Nama : Refin Ananda

Kelas : EK – 3A
NIM : 3.32.17.0.20
INDIVIDUAL PRESENTATION 9

COUNTER.

1. The Meaning of Counter

Counter means enumerator, meaning or application of counter bias circuit is used for chopping
/ calculate either the count is up (counter up) or counts down (counter down). For applications
in the field usually used on conveyor to the level of industry or other applications, the hardware
was counter can be used for any sensor but rather to the sensor outputs in the form of label
digital voltage such as, push button, switch proximity but not mean it can not be used on the
voltage analog as temperature, pressure and other, only slightly less than the maximum.

2. Type and Characteristic Counters.

1. Synchronous Counter

Synchronous counter has a triggering of the same clock source and composition of flip-flop
are parallel. In syncronous counter itself there are differences in the placement or
manipulation that essentially cause different gate delay time is called the carry propagation
delay.

Application of the counter in the form of application is good IC chip IC TTL, or CMOS,
among other things: (TTL) 7490, 7493, 74 190, 74 191, 74 192, 74 193, (CMOS)
4017,4029,4042, and others.

In the Sync Counter, clock sources provided on each input clock of the flip-flop constituent,
so that if there is a change in the pulse of the source, then the changes will be to trigger the
whole flip-flop together.

2. Asynchronous counter

As mentioned in the previous section Asynchronous counter is composed of flip-flops that

are connected in series and depends on the previous flip-flop, then spread to the flip-flop its
MSB. That's why Asynchronous counter is often referred to as the ripple-through counter.
A Counter Asynchronous (Ripple) consists of a series of flip-flop configured by connecting
the output from one to the other. The next an input signal is mounted on the first FF Clock
will change position when climbing output (Edge) correct the required detected.
 The output is then trigger the next input clock when the rock is supposed to. In this way a
signal on the input will (triggering the next input) from the FF to the next so that the signal
was tip end of the row. Remember that FF T can divide the input signal by a factor of 2
(two). So Counter can count from 0 to 2 "= 1 (with n equal to the number of flip-flop in the
row).

3. Ring counter

A ring counter is a Shift Register (a cascade connection of flip-flops) with the output of the
last one connected to the input of the first, that is, in a ring. Typically, a pattern consisting
of a single bit is circulated so the state repeats every n clock cycles if n flip-flops are used.It
can be used as a cycle counter of n states. If the output of a shift register is fed back to the
input. a ring counter results. The data pattern contained within the shift register will
recirculate as long as clock pulses are applied. For example, the data pattern will repeat
every four clock pulses in the figure below. However, we must load a data pattern. All 0's
or all 1's doesn't count.

4. Johnson counter

A Johnson counter (or switchtail ring counter, twisted-ring counter, walking-ring counter,
or Moebius counter) is a modified ring counter, where the output from the last stage is
inverted and fed back as input to the first stage. The register cycles through a sequence of
bit-patterns, whose length is equal to twice the length of the shift register, continuing
indefinitely. These counters find specialist applications, including those similar to the
decade counter, digital-to-analog conversion, etc. They can be implemented easily using D-
or JK-type flip-flops. The switch-tail ring counter, also know as the Johnson counter,
overcomes some of the limitations of the ring counter. Like a ring counter a Johnson counter
is a shift register feed back on its' self. It requires half the stages of a comparable ring counter
for a given division ratio. If the complement output of a ring counter is fed back to the input
instead of the true output, a Johnson counter results. The difference between a ring counter
and a Johnson counter is which output of the last stage is fed back (Q or Q'). Carefully
compare the feedback connection below to the previous ring counter.

3. Function of Counters

Counter used for various arithmetic operations, a frequency divider, calculating the distance
(odometer), speed (speedometer), whose development is used extensively in computing
 applications in scientific instruments, industrial control, computer, communications
equipment, and so on.

4. The Workings of Counters

Up / Down Counter is the development of a synchronous counter which combines the

functions of up counter and down counter in a series with a control to determine the counting
is done. With a range of up / down counter counting process on a journey counting can be
changed directly from the position output data will be the count up or count down. To build
an Up / Down Counter necessary synchronous counter and control circuit coupled Up or
Down processes to be carried out.

