materials used by the Egyptians, Greeks and the Roman
builders as soil and waste pipe. Lead is highly resistant to acid and is suitable for underground
installation. But because lead is poisonous and injurious to human health, it is never used to
convey water for human consumption.

Note:

National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Section 315 – Hangers and Supports

315.1 Vertical Piping

315.1.4 Lead Pipe – Shall be supported at intervals not exceeding 1.20 meters at centers with a
rigid vertical back-up.

315.2 Horizontal Piping

315.2.5 Lead Pipe – Shall be supported by stiff metal or wooden backing for its entire length
with hangers properly spaced.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Galvanized Steel Pipe – is made out from mild steel, drawn through a die and welded, cast into
6.00 meters long. This type of pipe is easily corroded by alkaline and acid water. The carbonic
acid in water attacks the zinc coating and ultimately the steel itself. It is subject to deposits of salt
and lime that gradually accumulate and finally choke the flow of water. Galvanized steel pipe
deteriorate faster when used as hot water supply line.

Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe – is better in quality than the galvanized steel pipe for
plumbing installation. Tests showed that wrought iron pipe is more resistant to acid waste than
the steel pipe.

Brass Pipe – is one of the most expensive types of pipe. This pipe is made of an alloy or zinc
and copper mixed at 15% and 85% proportion respectively. Because of its smooth interior
surface and high resistance to acid, brass pipe become superior material for waste and water
supply installations. Brass pipe fittings are of the recessed type similar in design with galvanized
steel pipe.

Copper Pipe – is a durable and extremely corrosive resistant material. It is easy to install
compared with other types of pipe. Copper pipe is classified into three types, depending upon its
wall thickness.

1. The K type is the heaviest. It is suitable for underground installation.

2. The L type is lighter than K type available in both the rigid and flexible form. It is
commonly used in residential water supply line and for radiant heating installations.
3. The M type is the thinnest and available only in a rigid form. This type of copper pipe is
specially designed for small water supply lines and for radiant heating installations.

Comparatively, copper pipe cost little more than steel pipe, but its fitting cost lesser than that of
the steel pipe. And because of its very smooth interior surface, one size smaller pipe could be
used instead, without substantial reduction of liquid flow.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Note:

National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Section 1403 – Use of Copper Tubing

1403.1 Copper tubes for underground and above ground drainage and vent piping’s shall have a
weight of not less than that of copper drainage tube, type Drainage Waste & Vent (DWV)
specifications.

1403.2 Copper tube shall not be used for piping carrying chemical or industrial wastes as defined
in Section 811 of the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines.

1403.3 Copper tube for water supply piping shall have a weight of not less than “L”.

Exception: type M copper tubing may be used for water piping when piping is above
ground inside or atop a building, or underground outside of structures with outside protective
coating.

1403.4 In addition to the required incised marking, all hard drawn copper tubing shall be marked
by means of a continuous and indelibly colored stripe at least 6.4mm in width, as follows:

Type K, green

Type L, blue

Type M, red

Type DWV, yellow

1403.5 Listed flexible copper water connectors shall be installed in exposed location, unless
otherwise listed.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Plastic Pipes – is available in compositions designed for various application including drain,
waste and vent (DWV). It was introduced in the Philippines at the early part of 1970, although
this type of material was developed in Germany in mid-year of 1935.

Basic types of Plastic Pipe

1. Thermoset Plastic – has the property of being permanently rigid. Epoxy and fiber glass
are example.
2. Thermo Plastic – is a material having the property of softening when heated and
hardening when cooled.

Thermoset Curing Process

Thermoset plastics contain polymer that cross-link together during the curing process to form an
irreversible chemical bond. The cross-linking process eliminates the risk of the product remelting
when heat is applied, making thermosets ideal for high-heat application such as electronics and
appliances.

Features & Benefits

Thermoset plastics significantly improve the material’s mechanical properties, providing

enhances chemical resistance, heat resistance and structural integrity. Thermoset plastics are
often used for sealed products due to their resistance to deformation.

Pros Cons
More resistant to high temp. than thermoplastic Cannot be recycled
Highly flexible design More difficult to surface finish
Thick to thin wall capabilities Cannot be remolded or shaped
Excellent aesthetic appearance
High levels of dimensional stability
Cost-effective

Thermoplastics Curing Process

Thermoplastics pellets soften when heated and become more fluid as additional heat is applied.
The curing process is completely reversible as no chemical bonding takes place. This
characteristic allows thermoplastic to be remolded and recycled without negatively affecting the
material’s physical properties.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Features & Benefits

There are multiple thermoplastic resins that offer various performance benefits, but most
materials commonly offer high strength, shrink-resistance and easy bendability. Depending on
the resin, thermoplastics can serve low-stress applications such as plastic bags or high-stress
mechanical parts.

Pros Cons
Highly recyclable Generally more expensive
Aesthetically-superior finishes Can melt if heated
High-impact resistance
Remolding/ reshaping capabilities
Chemical resistant
Hard crystalline or rubbery surface options
Eco-friendly manufacturing

Types of Plastic Pipes for Drainage System

1. Polyethylene (PE) – the high density P.E. spiral pipe (HDPE) is used as drainage and
sewer pipe for housing complex, playground, golf course, industrial farm and stock farm.
It is sufficiently flexible to follow ground contours of snake around obstacles.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

HDPE Spiral Pipe

Specifications:

Diameter: 100mm (4”) –

900mm (36”) Color Black

Joint: Screw-type couplings

HDPE Pipe Fittings

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

2. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) – is a thermoplastic type which is composed of molecules of

polymers. Each molecule is a long chain made of carbon, hydrogen and other atoms
which are melted down and molded.

Types of PVC Pipes used for Drainage

1. uPVC Sanitary pipes (unplasticized) – is designed for above and underground sanitary
piping system. It is ideal for drain, waste and vent (DWV) installation.
2. uPVC Sewer Pipe – can be used for main sewer system and other underground waste
piping system which requires big diameter pipes.

uPVC actually stands for unplasticized polyvinyl chloride. uPVC is also commonly known as
rigid PVC and it is called this because it is hard and does not flex. This material doesn’t not
contain any phthalates or BPA (substances added to plastics to increase their flexibility,
transparency, durability, and longevity) so it is actually quite safe.

Specifications:

Diameter: 150mm (6”) –

200mm (8”) rubber ring
joint

250mm (10”) – 315mm

(12”) solvent cement joint

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Nipple – a short piece of pipe, threaded on the outside (male threads) at both ends, used to join
coupling or other fittings.

1. Short nipple – below 75mm in length. Also known as shoulder nipple.

2. Long nipple – over 75mm in length.
3. Close nipple – where threading meet.

Couple – a short internally threaded (female thread) at both ends and used to connect two pipes
in straight line.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Elbow – a pipe fitting having a bend and makes an angle of 90° or 45° between adjacent pipes
for a change in direction. It is also known as ell or straight elbow.

