Step 3 - to understand the waves behavior in open and enclosure mediums

Individual work

Edwin Javier Díaz Pérez

Group 8

Identification number: 80.255.185

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 01-11
 Introduction

In this activity it is sought that the members of the group find an overview of the
behavior of the waves in open and closed media. Have a basic knowledge necessary
to understand how to describe the most common modes of wave propagation. See
that the wave when traveling is subject to multiple effects. Know that the formulas for
measuring effects are complex by nature. Apply knowledge to the development of 3
application exercises.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

Reply:
The wave movement can be considered as a transport of energy and quantity of
movement from one point of space to another, without transport of matter.
The waves are classified into two categories: traveling and stationary. In the former
there is propagation of energy while in the others the energy associated with the
wave remains confined between two borders
Two aspects are distinguished in the path of a wave front: 1) the movement of the
wave through the medium and 2) the oscillatory movement of the particles in the
medium.
The waves propagate in response to Maxwell's postulates.
The propagation mode depends on the frequency of the wave.
Depending on the frequency order, from low to high, the waves can take 3 basic
propagation paths through free space.
Frequency waves up to 2 MHz: Per surface or terrestrial wave. It is a vertically
polarized wave (vertical field E) that follows the surface of the Earth and therefore
follows its curvature to propagate beyond the horizon.
Frequency waves between 300kHz and 30 MHz: By ionospheric wave. The wave is
refracted in the ionized layers of the atmosphere; there the air molecules are ionized
by solar radiation. These layers are between 60 and 400 km high.
Frequency waves between 30 MHz and 30 GHz: By spatial wave, also called line of
sight and tropospheric. The wave propagates in a straight, direct line from the
transmitter to the receiver. There may be reflections from the Earth's surface, but it is
more likely to cause problems at the signal strength.
Waves that are closer to the surface of the Earth will be closer by the properties of
the Earth.
 2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?
Reply:
In wireless technology, polarization refers to the orientation of the E and H fields with
respect to the earth. Polarization is the direction of the electric field in a wave that
propagates. The polarization can be Linear, Elliptical or Circular.
If the direction of field E does not vary, the polarization is linear.
The linear polarization can be horizontal or vertical. If E is parallel to Earth, the wave
is polarized horizontally. A horizontal antenna produces horizontal polarization. If E is
perpendicular to Earth, the wave is polarized vertically. A vertical antenna produces
vertical polarization.
It is circular if the intensity of field E is the same at all angles.
The polarization can be right hand (RHCP) or left (LHCP).
Sometimes the polarization axis rotates as the wave moves through space. Turn 360º
for every λ of travel.
It is elliptical if the intensity of the E field varies as the polarization changes.
It is a variant of circular polarization.

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

Reply:
It is reflected in metals, water surface and from the ground; with the same angle at
which the surface impacts. It is like a wave jump.
When 𝑛2 < 𝑛1 or, equivalently, 𝑣2 > 𝑣1 , for total angles of incidence that exceed a critical
value (𝜃𝑐 ) the total reflection of the wave occurs.
• In total reflection, all the energy of the incident wave passes to the reflected one
• The critical angle, 𝜃𝑐 , corresponds to the angle of incidence whose refraction appears
at 𝜃2 = 90°
𝑛2 𝑛2
sin 𝜃𝑐 = sin 90° =
𝑛1 𝑛1

The reflection reverses the polarity, which is equivalent to a 180º offset or to the
change of direction of the E field of the wave front.

4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

Reply:
An interesting case of refraction can occur when light travels from a medium of larger
to smaller index. The light ray can actually bend so much that it never goes beyond
the boundary between the two media. This case of refraction is called total internal
reflection.

In the above diagram, imagine that we are trying to send a beam of light from a
region with refractive index n1 to a region with index n2 and that n2 < n1.
If x1, x2 are the angles made with the normal for the incident and refracted rays,
then Snell's Law yields

Since n2 < n1, we could potentially get an argument for the arcsin function that is
greater than 1; an invalid value. The critical angle is the first angle for which the
incident ray does not leave the first region, namely when the "refracted" angle is 90°.
Any incident angle greater than the critical angle will consequently be reflected from
the boundary instead of being refracted. For concreteness, pretend that we are
shining light from water to air. To find the critical angle, we set x2 = 90°. Using Snell's
Law, we see that any incident angle greater than about 41° will not leave the water.

