Application of Data mining in Analysis and

detection of Parkinson’s Disease

Omini Rathore Mrs. P. Akilandeswari Namraata Yadav
Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering
SRM Institute of Science and Technology SRM Institute of Science and Technology
Chennai, India Chennai, India
omini1997@gmail.com namyadav28@gmail.com

Abstract- Parkinson's disease (PD) is a associated with difficulties along the whole course
neurodegenerative disorder which often affects patients' of the movement process, from planning to
movements. The most common symptoms include initiation to execution of a movement.
shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty in
walking. The main motor symptoms are collectively iii. Rigidity: It is stiffness and resistance to limb
called “parkinsonism”. This paper provides a brief movement caused by increased muscle tone, an
description of the existing techniques used in detecting excessive and continuous contraction of muscles.
Parkinson’s Disease with the help of various data mining
algorithms such as Multiple Instance Learning (MIL),
K-means clustering, Decision Tree Classification,
Moving Average Algorithm etc., their accuracies and
drawbacks and also gives an overview of the proposed
system. Since all of the existing models consider a single
symptom for the detection, the proposed system is based
on building an analytical model with two different
symptoms i.e. speech and finger tapping keystroke in
order to increase the accuracy and find the co-relation
between these symptoms.

I. INTRODUCTION

Currently, PD is diagnosed via various neurological

examinations by specialists. A physician will initially assess
for Parkinson's disease with a careful medical history and
neurological examination. Since there are not many standard
tests for detecting Parkinson’s disease therefore a statistical
approach has been proposed. The datasets are based on
particular symptoms, some of which are described below-
i. Tremors: The most common symptom is a course
slow tremor of the hand at rest which disappears
during voluntary movement of the affected arm and
in the deeper stages of sleep. It typically appears in
only one hand, eventually affecting both hands as
the disease progresses. Tremor results in
micrographia which is a disorder that features
abnormally small, cramped handwriting or
progressively smaller handwriting.
ii. Bradykinesia: It is slowness of movement is found
in every case of PD, and is due to disturbances
in motor planning of movement initiation, and
Fig 1 Handwriting Samples of patients diagnosed with
Parkinson’s.
iv. Postural instability: It is typical in the later stages
of the disease, leading to impaired balance and
frequent falls, and secondarily to bone fractures,
loss of confidence, and reduced mobility.
The data mining algorithms used for classification includes-
i. Multiple Instance Learning: It is a type
of supervised learning. The learner receives a set of
labelled bags each of which contains many
instances, instead of receiving a set of instances
which were individually labelled. In the simple
case of multiple-instance binary classification, if all
 the instances in it are negative the bag may be
labelled negative. On the other hand, a bag is
labelled positive if at least one instance is positive.
From a collection of labelled bags, the learner tries
to either induce a concept that will label individual
instances correctly or learn how to label bags
without inducing the concept.
ii. K-Means: Given a collection of objects each with n
measurable attributes, k-means is an analytical
technique that, for a chosen value of k, identifies k
clusters of objects based on the objects' proximity
to the center of the k groups. K means is an
iterative clustering algorithm that aims to find local
maxima in each iteration. The center is determined
as the arithmetic average (mean) of each cluster's n-
dimensional vector of attributes.
v. Support Vector Machine: These are supervised
learning models which are associated with
learning algorithms that analyse data used
for classification and regression analysis. Given a
set of training examples, each marked as belonging
to one or the other of two categories, an SVM
training algorithm builds a model that assigns new
examples to one category or the other, making it a
non-probabilistic binary . An SVM model is a
representation of the examples as points in space,
mapped so that the examples of the separate
categories are divided by a clear gap that is as wide
as possible. New examples are then mapped into
that same space and predicted to belong to a
category based on which side of the gap they fall.

iii. Decision tree classification: In decision trees at the Algorithm Parameters Data set
beginning, the whole training set is considered as
the root. Feature values are preferred to be Multiple Instance -Dyskinesia ADNi database
categorical. If the values are continuous then they Learning(MIL) -Tremors in Medpix
are discretized prior to building the model. Records Algorithm hands
are distributed recursively on the basis of attribute
values. Order to placing attributes as root or K-means -Dyskinesia 100forparkinsons,
internal node of the tree is done by using some clustering, -movement Clinical trials
statistical approach. The primary challenge in the Decision tree characteristics
decision tree is to identify which attributes do we classification
need to consider as the root node and each level. algorithm
Handling this is know the attributes selection.
Moving Average -Tremors 100forparkinsons,
We have different attributes selection measure to identify Algorithm Medline
the attribute which can be considered as the root note at each
level. The popular attribute selection measures are: a)
Artificial -movement Kaggle, Medpix
Information gain b) Gini index Intelligent characteristics
IG(S,A) for a set S is the effective change in entropy after Algorithms -direction
changes
deciding on a particular attribute A. It measures the relative
change in entropy with respect to the independent variables.
Entropy is the measure of uncertainty of a random variable, Support vector -rigidity handwriting samples
it characterizes the impurity of an arbitrary collection of machine (SVM) -tremors from 37 medicated
examples. The higher the entropy more the information algorithm -handwriting PD patients and 38
content. markers age- and sex-
matched controls
E = -∑i.pi.log2pi

where pi are the ratios of elements of each label in the set.

