In industry we pay a lot for energy. 5% is light, rather poor efficiency, 1-10%.

we can get better with

sodium orange light. Light emitting diodes, heats up the semiconductor and reduces lifetime.
Mercury filled bulbs and so on. Filament lamps. Official energy saving lamps. They last a bit longer,
and lifetime is longer but has a certain degradation. After 3000 hours you need a person to replace
the light emitting diode. Really sensitive against heat.

Electrical heating and chemistry, inductive heating and light arc furnace. Pretty good efficiency but
not 26% of the total.

Electrical drives: more than 2/3 of the total energy consumption: we want movement out of it,
mechanical power, close to 80%. But we have losses, this is unused, and maybe a part of it can be
used in other way. In the car for heating for example.

In household you use more for illumination. Electrical heating is 32% (cooking), Electrical cooling:
19%. Computer tv video: 11%. General devices 24%.

Move water from lower level against a pressure difference. Flowrate control by butterfly valve.

On-off activity: if the level is up, turn it off.

Variable speed drive.

Sketch: pump characteristic curve and plant characteristic, and plant + valve curve together. Plant
power: you anyway need it, static. This is the moving of water, all the above located part we heat or
destroy something. This is losing on pump, on tube and of valve.

Turning on and off: we move through valve, the pump has to cover the butterfly losses, more losses
on fluid dynamics than in machine. 285% input and you get out 100% and others are losses on pump,
on valve, on transformer, motor. Energy in and losses with fully open or fully closed version. The on-
off control should be in between in average. average in and average out is extremely cheap, but not
good, mean shocks. In an on-off system we have additional losses like starting the pump or shutting
down, it is even worse than a valve.

Flow tare control: variant frequency: pump characteristic in case of different pump speeds. We
reduce speed and we shift the curve up and down. The output energy is the same, but the input is
widely reduced. The static and the tube losses in exactly the same, but the heating up is different.

Losses on motor, on converter, transformer are pretty small, and there is no butterfly at all. We save
30% of energy.

Components. Power train: contributes to losses, we multiply the efficiency gradings.

Converter is perhaps not necessary but there is additional benefits.

Torque and current ratio. Capability for a runup. By variating the frequency I define the torque on
which I would like to start. (Shifting the characteristic curve on the HZ scale.) Run up speed limiter.

The difference in U which is called slip, provides us a torque. If we want to go up faster, we need
more current and perhaps more current and voltage than the system bears. No voltage, no freq, no
flux, no current. Therefor we need a slow acceleration. We go up in voltage and in speed, the torque
is the integral of …over the M and this is the same.

Reference point for the current should be provided. Reference point is defined by a calculation what
is our desired torque. Speed controller: we input our desired speed and the torque shall do
everything in a controlled way. Torque producing current: we need a corresponding voltage. Idea on
the speed and a voltage. A voltage should get a reference value. Speed measurement on the drive.

Temperature information reaches the protection and inform the user that there is an
overtemperature. The torque and stress oscillation have to be avoided. I define the flux. Why I am I
not controlling it? We can do it in better by flux control. Not that expensive to measure the flax.

Sucker rod pump design, force measurement, machine and cable. Put in might a frequency
converter. In between we have losses. We can model the system mathematically. Electrical power
input and oil output. Design parameters, operational parameters. Positive influence: optimization,
trial and error method. Overdesign the machine, startup should not mean exceeded motor limits,
and in normal operation it is usually less. Converter: machine is dimensioned for that normal
operation conditions, and startup slowly, remote control. Lot of advantages obtained. Design and
environment gives operational parameters. Variable freq can be applied even in one stroke. Elastic
frequency. Minimized stress and energy is a balanced operation.

Active power in a srp system is elastic in this sense within a pumping cycle. Generator mode: when
the system produces energy, and we can reduce power peak.