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The Meaning Of Shapes: Developing Visual Grammar

by Steven Bradley on April 5, 2010
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What do you feel when you see a circle? A square? A triangle? Are you affected the same when seeing an object with soft gentle curves
as you are when seeing another object with sharp jagged edges? Much the same way that lines have meaning, shapes have meaning and
are an important building block in the visual grammar and visual thinking we have at our disposal as designers.
Shapes have an endless variety of characteristics, each communicating different messages to your audience. You’d be hard pressed to
design any web page without creating shapes. Even if your page is nothing more than paragraphs of text you’re laying down shapes on
the page.

What kind of shapes do we have at our disposal? What do all those shapes say to our visitors? How do they enhance or detract from
the concept you want to convey?

The Grammar of Shapes

I found I could say things with color and shapes that I couldn’t say any other way—things I had no words for.
—Georgia O’Keeffe

Shapes are two-dimensional areas with a recognizable boundary. They can be open or closed, angular or round, big or small. Shapes
can be organic or inorganic. They can be free-form or geometric and ordered.

Shapes can be defined by their color or by the combination of lines that make up their edges. Simple shapes can be combined to form
complex shapes. Complex shapes can be abstracted to make simple shapes.
The different characteristics of a shape convey different moods and meanings (.doc file). Changing the characteristics of a shape alter how
we perceive that shape and make us feel differently about a design. Shapes are a powerful way to communicate.

Designers use shapes to:

Organize information through connection and separation

Symbolize different ideas
Create movement, texture, and depth
Convey mood and emotion
Emphasize and create entry points and areas of interest
Lead the eye from one design element to the next

Types of Shapes
There are 3 basic types of shapes (PDF).

Geometric shapes are what most people think of as shapes. Circles, squares, triangles, diamonds are made up of regular pa erns that
are easily recognizable. This regularity suggests organization and efficiency. It suggests structure. Geometric shapes tend to be
symmetrical further suggesting order.
Natural/Organic shapes are irregular. They have more curves and are uneven. They tend to be pleasing and comforting. While they
can be man-made (ink blobs), they are more typically representative of shapes found in nature such as a leaves, rocks, and clouds. On a
web page organic shapes are generally created through the use of illustration and photography. They are free form and asymmetrical
and convey feelings of spontaneity. Organic shapes add interest and reinforce themes.
Abstract shapes have a recognizable form, but are not real. They are stylized or simplified versions of organic shapes. A stick figure is
an abstract shape depicting a person. Typographic glyphs are abstract shapes to represent le ers. Icons are abstract shapes to represent
ideas and concepts. Some abstract shapes have near universal recognition. Think of some of the icons you see in the software you use
daily.

Shapes can be either positive or negative. They can be figure or they can be ground. Be conscious of the shapes you form with negative
space as these are just as, if not more, important than the shapes you form with positive space.

Resources for Creating Geometric Shapes with Unicode

Unicode Geometric Shapes

Geometric Shapes

The Meaning of Shapes

There are truly an endless variety of shapes and combination of shapes, each communicating its own meaning and message. Often the
meaning behind shapes is cultural (a red octagon as a stop sign), particularly as shapes are combined. We’ll confine ourselves to a
discussion of some basic geometric shapes here and I’ll provide some links to more detailed sources of shape meaning beyond the
basics.
Circles have no beginning or end. They represent the eternal whole and in every culture are an archetypical form representing the sun,
the earth, the moon, the universe, and other celestial objects between. Circles are used to suggest familiar objects such as wheels, balls,
many kinds of fruit. They suggested well-roundedness and completeness.

Circles have free movement. They can roll. Shading and lines can enhance this sense of movement in circles. Circles are graceful and
their curves are seen as feminine. They are warm, comforting and give a sense of sensuality and love. Their movement suggests energy
and power. Their completeness suggests the infinite, unity, and harmony.

Circles protect, they endure, they restrict. They confine what’s within and keep things out. They offer safety and connection. Circles
suggests community, integrity, and perfection.

Because they are less common in design they work well to a ract a ention, provide emphasis, and set things apart.

