Yonezawa2018 PDF

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power.
Received December 05, 2017;

Accepted manuscript posted July 20, 2018. doi:10.1115/1.4040566
Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME
Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power
Degradation of Aerodynamic Performance
of an Intermediate‐Pressure Steam Turbine
due to Erosion of Nozzle Guide Vanes and
Rotor Blades
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Koichi Yonezawa1
Civil Engineering Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
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1642, Abiko, Abiko, Chiba, 270‐1194, Japan
koichi‐y@criepi.denken.or.jp
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Tomoki Kagayama
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Graduate school of Engineering Science, Osaka University
1‐3, Machikanayama‐cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
e‐mail tomoki.kagayama@flow.me.es.osaka‐u.ac.jp
Masahiro Takayasu
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tN
e‐mail masahiro.takayasu@flow.me.es.osaka‐u.ac.jp
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Genki Nakai
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e‐mail genki_nakai@mhi.co.jp
Kazuyasu Sugiyama
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e‐mail Kazuyasu.sugiyama @flow.me.es.osaka‐u.ac.jp
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Katsuhiko Sugita
pt
Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc.
4‐1 Egasaki‐cho, Tsurumiki‐ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230‐8510, japan
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sugita.katsuhiko@tepco.co.jp
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Shuichi Umezawa
Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc.
4‐1 Egasaki‐cho, Tsurumiki‐ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230‐8510, japan
umezawa.s@tepco.co.jp
1
Corresponding author.
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Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. Received December 05, 2017;

ABSTRACT

Deteriorations of nozzle guide vanes (NGVs) and rotor blades of a steam turbine through a long‐time
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operation usually decrease a thermal efficiency and a power output of the turbine. In the present study,
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influences of blade deformations due to erosion are discussed. Experiments were carried out in order to
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validate numerical simulations using a commercial software, ANSYS‐CFX. The numerical results showed
acceptable agreements with experimental results. Variation of flow characteristics in the first stage of the
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intermediate pressure steam turbine is examined using numerical simulations. Geometries of the NGVs and
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the rotor blades are measured using a 3‐D scanner during an overhaul. The old NGVs and the rotor blades,
which were used in operation, were eroded through the operation. The erosion of the NGVs leaded to
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increase of the throat area of the nozzle. The numerical results showed that rotor inlet velocity through the
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old NGVs became smaller and the flow angle of attack to the rotor blade leading edge became smaller.
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Consequently, the rotor power decreased significantly. Influences of the flow angle of at the rotor inlet were
examined by parametric calculations and results showed that the angle of attack was an important
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parameter to determine the rotor performance. In addition, the influence of the deformation of the rotor
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blade was examined. The results showed that the degradation of the rotor performance decreased in
accordance with the decrease of blade surface area.
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1 Introduction

A thermal power generation using a steam turbine is one of the most important
power systems. The thermal power system using coal and steam turbines can generate a
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large amount of power with a lower cost than other kinds of fuels. However, it is required
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to reduce the greenhouse emission to save the global environment. To answer such
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economic and ecologic requirements, the thermal power system has to be highly efficient.
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Up to now, numerous efforts have been made to develop highly efficient devices such as
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turbines, generators, boilers and so on. On the other hand, it is also important to keep
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the efficiency high through operations. To keep the efficiency for long time, an
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optimization of the maintenance is quite important as well as developing the new devices
because of the following reason: Aerodynamic performances of the turbine components
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such as nozzle guide vanes (NGVs) and rotor blades are usually deteriorated through the
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long‐time operation due to a number of causes. For example, increase of the blade
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surface roughness and the frictions can reduce the turbine efficiency, which are caused
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by attachment of particles from upstream of the turbine and by surface erosion. In
addition, deformations of the profiles of the NGVs and the rotor blades can affect the flow
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more significantly, which are caused by the severe erosion and the thermal fatigue. The
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deterioration of the NGVs and the rotor blades can lead to decrease of the thermal
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efficiency or power output. Large‐scale thermal power plants are required to keep the
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power output high enough to cover the base load. The steam and the fuel supply have to
be increased in the power system with the deteriorated turbine in order to keep the
power output. This means the increase of the cost and the greenhouse emission.