1. Reducing elbow – joints two pipes of different diameters at right angle of each other.
When specifying reducer fittings, the bigger diameter is stated first, followed by the
smaller diameter. (Ex. Reducing elbow, 25mm x 20mm).

2. Street elbow – an elbow fitting having a 45° or 90° bend with an inside thread on one
end and outside thread on the other. It is also known as service ell or street ell.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Tee – a “t-shaped” pipe fitting that joins 3 or 4 pipes at perpendicular directions.

1. Straight tee
2. Straight cross tee
3. Reducing tee
4. Reducing cross tee

Riser – water supply pipe, which extends vertically to one full story or more to convey water into
pipe branches or plumbing fixtures.

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Reducer – a pipe coupling with inside threads, having one end with a smaller diameter than the
other and used for connecting pipes of different size. Both openings have the same center line.

Bushing – a pipe fitting which is threaded on both the inside and the outside and used to reduce
the size of the pipe opening to receive a pipe of fitting of a different size.

Plug – is used to close an opening in a fitting.

Cap – is used to close the end of a pipe.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

Union – a three piece pipe fitting used to connect the ends of two pipes, neither of which can be
turned. It is also used on pipes that are to be taken down occasionally. Its parts are:

1. Shoulder piece
2. Center piece
3. Thread piece

Flange – a ring shaped plate screwed on the end of a pipe and provide with holes for bolts, to
allow joining the pipe to a similarly equipped adjoining pipe. The resulting joint is a flanged
joint.

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Valves
Valves are used to control the flow of water throughout the supply system. The proper location
of valves simplifies repairs to the system, fixtures, or equipment being served.

There are usually valves at:

1. Pipes in individual fixture or equipment

2. Branches
3. Risers

Types of valves

1. Gate valve – a valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disc
fitted against machine-smoothed faces, at right angles to the direction of flow. The disk is
raised or lowered by means of a threaded stem connected to the handle of the valve. The
opening in the valves is usually as large as the full bore of the pipe.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

2. Globe valve – a valve in which the flow of fluid is cut off by means of a circular disc that
fits over and against the horizontal valve seat. The movement of the plane of disc is
parallel to the normal direction of the flow of water through the orifice resulting to a
tortuous passage which offers a high pressure loss.

Three types of globe valve

Plug type disc valve – has a wide bearing surface producing good resistance to the
cutting effects of scale, dirt and other kind of foreign matter found inside the pipe.
Conventional disc valve – has a pressure tight bearing between the disc and the seat
recommended for cold water supply and temperature service.
Composition disc valve – is used for various types of service on oil, gasoline, steam, and
hot or cold water.

3. Butterfly valve – have a disc that is equal in size to the inside diameter of the pipe. This
disc is attached to a lever handle that rotates the disc, which adjust the flow of water. The
main drawback to butterfly valve is that the control disc is always present within the flow
of water (even when fully open) so there will always be a pressure drop when using them.
Butterfly valve allow for fairly precise control of flow. They typically rely on a gasket to
provide a full seal, which can become a maintenance issue.

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4. Diaphragm valve – a diaphragm valve is similar to a gate valve in that there is a wheel
or knob that moves an element in the valve fitting, which limits the flow of water. In a
diaphragm valve, the element is a diaphragm that settles down over a saddle, thus
stopping water flow. The diaphragm below is a weir-type diaphragm valve, where water
passes over a weir. There is also a straight-type diaphragm valve, which doesn’t force
water over a weir.

5. Check valve – a valve that automatically closes to prevent the flow of liquid or gas in a
reverse direction.

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6. Angle valve – operates in the same manner as the globe valve. It is available in similar
range of disc and seat design. Angle valve is used in making 90˚ turn in a line to reduce
the number of joints.

7. Ball valve – are made with a rotating sphere that has in it. In the open position, the hole
in the sphere is in line with the pipe. When closed, the hole in the sphere is perpendicular
to the pipe. The lever handle operates the valve, but also serves as an indicator for
whether the valve is open or closed. When the lever is parallel to the pipe, the valve is
open. Ball valves do not allow for precise flow control because they usually have positive
stops (0˚, 45˚, 90˚), but they do provide a very good seal in the closed position.
8. Faucet/ Bibb – a valve located at the end of a water pipe through of which water can be
drawn from or held within the pipe.
9. Pressure relief valve – A safety valve is a valve mechanism which automatically
releases a substance from a boiler, pressure vessel, or other system, when the pressure or
temperature exceeds preset limits.
10. Pressure balanced valve – pressure balance valves are used to maintain a constant
temperature of water in domestic showers or bathtubs. A diaphragm within the valve
allows the operator to set mixing of hot and cold water, however in the event of a
pressure drop of cold water (for instance, if a toilet nearby is flushed), the diaphragm will
shift to limit an excessive flow of hot water. Many jurisdictions require pressure balanced
valves in domestic bathrooms and showers to prevent accidental scalding.
11. Safety valve – is used on cold water systems, heating systems, compressed airlines, and
other pipelines with excessive pressure.
12. Flushometer valve – is a device, which discharges a predetermined quantity of water
into fixtures for flushing purposes and is actuated by direct water pressure.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

13. Foot valve – is located at the lower end of the pump used to prevent loss of priming the
pump. It is sometimes referred to as retention valve.
14. Corporation stop – is inserted into the water main. It is serves as a control of the water
service. And also serve as a shut off, when the service is disconnected.
15. Curb stop – is installed between the curb and the sidewalk line accessible to cast iron
stop box equipped with removable cover. It serves as control stop of the service between
the curb and building. It shut off water supply in case the basement becomes flooded.

16. Meter stop – a valve placed at the street side of the water meter and serves as a
controlling device for the building installation.

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17. Zone valve – zone valves are used in hydronic heating and cooling systems to control the
flow of water of steam. For instance, they may be provided in different rooms, different
floors, or different dwelling units so that each space can have local control over the
heating or cooling. In most applications, zone valves are electrically controlled and are
connected to a thermostat so that automatic control is achieved.
18. Locking valve – almost any type of valve can be locked to avoid accidental or intentional
opening or closing. However, valves with lever-type handles allow for more secure
locking control. Locking valves provide aligning holes that a lock can be passed through
to stop rotation of the handle. There are also locks designed to be attached to non-locking
valves to prevent adjustment.

Rising stem valve – a type of gate valve in which the valve stem and disk rise together when
valve is opened.

Non-rising stem valve – a type of gate valve in which the valves stem doesn’t rise together
when valve is open.

