Nuclear proliferation

 Nuclear weapons
 Nuclear energy

Nuclear weapons:
 Deterrence
 Offensive
 Defensive
 MAD—mutually assured destruction results into peace
 Emergence of Nuclear weapons
 First nuclear bomb tested was trinity in July 1945
 First nuclear bomb used in warhead were fat man and little boy in august 1945 on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 Nine nuclear states
1. USA 1945
2. Russia 1949
3. United Kingdom 1952
4. France 1960
5. China 1964
Point: Under non-proliferation treaty of N weapons, the countries with their explosions before 1971 are
officially recognized as Nuclear Powers and thus members of UN security council.
6. India 1974
7. Pakistan 1998
8. North Korea 2006
9. Israel (Israel has not officially declared itself due to fear of sanctions)
 Nuclear weapons are force-multiplier.
 Capabilities
 What elements are used for fission—Uranium (Pak, North Korea) and Plutonium (the rest 7)
 Kinds of Warheads
 Tactical Nuclear warhead
 Small Warheads
 Used in battlefields in military situations
 Aims to hit military
 Hitting military is known as counter-force strategy
 Strategic Nuclear warhead
 Mega warheads
 Used for targeting countries’ assets such its infrastructures and heavily
populated countries—anything that has monumental impact on country’s
economy
 Fat man and other ballistic missiles are examples of Strategic Nuclear warhead
 Hitting city is known as Counter-value strategy
But now given the fact that states are power-maximizers as well as security maximizers, then what
happens when two opposing countries both have acquired Nuclear weapons?
Matter of fact, when both countries acquire nuclear weapons, then the state are basically creating a
paradoxical situation known as stability and instability paradox. On the one hand, they want lower
nuclear stability. Nuclear stability is likelihood that a nuclear weapon between two states would be
used; as the likelihood of nuclear weapons increase, the nuclear stability would decrease. Now if they
lower the nuclear stability, it would increase conventional stability. Conventional stability is a likelihood
that the conventional military conflict; as the likelihood of conventional conflict increases, the
conventional stability would decrease. In nutshell, both conventional and nuclear stabilities are inversely
related. If any one of them declines, the other would one would increase automatically. For instance, as
the likelihood of nuclear weapons increases, nuclear stability decreases and in response to that,
likelihood of conventional military conflict decreases as a result conventional stability increases. And
vice versa. And as the likelihood of nuclear use declines and increases nuclear stability, the likelihood of
conventional conflict rises and reduces conventional stability. This is the core logic of the stability-
instability paradox.
Proxy wars are the result of Stability and instability paradox.

Nuclear Energy: Uranium and Plutonium

 Dual use—nuclear warheads and nuclear power plants.
 Non-proliferation treaty of nuclear weapns