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Petrel 2017 Reservoir


Engineering

Module 4: Model initialization and volume


calculation

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Lesson 1: Define initial


conditions

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Why do you need to initialize a model?

All grid cells must have initial values of saturation and pressure.

Required minimum input to the simulator:


▪ Relative permeability and compressibility
▪ Fluid model

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Three ways to initialize

Equilibration: The simulator


computes initial saturation and
pressure using the Fluid model and
the Saturation function inserted on
the Functions tab.
Enumeration: Insert initial saturation
and pressure as 3D grid properties
on the Grid tab.
Restart: Initial saturation and
pressure is read from a restart file.

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Initialize the model: Grid properties

1. Open the Define simulation


case dialog box.
2. Create a new case or edit an
existing case.
3. Select the simulator type.
4. If you have multiple grids in
your project, choose a grid.
By default, the minimum set of
properties required is included
in the Input table.
Add a row and use lists to add more properties, if necessary.

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Initialize the model: Additional grid properties

1. To add a row, click .


2. Select a template.
3. Insert the 3D property.
For example, insert water
saturation to be used for
endpoint scaling and initial
water saturation.

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Grid properties: How to use 3D grid or Constant


property in Define simulation case dialog box
3D grid property: In the Property folder in the Model pane, insert the existing
3D grid property into the data field.

Constant grid property: Clear the


check box of any grid property in the
Define simulation case dialog box to
enter a constant grid property.

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Functions: Black oil (PVT)

1. Select Black oil fluid model (PVT).


2. Insert the initial condition of the fluid model.
3. If you use enumeration, clear Use initial conditions.

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Functions: Rock physics

1. Insert
– Relative permeability curves
– Rock compaction function
2. To assign different functions to different
rock types, select the Region index
property check box.

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Initial condition sets

Define initial conditions using these processes in Petrel:


▪ Make fluid model
▪ Initial conditions
▪ Initialize from maps

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Make a fluid model: Initial conditions tab

There are two ways you can define your initial conditions:
▪ Define from contact set
▪ Define in table

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Fluid variations with depth

Vertical variations in PVT must be given in a spreadsheet.


1. Right-click an Initial condition and click Spreadsheet to enter a depth
table.
2. Specify the bubblepoint or the Rs value at
each depth. If you specify one, the other is
calculated using the correlations.
2 1

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Make contacts

Use the Make contacts process to create contacts. The contacts set
is used in the simulation or in volume calculations.

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Equilibration: Compute phase pressures

Contacts in the Fluid model Phase pressure is computed


using the fluid density as input.

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Equilibration: Saturation in the water, oil, and


gas zone

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Equilibration: Saturation in the transition zones

1. Calculate Pcog and Pcow in the


transition zones of the model:
▪ Pcow = Po – Pw
▪ Pcog = Pg – Po
2. Reserve lookup Sw from Pc tables.

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Strategies

When initializing the model, leave the Strategies tab blank.

NOTE: Development
strategies are discussed
later in the course.

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Lesson 2: Static volume


calculations

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Volume calculations

The Volume calculation process accurately calculates the various volumes in a 3D grid
(bulk, pore, and fluid).
You can use this data:
▪ Boundary, license block
▪ Zones, Segments
▪ Properties (Net/Gross, porosity, Sw)
▪ Constants (Bo, Bg, Rs, Rv)
▪ Contacts (GOC, OWC, GWC)
▪ Recovery factors (REC)
Exact volume calculation
Each side of the cell is triangulated and cells are split exactly where they are cut.

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Volume calculation formulas

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Calculate volumes with 3D grid

1. Open the Volume calculation process.


2
2. Create a new case or update an existing case.
3
3. Select a 3D grid from the list to run the Volume
2
calculation. 3
4. Define the Hydrocarbon intervals by inserting 4
the Contacts from the Fluid contacts folder. 5
5. On the Properties tab, select a property
model or a constant. 4
6 5
6. On the Settings tab, specify outputs to
generate.
7. Click Apply to store. Click Run.