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Regulators
Air gap (drainage) – the unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the
lowest opening from any pipe, plumbing fixture, appliance or appurtenance conveying waste to
the flood level rim of the receptor.

Air gap (water distribution) – an unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere
between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet conveying potable water to the flood-level
rim of any tank, lavatory or fixture.

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Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker (AVB) – consist of a body, a checking member and an

atmospheric opening.

Double Check Valve Backflow Prevention Assembly (DC) – consist of two independently
acting internally or externally loaded check valves, four properly located test cocks with
connectors and two isolation gate valves.

Pressure Vacuum Breaker Backflow Prevention Assembly (PVB) – consists of a loaded air
inlet valve, an internally loaded check valve, two properly located test cocks and two isolation
gate valves.

Reduced Pressure Principle Backflow Prevention Assembly (RP) – consists of two

independently acting internally loaded check valves, a different pressure relief valve, four
properly located test cocks and two isolation gate valves.

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Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker

Double Check Valve Backflow Prevention Assembly

Pressure Vacuum Breaker Backflow Prevention Assembly

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Plumbing Fixtures
Plumbing Fixtures – are approved-type installed receptacles, devices or appliances supplied
with water or receive liquid or liquid-borne wastes and discharge such wastes into the drainage
system to which they may be directly or indirectly connected. Industrial or commercial tanks,
vats and similar processing equipment are not plumbing fixtures, but may be connected to or
discharged into approved traps or plumbing fixtures as provided in the National Plumbing Code
of the Philippines.

Plumbing Appurtenance – a manufactured device or a prefabricated assembly or an on-the-job

assembly of components parts, and serves as adjunct to the basic piping system and plumbing
fixtures. An appurtenance demands no additional water supply nor does it add any discharge load
to a fixture or the drainage system. It performs some useful functions in the operation,
maintenance, servicing, economy or safety of the plumbing system.

Plumbing Appliance – any one of a special class of device or equipment intended to perform a
special plumbing function. Its operation and/or control may be dependent upon one or more
energized components, such as motors, controls, heating elements and pressure-temperature-
sensing elements. Such device or equipment may operate automatically through one or more of
the following actions: a time cycle, a temperature range, a pressure range, a measured volume or
weight; or the device or equipment may be manually adjusted or controlled by the user or
operator.

Common Types of Plumbing Fixtures used in Residences

- Water closet
- Lavatory
- Kitchen sink
- Urinal
- Bidet
- Bath tub

Water Closet – a plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to discharge it
through a waste pipe, using water as a conveying medium. Water closets are classified according
to design, make, flushing mechanism, shape and installation.

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JPT Review Notes for Master Plumber Board Exam Prepared by: Arch. Jerald B. Seriosa

A. Types of Water Closet as to Design

1. Siphon Washdown – the least expensive but the
noisiest; only small amount of standing water
susceptible to fouling, staining and contamination. It is
mechanically satisfactory and is lower in price. Hence,
it is widely used and entirely acceptable where price is
the main consideration.

2. Siphon Jet – the jet being submerged introduces its water

underwater so that its operation is entirely muffled. It has a
large amount of standing water to prevent fouling. It is
mechanically efficient but expensive.

3. Siphon Vortex – this this type of bowl develops its

flushing action through the water entering through diagonal
holes around the rim which creates a swirling action which
forms a vortex in the center. It is considered to be the most
quiet, most efficient and most sanitary water closet.

4. Reverse Trap - the trap way located at the rear of the water
closet eliminated the buldge at the front. The design and
appearance of the bowl plus its large water area and quietness
in operation, make it desirable than siphon wash down.

B. Types of Water Closet as to make

- One-piece
- Close Coupled
- Pail Flush
- Squat bowl
1. One-piece Water Closet – The water closet fixture is manufactured with the bowl and
the flush tank molded into a single unit. Usually used in tandem with the bidet.

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2. Closed Coupled Water Closet – a water closet where in the flush tank is separate but is
attached to the toilet bowl. It is a two-piece model.

3. Pail Flush Water Closet – a water closet comprising only of a bowl without a flush tank.
Flushing action is obtained only through water poured from a pail or bucket. This is used
in areas where running water systems are not available.

4. Squat Bowl Water – A water closet that is otherwise known as “Eastern type” since the
user assumes a squatting position rather than a sitting position.

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C. Types of Water Closet as to Flushing Mechanism

1. Flush Tank – a holds a supply of water for flushing a fixture such as the water closet. It
has a capacity of 5 to 6 gallons.

2. Flush Valve – valve designed to supply a fixed quantity of water for flushing purposes. It
is activated by direct water pressure without the use of a flush tank. It is also known as
Flushometer or Flushometer valve. The flush valve requires 10 to 20 psi flow pressure.

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D. Types of Water Closet as to Shape

1. Round Front – intended for installation on a limited space.

2. Elongated Front – is more comfortable but occupies a larger space.

E. Types of Water Closet as to Installation

1. Free Standing (Flour Mounted)

2. Wall Hung (Wall Mounted)

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Note:

National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Section 407 – Installation

407.1 Cleaning – plumbing fixture shall be installed in a manner to provide easy access for
repair and cleaning. Where practical, all pipes from fixtures shall be run parallel and dose to the
nearest wall or building line.
407.2 Joints – where a fixture comes in contact with the wall or floor, the joint between the
fixture and wall or floor shall be made watertight.
407.3 Securing Fixtures – floor outlet or floor mounted fixtures shall be rigidly secured on the
drainage connection and floor when so designed with the use of adequately-sized screws or
expansion bolts of copper, brass or other equally corrosion-resistant material.
407.4 Wall-Hung Fixtures – wall-hung fixtures shall be rigidly supported by metal supporting
members or chairs so that no bending or pullout strain is transmitted to the wall. Approved non
corrosive screws or bolts shall secure water closet and urinal flush tanks and similar
appurtenances.
407.5 Setting – fixtures shall be set level and in proper alignment with reference to adjacent
walls. No water closet or bidet shall be set closer than 0.375 meter from its center to any side
wall or obstruction nor closer than 0.75 meter center to center to any similar fixture. No urinal
shall be set closer than 0.3 meter from its center to any sidewall or partition nor closer than 0.6
meter center to center.
407.6 Supply Fittings – the supply lines or fittings for every plumbing fixture shall be installed
to prevent backflow.

