11/16/2019

Motion in One
Dimension
Distance and Displacement
Speed and Velocity

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What is motion?
• Motion is the change
in position of an
object with respect to
a reference point.

One-dimensional motion is the

simplest form motion
One way to simplify the concept of motion is to
consider only the kinds of motion that take place
in one direction.

An example would be the motion of a commuter

train on a straight track. On a straight track, the
train can only move forward or backward.

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Motion can be described in

terms of:
• Distance vs. Displacement
• Speed vs. Velocity
• Time
• Acceleration

Distance and Displacement

• Distance – the length of actual travel or
how much an object has moved.

• Displacement – the length of a straight

line drawn from the object’s initial (starting)
position to the object’s final position.

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Distance is the total length of the object’s

movement, while displacement is the
shortest distance between initial position
and final position.

Speed,
Distance &
Time

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The aim of this lesson is to

use the correct formula in
calculating speed, distance
or time

Speed is the distance traveled per unit of time.

distance (d)
Speed (s) =
time (t)

Each variable measured by units:

Distance: meters (m), miles (mi)

Time:seconds (s), hours (hr), minutes (min)

Speed: meters per second (m/s),
miles per hour (mi/hr),
kilometers per hour (km/hr)
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The 3 formulas for Speed, Time &

Distance:
Distance Distance
Time = Distance = Speed x Time
Speed = Speed
Time

Solving for Speed Solving for Time Solving for Distance

Remember them from

D
this triangle:

S T

Four Step Approach to Solving Problems

G.U.E.S.S.A.
Step 1 READ THE PROBLEM.

Step 2 IDENTIFY THE VARIABLES

Write down what you know. GIVEN
What are you trying to find? UNKNOWN
Step 3 WRITE FORMULA EQUATION
Set up the formula.
(The formula should match the unknown.)

Step 4 PLUG IN THE NUMBERS. SUBSTITUTE

DO THE MATH SOLVE.
Check ANSWER with UNITS
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Consider the problem…

“A car traveled 100 meters in 5 seconds.”

Step 1 Read the problem.
Draw a picture.

100 meters
d= 5 seconds
t=
s=
Formula Plug-in Answer

Units, units, units! 13

“A car traveled 100 meters in 5 seconds.”

Step 2 Write down what you know. GIVEN

What are you trying to find? UNKNOWN

d = 100 m
t= 5s
s=

Formula Plug-in Answer

Units, units, units! 14

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“A car traveled 100 meters in 5 seconds.”

Step 3 Set up the formula.
FORMULA SHOULD MATCH THE UNKNOWN

d D
s=
d = 100 m t S T
t= 5s
s=

Formula Plug-in Answer

Units, units, units! 15

“A car traveled 100 meters in 5 seconds.”

Step 3 Set up the formula. EQUATION

d = 100 m
t= 5s
s=

Formula Plug-in Answer

d
S=
t

Units, units, units! 16

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“A car traveled 100 meters in 5 seconds.”

Step 4 Plug-in the numbers. SUBSTITUTE

AND SOLVE. CHECK UNITS

20 m/s

d = 100 m
t= 5s
s = 20 m/s
Formula Plug-in Answer
d
S= S = 100 m S = 20 m/s
t 5s

Don’t forget to write the correct unit!

PROBLEM 2

“A man finished a 100-m dash in 6.5 seconds.”

Step 1 Read the problem.

d=
t=
s=
Formula Plug-in Answer

Units, units, units! 18

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“A man finished a 100-m dash in 6.5 seconds

Step 2 Write down what you know. GIVEN
What are you trying to find? UNKNOWN

d = 100 m
t = 6.5 s
s=
Formula Plug-in Answer

Units, units, units! 19

“A man finished a 100-m dash in 6.5 seconds.”

Step 3 Set up the formula.

FORMULA SHOULD MATCH THE UNKNOWN

d D
s=
t S T
d = 100 m
t = 6.5 s
s=
Formula Plug-in Answer

Units, units, units! 20

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A man finished a 100-m dash in 6.5 seconds

Step 3 Set up the formula. EQUATION

d = 100 m
t = 6.5 s
s=

Formula Plug-in Answer

d
S=
t

Units, units, units! 21

“A man finished 100 meters in 6.5 seconds.”