According to such background, a number of works have been carried out to realize the
optimum maintenances of the turbines. Dikunchak [1], Spina [2], Kurz, et al. [3], and
Morini [4] developed and improved the methods to estimate the entire performance of
the thermal power system. In these works, various factors are scaled and implemented in
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heat cycle analyses, which are associate with the deterioration. These methods enable to
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predict the variation of the plant performance and help to improve the overhaul plan of
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the turbine. However, there still remains problems to handle these methods. The
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parameters are usually specific to each plant even if the same system is used. Therefore,
a number of parameters have to be measured at each plant. It is important to understand
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the physics of the flow in turbines, therefore, to reduce the number of measurements of
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the parameters to estimate the plant performance. Studies to clarify the fundamental
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characteristics of flows in turbines also have been reported. Wang et al. [5] carried out a
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numerical study to clarify the influence of the notch of the NGV trailing edge on the losses,
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which are caused by the erosion and impingement of solid particles from the upstream.
Edwards et al. [6] made an investigation of the pressure distribution and the total
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pressure loss in the nozzle of a low‐pressure steam turbine. The NGV profile was varied
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to simulate the influence of the erosion in that study. Bouchard et al. [7] carried out an
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investigation of the influence of erosion and deformation of NGVs on the pressure loss
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and the flow pattern of the wake using the Rolls‐Royce A‐250 gas turbine engine.
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Above mentioned studies can be classified into two kinds. The one is a
thermodynamic approach based on the values at several cross sections of the turbine,
which corresponds to [1] ‐ [4]. The other is a fluid dynamic approach which focuses on the

fundamental characteristics of flow in the deteriorated turbines, which corresponds to [5]
‐ [7]. The problem of the thermodynamic approach is that many parameters during
operation are required. These parameters must be obtained by the measurement in the
real plant or by the prediction based on the fluid dynamic approach. The fluid dynamic
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approach still must be improved furthermore. Though there are several reports in which
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local characteristics are examined in detail as introduced above, the aerodynamic
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performance of gas turbines and steam turbines cannot be evaluated only from the local
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flow characteristics. The aerodynamic loss can occur due to the interaction between the
NGV and the rotor blade, and the interaction between each stage as well as local flows
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such as the friction loss on the blade surface and leakage flows at packings. There are few
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reports, which examine the flow characteristics of the deteriorated turbines in the scale
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of the stage. Then, authors began investigations of the flow characteristics in a
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deteriorated gas turbine [8, 9]. In these studies, the geometries of the NGVs and the rotor
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blades before and after use were obtained from the real gas turbine. Aerodynamic
characteristics were examined numerically and the following results were obtained: The
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deformation of the NGV profile affected the stage loading more significantly than the
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deformation of the rotor blade profile, which are remarkably in the first stage. The turbine
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efficiency could increase as a result of erosion, which were contrary to an expected before
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the study. The flow velocity through the nozzle decreased due to the erosion of the NGVs,
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losses due to the friction and shock waves were reduced. Interactions between each stage
were examined in [9] and it was confirmed that the influence of the variation of flow
characteristics in the previous stage could affect the performance of the following stages.

This was because the velocity triangle changed at the outlet of the previous stage rotor
due to the deformation of the blade profile.
In the present study, influence of the erosion on aerodynamic characteristics of
an intermediate‐pressure steam turbine is investigated because there are several
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differences of characteristics of deterioration between the gas turbine and the steam
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turbine. For example, the interval of the overhauls of the intermediate‐pressure steam
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turbines are usually much longer than that of gas turbines. The damage of NGVs and rotor
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blades due to erosion, which means amount of the reduction of the blade length and area,
is severer. In addition, though the flow Mach number through the first stage nozzle and
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the rotor in gas turbines is transonic, the Mach number in intermediate‐pressure steam
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turbines is subsonic. As mentioned above, the deformation of the NGV profile changes
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the inlet velocity distribution of the rotor. Then, the influence of flow conditions at the
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rotor inlet on aerodynamic characteristics is discussed firstly. The deformation of the
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rotor blade of the steam turbine is severer than that of the gas turbine. The influence of
the erosion of the rotor is discussed secondary. Influences of blade profile deformations
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of the NGVs and the rotor blades are discussed but the influence of the surface roughness
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is not discussed in the present study. Yun et al. have reported the influence of the surface
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roughness experimentally [10].
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2 Numerical Procedure and Validation

