CHAPTER 3: ESTIMATING BURNING CHARACTERISTICS

OF LIQUID POOL FIRE, HEAT RELEASE RATE, Version 1805.1

BURNING DURATION, AND FLAME HEIGHT (English Units)

The following calculations estimate the hot gas layer temperature and smoke layer height in enclosure fire.
Parameters in YELLOW CELLS are Entered by the User.
Parameters in GREEN CELLS are Automatically Selected from the DROP DOWN MENU for the Material Selected.
All subsequent output values are calculated by the spreadsheet and based on values specified in the input parameters. This spreadsheet is protected
and secure to avoid errors due to a wrong entry in a cell(s). The chapter in the NUREG should be read before an analysis is made.

Project / Inspection
Title:

INPUT PARAMETERS
Fuel Spill Volume (V) 5.00 gallons 0.0189 m3
Fuel Spill Area or Dike Area (Adike) 9.00 ft2 0.836 m2
Mass Burning Rate of Fuel (m") 0.078 kg/m2-sec
Effective Heat of Combustion of Fuel (DHc,eff) 45700 kJ/kg
Fuel Density (r) 573 kg/m3
Empirical Constant (kb) 2.7 m-1
Ambient Air Temperature (Ta) 77.00 °F 25.00 °C
298.00 K
Gravitational Acceleration (g) 9.81 m/sec2
Ambient Air Density (ra) 1.18 kg/m3
Calculate
Note: Air density will automatically correct with Ambient Air Temperature (Ta) Input

THERMAL PROPERTIES DATA

BURNING RATE DATA FOR LIQUID HYDROCARBON FUELS
Mass Burning Rate Heat of Combustion Density Empirical Constant Select Fuel Type
Fuel
m" (kg/m2-sec) DHc,eff (kJ/kg) r (kg/m3) kb (m-1)
Methanol 0.017 20,000 796 100 Scroll to desired fuel type
Ethanol 0.015 26,800 794 100 Click on selection
Butane 0.078 45,700 573 2.7
Benzene 0.085 40,100 874 2.7
Hexane 0.074 44,700 650 1.9
Heptane 0.101 44,600 675 1.1
Xylene 0.09 40,800 870 1.4
Acetone 0.041 25,800 791 1.9
Dioxane 0.018 26,200 1035 5.4
Diethy Ether 0.085 34,200 714 0.7
Benzine 0.048 44,700 740 3.6
Gasoline 0.055 43,700 740 2.1
Kerosine 0.039 43,200 820 3.5
Diesel 0.045 44,400 918 2.1
JP-4 0.051 43,500 760 3.6
JP-5 0.054 43,000 810 1.6
Transformer Oil, Hydrocarbon 0.039 46,000 760 0.7
561 Silicon Transformer Fluid 0.005 28,100 960 100
Fuel Oil, Heavy 0.035 39,700 970 1.7
Crude Oil 0.0335 42,600 855 2.8
Lube Oil 0.039 46,000 760 0.7
User Specified Value Enter Value Enter Value Enter Value Enter Value
Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd Edition, 2002, Page 3-26.

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 CHAPTER 3: ESTIMATING BURNING CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIQUID POOL FIRE, HEAT RELEASE RATE, Version 1805.1
BURNING DURATION, AND FLAME HEIGHT (English Units)

ESTIMATING POOL FIRE HEAT RELEASE RATE

Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd Edition, 2002, Page 3-25.

Q = m"DHc,eff (1 - e-kb D) Adike

Where
Q = pool fire heat release rate (kW)
m" = mass burning rate of fuel per unit surface area (kg/m2-sec)
DHc,eff = effective heat of combustion of fuel (kJ/kg)
Af = Adike = surface area of pool fire (area involved in vaporization) (m 2)
kb = empirical constant (m-1)
D = diameter of pool fire (diameter involved in vaporization, circular pool is assumed) (m)

Pool Fire Diameter Calculation

Adike = pD2/4

Where
Adike = surface area of pool fire (m2)
D = pool fire diameter (m)

D = √(4Adike/p)

D= 1.032 m

Heat Release Rate Calculation (Liquids with relatively high flash point, like transformer oil, require
localized heating to achieve ignition)

Q = m"DHc,eff (1-e -kb D

) Adike

Q= 2650.70 Btu/sec 2796.63 kW

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 CHAPTER 3: ESTIMATING BURNING CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIQUID POOL FIRE, HEAT RELEASE RATE, Version 1805.1
BURNING DURATION, AND FLAME HEIGHT (English Units)

ESTIMATING POOL FIRE BURNING DURATION

Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 2nd Edition, 1995, Page 3-197.

tb = 4V / pD2n
Where
tb = burning duration of pool fire (sec)
V = volume of liquid (m3)
D = pool diameter (m)
n = regression rate (m/sec)

Calculation for Regression Rate

n = m"/r
Where
n = regression rate (m/sec)
m" = mass burning rate of fuel (kg/m2-sec)
r = liquid fuel density (kg/m3)

n= 0.000136 m/sec

Burning Duration Calculation

tb = 4V/pD2n

tb = 166.27 sec 2.77 minutes

Note that a liquid pool fire with a given amount of fuel can burn for long periods of time over small area or for
short periods of time over a large area.