Plumbing Fixture Materials Gen. Requirements

a. Quality of Fixtures
- Dense
- Durable
- Non-absorbent
- Smooth, Impervious Surface
- Free from unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces
b. Minimum Trap Diameter and DFU (Drainage Fixture Unit) Value
- Water closet private installation – 76mm ø (3”), 4 DFU
- Water closet public installation – 76mm ø (3”), 6 DFU
c. Size of Water Supply and WSFU (Water Supply Fixture Unit) Value
- Water closet, flush tank – 12mm ø (1/2”), 3 WSFU (Private), 5 WSFU
(Public)
- Water closet, flush valve – 25mm ø (1”), 6 WSFU (Private), 10 WSFU
(Public)
d. Minimum size of Vent
- The minimum size of vent for water closet is 51mm ø (2”)

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e. Ventilation of T&B
- Ceiling mount exhaust fan duct type
- Thermal exhaust fan
f. Tiles in terms of Design for T&B
- 200mm x 200mmfor ceramic (unglazed)

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Lavatory – a fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face. It is also known as wash
basin.

Types of Lavatory

1. Wall Hung Lavatory

2. Pedestal Lavatory

3. Counter Type Lavatory

a. Over Counter a. b.
b. Under Counter

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4. One-Piece Lavatory

Minimum Lavatory Clearance

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Material for Lavatories

- Vitreous China
- Enameled Cast Iron
- Stainless Steel
- Plastic
a. Minimum trap diameter and DFU Value
- Wash basin, in sets – 38mm ø, 2 DFU
- Wash basin, single – 38mm ø, 1 DFU
b. Size of Water Supply Pipe and WSFU Value
- Lavatory – 12mm ø, 1 WSFU (Private
use), 2 WSFU (Public use)
c. Minimum size of Vent for Lavatory
- The minimum size of vent for lavatory is 32mm ø

50. Drain

14. Sink Rim

52. Rubber Gasket

12. Sink Basin

16. Sink Walls

18. Bore

10. Sink Assembly

24. Coupler

20. Counter Top

22. Counter Top Bore

42. Nut

54. Light Source

46. Water Drain Pipe

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Bidet – a plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, especially the genitals.
It is also known as the Sitz Bath.

- Setting and clearance for bidet shall be the same as in the water closet.
- Bidet minimum trap diameter is 38mm ø (1 ½”) and its DFU value is 2.
- Size of water supply is 12mm ø and WSFU is 2 (private) or 4 (public).

Bath tub – a tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing installation designed for one person. It is
available in left outlet and right outlet.

- Minimum size of vent is 38mm ø (1 ½”).

- Bathtub minimum trap diameter is 38mm ø (1 ½”) and the DFU value is 2.
- Size of supply pipe is 12mm ø and WSFU value is 2 (private) and 4 (public).

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Note:

National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Section 411 – Whirlpool Bathtubs

Unless otherwise listed, all whirlpool bathtubs shall comply with the following requirements:

a. A removable panel of sufficient dimension shall be provided for access to the pump,
b. The circulation pump shall be located above the crown weir of the trap,
c. The pump and the circulation piping shall be self-draining to minimize water retention;
d. Suction fittings on whirlpool bathtubs shall comply with the listed standards.

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Urinal – a sanitary fixture equipped with a water supply and drain for flushing away urine.

Types of Urinal

1. Wall hung Urinal

2. Pedestal Urinal

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3. Stall Urinal

4. Through Urinal

a. Minimum Trap Diameter and DFU Value

- Urinal, wall-mounted – 51mm ø (2”), 6 DFU
- Urinal, Stall – 51mm ø (2”), 6 DFU
- Urinal, Trap arm – 51mm ø 3 DFU
b. Size of Supply Pipe and WSFU
- Urinal, Wall-mounted – 19mm ø (3/4”), 5 WSFU
- Urinal, Stall – 19mm ø (3/4”), 5 WSFU
c. Minimum Size of Vent
- The minimum size of vent is 38mm ø

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Sinks

Minimum Trap Diameter and DFU Value

- Kitchen Sink (residential); 51mm ø minimum waste pipe, trap 38mm ø, 2

DFU
- Bar Sink (commercial); 51mm ø minimum waste pipe, trap 38mm ø, 2 DFU
- Bar Sink (private); 38mm ø minimum waste pipe, trap 38mm ø, 1 DFU
- Sink (commercial, industrial, institutional); 58mm ø minimum waste pipe,
trap 38mm ø, 3 DFU
- Sink (clinic); Flushing Rim; trap 76mm ø, 6 DFU
- Service sink (slop); trap 51mm ø, 3 DFU
- Laundry tub; trap 38mm ø, 2 DFU

Size of Supply Pipe and WSFU Value

- Kitchen sink; 38mm ø, 2 WSFU (private), 4 WSFU (public)

- Scullery sink; 38mm ø, 2 WSFU (private), 4 WSFU (public)
- Slop sink; 38mm ø, 2 WSFU (private), 10 WSFU (public)
- Laundry sink; 38mm ø, 2 WSFU (private), 4 WSFU (public)
- Bar sink; 38mm ø, 1 WSFU (private), 2 WSFU (public)

Drinking Fountain

- Minimum trap diameter is 31mm and DFU value is 1.

- Size of waste supply is 12mm ø and the WSFU value (each faucet) is 1
(private), 2 (public).
- Minimum size of vent is 32mm ø (1 ¼”)

Shower Bath

- Minimum trap diameter is 51mm and the DFU value is 2.

- Size of water supply is 12mm ø and the WSFU value (each head) is 2
(private) or 4 (public).
- Minimum size of vent is 38mm ø.

Floor Drains

- Minimum trap diameter is 51mm and the DFU value is 2.

Hose Bibb

- Size of water supply is 12mm ø and the WSFU value is 3 (private) or 5

(public)

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Kitchen Sink – a plumbing fixtures usually consisting of a basin with a water supply, connected
with a drain.

Types of Kitchen Sink

a. Single Bowl- Single Drain

b. Double Bowl- Single Drain

c. Double Bowl- Double Drain

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d. Triple Bowl

e. Corner Sink

Other Plumbing Fixtures

a. Slop Sink – A deep sink, usually set low and used by janitors for emptying pails of dirty
water and mop cleaning.
b. Drinking Fountain – A fixture consisting of a shallow basin, together with a water jet
designed to provide potable water for human consumption.
c. Laundry Tub – A deep wide sink or but used for washing clothes. It is also known as
Laundry Tray or Set Tub.
d. Shower Bath – An apparatus for spraying water on the body, usually from above. Drain is
through the shower bath floor drain.
e. Scrub Sink – A plumbing fixture usually located in the operating room in a hospital to
enable personnel to scrub their hands prior to a surgical procedure; the hot and cold water
supply is activated by a knee-action mixing valve or by wrist or pedal control.