2.1 Geometries of nozzle guide vane and rotor blade


In the present study, the first stage of the intermediate‐pressure steam turbine is
examined numerically. Geometries of the NGVs and the rotor blades were measured
using a 3‐D scanner during the overhaul. Due to the restriction of the maintenance
schedule, all blades were not able to be measured. Each one geometry of the NGVs and
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the rotor blade after use was measured, which were eroded through the long‐time
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operation of about 100,000 hours. For the rotor blade, it was observed that the damage
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of the rotor is almost identical in the stage and a rotor blade geometry were measured.
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In the nozzle, two kinds of the NGVs, which are shorter and longer vanes, were located
alternatively. A set of the NGVs were selected at random though there were variation of
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damages depending on the location. Though the geometry of the new rotor blade before
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use was measured, the geometry of the new NGV before use was not obtained because
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the replacement of the nozzle was not conducted at that time. Consequently, enough
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number of the NGV geometries were not obtained by measurement. However, as
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reported previously, the most significant influence of the erosion of NGVs is decrease of
the rotor inlet velocity [8] [9]. In the present study, then, influences of the erosion of
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NGVs were examined by a parametric calculation with various rotor inlet velocities
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instead of using the new NGV contour. Influence of the variety of the degree of the
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erosion also can be examined by the parametric calculation
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Figure 1 shows profiles at mid‐span cross section of the old NGVs, the new and
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the old rotor blades. Two kinds of the NGVs, longer and shorter ones, are located
alternatively. A remarkable erosion can be seen around the leading edge of the old rotor
blade.

Four kinds of rotor blade geometries have been used in the parametric
calculations, which are made by interpolating the blade profiles between the new and the
old blade profiles as shown in Fig. 2. The parametric calculations with various rotor blade
profile have been carried out so that the variation of aerodynamic characteristics is
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examined.
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2.2 Numerical procedures

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In the present study, flow simulations of the steam turbine have been carried out
using a commercial software, ANSYS CFX 16.2. The governing equations are equations of
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continuity, momentum, and energy conservation law of the compressible fluid. A real gas
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model of the superheated water vapor is used as a working fluid and gas properties are
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evaluated using the steam table of IAPWS‐IF97. Shear Stress Transportation (SST) model
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[11] is adopted to model the turbulence. Steady state computations have been carried
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out using the Euler implicit scheme. The computational meshes are unstructured mesh,
which consist of tetrahedral and prismatic elements. A second order upwind scheme has
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been used to discretize the convective terms and the second order scheme based on the
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shape function has been used to discretize the viscous terms.
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Figure 3 shows computational mesh of the real turbine model with the NGVs and
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the rotor blade. The periodicity of the flow is assumed in circumferential direction. The
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computational domain is two‐pitch periodic with the set of the long and the short NGVs
in the nozzle region and one‐pitch periodic in the rotor domain. Calculations have been
conducted in the stationary frame of reference around the NGVs and in the rotating frame

of reference with 3000 rev/min around the rotor blades. A mixing plane, which is called
the stage interface in ANSYS CFX [12], is located at the interface between regions in the
stationary and in the rotating frames. The valuables are averaged circumferentially and
exchanged on the mixing plane and the pitch change and periodicity are supported by this
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procedure. The number of elements are 7.0 x 106 around the nozzle and 3.9 x 106 around
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the rotor blade. At the inlet, the total pressure and the total temperature are fixed at the
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similar values to the real turbine operation condition of 3.98 MPa and 566 °C, respectively.
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The walls are treated as adiabatic and non‐slip walls. At the outlet, the mean static
pressure is fixed to adjust the mass flow rate to the designated value, which is 345 kg/s in
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total. The parametric study has been carried out without the nozzle region. The purposes
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of the parametric study are the following two subjects: The first is to examine the
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influence of the flow angle at the inlet of the rotor and the second is to examine the
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influence of the rotor blade profile variation due to the erosion. The mass flow rate, the
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inlet total pressure and the inlet total temperature are fixed at the constant values for all
calculations. At the inlet, various flow angles are specified uniformly. The detailed velocity
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distribution and the flow angle in the vicinity of the rotor inlet are determined resultantly
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depending on the downstream condition. In the present study, the calculation with the
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new NGVs could not be done as mentioned before. Then the flow characteristics are
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examined at various flow angles at the inlet of the rotor and tendencies of aerodynamic
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characteristics are discussed.
2.3 Comparison between the numerical results and the measurements