Squares and rectangles are stable. They’re familiar and trusted shapes and suggest honesty. They have right angles and represent
order, mathematics, rationality, and formality. They are seen as earthbound. Rectangles are the most common geometric shape
encountered. The majority of text we read is set in rectangles or squares.

Squares and rectangles suggest conformity, peacefulness, solidity, security, and equality. Their familiarity and stability, along with their
commonness can seem boring. They are generally not a ention ge ers, but can be tilted to add an unexpected twist. Think of web
pages that tilts framed images to help them stand out.
Every element on a web page is defined by a rectangle according to the css box model. Web pages are rectangles made up of smaller
rectangles and squares.

In Buddhist symbolism a square (earthbound) inside a circle (eternal whole) represents the relationship between the human and the
divine.

Triangles can be stable when si ing on their base or unstable when not. They represent dynamic tension, action, and aggression. Triangles
have energy and power and their stable/unstable dynamic can suggest either conflict or steady strength. They are balanced and can be a
symbol for law, science, and religion.

Triangles can direct movement based which way they point. They can be used to suggest familiar themes like pyramids, arrows and,
pennants. Spiritually they represent the religious trinity. They can suggest self-discovery and revelation.

The strength of triangles suggests masculinity. Their dynamic nature make them be er suited to a growing high tech company than a
stable financial institution when designing a logo. Triangles can be used to convey progression, direction, and purpose.
Spirals are expressions of creativity. They are often found in the natural growth pa ern of many organisms and suggest the process of
growth and evolution. Spirals convey ideas of fertility, birth, death, expansion, and transformation. They are cycles of time, life, and the
seasons and are a common shape in religious and mystical symbolism.

Spirals move in either direction and represent returning to the same point on life’s journey with new levels of understanding. They
represent trust during change, the release of energy and maintaining flexibility through transformation.

Clockwise spirals represent projection of an intention and counterclockwise spirals the fulfillment of an intention. Double spirals can be
used to symbolize opposing forces.

Crosses symbolize spirituality and healing. They are seen as the meeting place of divine energies. The 4 points of a cross represent self,
nature, wisdom, and higher power or being. Crosses suggest transition, balance, faith, unity, temperance, hope, and life.

They represent relationships and synthesis and a need for connection to something, whether that something is group, individual, self,
or project related..

As with lines vertical shapes are seen as strong and horizontal shapes are seen as peaceful. Most everything said about vertical and
horizontal lines can be said about vertical and horizontal shapes.

Curved shapes offer rhythm and movement, happiness, pleasure and generosity. They are seen as more feminine than sharp shapes
which offer energy, violence and, anger. Sharp shapes are lively and youthful and are seen as more masculine.
Additional Resources for the Meaning of Shapes

The Meaning of Shape

Simple Symbol Meaning
Symbols and their Meaning
About Symbols
The Psychology of Forms

Using Shapes in Web Design

We use shapes to add and sustain interest in a design. Shapes of different visual weight can be used to create focal points in a design and
direct the flow of a design. Shapes organize elements by separating some and connecting others.

Shapes can be used to convey depth by varying their size and position within a design. Larger shapes will appear closer and smaller
shapes will appear further away. Shapes that are located lower in a design will seem closer and those higher up further away.
Overlapping shapes is another way to create a sense of one in front of the other to add depth to your design.

Shapes that lean toward a protagonist appear to be blocking or stopping progress. Shapes leaning away from the protagonist give the
impression of aiding progress by opening up space.
Try to keep background shapes simple and large. Being large can help a ract a ention and simplicity can put the focus back to the
foreground.
Try to use few shapes where possible. Don’t use 3 or 4 shapes to communicate when one shape will do.
Try to limit the number and size of shapes where possible for clarity in conveying your message

Visual Grammar – Lines, circles & squares from claudio graciolli on Vimeo.

Summary
Shapes like lines are an essential building block in our visual vocabulary and grammar. Try to create a design without using at least one
shape. It’s impossible as even the blank page is a shape.

There are an infinite variety of shapes and shape combinations. Most of the shapes you use and encounter will be geometric so try to
work in organic shapes to create interest where appropriate.

