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Well Control
Lesson 10
Logging While Drilling
(LWD)
Logging While Drilling
Other…
2
Logging While Drilling (LWD)
The parameters obtained with LWD lag
penetration by 3’ to 60’, depending on
the location of the tool. Some tools
have the ability to “see” ahead of the bit.
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Logging While Drilling
4
Logging While Drilling
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Pore Pressure Gradient vs.
difference between actual and
normal sonic travel time
From Hottman and Johnson
LA Upper TX Gulf Coast
gp, psi/ft
Resistivity -- ohm-m2/m
or ohm-m
Conductivity -- 10-3m/ohm-m2
or millimhos/m
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Resistivity and Conductivity
Rock grains, in general, are very poor
conductors.
10
Resistivity and Conductivity
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Resistivity and Conductivity
FR = Ro/Rw FR = formation
resistivity factor
Ro = resistivity of water-
saturated formation
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Resistivity of formation water
Rw reflects the dissolved salt content of
the water, and is dependant upon
temperature.
T1 + 6.77
Rw2 = R w1
T2 + 6.77
where T1 and T2 are in oF
Ro , Ω . m 15
Example 2.20
Rw estimated from
nearby well.
Estimate the pore
pressure at 14,188 ft
using Foster and
Whalen’s techinque.
So, at 14,188 ft,
Ro 0.96
FR = =
R w 0.034
FR = 28.24
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Using Eaton’s Gulf
Coast correlations,
σob = 0.974 psi/ft or
13,819 psig at 14,188’
Eq. Depth = 8,720’
σobe = 0.937 psi/ft or
8,170 psig at 8,720’
pne = 0.465*8,720
= 4,055
Transition at
~11,800’ pp = ppe + (σob - σobe)
= 4,055+(13,816-8,171)
= 9,703 psig
= 13.16 ppg 17
Fig. 2.65 -Hottman & Johnson’s upper
Gulf Coast Relationship between
shale resistivity and pore pressure
Gp ,
psi/ft
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Rn/Ro
Example 2.21
Matthews and
Kelly
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Example 2.21
Fig. 2.67
Transition is at ~9,600 ft.
At 11,500 ft:
Co = 1,920, and
Cn = 440
Co/Cn = 1,920 / 440
= 4.36
gp = 0.81 psi/ft (Fig 2.66)
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Fig. 2.66
gp = 0.81 psi/ft
ρp = 15.6 ppg
pp = 9,315 psig
4.36
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Eaton’s Equations
3
∆t n
g p = g ob − (g ob − g n ) Eq. 2.34
∆t o
1 .2
Ro
g p = g ob − (g ob − g n ) Eq. 2.35
Rn
1 .2
Cn
g p = g ob − (g ob − g n ) Eq. 2.36
Co
1.2
d co
g p = g ob − (g ob − g n )
d cn 22
Eaton’s Equations
These equations differ from the earlier
correlations in that they take into
consideration the effect a variable
overburden stress may have on the
effective stress and the pore pressure.
Probably the most widely used of the
log-derived methods
Have been used over 20 years
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Example 2.22
In an offshore Louisiana well, (Ro/Rn) =
0.264 in a Miocene shale at 11,494’. An
integrated density log indicates an
overburden stress gradient of 0.920
psi/ft. Estimate the pore pressure.
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Solution
Eaton
From Eq. 2.35,
gp = gob - (gob - gn)(Ro/Rn)1.2
gp = 0.827 psi/ft
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Solution
Hottman & Johnson
Rn/Ro = 1/(0.264) = 3.79
gp = 0.894 psi/ft
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Natural Gamma Ray
Tools measure the natural radioactive
emissions of rock, especially from:
Potassium
Uranium
Thorium
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Natural Gamma Ray
The K40 isotope tends to concentrate in
shale minerals thereby leading to the
traditional use of GR to determine the
shaliness of a rock stratum.
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Fig. 2.68
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Pore pressure gradient prediction from
observed and normal Gamma Ray counts
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Example 2.23
34
At 11,100’
NGRn/ NGRo 57/42 = 1.36
From below, gp = 0.61 psi/ft
or 11.7 ppg
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Effective Stress Models
Use data from MWD/LWD
Rely on the effective-stress principle as the
basis for empirical or analytical prediction
Apply log-derived petrophysical parameters
of the rock to a compaction model to
quantify effective stress
Knowing the overburden pressure, the pore
pressure can then be determined
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Dr. Choe’s Kick Simulator
Take a kick
Circulate the kick out of the hole
Plot casing seat pressure vs. time
Plot surface pressure vs. time
Plot kick size vs. time
etc.
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