The numerical results are compared with the measurements as a validation.
Experiments were carried out a blow‐down‐type wind tunnel. The working gas was
compressed dry air, which was stored in a chamber with a volume of 2.5 m3. The
compressed air was supplied through the control valve to the test section, which is shown
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in Fig. 4. A sonic orifice was located downstream of a cascade section, and the inlet Mach
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number of the cascade is fixed at the designated value, which was less than the speed of
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sound. The experiment was carried out using a rotor cascade models with the new and
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the old blade models. The blade profiles of the rotor model are identical to that show in
Fig. 1. The chord length is 0.06 m and the height is 0.03 m. The pressure distributions on
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the blade surface and the total pressure distributions downstream of the blade were
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measured. The blade surface pressure distribution was measured at 10 pressure taps on
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the suction and the pressure surface of the blade. The total pressure distribution
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downstream of the blade was measured by traversing a pitot tube with the outer
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diameter of 1.6 mm as shown in Fig. 4. The numerical simulations were carried out using
the computational mesh as shown in Fig. 5. The same numerical methods with those
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mentioned in Sec. 2.2 were used but the working fluid was air with the ideal gas
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assumption.
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Figure 6 shows the pressure distribution downstream of the airfoil. The total
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pressure distribution shows a complicated three‐dimensional pattern. This is because the
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aspect ratio of the experimental facility, 0.5 is not enough to produce the two‐
dimensional flow pattern. However, this is not a serious problem because the purpose of
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the measurement is not to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of the rotor but to
validate the numerical result.
The blade surface pressure distributions are compared between measurements
and numerical results in Fig. 7. For both cases of the new and the old blades, the numerical
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results show acceptable agreements with the measurements. Influence of the difference
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of the blade profile can be seen around the trailing edge. The pressure on the suction
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surface of the new blade model is lower than the old blade model at x*> 0.3, which
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suggests that the blade loading decreases due to the erosion.
Total pressure distributions downstream of the rotor cascade are shown in Fig. 8.
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In the total pressure distribution, there is a dip of the curve, which occurs in the wake of
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the blade. Comparing the measurements of the new and the old blades, the depth of the
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dip of the new blade model is deeper than that of the old blade model. This means that
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the total pressure loss of the old blade model is smaller than that of the new blade. Since
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the old blade becomes thinner than the new blade as shown in Fig. 1, the flow velocity
through the old blade cascade becomes smaller. This can be confirmed in Fig. 7, in which
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the pressure around the trailing edge is larger in the old blade cascade than in the new
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blade cascade. Consequently, the friction loss through the old blade cascade becomes
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smaller than through the new blade cascade. Similar tendency is captured by the
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numerical simulation as shown in Fig. 8, though there are quantitative discrepancy. The
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numerical results are shown at several locations in the span‐wise directions to examine
the effect of the span‐wise flow. The numerical results show the asymmetric total
pressure distribution in span‐wise direction, which means the span‐wise flow affects the
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accuracy of the total pressure measurements. In the previous report by the authors [8],
experimental and numerical results were compared using a cascade of a gas turbine NGVs.
The complicated three‐dimensional flow pattern did not occur using the NGV cascade
because the flow deflection angle through the NGV cascade was smaller than through the
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rotor cascade. Better agreements of the total pressure distributions were confirmed
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between the experimental and numerical results as well as the blade surface pressure
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distributions.
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According to these results, which are shown in Fig. 7, Fig. 8 and in ref [8], it is
considered that the numerical results can be used to examine the influence of the blade
erosion on the turbine performance qualitatively.
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3 Results and Discussions