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Change the units in a report


1
1. In the Templates pane, expand Volume
templates.
2. Open the template settings example, 3
STOIIP.
3. Click the Info tab. 2
4. Click Customize next to the units and select
4
the units and the number of decimals to use.
5. Click Apply. 6

6. Rerun the report. Click the Results tab and


open the Settings for the Volumetrics. 5

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Fundamental differences between geologic and


simulation grids
Geologic models: Simulation models:
▪ Detailed description of structure ▪ Description of static properties
and petrophysical properties (structure and petrophysics) is
▪ Compatibility with the adequate to describe change in
Depositional model saturation and pressure with
▪ Grid sizes limited more by time
structural complexity than strict ▪ Must respect the assumptions
number of cells taken by the chosen
mathematical model
▪ Grid sizes limited by time and
resources

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Volumes: Volume calculation simulation case


initialization
Differences in the way volumes are computed
Volume calculation Initialization
Cells included All cells above the oil- All active cells, with special
water contact consideration for transition zones
Contact Computed accurately If default settings are used,
by triangulation of the saturations are computed in cell
cells centers.
Fluid model Constants are used Pressure tables are used
Initial Constants/grid Saturation endpoints are read
conditions properties from relative permeability.
The effect of rock compaction
also is taken into consideration.

The effect of capillary pressure


around the contacts also should
be considered.

NOTE: Only cells above the oil-water contact contribute to volumes computed by the Volume calculation process.

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Petrel6:2017
Module Reservoir
History matching and prediction

Engineering

Module 6: History matching and prediction


Petrel 2017 Reservoir
Engineering

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Lesson
Module1: History
6: History development
matching and prediction
strategy

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Development strategy

Development strategy is used to describe to the simulator how a field is developed.


It specifies
▪ which wells produce or inject and at what
rate and pressure
▪ times to be simulated
▪ rules to operate the wells
▪ what operation is carried out on the wells
over time
▪ groups of wells based on platforms or
any criteria if required

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History matching and prediction workflow


Interpreted geology, geophysics,
petrophysics Sensitivity runs
Produce results for risk evaluation
and economics
Static reservoir description

Prediction runs
Construction of simulation grid
Existing wells
▪ Modification of continue to produce
static or dynamic
until
and actual and model
are worked match
over logically
Assign fluid model and rock physics ▪ New well drilling can be
function implemented
Tuning runs
▪ EOR options can be tested
Modify properties until
Petrel simulation model
model and historical data
match
Make history strategy
(actual production and pressure)
Sensitivity runs
NO
Simulate production and pressure Identify uncertain parameters

Solution found
YES

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History and prediction

History:
▪ Validates the model against history
▪ Uses observed rates as well control data
▪ Uses historic events/dates for perforations

Prediction:
▪ Predicts future behavior
▪ Specifies future operating rates or
pressures of wells

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Input data required for history strategy

History development strategies require wells,


wellbore events, and production data.
The simulator requires
▪ well paths (deviation surveys)
▪ well historical data
− completion intervals
− workover events
▪ production/injection data

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Main elements of the Development strategy


dialog box

1 Toolbar: Used to add dates, wells,


groups, and rules to the strategy 5
2 Strategy tree: Shows the timeline, 1 6
the well folders and group hierarchy,
and the rules active at each date
3 Status bar: Displays hints and error
messages
4 Rule table: Allows you to enter data 4
for each rule 2
5 Options to specify the simulator and
strategy type 3
6 Strategies presets

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Create a development strategy (1)

1. Select a Strategy type. 2


Click History.
3 1
2. Select the simulator type.
3. Add control dates to the
strategy tree. Click Add
new data .
4. In the Input pane, select
4
wells or a folder of wells.
Click Add selected wells or well
folders from the input tree .