Table 1. Survey Table

where H(s) is the entropy of the set S II. ISSUES

iv. Moving Average Algorithm: In statistics, a moving Individual analysis of every symptom has some drawback
average, which is also called rolling attached to it such as handwriting is a complex activity
average or running average or moving mean is a where other factors can influence motor movement, in
calculation to analyse data points by creating series speech recognition additional steps such as noise removal
of averages of different subsets of the full data set. and speech segmentation are required, and using breath
It is a type of finite impulse response filter. samples has proved to fail to meet clinically relevant results.
Variations are: simple, and cumulative,
or weighted forms.
 I. EXISTING SYSTEMS
P. Bonato, D.M. Sherrill, D.G. Standaert, S.S. Salles, M.
Akay proposed Data mining techniques to detect motor
fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. They used accelerometer
(ACC) and surface electromyographic (EMG) signals as
their algorithms in which the main focus is on specific
clinical application the approach can be generalized to
applications in which data mining can be used to analyse
large data sets derived from wearable sensors.
F. Widjaja, C. Y. Shee, W. L. Au, P. Poignet, W. T. Ang
proposed Towards a sensing system for quantification of
pathological tremor. The algorithm they used involved
Accelerometers and sEMG system to obtain tremor motion
from the upper limb of the subject. An optical tracking
system was used as a ground truth for the aforementioned
sensors. The main concept was Sensing system, which was
proposed to quantify pathological tremor in human upper
limb(arm).
Samarjit Das,Breogan Amoedo,Fernando De la
Torre,Jessica Hodgins proposed Detecting Parkinsons'
symptoms in uncontrolled home environments: A multiple
instance learning approach. The algorithm they used was
Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), Develop a monitoring
system capable of being used outside of controlled
laboratory settings was it’s main focus.
Yi Liu, Chonho Lee, Bu-Sung Lee,James K.R. Stevenson,
Martin J. McKeown proposed Analysis of visually guided
tracking performance in Parkinson's disease. They used K-
means clustering, Decision tree classification algorithms to
visually-guided tracking performance of PD patients using
data mining techniques to reveal the differences between
dyskinesia and non-dyskinesia patients.
U Kit Pun, Huanying Gu, Ziqian Dong, N. Sertac Artan
proposed the use of a visualization tool for detecting PD and
classification of gait data. They have followed a statistical
and graphical approach using various data mining
techniques. The classification process includes data
selection, features selection, visualization, and formula
integration.
Peter Drotár, Jiří Mekyska, Irena Rektorová, Lucia
Masarová, Zdeněk Smékal, Marcos Faundez-Zanuy
proposed a decision support framework for PD based on
handwriting markers using Support vector machine
algorithm. Since various kinematic aspects are affected in
PD they have used these aspects as parameters in each task.
These parameters were then fed to the SVM for diagnosis.
The results showed an accuracy of over 88%, thus proving
that handwriting can be used as a valuable marker for the
diagnosis of PD.
Shyamal Patel, Richard Hughes,Nancy Huggins,David
Standaert, John Growdon,Jennifer Dy, Paolo Bonato did
study on using wearable sensors to predict the severity of
symptoms and motor complications in late stage Parkinson's
Disease.They analysed the data obtained from wearable
sensors in patients with Parkinson's Disease.They
Implemented Support Vector Machines (SVM’s) to predict
clinical scores of the severity and performed tests to
determine optimal parameters for the SVM’s.
J. Synnott, L. Chen, C.D. Nugent, G. Moore proposed -
Assessment and visualization of Parkinson's disease
tremor.They used Computer vision based approach.They did
a method of tremor amplitude quantification is proposed,
and 3D visualization techniques are exploited to provide an
intuitive tool for monitoring and assessment of Parkinson's
disease using Moving Average Algorithm.
Cristian F. Pasluosta, Heiko Gassner, Juergen
Winkler,Jochen Klucken, Bjoern M. Eskofier proposed - An
Emerging Era in the Management of Parkinson's Disease:
Wearable Technologies and the Internet of Things.They
used Wearable technologies and Internet-of-Things applied
to PD, with an emphasis on how this technological platform
may lead to a shift in paradigm in terms of diagnostics and
treatment using Artificial Intelligent Algorithms.
II. DRAWBACKS
The analysis of every symptom has some drawback attached
to it for each individual. The limited number of patients
tested does not allow performance of additional analysis that
would correlate reliability of the results with the severity of
the symptoms which adds up to the constraint in the
progress of our project.
III. CONCLUSIONS
The existing systems include the use of wearable
technologies through the implementation of Internet of
things, handwriting as a marker for the diagnosis of PD
using support vector machine achieving the accuracy of
88.13%, using 3D visualization techniques to provide an
intuitive tool for assessment of Parkinson’s, visually guided
tracking performance of PD patients using data mining
technique and using voice and speech data to detect
Parkinson’s.
The proposed system aims at achieving an accuracy of
above 90% by using two different symptoms i.e. voice and
finger tapping keystroke. Because of the unavailability of
datasets with multiple symptoms, the model is based on the
assumption that both the symptoms are of the same patient.
The voice dataset is created by Max Little of the University
of Oxford, in collaboration with the National Centre for
Voice and Speech, Denver, Colorado, who recorded the
speech signals. The original study published the feature
extraction methods for general voice disorders. This dataset
is composed of a range of biomedical voice measurements
from 31 people, 23 with Parkinson's disease (PD). Each
column in the table is a particular voice measure, and each
row corresponds one of 195 voice recording from these
individuals ("name" column). The main aim of the data is to
discriminate healthy people from those with PD, according
to "status" column which is set to 0 for healthy and 1 for PD.
The data is in ASCII CSV format. The rows of the CSV file
contain an instance corresponding to one voice recording.
There are around six recordings per patient, the name of the
patient is identified in the first column. Other columns give
values of various attributes such as jitter, shimmer,
variations in fundamental frequency etc.
The second dataset gives information about multiple
characteristics of finger movement while typing. The dataset
contains keystroke logs collected from over 200 subjects,
with and without Parkinson's Disease (PD), as they typed
normally on their own computer (without any supervision)
over a period of weeks or months (having initially installed a
custom keystroke recording app, Tappy).
The datasets have been merged on the basis of the status (0-
healthy, 1- Parkinson’s) field in both the datasets. The final
dataset consists of a total of 195 entries and 40 attributes.
Merging is followed by data pre-processing which includes
converting the categorical data, and dropping the missing
data.
dimensioned plane. Depending on which region the points
are located in, they are appropriately classified in that
region. Logistic regression is a predictive analysis. Logistic
regression is used to describe data and to explain the
relationship between one dependent binary variable and one
or more nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio-level independent
variables. When selecting the model for the logistic
regression analysis, another important consideration is the
model fit. Adding independent variables to a logistic
regression model will always increase the amount of
variance.

