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- process by which Earth’s surface was worn away *Thermal energy – from the disintegration of
by wind, water, ice, etc. radioactive elements in earth’s core.
- involves transportation of rock debris from one - Responsible for earthquake, movement of
place to another. plates, and other movements of the Earth’s
crust.
- forces of nature capable of exfoliating or scraping
the surface of the Earth, exposing the layer 1. Magmatism
underneath.
- generation of magma and development of igneous
- numerous human activities can also contribute to rocks.
erosion.
* Magma – molten rocks; very hot and constantly
3. Mass Wasting moving through convective flow.
- movement of material downslope terrain due to 2. Volcanism/plutonism
gravity.
- usually happens after magma is formed.
- magma tries to escape from source through - Because of pressure, damage at the center
openings in the ground (destructive explosions). may occur.
* Lava – magma that reaches the Earth’s surface. - direction: four corners towards the center.
- *This type of stress usually creates sink holes
3. Metamorphism and other inside portions without
manifestation at the surface.
- process of changing the materials that make up a
rock. CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
- change in chemical components due to heat, fluid, In 1596, Abraham Ortelius observed that the shapes
and pressure. of the continents on both sides of the Atlantic ocean
*2 types: Contact and Regional Metamorphism seen to fit together.
Four stresses that influences rock - Separation continued until we have the
behavior : compression, tension, shear, and continents we see in our maps today.
confining stress. This theory is also supported by other theories as
1. Compressional Stress reference with similar ideas.
Eduard Suess
- Rocks pushed or squeezed against each
other. - Proposed the existence of Tethys Sea (separates
- direction: toward the center. Laurasia and Gondwanaland.)
2. Divergent boundaries