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3.1 Influence of erosion of nozzle guide vanes
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Figure 9 shows the pressure distribution and the velocity vector field in the mid‐
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span plane of the rotor blade of the steam turbine first stage. In this calculation, the mass
flow rate, the inlet total pressure and the total temperature are similar to the real turbine
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operation as mentioned before. The old NGVs and the new rotor are used in the
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calculation. The velocity vector field shows vortex around the pressure side of the rotor
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blade. This flow separation occurs because the circumferential velocity component at the
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rotor inlet is smaller than the designated value. This means that the acceleration of the
flow velocity through the nozzle is smaller due to the erosion. The throat area of the
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nozzle becomes larger due to the erosion of the NGVs, and consequently, the inflow
velocity of the rotor becomes small.
According to this result, the erosion of the nozzle seems to affect the rotor
performance significantly. Then the parametric calculations have been carried out to
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examine the influence of the erosion of the nozzle in detail. The rotor blade shape is the
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new blade and the nozzle region is out of the calculation in the parametric calculations.
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The total pressure loss through the nozzle is not taken into account and the same inlet
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total pressure and the total temperature but the various flow angles are specified at the
inlet boundary. Six inlet conditions named cases A‐F are determined as follows: The mass
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flow rate is also identical for all calculations. The relative flow angle distributions at the
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rotor inlet with the geometric angle of the leading edge of the rotor blade are shown in
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Fig. 10. The definitions of each angle are shown in top of Fig. 10. The blade angle is
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determined the angle of the blade camber line at the leading edge. The relative flow angle
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distribution with the old rotor is similar to that of the case B. The angle of attack is
determined as the difference between the relative inflow angle and the geometric angle
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of the blade leading edge. The rotor aerodynamic characteristics are examined entirely
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and locally in the following discussions. To examined the local characteristics, the rotor
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blade is divided into three segments, which are the hub‐side, the mid‐span, and the tip‐
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side regions and mean values in each segment are compared.
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The inlet Mach number is shown as a function of the angle of attack in Fig. 11.
Since the mass flow rate is fixed at constant, the Mach number increases as the angle of
attack increases. When the old NGVs are located upstream of the rotor, the relationship
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between the angle of attack and the inlet Mach number agrees with that obtained in the
parametric calculations.
The stage loading coefficient is shown as a function of the angle of attack in Fig.
12, where the stage loading coefficient is defined as follows:
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Stage loading coefficient (1).
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The stage loading coefficient increases as the angle of attack increases because the inlet
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flow Mach number is dominant to determine the rotor power. When the old NGVs are
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located upstream of the rotor, the power is on the curve of the parametric calculations.
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The velocity coefficient of the rotor is shown as a function of the angle of attack
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in Fig. 13, where the velocity coefficient is defined as follows:

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Velocity coefficient 1 .
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1
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(2).
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Since the velocity coefficient shows the maximum value at the case E, the best efficiency
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point of the rotor is around the case E. When the old NGVs are located upstream of the
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rotor, there are some discrepancies though the plot is near the curve.
Figure. 14 shows stream line fields in meridian plane colored by Mach number for
the cases B and for the case with the NGVs upstream of the rotor, in which the mean
14

angles of attack are similar to each other. In the pressure side, similar streamline patterns
can be seen. On the other hand, a clear difference can be seen around the hub in the
suction side. These suggests that the velocity coefficient, the efficiency in other words, is
affected by the span‐wise flow as well as the angle of attack.
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According to these results, the erosion of NGVs affects the aerodynamic
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characteristics of the rotor significantly due to the change of the relative flow angle. When
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the turbine blades or NGVs are deteriorated in the real power plant, the mass flow rate
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of the steam is increased. The power output and the turbine efficiency are improved by
increase of the mass flow rate because the flow angle is improved as well as the flow
density increases, though the thermal efficiency may decrease.
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3.2 Influence of erosion of rotor blade

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Using the inlet boundary condition of the case E, influences of the rotor blade
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erosion are discussed. Using the six kinds of the rotor profiles are examined numerically.
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The blade profiles are the new blade (degree of erosion = 0), the old blade (degree of
erosion = 100), and intermediately eroded profiles, which are made by interpolations of
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the contours between the new and the old blades.
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Figure 15 shows the stage loading coefficient as a function of the expansion ratio.
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As the degree of the erosion increases, the expansion ratio and the stage loading
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coefficient decrease, which are both 10 %, approximately. On the other hand, the velocity
coefficient of the rotor is not affected significantly as shown in Fig. 16. This suggests that
the stage loading coefficient decreases due to the decrease of the blade surface area, but
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the large amount loss is not caused by the erosion. Actually, the flow pattern around the
old blade is not changed, except around the leading edge as shown in Fig. 17. In addition,
the stage expansion ratio decreases as the degree of erosion increases. This suggests that
the deterioration of the first stage affects the performance of the following stages as well
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as the performance of the first stage itself.
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Comparing the influence of the erosion on the stage loading coefficient, the
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influence of the erosion of the NGVs is greater than that of the rotor blade. This is
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reasonable because the change of the inflow angle affects the flow pattern around the
rotor significantly, although the erosion of the rotor blade affects the flow pattern a little.
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In addition, the inflow dynamic pressure is a function of the square of the flow velocity,
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which is a function of the square of the decreased thickness, in other words.
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4 Conclusion