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Plumbing Accessories

- Soap holder

- Paper holder
- Toothbrush and tumbler holder

- Towel holder/ towel bar

- Seat cover

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Typical Fixture Layout for Toilet and Bath (minimum dimensions)

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Toilet Fixture Clearances for Disabled Persons (BP 344 the Accessibility Law)

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Grab Rail Heights at Urinals

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Mounting Dimensions for Toilet & Bathroom Accessories

Mounting Dimensions of Accessories and Fittings at Shower Area

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Mounting Dimensions of Lavatory Accessories

Mounting Dimensions of Accessories and Fittings at Bath tub/ Shower

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Pumps
Water Supply

Classification of Pumps

1. Reciprocating Pumps
a. Lift pumps
b. Piston or plunger pumps
c. Deep-well piston pumps
2. Centrifugal Pumps
a. Submersible pump
3. Deep-weel jet pumps
4. Hydraulic Rams
5. Hydropneumatic pressure system

Reciprocating pump – a pump which operates with a to- and –fro motion.

a. Lift Pump – the simplest of the reciprocating pumps and consists of a piston moving up
and down in a cylinder or barrel. A lift pump cannot be used to raise water above 7.50 to
8.50 meter at a normal atmospheric pressure (101 kPa) due to:
- Friction in the intake pipe
- Loss of efficiency in the pump
- Impossible to obtain a perfect vacuum

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b. Piston or Plunger Pump – is a positive displacement reciprocating pump in which a

plunger is driven backwards and forwards, or up and down by a mechanical working
head.

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c. Deep-well piston pump – when water is more than 7.5m below the ground, it is visually
necessary to place the pump in or near the water in the well and pump from there. Water
is forced up the drop pipe and out into the delivery pipe.

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Reciprocating Pump Fault Findings

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Centrifugal Pumps – Basically consist of a stationary pump casing and an impeller mounted on
a rotating shaft. The pump casing provides a pressure boundary for the pump and contains
channels to properly direct the suction and discharge flow. The pump casing has suction and
discharge penetrations for the main flow path of the pump and normally has small drain and vent
fittings to remove gases trapped in the pump casing or to drain the pump casing for maintenance.

The illustration directly below is a simplified diagram of a typical centrifugal pump that shows
the relative locations of the pump suction, impeller, volute, and discharge. The centrifugal pump
casing guides the liquid from the suction connection to the center, or eye, of the impeller. The
vanes of the rotating impeller impart a radial and rotary motion to the liquid, forcing it to the
outer periphery of the pump casing where it is collected in the outer part of the pump casing
called the volute. The volute is a region that expands in cross – sectional area as it wraps around
the pump casing. The purpose of the volute is to collect the liquid discharged from the periphery
of the impeller at high velocity and gradually cause a reduction in fluid velocity by increasing the
flow area. This converts the velocity head to static pressure. The fluid is then discharged from
the centrifugal pump through the discharge connection.

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Submersible Pump – is basically a centrifugal pump complete with electric motors which are
positioned under water in a suitable bored hole that delivers the water to the surface.

Important considerations for accurate submersible pump selection.

1. Well diameter- indicates the size of pump to be installed.

2. Well depth- indicates the static water level. The vertical distance from the surface (datum
line) to the water level when no water is being pumped.
3. Pumping Water level- the vertical distance from the datum to the water level when
specified capacity is being pumped.
4. Drawdown- vertical distance between pumping and static water levels.
5. Head above datum- indicates the total discharge head (static plus friction) between datum
line and point of measurement.
6. Pump capacity- volume rate flow expressed in cubic meters per hour or liters per second
to be produced by the pump.
7. Pump setting- the nominal vertical distance (in meters) from datum to the discharge pipe
connection at the pump.
8. Water composition- make-up of the water to be pumped.
9. Type of drive- specification of the average power source (single phase or 3 phases).
10. Allowable motor overload- percentage of rated motor main plate power (in kilowatts or
horsepower) that will be permitted to be used.

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Centrifugal Pumps Fault Findings

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Deep Well Jet Pump – A pump consisting of a revolving impeller in the pump housing which
forces water down a pressure line to an ejector assembly below water level.

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Hydraulic Ram or Ram Pump – A pump in which the power generated from flowing in an
enclosed pipe is used to raise part of the water to a height above that from which the flow began.

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Definite Conditions required for hydraulic Ram to work effectively

1. The fall (h) must be more than 0.66m, but should not exceed 6m.
2. The drive pipe should be straight and laid to an even grade, and its length should be 6 to 8
times the available fall. The drive pipe must be long enough to ensure that when the
recoil of water takes place more resistance is offered by removing water in the drive pipe
than by the delivery valve and the water immediately above it.
3. The amount of water available should be at least 10 times the required supply and there
must be a getaway for the waste water.
4. The height (H) to which the water is to be delivered should not, in general, be more than
6 to 8 times the available fall.
5. As a rule, the diameter of the drive pipe should be at least twice the diameter of the
delivery pipe.

Calculation

In calculating for the quantity of water delivered by a hydraulic ram, use the formula:

q= Q x h x e/ H

Where:

q= Quantity (in liters) delivered from the ram in a given time

Q= Quantity (in liters) flowing to the ram in the same time

h= Head (in meters) of water on inlet side of ram

H= Height (in meters)

e= Efficiency

Sample Problem

To supply a ram, 300 liters of water per hour are available. The head of the ram is 2.00m
and the height to which is raised is 6.00mm if the ram is assumed to have an efficiency of 60%,
what quantity of water will be delivered per hour?

SOLUTION:

q= Q x h x e/ H q= 60 liters per hour

= (300)(2)(0.60)/ 6

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Hydro pneumatic Pressure System – A pumping system that provide water, within pre-set flow
and pressure ratings, automatically on demand.

Elements of Hydro pneumatic System

1. A pump (of any type or manufacturer)

2. A pressure sensing electric switch- opens and closes the electrical contacts causing the
pump to stop and start.
3. Pressure vessel which contains an elastic medium, usually air.

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In the pumping of water, the following are to be considered:

1. Mass of water to be lifted

2. The height through which it must be lifted or forced.
3. The distance it must travel in moving from one place to another.
4. The ways in which in water may be affected by friction.

Pressure – is defined as force per unit area, the area being measured at right angles to directon
of the force. The unit of pressure N/m2 is called Pascal (Pa). Kilo Pascal (kPa) and Mega Pascal
(MPa) are commonly used.

Head – is the height or vertical distance from the point of measurement to the free level of water
in the system.

a. Positive Head – occurs when the free water level is higher than the point of
measurement.

b. Negative Head – occurs where the free water level is lower than the point of
measurement. It is also known as suction, partial vacuum or negative pressure.

Classification of Heads

There are different kinds of head according to their effect on pumping operations.