Abstract shapes are symbols representing organic shapes and are common to logos and icons. They can carry a lot of meaning due to
their connection with more concrete natural forms and can communicate quickly and effectively and because of this some are overused.
Look around you and observe shapes in designs and nature and think about what they are saying to you, what they make you feel,
what they are communicating. Do they enhance or hinder the message of the designs you see?

Keep pen and paper handy and scribble and doodle various shapes. Notice the shapes you draw, how they affect you, and how you
can use them in your designs.

Download a free sample from my book, Design Fundamentals.

52 comments

Gaurav Mishra says:

April 11, 2010 at 3:43 am

Amazing..

Reply

casey says:
November 2, 2012 at 2:28 pm

what about stars dam it!

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

November 2, 2012 at 2:32 pm

The fault, dear Casey, is not in our stars, But in ourselves.

 Reply
Mr.E. says:
November 26, 2016 at 4:00 pm

(Thumbs Up)

Reply

elizabeth says:
May 1, 2015 at 8:34 pm

Surprize. Stars are made from 2 triangles.

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

May 12, 2015 at 2:57 pm

Are you sure about that? A six point star is two interlocking triangles, but a five point star isn’t.

Reply

Jeff Z says:
October 2, 2017 at 7:16 pm

A real star is a sphere. No point, just an observation.

Steven Bradley says:

October 10, 2017 at 10:16 am
 True. I imagine the shape comes from the rays of light you see looking at a star. We know they’re round
today, but that wouldn’t been the case when someone called the shape we know as a star, a star.

Jose Maria de Espona says:

January 12, 2011 at 8:34 am

Why you limit your meaning to 2D shapes?

3D shapes is the authentic menaning of all! in this way you can simulate true dinamics and actions in a true world, by using 3D real
time simulation computer capabilities!

Reply

Regan says:
December 26, 2013 at 1:10 pm

even 3D rendering requires a good understanding of shapes, because we don’t see in 3 dimensions we, it is only the world
around us that is 3d, translated to our 2-Dimensional vision. in the end, all we can see is shapes, and not so much the true form
of every object around us. I’m not sure if i’m wasting my time writing this though…

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

January 14, 2014 at 2:01 pm

Good point. We’re creating on a 2-dimensional canvas so that’s all we ever see. I hadn’t even thought about our vision in
the world. It’s true we only really see things in 2-dimensions when looking at them. We can build a 3d picture because we
 see them from different angles and understand how that 3rd dimension works, but we’re still looking at them directly and
seeing 2d.

Nope never a waste of time to share your thoughts.

Reply

Omer says:
January 2, 2016 at 11:20 pm

What about 11 dimensions of the string theory. And millions of dimensions of quantum physics.

Reply

johnp says:
February 18, 2016 at 3:35 am

Isn’t this a hypothesis and not a theory. Theories can be tested experimentally.

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

January 12, 2011 at 10:23 pm

Because this post is about the meaning of shapes in 2-dimensional graphic design. Not every post or article can be about all things.

Reply

Ashley Tait says:

 May 14, 2011 at 1:23 am

Hi Steven!

Hooray! Nice post. Clear thinker. Thanks for sharing your ideas.

I’m developing a representational English Grammar

using color and geometric shapes. I’ve been developing an system that works quite well with ESL students. I’d love your feedback on
what I’m working with.

I totally agree with you that Visual clarity acts as a catalyst for insights to be discovered, understandings that are often otherwise
labeled as unfathomable.

I hope this finds you happy and healthy in your life.

Sincerely,

Ashley Tait

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

May 14, 2011 at 8:49 am

Thanks Ashley. I’ll be happy to offer feedback, though I’m not sure how much I can help as I’m not all that familiar with ESL.
Happy to help if I can though.

Reply

Mr.E. says:
November 26, 2016 at 4:06 pm
 Ashley’s comment reminded me of ASL, American Sign Language, and the hand shapes and gestures of the signing
alphabet. I’ve been reading your posts today, and I love the elements of design you write about. Thanks for expanding my
mind and what my eyes can see and now appreciate in a more full understanding.

Reply

Olanrewaju says:
October 15, 2011 at 5:59 pm

Thank you Steven.This post is very comprehensive and is helping me consider the elements to include, and those not to, in the first am
about to design. It for the drama team in my church

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

October 16, 2011 at 10:46 am

Thanks Olanrewaju. I’m gad you found this post helpful. Good luck with the design.