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Influences of the erosions of the NGVs and the rotor blades of the first stage of
the intermediate pressure steam turbine on aerodynamic characteristics are examined
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numerically. Geometries of the NGVs and the rotor blade were measured from the real
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turbine. The numerical methods were validated by comparing results with the
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experiments. The erosion of the NGVs leads to increase of the throat area of the nozzle
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and to decrease of the inflow velocity of the rotor. As a result, the relative flow angle of
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the rotor changes, the stage loading coefficient and the rotor velocity coefficient
decreases when the mass flow rate and the rotor rotational speed is fixed at the constant.
This is because they are affected by the angle of attack. The erosion of the rotor blade
16

leads to decrease of the stage loading coefficient but the velocity coefficient is not affect
significantly. The influence of the erosion of the NGVs on the rotor performance is more
significant than that of the rotor blades themselves.
Again, the deterioration of the first stage results that the stage loading decrease
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significantly without serious decrease of the stage efficiency. This suggests that the fluid
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energy is not dissipated but is transferred to the following stages. This means that the
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deterioration of the first stage affects the aerodynamic inlet boundary condition of the
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second stage and the following stages. As mentioned Section 1, the effect of interaction
between each stage must affect the total efficiency of the turbine and further
investigation are under way.
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17

NOMENCLATURE

h01 Specific total enthalpy at the rotor inlet, J/kg
h02 Specific total enthalpy at the rotor outlet, J/kg
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h02rel Specific total enthalpy at the rotor outlet in relative frame of reference, J/kg
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h2 Specific enthalpy at the rotor outlet, J/kg
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h2s Isentropic specific enthalpy at the rotor outlet, J/kg
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R Rotor radius, m
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Angular velocity of the rotor
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Kinetic energy loss factor through the rotor
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18

REFERENCES

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[2] Spina, P. R., 2002, “Gas Turbine Performance Prediction by Using Generalized
d
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ite
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[3] Kurz, R., Brun, K and Wollie, M., 2009, “Degradation Effects on Industrial Gas
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10.1115/1.3097135.

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[5] Wang, S‐S, Mao, J‐R, Liu, G‐W and Feng, Z‐P, 2010, “Performance deterioration of the
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[6] Edwards, R., Asghar, A., Woodason, R., LaViolette, M., Goni Boulama, K. and Allan, W.
sc
D. E., 2012, “Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Real World Blade Profile
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[7] Bouchard, D., Asghar, A., LaViolette, M., Allan, W. D. E. and Woodason, R., 2014,
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[8] Yonezawa, K., Nakai, G., Kagayama, T., Sugiyama, K., Sugita, K., and Umezawa, S.,
pt
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[9] Yonezawa, K., Nakai, G., Kagayama, T., Sugiyama, K., Sugita, K., and Umezawa, S.,
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Gas Turbine,” ASME Paper No. POWER‐ICOPE2017‐3444.
[10] Yun, I. Y., Park, I. Y., and Song, S. J., 2005, “Performance Degradation due to Blade
Surface Roughness in a Single‐Stage Axial Turbine,” Journal of Turbomachinery,
127(1), pp. 137‐143.
19

[11] Menter, F.R., 1994, “Two‐equation eddy‐viscosity turbulence models for engineering
applications,” AIAA Journal, 32(8), pp. 1598 – 1605.
[12] Belamri, T., Galpin, P., Braune, A., and Cornelius, C., 2005, “CFD Analysis of a 15 Stage
Axial Compressor Part I: Method,” ASME Paper No. GT2005‐68261.

