Routing Protocols

Les Roie Bustamante

Nela Rose Gamboa Czar Hans Jericho Nachor

Abstract— This paper leads you through the basic
concepts and ideas about the different types of routing
protocols that are used in our industry. At the end of this
study, we will be able to differentiate and find the importance
of each protocols.
Keywords— router, routing, protocols, data packets,
gateway, dynamic routing, routing convergence, routing table
 Interior gateway protocols type 1, link-state
routing protocols, such as OSPF and IS-IS
 Interior gateway protocols type 2, distance-vector
routing protocols, such as Routing Information
Protocol, RIPv2, IGRP.

I. INTRODUCTION  Exterior gateway protocols are routing protocols

used on the Internet for exchanging routing
Routing protocols are essentially how routers information between Autonomous Systems, such
determine source-destination links throughout the network. as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Path Vector
Routers can be described as the traffic managers of the Routing Protocol. Exterior gateway protocols
Internet should not be confused with Exterior Gateway
For example, most of the application on your Protocol (EGP), an obsolete routing protocol.
computer use a technique called packetization to transfer
data over the Internet. Let's suppose one is trying to send
and some data from a computer in Manila, Philippines to a
computer in Tokyo, Japan. Each data packet that leaves
your system is prefixed with some additional data, also
known as packet header. Imagine that as you leaving your
home with only the address of your final destination in your
hand and have no idea how to actually reach there. As soon
as your packet arrives to the nearest ISP router, the router
correlates the destination with the something known as a
routing table to determine which port/interface should the
packet be forwarded to next. Think of it as you stopping 5
kms down the road after leaving your phone and asking
some random stranger for the way towards your destination
and he points you towards the right road. Now, routing
tables are usually not static except in some secure networks
and hence router need to generate these themselves. The
way they do that is through using routing protocols. These A hierarchical view of dynamic routing protocol
are pieces of software that tell a router how to find those classification
routes. Route determination can be based on anything
ranging from link quality to geographical distance. II. IGP and EGP Routing Protocols (3.1.4.2)

An autonomous system (AS) is a collection of routers

II. DISCUSSION
Routing protocols can be classified into different groups
according to their characteristics. Specifically, routing
protocols can be classified by their:
 Purpose: Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) or
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
 Operation: Distance vector protocol, link-state
protocol, or path-vector protocol
 Behavior: Classful (legacy) or classless protocol
Also, are many types of routing protocols, three major
classes are in widespread use on IP networks:
under a common administration such as a company or an
organization. An AS is also known as a routing domain.
Typical examples of an AS are a company’s internal
network and an ISP’s network.
The Internet is based on the AS concept; therefore, two
types of routing protocols are required:
 Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP): Used for
routing within an AS. It is also referred to as intra-
AS routing. Companies, organizations, and even
service providers use an IGP on their internal
 networks. IGPs include RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, and
IS-IS.
 Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP): Used for
routing between autonomous systems. It is also
referred to as inter-AS routing. Service providers
and large companies may interconnect using an
EGP. The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the
only currently viable EGP and is the official
routing protocol used by the Internet.
Interior Gateway Protocols Type 1:
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
- Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an active routing
protocol used in internet protocol. Particularly it is a link
state routing protocol and includes into the group of
interior gateway protocol. Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF) operating inside a distinct autonomous system.
The version 2 of Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) defined
in 1998 for IPv4 then the OSPF version 3 in RFC 5340 in
2008. The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) most widely
used in the network of big business companies.
Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS)
- Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS)is a
great protocol used by network devices to determine the
best way to promoted datagram from side to side a packet
switched network and this process is called routing. It was
defined in ISO/IEC 10589 2002 within the OSI reference
design. Intermediate system-to-intermediate system (IS-
IS) differentiate among levels such as level 1and level 2.
The routing protocol can be changed without contacting
the intra area routing protocol.
Interior Gateway Protocols Type 2:
Routing Information Protocols (RIP)
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a forceful
protocol type used in local area network and wide area
network. RIP (Routing Information Protocol) type is
categorized interior gateway protocol within the use of
distance vector algorithm. Routing information protocols
defined in 1988. It also has version 2 and nowadays both
versions are in use. Technically it is outdated by more
sophisticated techniques such as (OSPF) and the OSI
protocol IS-IS.
maximum hop of EIGRP is 255 and routing updates are
transmitting 90 seconds. It measured in classful routing
protocol, but it is less popular because of wasteful of IP
address space.
Enhanced interior gateway routing protocol (EIGRP)
- Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
based on their original IGRP while it is a Cisco
proprietary routing protocol. It is a distance-vector routing
protocol in advance within the optimization to lessen both
the routing unsteadiness incurred after topology alteration,
plus the use of bandwidth and processing power in the
router which support enhanced interior gateway routing
protocol will automatically reallocate route information to
IGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
neighbors by exchanging the 32 bit EIGRP (Enhanced
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) metric to the 24 bit
IGRP metric. Generally, optimization based on DUAL
work from SRI which assured loop free operation and
offer a means for speedy junction.
Exterior Gateway Protocols:
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
- Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) are the core routing
protocol of the internet and responsible to maintain a table
of Internet protocol networks which authorize network
reaching capability between AS. The Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP) expressed as path vector protocol. It
doesn’t employ conventional IGP metrics but making
routing judgment based on path, network policies. It is
created to replace the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
routing protocol to permit completely decentralized
routing in order to permit the removal of the NSF Net
which consent to internet to turn into a truly decentralized
system. The fourth version of Border Gateway Protocol
(BGP)has been in use since 1994 and 4th version from
2006 .The 4 version RFC 4271 has many features such as
it correct a lots of previous errors, illuminating vagueness
and brought t the RFC much nearer to industry practice.
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
- The absolute routing protocol for internet is exterior
gateway protocol which is specified in 1982 by Eric C.
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) initially expressed in
RFC827 and properly specified in RFC 904 in 1984.The
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) is unlike distance vector
and path vector protocol. It is a topology just like tree.