Reply

Corinna says:
November 4, 2011 at 7:47 pm

Hi Steven,

Are there any shapes which suggest superiority or arrogance?

Reply
 Steven Bradley says:
November 6, 2011 at 11:12 pm

Good question. I’m not really sure. I would think you’d want something more angular and vertical, perhaps something
triangular for it’s aggressive strength.

It might not be a single shape on its own that conveys superiority or arrogance. For example a large shape next to a small shape,
particularly if the larger shape is seen as confining the smaller one would probably convey superiority.

Reply

Lorraine Locke says:

May 17, 2017 at 6:22 am

The inferior could be the middle of overlaps in a Venn diagram.

Lorraine

Reply

Hala says:
June 13, 2012 at 4:31 pm

Very interesting information Steven and the way you wrote it is simple and easy to read-thanks!
Can I ask you to give me your references of these information or are these interpretations your subjective viewpoint?

Thank you and best wishes.

Reply
 Steven Bradley says:
June 13, 2012 at 5:11 pm

Thanks Hala. I’m gad you liked the post. Some of the references are the things I linked to in the post. Outside of those links the
information would have come from some books I was reading at the time. Unfortunately I don’t remember exactly which one.

I published a list of some of the design books I’ve read. I probably grabbed bits of information from several of the books, but I
think the majority of information would have come from the following 3:

Design Elements: A Graphic Style Manual

The Elements of Graphic Design
Visual Grammar

I have links to the books in the other post. All 3 are great books in general too.

Reply

Austin Davis (DESSIN MOGUL©) says:

June 13, 2012 at 10:47 pm

Steven! This is a pre y remarkable, clean, and fluid article. It matches my perception on 2-d shapes directly. It’s funny- I stumbled
across this article because I was staring in to space in my home office and I happened to notice with enthusiasm that there were about 5
different rectangles in front of me: My cell phone, my flat screen, my computer monitor, etc. As a graphic designer my brain posed the
question: What do rectangles mean? And- why do we consume all of our daily media on devices and surfaces with rectangular shapes:
newspapers, books, billboards, etc.

Nonetheless I stumbled across YOUR article and it matched my perception. These things are no accident. Books, flat screens, billboards,
could all easily be circular. But I would agree that rectangles are more common, and immediately gain your instinctive trust in result to
our primitive comprehension of “visual grammar” of shapes. Great article Steven, I’d love to read more of your work.

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

June 13, 2012 at 11:31 pm

Thanks Austin. Cool way to find the post. You know you’re a designer when staring at objects on your desk leads you to a search
for the meaning of shapes.

I do the same thing. You see stuff and wonder what it means and you start looking.

I had wri en a single post on the meaning of lines just before I’d wri en this one. I also have a series on the elements of design
you might like. The link will take you to the first post and the bo om of that one should link to all the posts in the series.

Reply

Rebecca says:
August 15, 2013 at 2:57 pm

Steven
What a great article!
Im currently re branding my business as it is doing so well and are expanding.. I want everything perfect and looking for ideas for my
new logo… you’ve given me great insight into portraying the right image!
Thank you1

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

August 15, 2013 at 5:23 pm
 Thanks Rebecca. Glad I could help with your new logo and congrats on doing well and expanding.

Reply

Amon Benne says:

September 7, 2013 at 6:58 am

Excellent concise synopsis of shapes in relation to design. THANK YOU.

Reply

cheryl says:
October 9, 2013 at 7:12 pm

thanks steven it really helps to motivate my students. God bless

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

October 9, 2013 at 8:57 pm

Thanks Cheryl. I’m glad I can help with the motivation.

Reply

Salma Kamel says:

November 11, 2013 at 11:22 pm
I just love the way you explain things.
I am a professor from Egypt teaching photography, I would like to have some samples of history from different cultures applying
shapes, and analyse the meaning behind using shapes and colors in these cultures.
thanks a lot for your effort to give people the knowledge gift.
Regards

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

November 11, 2013 at 11:55 pm

Thanks Salma. That’s an interesting idea. A look at shape and color through history. I bet it could shed some light on different
cultures and how they communicated.

