Smart Global Economic Community at Kattangal 1

Kozhikode district

1 Introduction
Kozhikode is a district of Kerala state, situated on the southwest coast of India. The city of
Kozhikode, formerly known as Calicut, is the district headquarters.

1.1 Location & Geographical Area.

Kozhikode district is bordered by the districts of Kannur to the north, Wayanad to the east, and
Malappuram to the south. The Arabian Sea lies to the west. It is situated between latitudes 11°
08'N and 11° 50'N and longitudes 75° 30'E and 76° 8'E.

Figure 1: Location

1.2 History of Kozhikode:

• The history of Kozhikode district for the next few centuries i.e. upto 8th century A.D
is obscure. Kozhikode and its surroundings were part of Polanad ruled by Kolathiris.
The ancestors of present Zamorin family defeated Kolathiri’s forces and established
their headquarters at Kozhikode. Because of the persistent efforts and administrative
abilities of the rulers who were later known as Zamorin, Kozhikode became an
important commercial and trading centre during post Sangam age. During the pre
Portuguese period the Zamorin achieved the suzerainty over a large track of land and
many neighbouring Rajas accepted him as their protector. When Portuguese arrived in
the political scene of Kerala, there were a few major and minor rulers in this part of the
country. The major rulers comprised of Kolathiri Raja in the north, Zamorin in the
central belt and the King of Venad in the south. Vasco Da Gama landed at Kappad near
Calicut on 27th May 1498 and this visit can be considered as an important event in the
history of Kerala. Zamorin permitted the Portuguese to build a factory at Calicut.
2 Planning Studio III, NIT Calicut

Portuguese dominated the scene for a long time taking advantage of the enemity
between Zamorin and the rulers of Cochin. Zamorin’s fleet under the command of
Kunjali Marakkar defeated the Portuguese in several encounters. But taking advantage
of the strained relationship between the Zamorin and the last Kunjali Marakkar,
Portuguese aligned with the Zamorin. As per the agreement reached with the
Portuguese, Zamorin took Kunjali IV as captive and handed Industrial Potential Survey
2017 - Kozhikode Page 4 him over to the Portuguese who later hanged him.
Subsequently Portuguese withdrew from the scene. The Dutch entered the political
scene of Kerala only in 1663 by the capture of Cochin from the Portuguese though the
Zamorin’s territories were also frequently visited by many Dutch admirals. The Dutch
was in Kerala only for a short period. The modern history of Kozhikode starts with the
arrival of the British. In 1615, they entered at Calicut coast. Slowly they established
their foothold in this large track of land, as a result of the political happening in the rest
of the peninsula. The Mysorean intervention in Kerala started as early as 1757. Hyder
Ali who ascended the throne of Mysore in 1761 brought Calicut also under his control
after conquering Kolathiri, Kottayam and Kadathanad. After the departure of Hyder Ali
from Calicut in 1768, revolts from local chieftains against his authority started. At the
end of 1773, Hyder made a second invasion of Kerala through Coorg and Wayanad.
Zamorin left Calicut and took refuge in the Kingdom of Travancore. Hyder Ali ruled
the area by appointing a military Governor for some period. In 1778, rebellion broke
out against the Mysorean ruler with the encouragement of English East India Company.
After the death of Hyder Ali, Tippu Sultan succeeded him. Tippu’s conquests and the
founding of Feroke are the important events during the period. Tippu again came to
Malabar in 1789 through Thamarasseri pass. However his suzerainty over the Malabar
region could not last long. He was defeated by the British force. By the treaty of
Srirangapatanam which concluded on 18th March 1792, the whole of erstwhile Malabar
district including the present Kozhikode district was ceded to the English East India
Company. Malabar became part of Madras presidency till the reorganisation of states
in 1956. It was formed on January 1st, 1957; after the formation of Kerala as a state on
November 1st, 1956.

1.3 Topography:
Topographically the district has three regions-
 The sandy coastal belt
 The rocky highlands formed by the hilly portion of the sandy coastal belt is 362.85 sq
kms
 Lateritic midlands 1343.50 sq kms and rocky highlands 637.65 sq kms.
.

1.4 FOREST:
The total area of the district = 234641 hectares
The total area of the forest in the district = 41386 hectares
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1.5 Administrative set up.

Kozhikode district consists of one revenue division, Three Taluks, 12 Blocks, 77 panchayats
and 117 villages. The total area of the district comes to 2344 Sq.Kms

1.6 Type of land formation:

The general terrain of the district is sloping from east to west. The Western Ghats forms a
natural barrier on the east while the western side is washed by the Lakshadweep Sea. Major
portions of the district comprise plains though it has some outlying hills and dales. The eastern
extremity of the district borders the Wayanad plateau. The district has coastal lengths of 80
km. broken by number of rivers. As a result of formation of the hilly Wayanad district, the
former Kozhikode district has lost major portion of the forest area. Now the forest area lies as
a narrow belt on the eastern side of the district bordering Wayanad district.

2 Chapter 3 Demography
In 2011, Kozhikode district remains the fifth in the State in population size, as in the previous
decade, with 30, 86,293 persons. Besides, it ranks second in North Kerala, just behind
Malappuram, the most populous district in the state.. (Source: Census 2011).
40000000
33406061 33633005
35000000 31838619
29098518
30000000 25453680
25000000 21347375
20000000
15000000
10000000
1821734 2245265 2619941 2879131 3059385 3306915.2
5000000
0

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2019

kozhikode kerala
Figure 2: Total population

2.1 POPULATION DENSITY:

The density data of the District for the last fifty years show that the District had a density of
565 persons per sq.km in 1971.In 1981, with highest increase of 181 persons per sq.km, the
density of the District crossed 900 persons per sq.km. During the last fifty years from 1971,
the District had never experienced a jump in density. Of course there was phenomenal increase
in density during last decadal also. It is astonishing to note that in 1991 census the density of
the District had crossed 1000 persons per sq.km. The present density of the District i.e., 1317
4 Planning Studio III, NIT Calicut

persons per sq.km is about two fold greater than the density recorded in 1971.