Interior Gateway Protocol (IGRP)

- It is distance vector IGRP (Interior gateway Protocol)
make-believe by Cisco. Router used it to exchange routing
data within an independent system. Interior gateway
routing protocol created in part to defeat the confines of
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) in large networks. It
maintains multiple metrics for each route as well as
reliability, MTU, delay load, and bandwidth. The
IGP versus EGP Routing Protocols
Routing Protocol Characteristics
Routing protocols can be compared based on the following
characteristics:
 Speed of convergence: Speed of convergence
defines how quickly the routers in the network
topology share routing information and reach a
state of consistent knowledge. The faster the
convergence, the more preferable the protocol.
Routing loops can occur when inconsistent
routing tables are not updated due to slow
convergence in a changing network.
 Scalability: Scalability defines how large a
network can become, based on the routing
protocol that is deployed. The larger the network
is, the more scalable the routing protocol needs to
be.
 Classful or classless (use of VLSM): Classful
routing protocols do not include the subnet mask
and cannot support variable-length subnet mask
(VLSM). Classless routing protocols include the
subnet mask in the updates. Classless routing
protocols support VLSM and better route
summarization.
 Resource usage: Resource usage includes the
requirements of a routing protocol such as
memory space (RAM), CPU utilization, and link
bandwidth utilization. Higher resource
requirements necessitate more powerful hardware
to support the routing protocol operation, in
addition to the packet forwarding processes.
 Implementation and maintenance:
Implementation and maintenance describes the
level of knowledge that is required for a network
administrator to implement and maintain the
network based on the routing protocol deployed.
Routing Protocol Metrics
There are cases when a routing protocol learns of more than
one route to the same destination. To select the best path,
the routing protocol must be able to evaluate and
differentiate between the available paths. This is
accomplished through the use of routing metrics.
A metric is a measurable value that is assigned by the
routing protocol to different routes based on the usefulness
of that route. In situations where there are multiple paths to
the same remote network, the routing metrics are used to
determine the overall “cost” of a path from source to
destination. Routing protocols determine the best path
based on the route with the lowest cost.
Different routing protocols use different metrics. The
metric used by one routing protocol is not comparable to
the metric used by another routing protocol. Two different
routing protocols might choose different paths to the same
destination.
For example, assume that PC1 wants to send a packet to
PC2., the RIP routing protocol has been enabled on all
routers and the network has converged. RIP makes a
routing protocol decision based on the least number of
hops. Therefore, when the packet arrives on R1, the best
route to reach the PC2 network would be to send it directly
to R2 even though the link is much slower that all other
links.
References
[1] INTERNET PROTOCOL, RFC 791, J Postel, September 1981.
[2] BROADCASTING INTERNET DATAGRAMS IN THE PRESENCE
OF SUBNETS, RFC 922, Jeffrey Mogul, October 1984
[3] Towards Requirements for IP Routers, RFC 1716, P. Almquist,
November 1994
[4] Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers, RFC 1812, F. Baker,June 1995
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[6] Sobrinho, João Luís (2003). "Network Routing with Path Vector
Protocols: Theory and Applications" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2018.
[7] "RFC 4271 - A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)". ietf.org.
[8] "The History of Border Gateway Protocol". blog.datapath.io.[permanent
dead link]
[9] "BGP Keepalive Messages". InetDaemon's IT Tutorials.
[10] Capabilities Advertisement with BGP-4, RFC 2842, R. Chandra & J.
Scudder, May 2000
[11] Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4, RFC 2858, T. Bates et al., June
2000
[12] BGP/MPLS VPNs., RFC 2547, E. Rosen and Y. Rekhter, April 2004
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