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?
Reply:
Snell's law was discovered experimentally in 1621 by the Dutch scientist Willebrord
Snel van Royen (1580 - 1626), more commonly known as Snell. It was Huygens who
gave an explanation to this experimental law.
The geometric relationships between the directions of the incidence, reflection and
refraction rays are known as Snell's laws.
The purpose of Snell's Law in the study of wave propagation is to apply and
demonstrate that they are mathematical laws that are fulfilled in the reflection and
refraction of any wave on the separation surface between two media.
Reflection is the change in the direction of the wave movement that occurs in the
same medium in which it was propagated, after affecting the surface of a different
medium. It is governed by two laws:
The incident ray, the reflected one and the normal one to the surface at the point of
incidence are in the same plane.
The angle of the incident ray i ̂ and the reflection angle r ̂ are equal:
𝑖̂ = 𝑟̂
In reflection, the wave may or may not experience a change or inversion in its phase.
This means that in the reflected wave there is an inversion in the sense of vibration
which, in the case of harmonic waves, results in a 180º offset or 𝜋 radians with respect
to the incident.
Snell's law of refraction, which marks the relationship between the angle of incidence
𝑖̂, that of refraction 𝑟̂ , and the velocities of the waves in means 1 and 2, 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 ,
according to:
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑖̂) 𝑣1
= = n2,1
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑟̂ ) 𝑣 2
Being n2,1 , the index of refraction of the second medium with respect to the first, a
dimensionless constant and defined as the ratio of the velocity in the first medium
between the velocity in the second.
Snell's Law is also defined based on the refractive index of each of the media:

speed of light in a vacuum 𝑐

𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 → 𝑛 = =
speed of light in the middle 𝑣

𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑐⁄𝑛1 𝑐⁄𝑛2
Snell′ s Law → = → = → 𝑛1 ∙ sin 𝑖̂ = 𝑛2 ∙ sin 𝑟̂
sin 𝑖̂ sin 𝑟̂ sin 𝑖̂ sin 𝑟̂

We must keep in mind that the reflected ray remains in the middle of the incident ray.
The refracted ray, however, passes to a different medium.
The reflection does not change the velocity of wave v, nor its frequency f, nor its
wavelength λ.
In refraction the frequency of wave f does not change, but in doing so its velocity v,
its wavelength λ must also change.
 Application exercises:

For the development of the following exercises, note that GG corresponds to the
group number and CCC to the first 3 digits of the identification number.
𝐆𝐆 = 𝟎𝟖, 𝐂𝐂𝐂 = 𝟖𝟎𝟐
1. An electromagnetic wave of f = 8 MHz and P1+ = 200 mW/m2 , incident from the
air (η1 = 120π Ω), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance
η2 = 802 Ω. Calculate the reflected power P1− and the transmitted power P2+ to
the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Solution:
𝑓 = 8 𝑋 106 𝐻𝑧
Remembering that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
To eliminate the dependence of time on the boundary condition, it is necessary that
𝜔𝑖 = 𝜔𝑟 = 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜔, where sub-indices 𝑖, 𝑟 and 𝑡 refer to incidence, reflected and
transmitted, respectively. That is, the frequencies do not vary.
Based on the definition of Fresnel coefficients:
𝐸𝑜𝑟,𝜋
𝑅𝜋 = →①
𝐸𝑜𝑖,𝜋
𝐸𝑜𝑡,𝜋
𝑇𝜋 = →②
𝐸𝑜𝑖,𝜋
𝐸𝑜𝑟,𝜎
𝑅𝜎 = →③
𝐸𝑜𝑖,𝜎
𝐸𝑜𝑡,𝜎
𝑇𝜎 = →④
𝐸𝑜𝑖,𝜎
A boundary condition tells us that E parallel to the interface is continuous. From this
boundary condition it is possible to deduce the laws of reflection and refraction.
Now, calling 𝒫 to power and for conservation of energy, it is fulfilled that:
𝒫𝑖 = 𝒫𝑟 + 𝒫𝑡
Defining 𝑷+
𝟏 as the intensity or amount of energy per unit of area and unit of time that
incides the electromagnetic wave, and defining 𝑷−𝟏 as the intensity or amount of
energy per unit of area and unit of time that reflects the electromagnetic wave , and
defining 𝑷+𝟐 as the intensity or amount of energy per unit of area and unit of time
transmitted by the electromagnetic wave; and knowing that the power of an
electromagnetic wave is equal to the intensity by the section area (A), transversal to
the wave, we get:
𝑃1+ ∗ 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑃1− ∗ 𝐴𝑟 + 𝑃2+ ∗ 𝐴𝑡
Since the areas are the same for normal incidence, 𝜃𝑖 = 0, and simplifying, so you get
that:
𝑃1+ = 𝑃1− + 𝑃2+ → ⑤
Finally, we find the expressions for fractions of reflected and transmitted power
intensity, depending on R.
A the reflected fraction is called reflectance ℛ ≡ 𝑃1− /𝑃1+ , and at the transmitted fraction
the transmittance 𝒯 ≡ 𝑃2+ /𝑃1+ .
𝑃1− 𝑣1 𝐸𝑟 𝐸𝑟 12𝜖1 𝐸𝑜𝑟 2
𝐸𝑜𝑟 2
ℛ= += = = 1 2 =( )
𝑃1 𝑣1 𝐸𝑖 𝐸𝑖 𝜖 𝐸
2 1 𝑜𝑖
𝐸𝑜𝑖
2
ℛ=𝑅
If equation ⑤ is divided by 𝑃1 you get:
+