Reply

Ruth says:
November 19, 2013 at 2:33 pm

I am wondering if lines represent more than the obvious…for example lines with open spaces…such as _____ ______ ___ that are in the
margins of s circle or square in a drawing? I am wanting to have concentric circles in a drawing but to also allow free flow between the
content of the circles. Thanks in advance for any comments you might send.

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

November 20, 2013 at 12:54 am

I think leaving space between the lines would communicate more of an open feeling. You’d still communicate what the shape
normally communicates without the spaces, but the spaces allow your eyes to pass into and out of the shape more easily. I agree
 completely about it allowing freer flow between the content of the circles.

Reply

Zoe says:
April 3, 2014 at 7:27 am

I’ve found that I keep noticing something that bothers me — I’ve noticed the same on one of your articles about the 7 Components of
Design (I think)…

Sometimes, I seem to perceive the things that are meant to be perceived in a particular way from your wording differently. An example
in this article is that you say the bigger circle is meant to exist in the foreground, and the smaller circle in the background, whereas I see
the exact opposite — if I overlaid them, I would except the smaller to come out on top (perhaps this is the result of me using illustrator
too much!)

A similar occurrence is that, in a few of your articles involving focal points, I found some things stood out far more than other things,
when I was meant to perceive one thing as the focal point instead. For example, in Kandinsky’s Composition #8 I notice the white circle
off-centre towards the right as the focal far more than the black circle in the corner.

And again, in the Gestalt article, I saw the lighter square on the dark background as being on top still, not as a ‘hole’, as you suggested.

It’s odd how the same shapes can be perceived in different ways, but I suppose that is exactly what we need to be wary of — will our
designs affect different people differently, and if so, how? Shapes and icons are prominent examples, as you’ve outlined here!

Great as per usual!

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

 April 3, 2014 at 2:08 pm

Thanks Zoe. Interesting how you perceived a few things differently than I wrote about. I think to some degree that’s normal.
We’re all different and most “design principles” are really more guideline than absolute rule.

The idea of the bigger object appearing to be in the foreground is probably from my article on size, scale, and proportion. I’m
guessing, but if so the idea was the bigger object would appear nearer and so would be in the foreground where the smaller
would appear to be in the background.

If you do overlay the objects I think the small one tends to look like the foreground with the larger object as the background. It’s
like placing a small dark block on top of an large white block. The white block will feel like background because of it’s size.

With the Kandinsky painting, what I described is how I saw it, but I don’t think everyone would see if the same way. Again
we’re all different and we’re interested or a racted to different things. Interesting you see the white circle first. I would think it
doesn’t take long for your eye to be drawn to the larger black circle, but maybe not.

I think you have it exactly right that we have to ask if our designs will affect different people different. I absolutely think they
will. Like I said it’s more guidelines than rules.

Reply

Amanjot Kaur says:

March 15, 2015 at 1:14 am

Hi,
thanks for providing such a beautiful information about shapes, as its very helpful and important, a designer must know this and
should be aware of it, thanks a lot…:)

Reply
 Steven Bradley says:
March 24, 2015 at 6:18 pm

Thanks Amanjot. It’s definitely a good idea for a design to understand what he or she might be communicating.

Reply

Jennie says:
September 9, 2015 at 2:04 am

Hi, Steven I was wondering could the shape of square have the meaning of elegance? I am currently analyzing a product that has
square shape or can be said cube design. Still, I need to relate it with “elegance”. Are there any relations with square or cube?? Thank
you so much

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

October 12, 2015 at 2:16 pm

Hi Jennie. Sorry I didn’t reply sooner. I’m not really sure if a square would equate to elegance. I’m not sure it doesn’t, but I’m not
sure it does either.

Maybe try to communicate elegance in a different way, say through color. For example black and white are usually seen as
elegant. A li le red mixed in could work too.