1. Static Discharge Head or Gravity Head – results from the vertical height of a column
of water. It is the weight of water exerted as a result of the force of gravity. In pumping
operations, it is the vertical distance (in meters) from the center line of the pump to the
point of free discharge.
2. Pressure Head – the vertical height to which a given pressure will force water to a
certain level.
3. Suction Lift – the term used when the source of supply is below the center line of the
pump.
4. Static Suction Lift – the vertical distance (in meters) from the liquid level to the center
line of the pump.
5. Total Suction Lift – the static suction lift plus friction head in the entire suction pipe and
fittings.
6. Suction Head – the term used when the source of supply is above the center line of the
pump. Also known as flooded suction.
7. Static Suction Head – the vertical distance (in meters) from the center line of the pump
to the level of the liquid being pumped.

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8. Total Suction Head – the static suction head minus the friction head in the entire suction
pipe and fittings.
9. Total Discharge Head - the static delivery head plus the friction head plus the friction
head in all of the delivery pipe and fittings.
10. Velocity Head – the head required to accelerate the water in the delivery pipe. It should
be included in the total pump head but it so nominal that it is usually ignored.
11. Total Pump Head – the total suction lift plus the total delivery plus the velocity head.

There are a few different types of pumps used in plumbing applications to remove excess water
and unwanted wastewater.

The most commonly used pumps include:

1. Sump pumps
2. Effluent pumps
3. Sewage pumps
4. Grinder pumps

a. Sump Pumps
- Used to remove excess water in sump pits (also known as basins).
- Commonly used in flood-prone basements of homes.
- Sump pumps are either submersible or pedestal.
- Submersible pumps work while under water.
- Pedestal pumps are held up by supports and start operating when water
reaches a certain level.

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b. Effluent Pumps
- Used to transfer effluent wastewater, which is the gray wastewater left over
after solids have settled.
- Commonly used in septic line and sanitary sump drainage applications.

c. Sewage Pumps
- Used to remove liquids that contain solid pieces up to about 2 inches wide
without getting clogged.
- Commonly used in sewerage, septic line, and drainage applications.

d. Grinder Pumps
- Used to break down solids into smaller pieces before being passed through.
- Commonly used in light commercial and residential applications for
wastewater from appliances (toilets, washing machines, bathtubs, etc.) to pass
through.

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Septic Tank
Septic Tank – a water-tight receptacle which receives the discharge of a sanitary plumbing
system or part thereof, designed and constructed to retain solids, digest organic matter through a
period of detention and to allow the liquids to discharge into the soil outside of the tank through
a system of open-jointed sub-surface piping’s or a seepage pit meeting the requirements of the
National Plumbing Code of the Philippines.

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The main function of a septic tank is to liquefy and precipitate solid waste purifying
odorous materials. Sewage that was discharge into the tank is retained. And during its retention
period, about 60% - 70% of the suspended solid of the sewage is removed largely by
sedimentation to form a semi-liquid substance called sludge. The sludge accumulates at the
bottom of the septic tank. Parts of the solids are formed into floating scum. Both the scum and
the sludge are processed by anaerobic bacteria and transforming them into liquid and gases.

This process called digestion. The digestion the solid matter is reduced in size and
consequently changed in character. The septic therefore, combines two processes; sedimentation
in the upper portion of the tank and anaerobic decomposition of the accumulated sludge at the
bottom.

Decomposition of organic matter from human waste is a bacteriological process caused

by:

- Aerobic bacteria called aerobes

- Anaerobic bacteria called anaerobes
- Facultative bacteria

The life process of Aerobic bacteria is in the presence of material oxygen. The
Anaerobic bacteria on the other hand, functions in the absence of free oxygen. Likewise,
Facultative bacteria also functions even with or without free oxygen. These three types of
bacteria have no relation to disease. They thrive naturally in sewage, and will function when
conditions are favorable in terms of:

- Food Supply
- Temperature
- Moisture

However, even when conditions are favorable, these bacteria will cease to exist in the
presence of antiseptics or disinfectants. And to discharge large amount of volume of waste and
water containing disinfectants, oil and grease into the septic tank will affect and disturb the
bacterial activities therein and may then destroy the purpose for which the septic tank is
constructed.

Human waste or excreta are decomposed, until the organic matters are transformed into
materials that could no longer be utilized by the bacteria in their life process. The process of
decomposition is regarded as stabilization.

Decomposition caused by anaerobic bacteria which is sometimes referred to as putrefaction, is

accompanied by bad odors. On the other hand, aerobic decomposition is not accompanied by
unpleasant odor. A sewage that turns dark and smell unpleasantly due to anaerobic

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decomposition is called Septic. Decomposition caused by aerobic bacteria is accomplished with

no definite time and could be within a matter of hours.

Gasses that are produce inside the Septic Tank

There are different gases produced inside the septic tank ranging from organic to non-organic
gases. These gases are:

- Methane gas (CH4) is a combination of hydrogen and carbon, a principal

component of natural gas.
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is combination of carbon and oxygen. It is the simplest
oxide of carbon.
- Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a by-product of methane, classified as poisonous
gas.
- Hydrogen (H2) evolves as a moist gas from organic waste.
- Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is a colorless gas with offensive odor.
- Sulfur Dioxide (HO2) is also a colorless gas having an irritating odor.

These gases are discharge into the atmosphere through the ventilation pipe.

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It is VITALLY IMPORTANT to open and inspect your septic tank at least every three
(3) years, to make sure that the baffles are intact and functional.

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Note:

National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Appendix B: Private Sewage Disposal Systems

B.5 Septic Tank Construction

B.5.1 Plans for all septic tank shall be submitted to the Administrative Authority for approval.
Such plans shall show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural calculations, and such other
pertinent data as may be required.

B.5.2 Septic tanks design shall be such as to produce a clarified effluent consistent with
accepted standards and shall provide adequate space for sludge and scum accumulations.

B.5.3 Septic tank shall be constructed of solid durable materials, not subject to excessive
corrosion or decay and shall be watertight.

B.5.4 Septic tank shall have a minimum of two (2) compartments. The inlet compartment of
any septic tank shall be not less than two-thirds (2/3) of the total capacity of the tank, nor less
than 2m³ liquid capacity, and shall be at least 0.90 meters in width and 1.5 meters in length.
Liquid depth shall be not less than 0.60 meters or more than 1.80 meters. The Secondary
compartment of any septic tank shall have a minimum capacity of 1m³ and a maximum capacity
of one-third (1/3) of the total capacity of such tank. In septic tanks having over 6m³ capacity, the
secondary compartment may be not less than 1.50 meters in length.

B.5.5 Access to each septic tank shall be provided by at least two (2) manholes 508 mm in
minimum dimension or by an equivalent removable cover slab. One access manhole shall be
located over the inlet and one (1) access manhole shall be located over the outlet. Wherever a
first compartment exceeds 3.7 meters in length, ail additional manhole shall be provided over the
baffle wall.

