FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

● John Locke was an English philosopher and physician "Father of Liberalism" ; to form character
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(mental, physical, and moral) ; Education as Training of the mind/Formal discipline ; Notable ideas -
"Tabula rasa"
● Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and author.
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"Father of scientific method" "Father of empiricism"

● Jean Jacques Rousseau was a Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer and composer of the
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18th century."Hollistic education"(physical,moral, intellectual)

Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity; child centered learning; Famous novel: "Emile" or On
Education; Human Development
● Edgar Dale was an American educator who developed the "Cone of Experience"
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aka "Father of Modern Media in Education"

● Erik Erikson was a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst
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known for his theory on "psychosocial development" of human beings.

● Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was a swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who exemplified
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Romanticism in his approach. "Social regeneration of humanity" Notable ideas: "Four-sphere

concept of life" his motto was " Learning by head, hand and heart"
● Friedrich Frobel was a German pedagogue a student of Pestalozzi who laid the "foundation of
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modern education" based on the recognition that children have unique needs and capabilities.
"Father of kindergarten"
● Johann Herbart was a German philosopher, psychologist and founder of pedagogy as an
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academic discipline. ;
● Edward Lee Thorndike was an American psychologist ; " Father of Modern educational
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psychology; connectionism; law of effect. ; "Realize the fullest satisfaction of human wants"
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
● IDEALISM Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we want the world
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to be
● REALISM 👉 Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke
▶ (experience) fully mastery of knowledge
● BEHAVIORISM always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior
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● EXISTENTIALISM Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"

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▶Focuses on self/individual
● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM William James; John Dewey - learn from experiences 👉

through interaction to the environment

▶Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children
● PERENNIALISM Robert Hutchins 👉

▶focuses on unchanging/universal truths

● ESSENTIALISM William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge
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▶ Focuses on basic skills and knowledge

● PROGRESSIVISM Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)
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▶focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality

● CONSTRUCTIVISM Jean Piaget 👉

▶Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their experiences and
their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an epistemological stance.
● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM George Counts - recognized that education was the means
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of preparing people for creating his new social order

▶highlights social reform as the aim of education
 ➡ ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through
interaction and reading.
➡ ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from one generation to
the next generation
➡ Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.
➡ Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage many answers
and generate greater participation of students. Higher order thinking skills; to think more creatively.
➡ 90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law
➡ 30 days - "lapse"
PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING & MOTIVATION
● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud
● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory of Personality
● Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's Theory of Development
● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory - Lev Semanovich Vygotsky
● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John Dewey; Jerome Brunner
● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers; Louis Raths
● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner
● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg
● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning
● Edward Thorndike - connectionism
● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning & reinforcement
● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment; modelling; self eficacy
● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception Theory
● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning Theory/Inquiry method
● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning Problem
● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's - Information Processing Theory
● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning Theory
● Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence
● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of life space
● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory
● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond of Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w actual and
potential development
● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach
● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology
● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern Psychology"
● William James - wrote the "Principles of psychology"/ consciousness
● hypothalamus - brain's stress center
● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs; "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ; safety&security; love &
belongingness; self-esteem; self-actualization
● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an American psychologist who established the
psychological school of behaviorism.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
● Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w things w/c are essentially not alike.
Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties because He is a wet blanket"
● Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses the words "like" or "as"
Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"
● Personification - when something that is not human is given human-like qualities, this is known as
personification.
Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon"
● Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a humorous way to make a particular point is known as
hyperbole.
Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we we're having for dessert"
● Onomatopoeia - when you name an action by imitating the sound associated with it.
Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is disturbed"
● Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a meaning that is only
known through common use.
Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket."
● Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of speech using a word/words that are a part to represent a
whole.
Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a synecdoche
● Assonance - when you repeat a vowel sound in a phrase, it is an assonance.
Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."
● Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of speech where one thing is replaced w/a word that is closely
associated with it such as using "Washington" to refer to the United States
REPUBLIC ACTS
● RA #👉7836 - Philippine Teacher Professionalization Act of 1994
● RA #👉7796 - TESDA Act of 1994
● Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution (Educ.Sci & Tech,Arts,Culture& Sports) this is the very
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fundamental legal basis of education in thr philippines.

● Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa 232, Sept 11,1982) an Act providing for the
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Establishment & Maintenance of an Integrated System of Education

● RA #👉4670 - Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (June 18,1966)
● RA #👉6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards For Public Officials and Employees
● RA #👉7877 - Anti-sexual Harrassment Act of 1995
● RA #👉9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of Shared Governance in Basic Education
● RA #👉7784 - Establishment of Center of Excellence
● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum
● RA #👉90210 - "An Act to Integrate Information Teachnology into the Public Elementary &
Secondary Curricula & Appropriating funds
● RA #👉10121 - DRMM approval headed by OCO office of Civil defense May 2010
LITERATURE
● Folklore - traditionally derived and orally transmitted literature
● Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs handed down from generation to generation by word of
mouth
● Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-dramatic literary work
● Genre - distinctive type of literary composition such as epic, tragedy, comedy & novel
● "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"
● hieroglyphics - oldest forn of egyptian writing
● Allegory - narrative whose meaning is beneath the surface
● Elegy - a meditated poem of grief
● Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter lines
● Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure of a great hero who reveals his country's aspirations;
narrates heroic deeds and supernatural happenings w/local actor in w/c people sing/chant
● Soliloquy - speech made by a person who reveals his thoughts
● Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon brought home a wife"
● Washington Irving - "The Legend of a Sleepy Hollow"
● Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac living in morbid fear
● Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted for his Peculiar nose
● "The Illiad of Homer" - great epic poem whose plot centers around the anger & wrath of Achilles
against agamemnon
● "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing, then beauty is its own excuse for being"
● Cacophony - literary term w/c means harsh & discordant sounds introduced for poetic effect
● George Bernard Shaw - know for his excellence of characterization, swiftness of narrative & clarity
of style.
● Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer of horror and detective stories
● Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his collection of poems called Gitanjali/song offerings
● Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best modern American poets.
● Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English Literature
● Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"
● Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
● Charles Darwin - Origin of species
● Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen
● Harry Potter - epic kind of story
VOCABULARY
Emulate imitate 〰

Vouchsafe grant 〰

Abeyance suspended 〰

Denigrate malign 〰

Furtive sneaky
〰

Remonstrate protest 〰

Corroborate confirm 〰

Gullible easily deceived

〰

Germane relevant 〰

Plebeian common 〰

Vulpine cunning 〰

Spendthrift spender 〰

Impolitic unwise 〰

Terse concise
〰

Parsimonious stingy 〰

Stupefy make numb

〰

Pariah outcast
〰

Wizened shrivelled 〰

Dubious doubtful 〰

Incriminates accuse 〰

Frivolous worthless 〰

Susceptible inclined 〰

Impertinent irrelevant 〰

Ostracized excluded 〰

Conglomeration diffusion 〰

Cacophonous loud and unpleasant 〰

Carnal worldly
〰

Aplomb composure〰

Candor honesty 〰

Contemptuous scornful 〰
Feeble weak
〰

Inevitable certain
〰

FILIPINO
● Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)
● Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng mga kastila"
● Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog
● Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning panlipunan ng bayan
● "Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de Nieva unang aklat na nalimbag sa pilipinas
👉

● Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog

● Juan Luna - La Spolarium
● "Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng pilipinas
● Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional Filipino"
● Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang sariling wika
● Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng pilipino"
● Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"
● Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman ginamit ni Marcelo del Pilar
● Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang manunulat ng kasaysayan
● Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
● Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit na "Ang Bayan Ko"
● Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang tagalog
FEW TIPS ON HOW TO PASS THE BOARD EXAM
👉Do not change your answers. UNLESS you are very uncertain about your first answer. Kung sure
na sure kayo na nabasa nyo o nareview tlga ung tanong na un why not baguhin nyo pero sabi ng
nagbriefing sa amin "YOUR FIRST ANSWER CHOICE" USUALLY TAMA.
👉Make the most intelligent guess you can kung di nyo tlga alam ung tanong.
👉Find KEY WORDS or phrases in the question that will help you choose the correct answer.
👉Make sure you understand what the question is asking.
👉Watch out for these words: (first,primary,initial,early,best,most/least,most
important,priority,except)
⛔LONG TIME PREPARATION - need po paghandaan ang board exam, malayo pa magreview na
or magbasa basa ng notebooks or mga xerox noong college, kung super bc yung simpleng pagbasa
ng 1-2 pages sa isang araw makakatulong un :)

⛔REVIEW CENTERS(RECOMMENDED) - kung kaya nmn ng budget nyo maghanap kayo ng

reviewcenter sa lugar nyo kasi iba din po ung weekly may nagtuturo, at merong handouts silang
bnibigay na makakatulong sa pagrereview ninyo. Meron rn libreng mga reviewcenter na pinapatupad
ng gobyerno sa ibang lugar tulad dto samin maging resourceful po kayo. Kung di kaya ng budget ok
lang naman mag self review 👉

⛔BE RESOURCEFUL(WAG MAHIHIYANG MAGHANAP) - maghanap kayo ng maraming

reviewers , books, or mga xerox copies sa mga kakilala wag mahihiyang maghanap Mas
👉

maraming mababasa, mas marami matututunan nyo malaki pa chance mo makapasa kasi mrami ka
alam. 👉

⛔PRAY (WAG MASASAWANG MAGDASAL)