Fig 4 Architecture diagram of the model

Fig 2 The graph compares the number of patients with PD and

without PD. X axis depicts the status of disease and y axis depicts
the no. of entries in the dataset.

Fig 3 The histogram depicts the values of each attribute in

graphical form.

This dataset will be analysed using Support vector machine

(SVM) algorithm and Logistic regression. A Support Vector
Machine is a supervised learning algorithm. An SVM
models the data into k categories, performing classification
and forming an N-dimensional hyper plane. These models
are very similar to neural networks. Consider a dataset of N
dimensions. The SVM plots the training data into an N
dimensioned space. The training data points are then divided
into k different regions depending on their labels by hyper-
planes of n different dimensions. After the testing phase is
complete, the test points are plotted in the same N
 IV. REFERENCES
1. https://pn.bmj.com/content/15/1/14
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Sherrill ; D.G. Standaert ; S.S. Salles ; M. Akay.
3. Towards a sensing system for quantification of
pathological tremor by F. Widjaja ; C. Y. Shee ; W. L.
Au ; P. Poignet ; W. T. Ang
4. Detecting Parkinsons' symptoms in uncontrolled home
environments: A multiple instance learning approach by
Samarjit Das ; Breogan Amoedo ; Fernando De la
Torre ; Jessica Hodgins
5. Analysis of visually guided tracking performance in
Parkinson's disease by Yi Liu ; Chonho Lee ; Bu-Sung
Lee ; James K.R. Stevenson ; Martin J. McKeown.
6. Classification and visualization tool for gait analysis of
Parkinson's disease by U Kit Pun ; Huanying
Gu ; Ziqian Dong ; N. Sertac Artan.
10. An Emerging Era in the Management of Parkinson's
Disease: Wearable Technologies and the Internet of
Things by Cristian F. Pasluosta ; Heiko
Gassner ; Juergen Winkler ; Jochen Klucken ; Bjoern
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7. Decision Support Framework for Parkinson’s Disease

Based on Novel Handwriting Markers by Peter Drotár ;
Jiří Mekyska ; Irena Rektorová ; Lucia Masarová ;
Zdeněk Smékal ; Marcos Faundez-Za.

8. Using wearable sensors to predict the severity of

symptoms and motor complications in late stage
Parkinson's Disease by Shyamal Patel ; Richard
Hughes ; Nancy Huggins ; David Standaert ; John
Growdon ; Jennifer Dy

9. Assessment and visualization of Parkinson's disease

tremor by J. Synnott ; L. Chen ; C.D. Nugent ; G.
Moore