1317
1228
1118

957
860
819
747
654
565
455

1971 1981 kozhikode

1991 kerala 2001 2011

Figure 3: density

2.2 Population Growth Rate

Kerala started showing a constant decline in population growth rate since 1981 census. The net
addition to the population has also been continuously less ever since. The population growth
rate of the state in the last decade (2001-2011) is 4.86, less than the growth rate of 1991-2001.
The growth of population during 2001-2011 has declined in all the districts of the State
including Kozhikode, when compared to the growth rate in 1991-2001. Even so, Kozhikode
district is among those districts having population growth rate higher than the State average
during 2001-2011, together with Kasaragod, Malappuram, Palakkad and Ernakulum, all of
which fall in the middle and North Kerala.(Source: Census 2011).
25

20

15

10

1971-1981 1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011

kozhikode kerala
Figure 4: population Growth Rate

2.3 Sex Ratio:

Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 male in the population. In 1991 Census,
Kozhikode District had a sex-ratio of 1027 females per 1000 males as against 1036 females per
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1000 males for the state. The sex ratio trend shows that sex-ratio of the district increased in the
first three Censuses of 1901 to 1921. During these 20 years, sex-ratio increased from 1009 to
1038. In 1931, the sex-ratio had declined and in 1941, the sex-ratio had witnessed a rise.
Thereafter it started declining up to 1971. Since 1981, the District is witnessing continuous
increase in sex-ratio. The District is witnessing continuous increase in sex-ratio. During 1901-
2011, the sex-ratio at the State level has increased by 54 points. At the District level also it
increased by 48 points. Figure 3 shows the sex-ratio of the State/ the District in 1971 and 2011.

1091 1098
1077 1080
1058
1034 1040
1016 1012

979

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

kozhikode Kerala
Figure 5: sex Ratio

2.4 Literacy Ratio:

Kerala has been the most literate state of the Nation and in 2011; the effective literacy rate is
93.91% against 74.04% of India. The male literacy is 96.02% while that of females is 91.98%.
Male literacy rates are higher than the female literacy rate
Kozhikode Dt. has an effective literacy rate higher than the state average, of 95.08%. In tune
with the general scenario in the state, the male literacy rate (97.42%) is higher than the female
literacy rate (92.99%) in Kozhikode as well.

120

100

80

60

40

20

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

kozhikode kerala
Figure 6: literacy
6 Planning Studio III, NIT Calicut

120

100

80

60

40

20

1971 1981 Male1991Female 2001 2011

Figure 7:Gender wise literacy Rate

2.5 Work Participation Ratio:

The work participation ratio of the planning area in 2011 is 30.07%, whereas the expected
WPR as per UDPFI guidelines is 33%, which indicates the need for generating more
employment opportunities in the planning area. Kozhikode Corporation has a better WPR of
30.64%, indicating the higher employment prospects there.

34.75
32.3
31.4 30.7
29.1
27.87 27.89
26.92 27.1 26.57

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

kozhikode Kerala
Figure 8: Work Participation Ratio
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60
50 48.66 51.1
44.2 43.15 44.59
40
30
20
10 9.49 11.38 9.02 12.2
8.24
0
1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Male Female
Figure 9: Work Participation Ratio Male and Female

INFERENCE:
• The work participation rate in the District is very low in comparison with other Districts
and the value is even less than that of State average.
• However it is expected that the increase in work participation will increase due to
various factors.

2.6 Unemployed Persons Registered Under Employment Exchange:

Employment Below X Metric +2 Degree P.G. Total
Exchange
Kozhikode 29127 93492 20781 4980 193 148573
District
Vatakara 4568 35787 12455 2244 157 55211
Town
Koilandy 4311 32689 11076 4519 72 52667
Town
Balussery 4138 30105 10520 2527 235 47525
Town
Thamarassery 2952 20795 8408 1664 47 33866
Town
Specially for 939 954 253 75 6 2227
PH
Total 46035 213822 63493 16009 710 340069
8 Planning Studio III, NIT Calicut

Unemployment of the educated youth is a serious concern of the society. One of the cause of
the problem is a mismatch between the skills that employers need and skills possessed by
potential job seekers. The solution is to develop their skills and enhance employability. One
employability centre is functioning in the district under employment exchange to
 Boost placement
 Provide good quality skilled work force to the industry
 Promote Self Employment
About 43 Lakhs of unemployed persons have registered in the Employment Exchanges. On a
close watch it is seen that most of them belong to one the following group.
a) Some possess qualification but having no skill.
b) Some of them possess skill but having no certificate. 13% 60% 18% 4% 0% 5%
Percentage Job Seekers below Metric Metric Plus Two Degree P.G. Professionals Industrial
Potential Survey 2017 - Kozhikode Page 33
c) Some of them possess both certificate and skill but are not aware of the opportunities around
them. It is not possible to provide government job to all the educated unemployed persons of
Kerala. So it is the social indebtedness of the government to make the unemployed educated
youth to equip them to exploit other opportunities available within the country and abroad.

3 Chapter 4
Smart Global Economic Community at Kattangal 9

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10 Planning Studio III, NIT Calicut

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Websites

1. http://www.egovap-evaluation.eu/
2. www.wikipedia.org
3. www.esslingen.de
4. http://www.service-bw.de/
5. http://service-bw.de/