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Create a development strategy (2)

5. To organize wells with


5 7
common controls into
folders, click Add a new user
defined folder . Drag the
wells into the folders. 6 8

6. Organize wells into groups


for higher level control.
7. To add rules, click Open add
rules .
8. Edit rule parameters in the
Rules table.

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Preset development strategies: Quick start

To make a strategy, it is good practice to use a default


strategy as a starting point, then add more rules if
necessary.

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Presets: History strategy

Usually, two rules are added in the default history strategy:


Reporting frequency and History rate control.

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Default history strategy

▪ Creates the start and end dates of the first observed data in
the project.
▪ Adds all wells automatically. Wells without history are
detected on export to the simulator and ignored.
▪ Adds all wells to the default strategy in the Input pane, but
you can rearrange the wells into groups if necessary.
▪ Sets the reporting frequency rule to monthly reports.
▪ Uses the default history rate control rules.

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History strategy: Edit default rules

1. Insert the observed data.


1
2. Change control modes as
necessary. 2
3. Edit the settings for
reporting frequency.

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Average of historical production data

If the Yes value is selected in the History rate control rule, you can
average historical production data to a specified reporting frequency.

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Compare observed data and created history


strategy
Open the Results charting and
analysis dialog box and select to
view:
▪ Vector (rate) in the Properties
pane
▪ Identifier (well) in the Primary
identifiers pane
▪ Development strategy in the
Sources pane
▪ Observed data in the Sources
pane

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Import OFM wells into Petrel

Use the OFM Data Connector


dialog box to import OFM data into
Petrel.
▪ Well data
▪ Completion information
▪ Production data
▪ Analytical forecasts

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Lesson 4: Prediction strategy

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Purposes of a prediction development strategy

▪ It improves the recovery or NPV from the field.


▪ It determines the most appropriate and cost-effective
development scenarios for the future of the field.

To create the prediction development strategy, you specify


control mechanisms, new wells, infill wells, and economic
limits.

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Create a new empty prediction strategy


To add new dates, click Add a new date .

To change the start


and end dates, right-
click a date and click
Edit dates.
Select Empty prediction strategy
from the Use presets list.

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Prediction strategy: Wells

Insert a well or folder


of wells from the Input
pane.

To add control rules,


click Open add rules Select simulators.
dialog .

Check the rule validation result in the status bar.

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Prediction strategy: Group control (1)

▪ Group control mimics field operations.


▪ A group is a logical entity that might or might not correspond to a
physical entity.
▪ A well or a group can belong to only one group at a time. The top level
group is the field.
Examples:
▪ Produce the target for Platform B from wells according to productivity.
▪ Platform A: The FPSO is equipped with compressors that can process
xMSCF of gas per hour, so a limit of 24X MSCF per day must be
imposed.

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Prediction strategy: Group control (2)

1. To create a new group,


click Add well group .
1
2. Drag a well into a group.
Assign targets to
groups.
3. Edit the group name. 3

Right-click the new


inserted group and click
Rename.

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Groups: Membership changing with time

▪ Add a new time


▪ Add two groups
▪ Add a group control rule for both time intervals
▪ Assign a group rule at any time interval

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Add rules
1. Click Add rule to open the dialog box.

2. Set the initial control mode and


enter the required parameters
for the selected rule.

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Well rules: Targets and limits

When you set a new rule, you also must set a target or limit.
▪ If you select targets, other lines you fill in are imposed as limits.
▪ If you select limits, you must assign the target using an additional rule.
Target Limit
The simulation begins by If limits are not violated, the
trying to meet the set target. simulation runs to meet the
target. NOTE: These color
codes are used in
Target not met Limit violated
the plot that follows.
The simulation changes The simulation changes
control mode by imposing control mode by imposing the
limits. limit, or action is taken (for
example, close a well).

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Targets and limits: Oil rate target example

If you set the control mode to Target,


all other rates that you enter are
BHP rises because of
implemented as limits.
pressure support from
aquifer and injector
Add a BHP limit in addition to the
rate production control rule.