Wag kalimutan magdasal dahil lagi nanjan ang Diyos para satin, wag sabihin sakanya na sana
makapasa kayo , but instead " Bigyan nyo po ako ng linaw ng pag iisip upang maunawaan ko lahat
ng tanong sa exam upang makuha ko ang tamang sagot at matapos ko ito sa takdang oras"
⛔THINK POSITIVE/POSITIVE MINDSET
wag kayo mawalan ng pag asa lalo na sa repeaters tandaan nyo lang po to
" WINNERS NEVER QUIT, AND QUITTERS NEVER WIN" kailangan lakasan nyo loob nyo mahal
tayo ng Diyos hndi nya tayo papabayaan
 GOOD LIFESTYLE (BE HEALTHY & SMART)
⛔

wag pabayaan ang sarili, kung hndi kakain sa tamang oras, balewala ung pag aaral ninyo, kumain
muna bago mag aral at matulog ng maaga, Kumain lagi ng maraming prutas at gulay esp nuts and
dark chocolate recommended ko yan pampatalas ng isip.
PS: IWASAN ang junk foods nakakatuyo po ng utak yun hndi kayo makakafocus mag aral
⛔MAGREVIEW NG MAGREVIEW NG MAGREVIEW - wag po susuko, may awa ang Diyos basta
mag effort lang tayo, "PAG GUSTO LAGING MAY PARAAN PAG AYAW LAGING MAY DAHILAN."
" PAG MAY TYAGA MAY NILAGA" Pag desidido at matyaga kayo, makakaya nyo yan, lahat naman
ng bagay dinadaan sa TIYAGA , right po? Para hndi maistress, relax lang chill lang ienjoy nyo lang
ang pagrereview,
IT TAKES A LOT OF EFFORT, PERSEVERANCE and TIME. Lagi natin isipin na kaya natin.
✔ANOTHER TIPS PO TO BUT THIS IS EXCEPTIONAL Depende sainyo kung gagawin nyo to or
hndi pero ako ginawa ko to lahat naniniwala kasi kami sa pamahiin. Wala naman mawawala kung
gagawin right ? 👉

👉GO TO CHURCH †(few days before exam)

👉

Una, few days before the exam , dalhin lahat ng gagamitin sa exam like
pencils,envelopes,calculators etc sa church at after ng mass ipabless o pababasbasan sa pari ung
mga gagamitin sa exam day (for catholics only po to)
❌ BAWAL MAGPAGUPIT NG BUHOK (few months before exam)
✂

Wag mag gupit or wag magpagupit ng buhok girls/boys habang naghhntay ng big day until
examination day why? Kasi mawawala daw ung mga pinag aralan mo kasi connected daw po un sa
utak pero after exam day pde na magpagupit :)

👉WEAR SOMETHING RED (during exam day)

Pdeng red ponytail, red na panyo, red bracelet, socks, basta anthing na kulay red, lucky color daw
po kasi ang red and fighting color rin ang red 👉 👉 👉 👉 👉 👉 👉 👉 👉 👉

👉RIGHT FOOT FIRST 👉

Bago ka maghanap ng seat # Kanan na paa daw po unang ihahakbang papasok sa mismong room
kung saan ka mag eexam. At pagkapasok mo sa room upuan mo agad ung mismong upuan mo
after makita ung seat # mo
👉 (During examination day) Bring 2 pencils (para hndi hassle putulin na ung isa sa bahay bago
exam day) Bago lumabas ng room, icheck lahat ng gamit kung nsa bag na then after mo maipasa
answer sheet, idonate sa watcher ung ginamit mong lapis,(ung hndi putol ang idonate)ruler,eraser
etc
⚠ tapos sipain ng mahina ung mismong inupuan mo pag exam sabay labas ng room diretso
palabas ng campus Wag ng tumigin ulit pabalik sa room na pinag examan mo, why? Para hndi ka
na daw bumalik ulit sa rum na yun kasi papasa kna.
✏tapos ung isang extrang lapis na putol na, itapon mo naman sa madadaanan na trashcan sa loob
ng campus.
👉During exam day, wag kalimutan magdasal syempre bago magsagot then maglagay ng coin/s sa
right pocket and rosary (for catholics) naman sa kaliwang part pampaswerte daw po yun.
PINAKABEST SA LAHAT AY MAG ARAL PA RIN PO "NASA DIYOS ANG AWA, NASA TAO :)

ANG GAWA" 👉 👉 👉 👉 hndi kayo magsisisi basta tyaga lang po kayo magreview,
👉 👉 👉 👉 👉

wag kayo mag alala kasi..

KAYO NAMAN ANG SUSUNOD NA PAPASA ☺

Godbless po sainyo, maraming salamat sa matyaga na nagbasa ng nobela ko 👉 👉 👉