Reply

Sean Tsai says:

November 23, 2015 at 1:50 am
Thank you for this, Mr. Bradley. I am not a webpage designer. I enjoy painting and drawing. Shapes fascinate me. I teach English to
adults in Taiwan, and in many of our classes, we’ve discussed the importance of shapes in our lives. I found your article and discussed
many of the ideas you presented here with my students. I shared with them this page.
When painting and drawing, the person must look for the shapes in the object that give it unity and create the flow. The mass shapes
giving rise to the thing as whole comprising its smaller shapes, which are organically molded to the mass. None is exclusive. Some are
solid forms, while others are not, such as the shadow of the nose, or the mass of the hair, itself taken as a single object.
This subject of shapes ties in well with the subject of semiotics.
Thank you, again, Mr. Bradley.
Sean

Reply

Rebecca Bateson says:

February 6, 2016 at 5:53 pm

Hi Steven,

I have just purchased your book as I am really interested in this blog and the way you explain this topic.

I am studying interior architecture and I have to represent the feeling of balance in an abstract form then creating that 2d abstract
representation into an interior space (pop up store). I have found a lot of the shapes seem to signify balance. Do you think I should
focus on circles and squares or circles and rectangles more to get my message across?

Thank you,

Rebecca

Reply
 Steven Bradley says:
February 8, 2016 at 1:53 pm

Hi Rebecca.

First, thanks for purchasing my book. I hope you enjoy it.

When it comes to balance I think it’s more about the overall balance in the composition. For example a circle or a square is
balanced on their own because each is symmetrical when seen as a whole. However the overall composition, will be more than
the one shape. A circle on one side can balance a square on the other for example.

Empty space can also balance a shape or combination of shapes. Don’t think you have to choose one shape over another. Thing
about it in larger terms. Think about the whole plan you want to create. Say you want to stick with a symmetrical balance, you
might have a long hallway with similarly sized and shaped rooms on either side. If the balance will be asymmetrical, you might
place two smaller rooms at one end, which are balanced by one larger room at the other.

Does that help? The main thing is not to get too locked into having to use a specific shape. Choose one shape and then choose
another (the same or different) to balance the first.

I have a chapter in the book that goes deeper into balance. It’s toward the end. Hopefully it will help to clear up a few things and
feel free to ask more questions if you have them.

Thanks again.

Reply

Amanda Steele says:

February 25, 2016 at 5:59 pm
This was a great explanation of shapes. I am trying to figure out why the Trader Joe’s name tags are so powerful. It’s the bright red 186c
color and the elongated oval. Would you please comment about the design. I’m working on a piece that discusses how clever the store
elements are. Many thanks for your thoughts.

Reply

Kimberly says:
August 28, 2016 at 12:56 pm

Thanks so much for a well laid out, meaningful article. I’ve been struggling as an artist with reflecting deeply on the what and why in
art and design and wanted to dive more into topics of meaning, specifically with line and shape at the moment. All I remember from
my college 2D principles of design course relating to meaning was tension and balance when it came to shape and line. This article gave
me some much needed inspiration and meaning.

Reply

Yisroel says:
September 7, 2016 at 8:20 am

Thank you for this amazing synopsis! I’ve learned a lot more than I thought I would.

Reply

Amrita Babwah says:

October 18, 2016 at 9:43 am

Hi,
Great article!
My name is Amrita and I’m doing a research paper on shapes in graphic design. Please, can I quote you? And also can you tell me what
theories informed your work? I will be very grateful for your input as a professional in this field. Thank you!

Reply

Carlo Copada says:

August 2, 2017 at 2:38 am

This is the best article about meaning of shapes present in the web! Hands down! I’ve read more than 10 articles and nothing compares
to the content this have.

Good job! More power and hopefully more contents to come!

Reply

Steven Bradley says:

August 2, 2017 at 7:54 am

Thanks Carlo. I’m glad you enjoyed the article. I appreciate the kind words.

Reply

Bart says:
October 8, 2017 at 3:18 pm

Thank you for this article. It’s been a great read, and I learned many valuable informations!

One question though. Link to the doc. file on shapes conveying different moods and meanings is not working. Do you have different
one by the chance? I would like to learn on this topic as well.
 Reply

Pav says:
November 12, 2017 at 2:58 am

Hi Steven,
It was great reading your article.

I’m exploring on a space for releasing memories through comedy. And not very sure of what form(shape) I can come up with. Any
suggestions you can help me with?
Thanks,
Pav

Reply

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