Seismic Retrofitting Techniques &

Rehabilitation

Presented by,
Shuvam kumar sarkar
4th Year, Civil engineering 1

Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College

Flow of presentation

Some Existing
What is
conventional retrofitted
retrofitting?
approaches structures

Why
Retrofitting
retrofitting is Conclusion
techniques
required?

Objectives of To retrofit or
References
retrofitting not?

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What is retrofitting?
• Seismic retrofitting is a collection mitigation technique for earthquake engineering.

• It is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity,
ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquake.

• It is of utmost important for historic monuments, areas prone to severe earthquakes and tall or
expensive structures.

• The retrofitting techniques are also applicable for other natural hazards such as tropical
cyclones, tornadoes and severe winds from thunderstorms.

• Retrofitting proves to be a better economic consideration and immediate shelter to problems

rather than replacement of building.

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Why retrofitting is required?
• The two circumstances are:
 Earthquake damaged buildings, and
 Earthquake-vulnerable buildings(with no exposure to severe
earthquakes)
• Nearly 5,00,000 earthquakes occur every year around world
among which about 1,00,000 are felt and the rest occur nearly
constantly almost anywhere.
• Large number of casualties occur in buildings due to earthquake.
Reasons may be;
 Inadequate design
 Poor construction and maintenance
 Lack of resources
 Inadequate knowledge and awareness
 Inadequate safety implementation

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Objectives of retrofitting
• Public safety: The main goal is to protect human life, ensuring that the structure will not collapse
upon its occupants or passer-by and that the structure can be safely exited.

• Structure serviceability: The structure is to serve good serviceability while being subjected to
vulnerable earthquakes.

• Structure functionality: Primary structure undamaged and the structure is undiminished in utility
for its primary application.

• Structure unaffected: The level of retrofit is preferred for historic structures of high cultural
significance.

• Therefore, the aim is to upgrade the lateral strength of the structure and to increase the
ductility.
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To retrofit or not?
• Retrofitting should be adopted when the evaluation of the building indicates that the strength
available before the damage was insufficient and restoration alone will not be adequate in future
quakes.

SEISMIC LOAD CAPACITY VERSUS RISK

OF BUILDING COLLAPSE 6
Retrofitting techniques

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 Adding shear wall
• Used for non-ductile reinforced concrete frame buildings.
• The added elements can be either cast-in-place or precast concrete elements.
• New elements preferably be placed at the exterior of the building, however it may cause in the appearance.
• Increase the lateral strength, ductility and stiffness of the building substantially.

SHEAR WALLS

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Adding infill wall
• Masonry infills contribute significant
lateral stiffness, strength, overall
ductility and energy dissipation
capacity.
• The structural load transfer
mechanism is changed from frame
action to predominant truss action.
• The frame columns now experience
increased axial forces but with
reduced bending moments and shear
forces.
• When infills are non-uniformly
placed in a building, cause soft storey
effect, short-column effect, torsion
and out-of-plane collapse.
• Hence, seismic code tends to
discourage such constructions in high
seismic regions.

BRICK MASONRY INFILL WALL RETROFITTING

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Adding steel bracings
• An effective solution when large openings are
required.
• Potential advantages for the following reasons:
 Higher strength and stiffness,
 Opening for natural light,
 Amount of work is less since foundation cost
may be minimized
 Adds much less weight to the existing structure

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Adding wing wall or buttress
• To increase lateral strength, ductility and stiffness of structure.
• The wing wall are placed on the exterior side of an existing frame.

QUADRA ELEMENTRY SCHOOL, CANADA

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Wall thickening techniques

• Increase the thickness by adding bricks,

concrete and steel reinforcement.

• It can bear more vertical and horizontal loads.

• Does not cause sudden failure of the wall.

RETROFITTING BY ALUMINIUM FLAT AT

UJJAYANTA PALACE, AGARTALA, TRIPURA

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Mass reduction
• In this process removing one or more
storey of building as shown in the
figure.

• Decrease the load at foundation.

• Increase the life and strength.

MASS REDUCTION BY REMOVING ONE STOREY

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Base isolation
• Isolation of superstructure from the foundation is known as base isolation.
• It is the most powerful tool for passive structural vibration control techniques.
• Isolates building from ground motion lesser seismic loads, hence lesser damage to the structure,
minimal repair to the structure.
• Building can remain serviceable throughout construction.
• Does not involve major intrusion upon existing superstructure.

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Seismic dampers
• Seismic dampers are used in place of structural elements, like diagonal braces, for controlling
damage in structures.

• It partly absorbs the seismic energy and reduces the motion of buildings.

• Types of mass dampers:

1. Viscous dampers (energy is absorbed by silicon-based fluid passing between piston-

cylinder arrangement),

2. Friction dampers (energy is absorbed by surfaces with friction between them rubbing
against each other), and

3. Yielding dampers (energy is absorbed by metallic components that yield).

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 WORLD’S LARGEST
TUNED MASS DAMPER
ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES (SPHERE) IN TAIPEI 101
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Jacketing (local retrofitting techniques)
• Most popular method for strengthening of concrete building elements like as beams, columns and
beam-column junctions.
• Purpose for jacketing:
 To increase concrete confinement
 To increase shear strength
 To increase flexural strength
• Materials to be used:
1. Steel plates
2. Steel reinforced concrete
3. Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP wrap)
I. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP)
II. Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP)
• FRP wraps increase the seismic energy absorption capacity of the structual elements.
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RETROFITTING AT JUNCTION BY STEEL PLATE

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BEAM JACKETING COLUMN JACKETING
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RETROFITTING BY STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE
RETROFITTING OF COLUMN BY CFRP WRAP

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GFRP WRAP AND WRAPPED STRUCTURE

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Existing retrofitted structures in India

UJJAYANTA PALACE, AGARTALA, TRIPURA SWET MAHAL, AGARTALA, TRIPURA

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Conclusion
• Seismic retrofitting is a suitable technology for protection of a variety of structures. It has matures
in recent years but the expertise needed is not available in the basic level.

• Decrease the working space of concrete structure due to extension in structural elements and affect
the appearance. Optimisation techniques are required to know the most efficient retrofit for a
particular structure.

• The main challenge is to achieve a desired performance level at minimum cost, which can be
achieved through a detailed nonlinear analysis.

• Proper design codes are required to be published as code of practice for professionals related to this
field.

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References

• Handbook on retrofit of building by Indian Institute of Technology Madras (Civil Engineering

department)

• IS: 4326-1993 earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings – code of practice

• IS: 13935-1993 Repair And Seismic Strengthening Of Buildings – Guidelines

• IS: 13828-1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance Of Low Strength Masonry Buildings –

Guidelines

• IS: 13827-1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance Of Earthen Buildings - Guidelines

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Thank You…

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