𝑃1− 𝑃2+
1= ++ + =ℛ+𝒯
𝑃1 𝑃1
Clearing:
𝒯 = 1 − ℛ = 1 − 𝑅2

With the condition of 𝜃𝑖 = 0, 𝜃𝑡 = 0, ① and ③ they are equal:

𝜂1 − 𝜂2
𝑅𝜋 = 𝑅𝜎 =
𝜂1 + 𝜂2
Therefore the reflectances 𝜋 and 𝜎 are equal, as are the transmittances.
𝜂1 − 𝜂2 2
ℛ𝜋 ó 𝜎 = ( )
𝜂1 + 𝜂2
With what the solution remains:
𝜂1 − 𝜂2 2
𝑃1− = ℛ ∗ 𝑃1+ = ( ) ∗ 𝑃1+
𝜂1 + 𝜂2

𝜂1 − 𝜂2 2
𝑃2+ = 𝒯 ∗ 𝑃1+ = [1 − ( ) ] ∗ 𝑃1+
𝜂1 + 𝜂2
Replacing values:
 376.73Ω − 802Ω 2
P1− = ( ) ∗ 0.2 W/m2
376.73Ω + 802Ω
P1− = (−0.36)2 ∗ 0.2 W/m2
P1− = 0.026 W/m2
𝐏𝟏− = 𝟐𝟔 𝐦𝐖/𝐦𝟐

P2+ = (1 − 0.13) ∗ 0.2 W/m2

P2+ = 0.174 W/m2
𝐏𝟐+ = 𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝐦𝐖/𝐦𝟐

2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 8 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200 𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , coming from

a wave generator located 30 𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 =
802 𝛺 and 10𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-
dissipative material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20 cm
away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power that is transmitted to the receiver.

Solution:
a.

𝑓 = 8 𝑋 106 𝐻𝑧
Remembering that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2𝜋(8 𝑋 106 𝐻𝑧) = 16𝜋 𝑋 106 𝐻𝑧 = 0.502655𝑋108 𝐻𝑧

𝑐𝑜 = 3𝑋108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑛1 = 120 𝜋 Ω = 376.73 Ω
𝑛2 = 802 Ω
𝑥 = 10 𝑐𝑚 = 0.10 𝑚

The phase constant is:

𝜔𝑛1
𝛽=
𝑐𝑜 𝑛2
0.502655𝑋108 𝐻𝑧 376.73 Ω
𝛽=( 8
)∗( )
3𝑋10 𝑚/𝑠 802 Ω

tan(𝛽𝑥) = tan(0.0787/𝑚 ∗ 0.10 𝑚)

tan(𝛽𝑥) = tan(0.00787) = 0.00787

The input impedance is defined as:

𝜂2 + 𝑗𝜂1 tan(𝛽𝑥)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂1 ∗
𝜂1 + 𝑗𝜂2 tan(𝛽𝑥)
802 Ω + 𝑗376.73 Ω ∗ 0.00787
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 376.73 Ω ∗
376.73 Ω + 𝑗802 Ω ∗ 0.00787
802 Ω + 𝑗2.965 Ω
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 376.73 Ω ∗
376.73 Ω + 𝑗6.312Ω
302137.46 Ω + 𝑗1117 Ω
𝜂𝑖𝑛 =
376.73 Ω + 𝑗6.312Ω
Multiplying and dividing by the conjugate of the denominator:
302137.46 Ω + 𝑗1117 Ω 376.73 Ω − 𝑗6.312Ω
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = ( )∗( )
376.73 Ω + 𝑗6.312Ω 376.73 Ω − 𝑗6.312Ω
113831295.81 − 𝑗1486284.273
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = ( )Ω
141965.33
Making the division:
 𝜂𝑖𝑛 = (801.82 − 𝑗10.47)Ω
The reflection coefficient is:
𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
Γ1 =
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
425.09 − 𝑗10.47
Γ1 =
178.55 − 𝑗10.47
Multiplying and dividing by the conjugate of the denominator:
425.09 − 𝑗10.47 178.55 + 𝑗10.47
Γ1 = ( )∗( )
178.55 − 𝑗10.47 178.55 + 𝑗10.47
501099.44 − 𝑗7888.73
Γ1 =
1389089.72
Making the division:
Γ1 = 036 − 𝑗0.00569
|Γ1 |2 = 0.36

The transmittance is:

𝑇1 = 1 − |Γ1 |2
𝑇1 = 1 − 0.36 = 0.64
And the reflactance is:
𝑅1 = 1 − 𝑇1
𝑅1 = 0.36
b. Therefore, the power that is transmitted to the receiver, in %, is:

𝐏𝟐+ = 𝟔𝟒% ∗ 𝐏𝟏+

P2+ = (0.64) ∗ 200 mW/m2
𝐏𝟐+ = 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝐦𝐖/𝐦𝟐
 3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the
graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming
an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the
wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is 802 𝑚𝑚 thick and that at
point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material is
in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.
Solution:
𝜂𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 1.309
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.0003
𝜂𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 1.52

𝜃𝑎 = 44.9°
𝜃𝑖 = 90° − 44.9° = 45.1°
𝜂𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝜃𝐵 = sin−1 ( ∗ sin 𝜃𝑖 )
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟
1.309
𝜃𝐵 = sin−1 ( ∗ sin(45.1°))
1.003
𝜃𝐵 = sin−1(1.3086 ∗ 0.70834)
𝜃𝐵 = sin−1(0.9269) ≈ 68°
𝜃𝑏 = 90° − 68° = 22°
 𝜂? = 𝜂𝑖𝑐𝑒 ∗ tan 𝜃𝑏
𝜂? = 1.0003 ∗ tan 22°
𝜂? = 0.404
0.404
𝜃𝐷 = sin−1 ( ∗ sin(22°))
1.52
𝜃𝐷 = sin−1(0.1)
𝜃𝐷 = 5.72°
𝑑 = 802 𝑚𝑚 ∗ (tan 68° + tan 22° + tan 5.72°)
𝒅 = 𝟑 𝒎𝒎
 Conclusions

The study of simple incidence cases, both on dielectric means and on conductors, has
allowed us to offer in some detail a vision of the physical phenomena involved.

The incidence of Electromagnetic Waves on normal planes (infinite walls) comply with
the property that the incident magnetic field is equal to the sum of the reflected and
transmitted fields. It is also true for incident powers and intensities, respectively.

According to the hypothesis of the displacement current (Ampere-Maxwell), a field E

that varies in time, induces a field H also variable in time.
According to Faraday, a field H that varies in time, induces a field E also variable in
time.
The two fields exist at the same time, that is, there is the electromagnetic field that
propagates at the speed of light.
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