WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE WATER COLLECTION

WATER SUPPLY
 Water supply means transportation of potable water from a water source after proper
treatment, to residential consumers, for use as drinking water, water for cooking, water for
sanitary conditions, and other water use in a domestic environment.
 Water supply also is essential for business and industry to operate in a municipal environment.
 Of no less importance is the need to supply water to properly located fire hydrants to provide
the public with an effective level of fire protection.
 Municipal water systems also may need to provide water for special services that include
street cleaning, the selling of water to contractors for erecting buildings, parks and recreation,
and miscellaneous uses.
 A water system has two primary requirements: First, it needs to deliver adequate amounts of
water to meet consumer consumption requirements plus needed fire flow requirements.
Second, the water system needs to be reliable; the required amount of water needs to be
available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

Water sources need to be selected carefully to make sure that the fundamental requirement is
met. Two main factors that affect water supply selection are:

1) Quality of water: Water must be treated or purified to meet Regulatory Requirements

established by the relevant authority. The requirements are divided into 2 categories:
a) residential communities with populations not exceeding 3,000.
b) combined residential and commercial communities that have a population over 3,000.
2) Quantity of water: The quantity of water must be adequate to meet consumer consumption
and fire flow demands at any time of the day, day of week, and week of the year.
Maintaining a continuous or uninterrupted supply of water for municipal demands is a major
challenge to many municipalities because of the following conditions:
 droughts.
 growing demands that cannot be met by the treatment plant.
 lack of adequate storage capacity.
 other communities drawing water from the same supply sources such as a lake or a river.
 a major commercial fire or wild land/urban interface fire that exhausts the water supply.
 undetected underground leakage on the pipe distribution system.
A water supply system typically includes:
1. a drainage basin.
2. raw water collection point.
3. water purification unit.
4. water storage facilities, i-e reservoirs.
5. a pumping unit.
6. a pipe network for distribution.

WASTE WATER COLLECTION:

 A system of sewer pipes (sewers) collects waste, used water and takes it for treatment or
disposal. The system of sewers is called waste water collection or sewerage system.
 Water that has been used for some purpose and contains different kinds of impurities is called
sewage.
 Sanitary sewer collection systems are responsible for collecting and conveying wastewater
that is generated at residential dwellings and commercial and industrial buildings to the
wastewater treatment plant for treatment.
 Where a main sewerage system has not been provided, sewage may be collected from
homes by pipes into septic tanks, where it may be treated or collected in vehicles and taken
for treatment or disposal.
Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories:
1. domestic and industrial sewers
2. storm sewers.

 Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes, mains, and outfall sewers
for all types of sewage and runoff.
 The preferred system, however, provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial
waste, which is generally treated before discharge, and a separate network for storm runoff,
which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal
in a stream or river.
A waste water collection system or sewerage system typically includes:
1. House service connections.
2. Sewers.
3. Pump stations
4. Sewage treatment plants.
5. Safe disposal system of final effluent.

IMPORTANCE OF WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE WATER COLLECTION SYSTEM:

Air water and food are essential for human existence. These material are so important but can
cause severe problems if they are polluted. We need fresh water every day for different activities
i.e. drinking, bathing, washing etc. we also need water for different commercial purposes i.e. to
put out fire, buildings and manufacturing etc. A proper water supply system makes sure that the
water coming from the source is purified in all ways and it is safe for its intended use. Clean water
is the best way to prevent the spread of the many diseases that can cause havoc in a closely
packed population of humans. Diseases such as typhoid, cholera etc. as well as diseases that are
caused by poor hygiene such as salmonella, e coli etc.
Once the water is used, we need to either dispose of or recycle the waste water in safe,
efficient ways to protect people and environment. Wastewater management and adequate
sewer systems play important roles in sanitation and disease prevention. Wastewater can
contaminate the local environment and drinking water supply, thereby increasing the risk of
disease transmission. Therefore, to improve health, it is vital to develop a system to manage
community wastewater and sewage.

WATER BORNE DISEASES:

The term water borne disease is used largely for infections that predominantly are transmitted
through contact with or consumption of infected water. Water borne diseases are caused by
pathogenic bacteria that most commonly are transmitted in contaminated water. The WHO
estimates that almost 70% of all diseases are spread through contaminated water. Some
common water borne diseases are:

 Typhoid
 Cholera
 Dengue
 Hepatitis
 Anemia
 Diarrhea
 Malaria etc.

Preventive measures:
 Proper management of water resources has become need of the hour as this would ultimately
lead to a cleaner and healthier environment.
 The city water supply should be properly checked and necessary steps should be taken to
disinfect it.
 Water supply pipes should be regularly checked for leakages and cracks.
 At home, water should be boiled, filtered or other steps should be taken to ensure that is free
from infection.
 Some of the techniques used for water treatment are screening, pH correction, coagulation,
sedimentation. Chlorination etc.