B.5.6 the inlet and outlet pipe openings shall be not less in size than the connecting sewer pipe.
The vertical leg of a round inlet and outlet fitting shall not be less in size than the connecting
sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 millimeters. A baffle type fitting shall have the equivalent cross-
sectional area of the connecting sewer pipe and not less than a 106.6 millimeters horizontal
dimension when measured at the inlet and outlet pipe inverts.

B.5.7 The inlet and outlet pipe or baffle shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm
below the water surface. The invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8 mm
above the invert of the outlet pipe.

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B.5.8 Inlet and outlet pipe fittings or baffles, and compartment partitions shall have a free vent
area equal to the required cross-sectional area of the house sewer or private sewer discharging
there into to provide free ventilation above the water surface from the disposal field or seepage
pit through the septic tank, house sewer, and slack to the outer air.

B.5.9 The side walls shall extend at least 228.6 mm above the liquid depth. The cover of the
septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the back vent openings.

B.5.10 Partitions or baffles between compartments shall be of solid durable material and shall
extend at least 101.6 mm above the liquid level. An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank
inlet, but in no case less than 104.6 mm in size, shall be installed in the inlet compartment side of
the baffle with the bottom of the fitting placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden baffles
are prohibited.

B.5.11 Each such tank shall be structurally designed to withstand all anticipated earth of other
loads. All septic tank covers shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less than 14.4 kpa
when the maximum coverage does not exceed 9 meters.

B.5.12 Septic tanks installed under concrete or black top paving shall have the required
manholes accessible by extending the manhole openings to grade in a manner acceptable to the
Administrative Authority.

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Location of Sewage Disposal System

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Useful Charts for Septic Tank Sizing

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Grease Trap
Grease Trap – a device for removing fat and grease from waste water by allowing the retained
liquid to cool and the grease to solidify to a maximum of four fixtures; then the grease is
separated by floatation; it is rises to the top of the trap, where it is held. The prime purpose of a
grease trap is to assure a free flowing drainage through pipe lines at all times by intercepting,
accumulating and recovering globules of grease fat and oil from waste water

Clarifier/Interceptor – is a device designed and installed to separate and retain deleterious,

hazardous or undesirable matters from normal wastes and permits normal sewage or liquid waste
to discharge into the disposal terminal by gravity. It is also called a grease trap.

Note:

National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Section 1011 – Grease Traps

1011.1 When, in the judgment of the Administrative Authority, Waste pretreatment is required,
an approved-type grease trap complying with the provisions of this sections shall be installed in
the wasteline leading from sinks, drains and other fixtures or equipment in establishments such
restaurants, cafes, lunch counters, cafeterias, bars and clubs, hotel hospital, sanitarium, factory or
school kitchens, or other establishments where grease may be introduced into the drainage or
sewer system in quantities that can effect line stoppage or hinder sewage treatment or private
sewage disposal. A grease trap is not required for individual dwelling units or tor any private
living quarters.

1011.2 No individual grease trap shall be installed for a facility that has an approved rate of flow
of more than 3.4 liters per second nor less than 1.3 L/s, except when specially approved by the
Administrative Authority.

10.11.3 Each plumbing fixture or piece of equipment connected to a grease trap shall be
provided with an approved type flow control or restricting device installed in a readily accessible
and visible location in the tailpiece or drain outlet of each such fixture. Flow control devices
shall be so designed that the flow through such device or devices shall at no time be greater than
the rated capacity of the grease trap. No flow control device having adjustable or removable parts
shall be approved.

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1011.4 Each grease trap required by this Section shall have an approved rate of flow which is not
less than that given in Table l0-2 for the total number of connected fixtures. The total capacity of
fixtures discharging into any such grease trap shall not exceed two and one-half (2 1/2) times the
certified liters per minute flowrate of the grease trap as per Table 10-2.

Any grease trap installed with inlet more than 1.2 meters lower in elevation than the outlet of any
fixture discharging into such grease trap shall have an approved rate of flow which is not less
than fifty (50) percent greater than that given in Table 10-2 nor more than four (4) separate
fixture shall be connected to or discharged into any one grease trap.

For the purpose of this Section, the term "fixture" shall mean and include each plumbing fixture,
appliance, apparatus or other equipment required to be connected to or discharged into a grease
trap by any provision of this Section.

1011.5 Each fixture discharging into a grease trap shall be individually trapped and vented in an
approved manner. An approved-type grease trap may be used as a fixture outlet and the grease
trap for a single fixture when the horizontal distance between the fixture outlet and the grease
trap does not exceed 1.2 meters and the vertical tailpipe or drain does not exceed 0.75 meters.

1011.6 Grease traps shall be maintained in efficient operating condition by periodic removal of
the accumulated grease and settled solids. No such collected grease shall be introduced into the
drainage piping and public or private sewer.

1011.7 No water jacketed grease trap or grease interceptor shall be approved or installed.

1011.8 Each grease trap shall have an approved water seal of not less than 51 mm in depth or the
diameter of its outlet, whichever is greater.

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Section 1013 – Food Waste Disposal Prohibited

1013.1 Unless specifically required or permitted by the Administrative Authority, no food waste
disposal unit shall be connected to or discharged into any grease interceptor or grease trap.

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Sizing of Grease Traps

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Sample Problem

Determine the capacity and volume of the grease trap for a cafeteria that serves an
average of 50 meals a day that is open from 10:00am to 6:00pm.

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Vent
Vent pipe – a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and
for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.

Vent System – a system of pipes supplying a flow of air to or from a drainage system or
providing a circulation of air within the system to protect trap seals from siphonage.

Wet vent – an oversized pipe functioning both as a soil or waste pipe and a vent.

Dry vent – a vent that does not carry liquid or water-borne wastes.

Relief vent – a vent that provides circulation of air between drainage and a venting system by
connecting a vent stack to a horizontal drain between the first fixture and the soil or waste stack.

Loop vent – a circuit vent that loops back and connects with a stack vent instead of a vent stack.

Circuit vent - a group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme fixture connection on a
horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.

Back/Revent vent pipe – a the part of a vent line, which connects directly with an individual
trap underneath or behind the fixture and extends to the branch or main vent pipe at any point
higher than the fixture or fixture traps it serves. This is sometimes called an individual vent.

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Individual vent – is a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap and which connects with the vent
system above the fixture se1ved or terminates in the open air.

Common/Dual/Unit vent – an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe will serve
two (2) traps.

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Group vent – a branch vent that performs its functions for two (2) or more traps.

Main Vent – the p1incipal artery of the venting system to which vent branches are connected.

Relief vent – a vertical vent line, the primary function of which is to provide additional
circulation of air between the drainage and vent systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a
specially designed system such as a ''yoke vent" connection between the soil and vent stacks.

Yoke vent – a pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor and below
horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a point above the floor and higher than highest
spill level of fixtures for preventing pressure changes in the stacks.