Step 4 Plug-in the numbers. SUBSTITUTE

AND SOLVE. CHECK UNITS

d = 100 m
t = 6.5 s
s = 15.38 m/s

Formula Plug-in Answer

d
S= S = 100 m S = 15.38 m/s
t 6.5 s

Don’t forget to write the correct unit!

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“You decide to go to Dallas to see friends. Your friends

tell you that it takes 4 hours to get to Dallas at an
average speed of 70 kilometers per hour.
Approximately how many kilometers is it to their
house?”
Step 1 Read the problem.
Draw a picture.
Step 2 Write down what you know. GIVEN
What are you trying to find? UNKNOWN ?
D
Step 3 Set up the formula. EQUATION
S T
Step 4 Plug-in the numbers. SUBSTITUTE
Do the math. SOLVE. ANSWER with correct unit.

d = 280 km Formula Plug-in Answer

t = 4 hrs d=s*t d =70 km/hr * 4 hrs = 280 km
s =70 km/hr

Units, units, units! 23

Consider the problem…

“A runner’s average speed during the 10 kilometer race

was 20 km/hr. What was his time?’”
Step 1 Read the problem.
Draw a picture.
CIRCLE AND LABEL
INFO PROVIDED!
Speed of runner:
20 km/hr 10 km

d=
t= Formula Plug-in Answer
s=

Units, units, units! 24

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“A runner’s average speed during the 10 kilometer race

was 20 km/hr. What was his time?”

Step 2 Write down what you know. GIVEN

What are you trying to find? UNKNOWN

Speed of runner:
20 km/hr 10 km

d = 10 km
t=
s = 20 km/hr
Formula Plug-in Answer

Units, units, units! 25

“A runner’s average speed during the 10 kilometer race

was 20 km/hr. What was his time?’”

Step 3 Set up the formula.

FORMULA MUST MATCH UNKNOWN

d D

d = 10 km t= S T

t= s
s = 20 km/hr
Formula Plug-in Answer
d (km)
t (hr) =
s (km/hr)

Units, units, units! 26

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“A runner’s average speed during the 10 kilometer race

was 20 km/hr. What was his time?’”
Step 4 SUBSTITUTE AND SOLVE
Plug-in the numbers and do the math.
Check units for answer.

Time: 0.5 Hour

d = 10 km Formula Plug-in Answer

t = 0.5 hr t=
d t = 10 km 10 km
=0.5 hr
s (hr) 20 km/hr 20 km/hr
s = 20 km/hr
Units, units, units! 27

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Scalar & Vector

Quantities

SCALAR QUANTITIES

•Gives the magnitude - a single number

and unit of measurement

Examples
Mass = 20 g
Time = 20.0 s
Temperature = 20oC
Speed = 20 m/s

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VECTOR QUANTITIES

•Described by a magnitude
•Indicated direction.

Examples
30 m/s, East (velocity)
30 m, N of E (displacement)
30 m/s2 , N. Samar (acceleration)

Distance vs Displacement

DISTANCE- The total length

traveled by an object

DISPLACEMENT- A straight line

connecting the starting point to
the end point

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Speed vs Velocity

SPEED is how fast an object

moves.

VELOCITY is how fast an object

moves including the direction to
where the object is going

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Quantity Definition Type of Quantity

Distance Total length Scalar
covered by a
moving object.
Displacement Distance Vector
measured in
straight line in a
specified
direction.
Speed Distanced moved Scalar
per unit time.
Velocity Distanced moved Vector
per unit time with
specified
direction.

Velocity

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Velocity
• Velocity (v) is a vector quantity.
• Similar to speed however,
indicates direction.
• Defined as the speed of a moving
object at a particular direction.

Velocity

Velocity is measured in
m/s

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Identify me!
State whether the following
are considered speed or
velocity.
1. 3 m/s 2. 3 m/s, south

3. 15 km/h 4. 30 mph,
Northern
5. 12 m/s, right Laguna

Practice Problems
• A car is travelling from a distance of 2500
m for 30 minutes towards Southern
Tagalog. What is the car’s velocity?
• A lady sprinter begins at point A and runs
a distance of 700 m around an oval and
returns to point A. What is the distance
travelled? What is her displacement?