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Tabular rules

1. To add a rule, click Open


add rule dialog .
1
2 2. Insert a folder of wells.
3. Right-click the inserted
rule and click Convert to
tabular rule.

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Rules: Validation

A valid rule has all required parameters set and any optional parameters
that are set for all the enabled simulators.

The Report validation


check box controls
reporting of the
validation message to
the Petrel Message
log.

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Prediction strategy: Include in simulation case

Insert the prediction strategy into the data field on the Strategies tab of
the Define simulation case dialog box.

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Restart runs (1)

▪ Use the solution at the end of a Cell saturations


history case as the start condition and pressures
for a prediction run. recorded
Field production rate

▪ Saves time because you do not


Prediction period
recalculate pressure and History period

saturation for the history period.


(Restart run)
(Base run)

Time

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Restart runs (2)

1. Insert a restart case. On the


Simulation tab, in the Derive
case group, click Restart.
2. Edit the new case in the Define
simulation case dialog box.
3. Add a new row to the
development strategy table and
insert the prediction strategy.
4. Select a Restart date.

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Petrel 2017 Reservoir


Module 9: Additional modeling options

Engineering

Module 9: Additional modeling options


Petrel 2017 Reservoir
Engineering
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Module 9:9:Additional
Lesson
Module modeling
1: Aquifers
Additional
options
modeling options

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Reservoir aquifer

Drive energy is provided by an aquifer that interfaces with the oil in


the reservoir at the oil-water contact (OWC).
The pressure history of a water-driven reservoir depends on:
▪ Size of the aquifer
▪ Permeability of the aquifer
▪ Reservoir production rate

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Make aquifer (1)

An aquifer can be used to simulate


large amounts of water or gas.
Specify which cells should be
influenced by the aquifer.

NOTE: Aquifers can be modeled


as numerical or analytical.

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Make aquifer (2)

1. Open the Make aquifer dialog box. On the Reservoir Engineering tab, in the
Boundaries group, click Aquifer.
2. Create an aquifer or edit an aquifer.
Select the type of aquifer model:
▪ Numerical ▪ Constant pressure gas
▪ Carter Tracy ▪ Constant pressure/head
▪ Fetkovich water
▪ Constant flux ▪ Rainfall

The Aquifer model is stored in the Models


pane in the Aquifers folder for the parent grid.

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Connections

Enter the area of interest. Use the Add points


to polygon tool on the Polygon editing Tool
Palette to define the boundary polygon on
the Reservoir Engineering tab.

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Independent polygon areas and drive direction

Use the compass to define drive directions, which are


connections that the aquifer has to the grid.
Directions of the aquifer:
▪ Top down ▪ Grid edges
▪ Bottom up ▪ Fault edges Fault edges connection

Bottom up connection

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Examples of different compass settings

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Define aquifer vertical extent

The vertical extent of the aquifer connection can


be restricted by a top or base limit. Example:
OWC -2,600 m is used as a fixed top depth limit.

To restrict connections to filtered cells only,


use a filter from the Input pane.

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Aquifer modeling: Numerical

▪ Modeled by a one-dimensional row


of cells.
▪ A set of cells in the simulation grid is
nominated to represent the aquifer.
▪ Properties of aquifer grid (length,
cross-sectional area, porosity,
permeability, initial pressure, depth,
PVT, and saturation table numbers)
are set on the Properties tab.

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Aquifer modeling: Fetkovich

Fetkovich: The aquifer flow model


is similar to the well inflow equation.
Fetkovich aquifer is best suited for
smaller aquifers that can quickly
approach a pseudosteady-state
condition.

Aquifer properties (compressibility,


porosity, initial pressure, depth,
productivity index) are defined on
the Properties tab.

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Aquifer modeling: Carter Tracy

The Carter Tracy model


uses tables of
dimensionless time
versus a dimensionless
pressure as the
Influence function.

