Power System Protection F2015

Distance Protection Examples

Problem:
1) Three-zone mho relays are used for transmission line protection of the power system shown in Figure 1. Positive-
sequence line impedances are given as follows:
Line Positive-Sequence Impedance, Ω
1–2 6+ j60
2–3 4+ j40
2–4 5+ j50

Rated voltage for the high-voltage buses is 500 kV. Assume a 1500:5 CT ratio and a
4500: 1 VT ratio at B12. (a) Determine the settings Zt1, Zt2, and Zt3 for the mho relay
at B12. (b) Maximum current for line 1–2 under emergency loading conditions is 1400 A
at 0.90 power factor lagging. Verify that B12 does not trip during emergency loading
conditions.

FIGURE 1
 1
= = =
15

a) The settings Zt1, Zt2, and Zt3 for the mho relay at B12 are:

Zone1 Zt1=0.8*Z12=0.8*(6+j60)/15= 0.32+j3.2 Ω secondary

Zone 2 Zt2= 1.2*(6+j60)/15=0.48+j4.8 Ω secondary
Zone 3 Zt3= Z12+1.2*Z23
=(6+j60)/15+1.2*(4+j40)/15=0.72+j7.2 Ω secondary

Or =(6+j60)/15+1.2*(5+j50)/15=0.8+j8 Ω secondary =8.04∠84.3° Ω secondary

Usually the longest line is chosen

b) The secondary impedance s`een by B!@ during emergency loading is:

Zsec= Zpr*CTratio/VTratio= VLN/IL*(1/15)
-..
%&' * *
( ! ") =$ (&
)$ ) = ,
*+
√0
*.2∠4 ! 56 7.8
9 $*+) = 13.7∠025.8° Ω
Zsec at emergency loading lies outside the trip region of zone 3. So the moh-relay does not trip.
 2) Line impedances for the power system shown in Figure 2 are Z12 = Z23 =3+ j40Ω, and Z24 = 6+ j80 Ω. Reach for the
zone 3 B12 impedance relays is set for 100% of line 1–2 plus 120% of line 2–4.
(a) For a bolted three-phase fault at bus 4, show that the apparent primary impedance ‘‘seen’’ by the B12 relays is
Zapparent = Z12 + Z24+(I32/I12)Z24
where(I32/I12) is the line 2–3 to line 1–2 fault current ratio.

(b) If |I32=I12| > 0.20, does the B12 relay see the fault at bus 4? Note: This problem illustrates the ‘‘infeed effect.’’ Fault
currents from line 2–3 can cause the zone 3 B12 relay to underreach. As such, remote backup of line 2–4 at B12 is
ineffective.

FIGURE 2

B* E E E EC
a) The apparent primary impedance seen by relay B12 is
*D CF C *D C
̅ =, 9= = F
̅
*C
̅
*C
̅
*C
̅
*C

EC
̅ ̅ F
= *C
̅
*C

Since V2=Z24 I24 and I24=I12+I32

̅
C2 ( *C F GC )
̅ ̅ F
= *C ̅ ̅ F C2
= *C ̅ F GC
̅ ̅ C2
*C*C

b) The apparent secondary impedance seen by relay B12 for fault at bus 4 is :
̅ 4 = ̅ = *C̅ F C2 ̅ F GC C2̅
̅
*C

̅ = H3 F I40 F (6 F I80) F
GC
(6 F I80)L
4 ̅
*C
Zone 3 of relay B12
MN O!
Zone 3 Zt3= (Z12+1.2*Z24)
%N O!
=
MN O ! MN O!
(3 F I40 F 1.2(6 F I80)) = (10.2 F I136)
%N O! %N O!
(0P
When ̅ Q 0.2
(6P
Zapp-secQ Zt3 ∴ Zapp-sec lies outside the trip reqion ofr a 3-phase fault at bus 4.
Remote backup od line 2-4 us then ineffective.
 3) Consider the transmission line shown in Figure 3 with series impedance ZL, negligible shunt admittance, and a load
impedance ZR at the receiving end.
(a) Determine ZR for the given conditions of VR = 1 per unit and SR = 2+ j0.8 per unit.
(b) Construct the impedance diagram in the R-X plane for ZL = 0.1 +j0.3 per unit.
(c) Find ZS for this condition and the angle d between ZS and ZR.

( ER )C (1)C
FIGURE 3

= ∗ = 0.431 F I0.1724 UV
R EEE
S R (2 D 0.8)
The R-X diagram is given in FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4

̅ = ̅ F R̅ = (0.1 F 0.431) F I(0.3 F 0.1724) UV = 07107∠41.66°

0.1724
W = X F XR = 41.66° D Y4* = 19.66°
0.431
FIGURE 5