Stack Vent – the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected
to the stack. The uppermost end above the roof is called stack vent through roof (SVTR).

Vent Stack – a the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to and
from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system.

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Note:

National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Section 906 – Vent Termination

906.1 Each vent pipe or stack through roof (SVTR) shall extend its flashing all around and the
stack vent shall terminate vertically not less than 15 cm above the roof nor less than 0.3 meter
from any vertical surface nearby.

906.2 Each vent opening shall terminate not less than three (3) meters from, or at least 0. 9
meter above any openable window, door opening, air intake or vent shaft; nor less than 0.9 meter
away from any lot line, alley and street boundary lines.

906.3 Vent pipes shall be extended separately or combined, of full required size not less than 15
cm above the roof or fire wall. Flagpoling of vents is prohibited except where the roof is used for
purposes other than weather protection.

906.4 Vertical vent pipes for outdoor installations shall extend to at least 3 meter distant from
any part of the roof that is used for other purposes and shall extend not less than 2.1 meter above
such roof and shall be securely stayed.

906.5 Joints at the roof around stack vent pipes shall be made watertight by the use of approved
flashing material and installation.

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Soil and Vent Pipe Sizing

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Storm Drainage System: Downspout & Roof Gutter

Conductor – a vertical pipe to convey rainwater. Also known as Downspout.

Downspout – the vertical portion of a rainwater conductor.

Leader – a pipe connected from building gutter to the downspout or conductor.

Storm drainage are required for roof areas, courts and courtyards to collect storm water and
discharge the storm water to an approved point of disposal not in conflict with other ordinances
or regulations.

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Note:

National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Section 1104 – Sizing of Rainwater Piping

1104.1 Vertical rainwater piping shall be sized in accordance with Table 11-1, which is based
upon maximum depth in mm or rainfall per hour falling upon a given roof area in square meter.
Consult local rainfall figures to determine maximum rainfall per hour. Normally 102 mm/hour
rainfall intensity is used around Manila area.

1104.2 Vertical Wall Areas. Where vertical walls project above a roof so as to permit storm
water to drain to adjacent roof area below, the total roof area considered may be computed from
Table 11-2 as follows:

1104.2.1 For one (1) wall - add fifty (50) percent of area of the wart to the roof area,

1104.2.2 For two (2) adjacent walls - add thirty five (35) percent of the total wall areas to
the roof area;

1104.2.3 Two {2) walls opposite each other and of same heights - add no additional area to
the roof area;

1104.2.4 Two (2) walls opposite of differing heights- add fifty (50) percent of wall area
above top of lower wall to the roof area.

1104.2.5 Walls on three (3) sides - add fifty (50) percent of area of the inner wan below the
top of the lowest wall, plus allowance for area of wall above top of the lowest wall per Sections
1104.2.2 and 1104.2.4

1104.2.6 Walls of four (4) sides- no allowance for wall areas below top of lowest wall - add
for areas above top lowest wall per 1104.2.1, 1104.2.2, 1104 2.4 and 1104.2.5

1104.2.7 The area of the side of a tall building exposed to rain is taken as one-half of the
gross area.

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Sizing Horizontal Rainwater Piping

Horizontal Rainwater Piping: The size of a building rainwater piping or any of its horizontal
branches shall be sized in accordance with Table 11-2 (Based upon maximum roof areas to be
drained.)

Example: Table 11-2

Roof Area - 548. 1 m2

Max Rainfall/hr. - 127 mm

Pipe Laid at (20.9 mm/m) slope or s = .02

Find area in column under 127 mm and at slope of 0.02 and read 561. 1 m2 (as closest). Choose
152 mm as size of leader and downspout at leftmost column.

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Sizing Gutter

The size of semi-circular bottom roof gutters shall be based on the maximum roof area, in
accordance with Table 11-3

Example: Table 11-3

Roof Area = 186 m2

Max Rainfall/hr. = 102 mm

Pipe Laid at 10.4 mrn/m slope or s = 0.01

Find area in column under 102 mm rainfall intensity on Table with s = .01 and read 181.4 m2 (as
closest) move to left and read 177.8 mm diameter gutter.

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 GREASE TRAP FORMULA

Design – The following dosing equations are taken from the Manual for On-Site Sewage
Management Systems published by the Georgia Department of Human Resources Division of Public
Health and is used by GCDWR.

Restaurants

(S) x (GS) x (HR) x (LF)  12 = Grease interceptor capacity in gallons, where:

S= Number of seats in dining area

GS = Gallons of wastewater per seat (use 25 gallons per seat)
HR = Number of hours open for business
LF = Loading Factor
2.0 interstate highway
1.5 other freeway
1.25 recreational areas
1.0 main highways
0.75 other highways

12 = Number of months in a year

Gwinnett County allows only 1500-gallon grease interceptors. For projects requiring more than 1500-
gallon capacity, interceptors will be installed in multiples of 1500-gallon tanks in a series.

Example: For a restaurant with a 75 seat dining are, a 12 hour day operation, a typical discharge of
25 gallons per seat, and located on a main highway, the size of the grease interceptor is calculated
as follows:

(75) x (25) x (12) x (1.0) 12 months per year = 1875 gallon capacity ; use two (2) 1500 gallon grease
interceptors installed in series.

Hospitals, Nursing Homes, other type commercial kitchens with varied seating capacity:

(M) x (GM) x (LF) x (SC) = Grease Interceptor capacity in gallons, where:

M = Meals per day

GM = Gallons of wastewater per meal (Use 5 gallons per meal)
LF = Loading factor -1.0 with dishwashing
0.5 without dishwashing
SC = Storage capacity factor – 1.0 for public sewer
2.5 for on-site disposal

Example: A nursing home with 100 beds, a dishwasher, serving 3 meals per day, discharging to the
public sewer is calculated as follows:

(300) x (5) x (1) x (1) = 1500 gallon capacity.

 GREASE TRAP REQUIREMENTS

ANY ESTABLISHMENT THAT HAS FOOD PREPARATION OF ANY TYPE IS REQUIRED TO

HAVE AT LEAST ONE 1500 GALLON EXTERIOR GREASE INTERCEPTOR – SEE DETAIL.

These establishments include, but are not limited to:

Restaurants, Ice Cream Shops, Coffee Shops, Cafeterias, Deli’s, Butcher Shops, Bakeries,
Convenience Stores, Motels, Hotels, Churches, Schools, Day Cares, Etc.

For Water/Sewer Plan Review please provide the following:

 Site Plan showing the connection to the sewer system, including test manhole
 Interior layout plan showing square footage and all equipment, tables, plumbing fixtures,
number of seats, etc.
 A manifest from the cleaning company, if there is an existing grease trap.