University of the East

College of Education

Midterm Reviewer in
EPE 1114 – Critical and Creative Thinking

3 Principle of Logic

1. Principle of Identity

p p

~p ~p

2. Principle of Non-Contradiction

p v ~p

3. Principle of Excluded Middle

~ (p • ~ p)

Legend:

• = and
v = or
→ = if then
= if and only if
= therefore

Logical Conjunction (and)

p •q

p q p •q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

Logical Disjunction (either or)

p q p vq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

Logical Conditional (if then)

p q p →q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

Logical Biconditional (if and only if)

p q p=q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

Informal Fallacies – error in reasoning

1. Argumentum ad Hominem
- Appeal to person attack
- Name calling
 - Huwag niyo iboto si Bong Revilla kurakot yan

2. Argumentum ad Baculum
- Appeal to force
- Blackmail or physical force
- Ang walang assignment bagsak ka na sa klase ko.

3. Argumentum ad Misericordiam
- Appeal to emotions / appeal to pity.
- Wag mo kong I break please magpapapakamatay ako pag iniwan mo ko.

4. Argumentum ad Populum
- Appeal to popularity
- Nakikigaya sa uso / tinutularan yung uso.

5. Argumentum ad Vericundiam
- Appeal to wrong or false authority.
- Nagbabalita ng mali o hindi tama.

6. Hasty Generalization
- Nilalahat mo
- Inaapply mo sa isa inaaply sa lahat
- Kasalanan ng isa kasalanan ng lahat
- Lahat ng mga lalaki manloloko

7. False Division
- Kabaliktaran ng Hasty Generalization
- Almost / few / some

8. Red Herring
- Change of topic
- Manipulation of people

9. Petitio Principii
- Paulit ulit

10. False Dilemma

- Yung akala mo may option ka pero wala pala
- Black and white fallacy
- Either sasayaw ka or hindi ka sasayaw pwede ka naming kumanti or mag acting.
11. Strawman
- You are comparing the other people from animals or such a thing
- Para kang sirang plaka paulit ulit.

12. False Analogy

- Iniisip mong pareho kayo ng pain
- Experiences

13. False Cause / Causation Falacies

- Maling dahilan
- Supernatural beliefs
- Pag suot ko ang kwintas ko mataas ang grades ko
- Pag nilabhan ko sapatos ko mang hihina ako.

14. Complex Question

- Hindi mo alam ang sagot
- Pag sinabi niya ang dahilan ididiin ka
- Pag hindi nagsalit ididiin padin

15. Argumentum ad Ignorantiam

- Appeal to ignorance
- Nobody has seen God, but God exist

Lesson: The Nine Rules of Inference

• Argument: is a sequence of propositions (premises) that end with a proposition called conclusion.
• Valid Argument: The conclusion must follow from the truth of the previous premises, i.e., all premises conclusion
• Fallacy: is an invalid argument or incorrect reasoning.
• Rules of inference: rules we follow to construct valid arguments.
LESSON:
Creativity
- It is the application of knowledge and skills in new ways, to achieve values outcomes. It is also imaginative activity
fashioned to produced outcomes that both original and value.

Features of Creativity
- Using imagination
- Pursuing purposes
- Being original
- Judging Value

7 IMPLICATION FOR CLASSROOM TEACHING

- Set of open-ended challenges
- Make thinking important
- Make thinking explicit
- Ask rich questions
- Promote self-management
- Make connections across context
- Enable collaborative learning

TIPS FOR TEACHER TO BE MORE CREATIVE IN TEACHING

- Be Open to New Ideas
- Think Outside the Box
- Find Excitement
- Look for Ideas Everywhere
- Play to Your Strengths
- Develop Creative Ideas, Don’t Let Them Die
- Keep Your Mind Sharp
- Love What You Do
- Celebrate Successful Failures
- Make Things Fun
- Allow Mistakes
- Brainstorm
- Role Play
- Involve Students in The Teaching

CREATIVE TEACHING IN TWO WAYS:

Teaching for creativity

- is defined as forms of teaching that are intended to develop young people’s own creative thinking or behavior.

Teaching creatively
- has been defined as ‘teachers using imaginative approaches to make learning more interesting, exciting and
effective’ (NACCCE, 1999. Teaching creatively requires both the ‘right’ set of skills and dispositions.
BARRIERS TO CREATIVITY CREATIVE TEACHING MODELS

Different types of barriers in creativity

- Environmental Barriers
- Emotional Barriers
o Neglect
▪ If the supervisor doesn’t communicate the status, and often to the worker, it infers the system
doesn’t care. And that wounds future idea generation.
- Cultural Barriers
- Perceptual Barriers

Teaching model
- A model of teaching is a plan or pattern that can be used to shape curriculums (long term of courses of studies),
to design instructional materials in the classroom and other settings.