SKMM 2413

THERMODYNAMICS
Course Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course, students should be
able to :
explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as
system, state, state postulate, equilibrium, process and cycle
define the concept of energy and forms of energy transfer
such as work & heat
show the state and phase change process of pure
substances on property diagrams based on the property
tables, state equations and charts
 Course Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course, students should be
able to :
solve problems for closed systems that involve heat and
work interactions for general pure substances and ideal
gases using the 1st Law of Thermodynamics
solve problems for common steady flow devices and uniform
flow process using the principles of mass conservation and
the 1st Law of Thermodynamics
 Course Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course, students should be
able to :
determine the performance of reversible and actual heat
engines, refrigerator and heat pump cycles based on the 1st
law and the Carnot principles
calculate the entropy changes that take place during
thermodynamic processes and isentropic efficiencies for
various steady-flow devices
STEAM POWER PLANT
THERMODYNAMICS IS THE SCIENCE THAT
DEALS WITH HEAT (Q) AND WORK (W) AND
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES RELATED TO
HEAT AND WORK
 THERMODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
 THERMODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
Instructional Learning Objectives
By the end of Chapter 1, students should be able to
Identify the unique vocabulary associated
with thermodynamics through the precise
definition of basic concepts
Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as
system, state, state postulate, equilibrium, process and cycle
Explain the concepts of temperature, temperature scales,
absolute and gage pressure
Adopt a systematic problem-solving technique
THERMODYNAMICS IS THE SCIENCE THAT
DEALS WITH HEAT (Q) AND WORK (W) AND
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES RELATED TO
HEAT AND WORK
THERMODYNAMICS DEALS WITH THE
NECESSARY METHODS FOR CONVERTING
HEAT ENERGY FROM AVAILABLE RESOURCES
(SUCH AS CHEMICAL FUEL) TO MECHANICAL
WORK
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HEAT, WORK AND
THE PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES ARE
EXPRESSED IN THE FORM OF BASIC LAWS
KNOWN AS THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
THE BASIS OF THERMODYNAMICS IS
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION

IT CAN BE OBSERVED THAT HEAT AND WORK

ARE TWO FORMS OF ENERGY THAT ARE
CLOSELY RELATED TO EACH OTHER AND THIS
OBSERVATION PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR THE
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
 IT CAN ALSO BE OBSERVED THAT HEAT FLOWS
FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE OBJECT TO A LOW
TEMPERATURE OBJECT AND THE REVERSE
PROCESS IS ONLY POSSIBLE WITH SOME HELP
(IN THE FORM OF WORK)

THIS CONCEPT IS IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT

OF THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

EXAMPLES OF ENGINEERING PLANT WHICH INVOLVES

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS ARE THE STEAM POWER
PLANT, THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE,
REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS, ETC.
BASIC CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

SYSTEM
A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of
matter or a region in space chosen for study

SURROUNDINGS:
The mass or region outside the system
BASIC CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

BOUNDARY:
The surface that separates the system from its
surroundings
Boundaries can be fixed or movable

Boundaries can be real (cylinder walls and piston

surfaces in an internal combustion engine)

Boundaries can also be imaginary (cross sections of

pipes at the entrance and exit of turbines)
BASIC CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
BOUNDARY:
STOPPERS
WEIGHTS/LOAD

CYLINDER

PISTON

GAS
GAS SYSTEM’S
BOUNDARY
(SYSTEM)
(SYSTEM)
BASIC CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

CLOSED SYSTEM
Consists of a fixed amount of mass

No mass can cross its boundary

No mass can enter or leave a closed system

Volume does not have to be fixed

BASIC CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

STOPPERS
WEIGHTS/LOAD

CYLINDER

PISTON

GAS
GAS SYSTEM’S
BOUNDARY
(SYSTEM)
(SYSTEM)

FIGURE 1. EXAMPLE OF A CLOSED SYSTEM

BASIC CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

But energy, in the form of heat or work can cross

the boundary
In Figure 1 where the gas in the cylinder is considered as
the system
 If a Bunsen burner is placed under the cylinder, the
temperature of the gas will increase and the piston will rise
 As the piston rises, the boundary of the system moves
 Heat and work crosses the boundary of the system during
this process but not mass
 In the special case where even energy is not allowed to
cross the boundary, that system is called an ISOLATED
SYSTEM
BASIC CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

OPEN SYSTEM OR CONTROL VOLUME

A properly selected region in space
Used when the analysis involves devices with mass flow
into and/or out of the device such as a compressor,
turbine, nozzle, heat exchanger, etc.
The procedure in such an analysis is to specify a control
volume that surrounds the device under consideration
The boundaries of a control volume are called a control
surface
Mass as well as heat and work can flow across the
control surface
 CONTROL
SURFACE/BOUNDARY

Air in (Low Pressure) Air out (High Pressure)

HEAT
WORK
AIR COMPRESSOR
MOTOR

FIGURE 2. EXAMPLE OF AN OPEN SYSTEM