d

ite

ed
py
Co
ot
tN
rip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
20

d
ite
ed

py
Co
ot
tN
rip

sc
Fig. 1 Cross sectional contour of nozzle guide vanes (top) and rotor blades (bottom) at mid-span
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
21

d
ite
ed
py

Co
ot
tN
rip
sc
nu

Fig. 2 Cross sectional contour of rotor blades at mid-span. Entire contour (top) and
magnification around the leading edge (bottom).
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
22

d
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
Fig. 3 Computational mesh for calculation with nozzle guide vanes and rotor blade
rip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
23

d
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
rip
sc
Fig. 4 Test section of 2-D cascade experimental apparatus

nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
24


d
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
Fig. 5 Computational mesh for experimental model

rip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
25

d
ite
ed
py
Co
Fig. 6 Total pressure distribution downstream of the cascade
ot
tN
rip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
26

d
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
rip
sc
nu
Ma
Fig. 7 Blade surface pressure distribution. New blade model (top) and old blade model (bottom)
are shown.
ed
pt
ce
Ac
27

d
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
Fig. 8 Total pressure distribution downstream of the nozzle guide vane. New blade model (top)
and old blade model (bottom) are shown.
rip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
28

d
ite
ed
py
Fig. 9 Pressure distribution and relative velocity vector field around the rotor blade at 50 % blade
Co
span (New rotor blade with old NGV upstream of the rotor)
ot
tN
rip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
29

d
ite

ed

py
Co
ot
tN
rip
Fig. 10 Blade leading edge angle and relative flow angle distribution in span-wise direction.
sc
Definition of each angle (top) and span-wise distributions (bottom).

nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
30

d
ite
Fig. 11 Rotor inlet Mach number versus angle of attack
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
rip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
31

d
ite
ed
py
Co
Fig. 12 Stage loading coefficient versus angle of attack. Entire of rotor blade (top) and in each
ot
segment (bottom) are shown.
tN
rip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
32

d
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
Fig. 13 Velocity coefficient versus angle of attack. Entire of rotor blade (top) and in each segment
(bottom) are shown.
rip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
33

d
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
rip
sc
Fig. 14 Streamlines in meridional plane. CaseB (top) and the case with the old NGV (bottom) are
shown.
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
34

d
ite
ed
Fig. 15 Stage loading coefficient versus degree of blade erosion
py
Co
ot
tN
rip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
35

d
ite
ed
Fig. 16 Velocity coefficient versus degree of blade erosion
py
Co
ot
tN
rip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
36

d
ite
ed
py
Fig. 17 Pressure distribution and relative velocity vector field at 50 % blade span. New blade
Co
(left) and old blade (right) are shown.

ot
tN
rip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
37

Figure Captions List

Fig. 1 Cross sectional contour of nozzle guide vanes (top) and rotor blades
(bottom) at mid‐span
Fig. 2 Cross sectional contour of rotor blades at mid‐span. Entire contour (top)
and magnification around the leading edge (bottom).
d
Fig. 3 Computational mesh for calculation with nozzle guide vanes and rotor
ite
blade
Fig. 4 Test section of 2‐D cascade experimental apparatus
ed
Fig. 5 Computational mesh for experimental model
py
Fig. 6 Total pressure distribution downstream of the cascade
Co
Fig. 7 Blade surface pressure distribution. New blade model (top) and old blade
model (bottom) are shown. ot
Fig. 8 Total pressure distribution downstream of the nozzle guide vane
tN
Fig. 9 Pressure distribution and relative velocity vector field around the rotor
rip
blade at 50 % blade span (New rotor blade with old NGV upstream of the
rotor)
Fig. 10 Blade leading edge angle and relative flow angle distribution in span‐wise
sc
direction. Definition of each angle (top) and span‐wise distributions
(bottom).
nu
Fig. 11 Rotor inlet Mach number versus angle of attack
Ma
Fig. 12 Stage loading coefficient versus angle of attack. Entire of rotor blade
(top) and in each segment (bottom) are shown.
Fig. 13 Velocity coefficient versus angle of attack. Entire of rotor blade (top) and
ed
in each segment (bottom) are shown.
pt
Fig. 14 Streamlines in meridional plane. CaseB (top) and the case with the old
NGV (bottom) are shown.
ce
Fig. 15 Stage loading coefficient versus degree of blade erosion
Ac
Fig. 16 Velocity coefficient versus degree of blade erosion
Fig. 17 Pressure distribution and relative velocity vector field at 50 % blade span.
New blade (left) and old blade (right) are shown.

38

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Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power.

Received December 05, 2017;

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power

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increase of the mass flow rate because the flow angle is improved as well as the flow

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Fig. 4 Test section of 2-D cascade experimental apparatus

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Fig. 5 Computational mesh for experimental model

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