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Chapter I
THE PROBLEM
countries all over the world, improving general socioeconomic conditions as well as
concluded that school feeding programs have a significant positive effect on growth
923 million people in the world were chronically hungry, which was an increase of
about 75 million people from the 2013-15 estimates (FAO 2017). Many of these are
children, and a vast majority of them are in developing countries. These numbers
suggest that the Millennium Development Goals related to hunger and malnutrition
were not met by 2015. The persistence of hunger, malnutrition, and micronutrient
deficiencies can have long lasting effects on the health status and productivity of
people and their nations. Early malnutrition can adversely affect physical, mental,
and social aspects of child health, which in turn leads to underweight, stunted
growth, lowered immunity, and mortality. Research has shown that the physical
Stamoulis 2013). Jomaa et al. (2011, p. 84) state that “childhood undernutrition
imposes significant economic costs on individuals and nations, and that improving
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children’s diets and nutrition can have positive effects on their academic
adults.” Alderman, Hoddinott, and Kinsley (2016) found that malnutrition led to
delayed entry to school, less overall schooling, smaller stature, and 14% lower
outcomes are augmenting as well (Asefa, 2017). Questions raise whether feeding
are we aware of any determinants that might overrule the success of a school
feeding program?
Various child psychologists have said that growth and development of a child
depends among other things the nutrition of mother before and after birth. The
constituting the found action of proper growth of children. Various researchers assert
that, a child’s fastest growth in physical, mental and socio emotional characteristics
take place during this age and children are found to be most vulnerable to
during preschool years are difficult and sometimes impossible to reverse. Following
this argument then, attention to make an impact in the nutritional status and
It’s clear that improved nutrition and health are seen as necessary conditions
school can also be met. In developing countries like Philippines for instance,
malnutrition results from deficiencies and most always poverty. The evidence is
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Philippines, the issue of nutrition and health of children has been of great concern.
Welfare and Development (DSWD) and Department of Education (DepEd) are each
allocating less than P2,000 per child for 120 days of feeding.
the health and education status of children. To help in achieving these MDGs, The
Programs (SBFP) since 2010. DepEd, through its regional offices, identifies students
nationwide who are malnourished. SBFP beneficiaries are selected based on this
database. For school year 2012-2013, the program covered 40,361 (or a mere
Grade 6.
Assistant Secretary Tonisito M.C. Umali said. DepEd’s SBFP budget for food is P15
per child and P1 per child for operational expenses, multiplied by 120 feeding days.
Lasting for 120 days, the feeding program targets the restoration of at least
70% of beneficiaries to their normal nutritional status and the improvement of class
attendance by 85-100%. DepEd works with LGUs and private partners like Jollibee
(Busog, Lusog, Talino Program) for other feeding programs outside SBFP. School
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canteens are also tasked to help in the elimination of malnutrition among students
(Rodriguez, 2015).
The education of children in the country has become the primary importance
numerous related philosophies. Children are the future of any society. For this
reason, children should be a starting point in any society that emphasizes human
During early years of life, effects of nutrition and health are potentially capable
of having long term consequences that can affect a child’s history of formal
development aptitudes and motivation to learn. Poor nutritional status and poor
schools in the Philippines. A number of prevalent nutrition and health conditions are
glooming picture especially towards the future, as it is true that this is a slow growth
and is prevalent within the school system hence has serious developmental
implications. Many institutions and government bodies have often ignored the
importance of child health and nutrition and can be rampaged for improved
Pupils understand concepts and have higher retention when they actively
participate in the lesson. But then again, these pupils will not be able to participate
As Dienes cited in Briggs (1968 retrieved in 2016) indicated, there is need for
us to ‘’shift the emphasis from teaching to learning from our world to the children’s
word’’. Above all, our opportunities should be provided for the learners to think for
themselves, so that learning for them is an active and creative process. But learning
can only be best achieved when the pupils are healthy. Their nutritional status must
be healthy and stable, only then can they function academically good.
the best materials for learning. In such environment, teachers will observe and plan
while the students will experience and discover. It must be understood however, that
the teachers must also look into the over-all status of the pupils including health.
nutritional status has been evaluated before but the process of how school feeding
programs are being done seem to lack details. The nutritional health of the pupils
when compromised will hinder the academic outcomes of the pupils. Furthermore,
when it is possible to identify determinants overruling this process, this study might
be able to provide new insights into the complex utilization and liquidation process
that school-based feeding programs are into. The research goal therefore is to
This study will aim to determine the level of utilization and liquidation practices
1. age;
2. sex;
3. civil status;
5. position;
b. school profile:
2. number of recipients?
a. utilization; and
b. liquidation?
and liquidation of SBFP among school heads and their profile variables?
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Null Hypotheses
This study tested the following hypotheses at .05 alpha level of significance.
1. There are significant differences in the level of practices in the utilization and
utilization and liquidation of SBFP among school heads and the profile
variables.
The researcher believed that this research will be significant to the following:
one way or another help in policy formulation or review relevant to the School-Based
this study will provide them with essential data that may help them in the utilization
Teachers. This will benefit them since they are with direct contact to the
pupils, they can help in the facilitation of the school-based feeding program. Also,
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through this study, the teachers can be capacitated to understand how the process
Pupils. Pupils of the public schools will also benefit from the conduct of the
study. The improvement that this study may result into in terms of the utilization and
liquidation process of SBFP is anticipated. With that, pupils will be benefitted since
Parents and Other Stake holders. As the pupils are benefited, parents and
other stake holders will also benefit from the study as it aims to work for the
betterment of the nutritional status and academic status of the pupils. The fact that
parents always look forward for the betterment of their children’s’ educational
learning, the result of this study is something that will fulfill their objective.
Future Researchers. The result of this study may lead future researchers
into a study that will come-up with significant results that can be utilized as basis for
studies that will result to the improvement of school based feeding program.
While this study will aim to accomplish its objectives, there are several
limitations.
bias limits applicability of the results to some population. Comparison of profile data
of the sample group is limited because of the use of percentiles. During the data
collection, field tables were used and a child was categorized as (for example)
stunted or not stunted, but no separate comparison scores were calculated on site.
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Secondly, there may have been reporting bias because the precise age of
children was not always the same and were only based from school records and
reports.
Thirdly, there is a time delay between the collection of data of the sample
group. Living circumstances may have changed (either positively or negatively) and
year during 120 schooldays were made in the past two years. The researcher expect
the program effect to be more evident after a couple of years of full operation and
Fifthly, in this study, the researcher relies on data reported by school heads.
The relatively small sample size greatly limits the ability to generalize our results.
The researcher chose not to analyze one interview outcome with the other, as
sample sizes would be even smaller and outcome would not be informative. The
interaction because this will contribute to better understand the utilization and
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined operationally and lexically for the purpose of
this study.
the School-Based Feeding Program (SBFP) which targets all undernourished pupils
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from kindergarten to grade 6 and is funded from the General Appropriation Act
children, the feeding shall be done for at least 120 days. The budget allocated for
Utilization. The action of practical and effective use of the allotted fund for
schools.
Liquidation. The last stage of a workout plan. In this study, it is the process
children. They are the elementary schools under the Schools Division Office of
Urdaneta City.