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 CHAPTER 3: ESTIMATING BURNING CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIQUID POOL FIRE, HEAT RELEASE RATE, Version 1805.1
BURNING DURATION, AND FLAME HEIGHT (English Units)

ESTIMATING POOL FIRE FLAME HEIGHT

METHOD OF HESKESTAD
Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 2nd Edition, 1995, Page 2-10.

Hf = 0.235 Q2/5 - 1.02 D

Where
Hf = pool fire flame height (m)
Q = pool fire heat release rate (kW)
D = pool fire diameter (m)

Pool Fire Flame Height Calculation

Hf = 0.235 Q2/5 - 1.02 D

Hf = 14.98 ft 4.57 m

METHOD OF THOMAS
Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 2nd Edition, 1995, Page 3-204.

Hf = 42 D (m"/r a √(g D))0.61

Where
Hf = pool fire flame height (m)
m" = mass burning rate of fuel per unit surface area (kg/m2-sec)
ra = ambient air density (kg/m3)
D = pool fire diameter (m)
g = gravitational acceleration (m/sec2)

Pool Fire Flame Height Calculation

Hf = 42 D (m"/(r a √(g D)))0.61

Hf = 13.35 ft 4.07 m

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 CHAPTER 3: ESTIMATING BURNING CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIQUID POOL FIRE, HEAT RELEASE RATE, Version 1805.1
BURNING DURATION, AND FLAME HEIGHT (English Units)

Summary of Results

Heat Release Rate Calculation (Liquids with relatively high flash point, like transformer oil, require
localized heating to achieve ignition)

Q = m"DHc,eff (1-e-kb D) Adike

Answer Q= 2650.70 Btu/sec 2796.63 kW

Burning Duration Calculation

tb = 4V/pD2n

Answer tb= 166.27 sec 2.77 minutes

Flame Height Calculation

Method of Heskestad Method of Thomas
Hf = 0.235 Q2/5 - 1.02 D Hf = 42 D (m"/(r a √(g D)))0.61

METHOD OF HESKESTAD 14.98 ft

Answer
METHOD OF THOMAS 13.35 ft

ESTIMATING POOL FIRE RESULTS FOR RANDOM SIZE SPILLS USING INPUT PARAMETERS
Area (ft2) Area (m2) Diameter (m) Q (kW) tb (sec) Hf (ft) (Heskestad) Hf (ft) (Thomas)
1 0.09 0.34 200.32 1496.46 5.27 6.22
2 0.19 0.49 484.20 748.23 7.51 7.92
Caution! The purpose of this
3 0.28 0.60 794.58 498.82 9.15 9.11 random spill size chart is to aid
4 0.37 0.69 1117.86 374.12 10.47 10.07 the user in evaluating the hazard
5 0.46 0.77 1448.21 299.29 11.60 10.88 of random sized spills. Please
6 0.56 0.84 1782.64 249.41 12.58 11.60 note that the calculation does
7 0.65 0.91 2119.47 213.78 13.46 12.23 not take into account the
8 0.74 0.97 2457.67 187.06 14.25 12.82 viscosity or volatility of the
9 0.84 1.03 2796.63 166.27 14.98 13.35 liquid, or the absorptivity of the
10 0.93 1.09 3135.94 149.65 15.66 13.85
11 1.02 1.14 3475.34 136.04 16.29 14.32
surface. The results generated
12 1.11 1.19 3814.66 124.71 16.89 14.76 for small volume spills over
13 1.21 1.24 4153.79 115.11 17.45 15.17 large areas should be used with
14 1.30 1.29 4492.66 106.89 17.98 15.57 extreme caution.
15 1.39 1.33 4831.23 99.76 18.49 15.94
20 1.86 1.54 6519.13 74.82 20.72 17.62
25 2.32 1.72 8199.34 59.86 22.60 19.04
50 4.65 2.43 16534.81 29.93 29.39 24.23
75 6.97 2.98 24829.17 19.95 34.19 27.89
100 9.29 3.44 33113.15 14.96 38.04 30.83

NOTE:

The above calculations are based on principles developed in the Structural Design for Fire Safety, 2001. Calculations are based on certain assumptions and have inherent
limitations. The results of such calculations may or may not have reasonable predictive capabilities for a given situation and should only be interpreted by an informed user.
Although each calculation in the spreadsheet has been verified with the results of hand calculation, there is no absolute guarantee of the accuracy of these calculations. Any
questions, comments, concerns and suggestions or to report an error(s) in the spreadsheet, please send an email to David.Stroup@nrc.gov or Naeem.Iqbal@nrc.gov.

Prepared by: Date: Organization:

Checked by: Date: Organization:

Additional Information:

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