The process of counting up (count up) will occur if the input lines Up / Down was given
logic HIGH and will do the countdown (count down) if the input lines up / down is given
input LOW. In a systematic series of up / down counter is a combination between up counter
and down counter coupled with the switch system using digital logic gate NAND (in
general) as a selector.

Up counter part of a series of up / down counter above seems clearly separated after
input lines up / down given input logic HIGH. So obvious arrangement synchronous 4-bit
up counter at a series of up / down counter above. Then the down counter can also be seen
clearly separated after input of up / down given input logic LOW.

5. Application Counters In the Life

Counter is a countdown clock period the amount it receives, but it also serves as a
frequency divider.

The working principle Counter at digital clock is:

1. Seconds
Seconds on the clock unit has a unit of 10 bits (0-9), because the use of counter mode
unit seconds 10 (divider 10). Using JK 4 counter input. Binary value 10 set as 0000, so
that in a matter of seconds to 10 units on the digital clock will start again from 0 (zero).
Thus the input that produces a value of 1 is connected to the NAND gate, and the results
are put into Clear. Then the results of the last input will be checked in as the clock at
tens of seconds in the Digital Clock. and then like that. b. Dozens Seconds on the digital
clock has dozens of as much as 6 bits (0-5), because in tens of seconds using the counter
 mode 6 (divider 6). Counter using JK 3 input, or to equalize could also counter JK 4
inputs. 6 binary values are set as 0000 in order to count to 6 tens seconds on the digital
clock will re-count is 0 (zero).

2. Minutes
a. Unit, Similarly, the principle of working with units of seconds on the digital clock. The
difference to the clock in the unit of minutes obtained from the results of the last input
to tens of seconds.
b. Dozens, Tens of minutes also have the same working principle with dozens of the
second digital clock. But, for Clock obtained from the last input on the digital clock
minute unit.

3. Hours
a. Unit, Unit hour using Counter Mode 4, because at the time the value of the unit 4 will
back be set at 0 (zero). Together with the minutes and seconds. Binary of 4 is 0100. So
that needs to be set to 0 (zero) only one input only. Then the results will also be
incorporated into CLR (clear). Results of the last input, will be used as the value Clock
on dozens of hours.
b. Dozens
Dozens of hours using the Counter mode 2. Because the time value of 2 will be
calculated back from a binary 0. 2 is 0010, and in setting only input 1 only. And the
results are worth 1 connected input to the NAND gate and the result is put into the CLR
(Clear).
 COUNTERS
Type and Characteristic Counters

1. Synchronous Counter

Truth Table Up / Down Counter synchronous 3-bit

Synchronous counter has a triggering of the

same clock source and composition of flip-flop
are parallel.

Up series of 3-bit Synchronous Counter

Up a series of 3-bit Asynchronous Counter

In syncronous counter itself there are

differences in the placement or manipulation
that essentially cause different gate delay time
is called the carry propagation delay.

Down a series of 3-bit Asynchronous Counter

In the Sync Counter, clock sources provided on

each input clock of the flip-flop constituent, so that
if there is a change in the pulse of the source, then
the changes will be to trigger the whole flip-flop
together.

2. Asyncronous counter
 3. Ring Counter

A ring counter is a Shift Register (a cascade connection of flip-flops) with the output of the last one connected
to the input of the first, that is, in a ring. Typically, a pattern consisting of a single bit is circulated so the state
repeats every n clock cycles if n flip-flops are used
 4. Johnson Counter

A Johnson counter (or switchtail ring

counter, twisted-ring counter,
walking-ring counter, or Moebius
counter) is a modified ring counter,
where the output from the last stage is
inverted and fed back as input to the
first stage.

The Workings of Counters

Up / Down Counter is the

development of a synchronous
counter which combines the
functions of up counter and down
counter in a series with a control to
determine the counting is done.

With a range of up / down counter counting process

on a journey counting can be changed directly from
the position output data will be the count up or count
down. To build an Up / Down Counter necessary
synchronous counter and control circuit coupled Up or
Down processes to be carried out.
Application Counters In the Life