Carter Tracy
approximates a fully
transient model. NOTE: Fetkovich and Carter Tracy aquifers
cannot be used in the same run.

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Make aquifer: Properties tab

The required input depends on the


selected aquifer model.

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Include an aquifer in the Define simulation case


dialog box
1. Open the Define simulation case dialog
box. Add a row using Append item in the
table.
2. Select the Aquifer template from the list in
the Keyword column.
3. Highlight the created aquifer in the
Models pane and insert it into the
new row.

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Exercise: Make an aquifer

In this exercise, your task is to create an aquifer, modify its settings,


and run a simulation case to see the effect of different aquifer
settings.
1. To draw a polygon that specifies the area that is influenced by the
aquifer, use the Add a point to polygon tool on the Polygon
editing Tool Palette.
2. Open the Make aquifer dialog box and create the aquifer model.
3. Add the aquifer model to the simulation case and run the
simulation.

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Lesson 2: Local grid


refinements

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Local grid refinement (1)

Local grid refinement allows you to increase the model resolution near
wells, around surfaces, or inside a region of interest to better model the
fluid flow behavior.

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Local grid refinement (2)

Open the Make local grids dialog box. On the


Reservoir Engineering tab, in the Regridding
group, click Make local grids.

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Local grid refinement (3)

Create or edit an LGR set.

Each set is stored as a


folder in the Models pane.

A set contains many local


grids.

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Specify host cells from sources

Select sources:
Wells: Make a refinement around the well
Polygons: Make a refinement inside the polygon
Surfaces: Make refinements above or below

Insert sources into the gridding process.

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Refinement method

Select a source, then select a


refinement method:
▪ Cartesian: Enter the number of
fine cells inside each coarse cell.
▪ Cartesian Gradual: The coarse
cells are refined gradually; finest
resolution is in the middle. Enter
number of levels.
▪ Unstructured: Create local grids
with polyhedral cells that follow
the wellbore path.

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Set source parameters

Select a source or folder of sources in the


source pane and set the selection
parameters.
▪ Zone and Segment filters: Limit the
refinements to some zones/segments.
▪ Grid separate zones: Create a separate
local grid in each zone.
▪ Source influence distance: Distance
from well or surface that is refined.
NOTE: Click Display host cells to see the cells in the 3D viewer that will be selected for
local gridding.

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Extend host cell along I, J, K

The local grid can be made more or less No extension


regular in shape by extending it along the
I, J, or K direction.
An extended grid can have
Extended in K
▪ Fewer surface cells: Fewer
connections to the coarse grid mean
less work for the simulator.
▪ More cells: More cells mean more
work for the simulator.

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Grid to well connections

Only cells with connections are refined.


Select the check box Grid to well connections to generate the
CARFIN and the AMALGAM keywords. These keywords make
ECLIPSE treat the refinements at the connections as only one
local grid set.

NOTE: ECLIPSE allows only


one well to be connected to a
local grid.

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Set different parameters settings for different


sources
By default, cell selection and gridding parameters are the same for all
sources.
To change settings:
1. Select a source.
2. Clear Use default.
3. Specify individual settings.
The source pane displays a summary of the parameters for each
source.

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Grid properties

Local grids inherit the


properties of the host cells.

All local grid cells in a host


cell exhibit the same
property value.

NOTE: Geometrical properties, such as volume, cannot be inherited; they appear as


null (gray) until the property is recalculated.

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Copy host cell properties onto a local grid set

1. Select a property in the fine grid.


2. Display only the local grid.
3. Use a property filter.
4. Clear Ensure all cells get values.

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Upscale properties

To upscale only onto visible grids, select


the Upscale to filtered cells only option.

A closed polygon can be used as the boundary for upscaling.

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Add LGR to a simulation case

1. Open the Define simulation case dialog box and select the case to
add the local grid refinement set.
2. Click the Grid tab. Click Append item in the table to add a row.
3. Select the Local grid refinement set and insert it into the data field.

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