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Practice Problems
• A Philippine Airlines plane regularly takes
from Manila at 5:30 a.m. and is expected
to land in Zamboanga, 852 km south of
Manila, at exactly 8:00 a.m. What should
be the average velocity of the plane be if it
is to land in Zamboanga City on time?

Acceleration

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What is acceleration?
The acceleration of an object is a measure
of how quickly its velocity changes.

A train accelerates in
a straight line from
rest. As it does, its
velocity increases.

The brakes on this

motorcycle are
causing it to slow
down.

Acceleration

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Acceleration

Acceleration

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v v

Car speeds
up

v v

Car slows down

a

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State whether or not the situation is

accelerating.

A dog chasing its tail.

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Why is the steering wheel, gas

pedal and brake labeled as an
accelerator in the picture?

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How is acceleration
calculated?
The acceleration of an object can be
calculated using this equation:
change in speed
acceleration =
time taken

 Change in speed is measured in metres per second

(m/s).

 Time taken is measured in seconds (s).

 Acceleration is measured in metres

per second per second (m/s2).

A skater goes from

a standstill to a
speed of 6.7 m/s in
12 seconds. What
is the acceleration
of the skater?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM:

A train moving at a
velocity of 15 m/s
is accelerated to
24 m/s over a 12
second
period.

Distance-Time and Velocity-Time

Graphs

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Distance -Time Graphs

• Show an object’s position as a function of
time.
– x-axis: time
– y-axis: distance

Distance -Time Graphs

• Imagine a ball rolling along a table, illuminated by a strobe light
every second.

0s 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 8s 9 s 10 s

• You can plot the ball’s position as a function of time.

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Distance -Time Graphs

10
9
8
7
distance (m)

6
5
4
3
2
1
time (s)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Distance -Time Graphs

• What are the 10

characteristics of 8

this graph? 6
Distance (m)

– Straight line, upward 4

slope 2

• What kind of motion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

time (s)

created this graph?

– Constant speed

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Distance -Time Graphs

• Each type of motion has a characteristic
shape on a D-T graph.
– Constant speed
– Zero speed (at rest)
– Accelerating (speeding up/ slowing down)

Distance -Time Graphs

• Constant speed is represented by a
straight segment on the D-T graph.
distance (m)
distance (m)

time (s) time (s)

Constant speed in positive Constant speed in negative

direction. direction.

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Distance -Time Graphs

• At rest is represented by a horizontal
segment on the D-T graph.

pos. (m)

time (s)

A horizontal segment means

the object is at rest.

Distance -Time Graphs

• Curved segments on the D-T graph
mean the object’s speed is changing.

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Velocity-Time Graphs
• A velocity-time (V-T) graph shows an
object’s velocity as a function of time.
– A horizontal line = constant velocity.
– A straight sloped line = constant
acceleration.
• Acceleration = change in velocity over time.
– Positive slope = positive acceleration.
• Not necessarily speeding up!
– Negative slope = negative acceleration.
• Not necessarily slowing down!

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Velocity-Time Graphs
• A horizontal line on the V-T graph means
constant velocity.
N

Object is moving at
velocity (m/s)

a constant velocity
time (s) North.

Constant Speed,
S
Zero Acceleration

Velocity-Time Graphs
• If an object isn’t moving, its velocity is
zero.

Object is at rest
velocity (m/s)

time (s)

At Rest, Zero
Acceleration
S

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Velocity-Time Graphs
• If the V-T line has a positive slope, the
object is undergoing acceleration
(speeding up) in positive direction.

Velocity-Time Graphs
• V-T graph has positive slope.
N
velocity (m/s)

time (s)

S Positive velocity and

positive acceleration: object
is speeding up!

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Velocity-Time Graphs
• If the V-T line has a negative slope, the
object is undergoing acceleration (slowing
down) in the negative direction.

Velocity-Time Graphs
• V-T graph has negative slope.
N
velocity (m/s)

time (s)

S Positive velocity and

negative acceleration:
object is slowing down,

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