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Violence

Violence is an extreme form of aggression, such as assault, rape or murder.

Violence has many causes, including frustration, exposure to violent media, violence in the
home or neighborhood and a tendency to see other people's actions as hostile even when
they're not. Certain situations also increase the risk of aggression, such as drinking, insults
and other provocations and environmental factors like heat and overcrowding.

Violence is "the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy."[2] Less
conventional definitions are also used, such as the World Health Organization's definition of
violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against
oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high
likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or
deprivation."[3]

Research areas of interest include:

 sexual violence
 youth violence
 child maltreatment
 bullying
 children's exposure to violence
 intimate partner violence
 suicide
 homicide
 workplace violence
 international violence
 prevention efforts
The causes of violence
Rigid gender roles and identities
Gender inequality
Racism
Ageism
Ableism
Homophobia, biphobia and trans phobia
Aboriginal people
people with a disability
immigrant, asylum and refugee communities
older people
people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans (and gender diverse) and/or have an intersex
variation (LGBTI)
Types
Typology of violence[3]
The World Health Organization divides violence into three broad categories:[3]
self-directed violence:- suicide means self-harming
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interpersonal violence:-
collective violence:- collective violence suggest possible motives for violence committed by
larger groups of individuals or by states.
This initial categorization differentiates between violence a person inflicts upon himself or
herself, violence inflicted by another individual or by a small group of individuals, and
violence inflicted by larger groups such as states, organized political groups, militia groups
and terrorist organizations. These three broad categories are each divided further to reflect
more specific types of violence:
physical
sexual
psychological
emotional
Alternatively, violence can primarily be classified as either instrumental or reactive / hostile
Prevention
Child–caregiver relationships
Life skills in youth
Gender equality
Cultural norms
Support programmes
Criminal justice
Public health
Human rights
Geographical context
Non-Violence
Nonviolence is the personal practice of being harmless to self and others under every
condition. It comes from the belief that hurting people, animals or the environment is
unnecessary to achieve an outcome and refers to a general philosophy of abstention from
violence. This may be based on moral, religious or spiritual principles, or it may be for purely
strategic or pragmatic reasons.[1]
Criticism
Ernesto Che Guevara, Leon Trotsky, Frantz Fanon and Subhas Chandra Bose were fervent
critics of nonviolence, arguing variously that nonviolence and pacifism are an attempt to
impose the morals of the bourgeoisie upon the proletariat, that violence is a necessary
accompaniment to revolutionary change or that the right to self-defense is fundamental. Note,
for example, the complaint of Malcolm X that "I believe it's a crime for anyone being
brutalized to continue to accept that brutality without doing something to defend
himself."[155]
Methods
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Acts of protest
Noncooperation
Nonviolent intervention
Revolution
Six principles of nonviolence
Respect everyone–including yourself.
Always include constructive alternatives
Be aware of the long term
Look for win-win solutions
Use power carefully
Claim your legacy (virasat)
Advantage
 You are able to get a group of people to voice your opinion
 You have the right to organize peaceful meetings or to take part in meetings in a
peaceful way.
 States not only have an obligation to protect peaceful assemblies, but should also to
take measures to facilitate them
 States may not limit this right for certain groups based on race, color, sex, language,
religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or any
other status.
 Under international law, the right to freedom of peaceful assembly is not absolute
Disadvantage
 The disadvantages of a non-violent protest consists of verbal abuse used more
commonly as physical violence is not tolerated in non-violent protests
 Restrictions on peaceful assemble may minor incidents of violence
 Punished for going against the government

Among the techniques of non-violent protest are:

 peaceful demonstrations

 sit-ins

 picketing

 holding vigils

 fasting and hunger strikes

 strikes
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 blockades

 civil disobedience
1. utilitarianism: maximizing happiness and minimizing suffering
2. Facial Feedback Hypothesis: facial movement can influence emotional
experience
3. Which type thinking in involve in creativity?
4. Yerkes Dodsan law: optimal level of arousal for best performance
5. Information in short-term memory enters long-term storage through
Conflict resolution at macro level
Changes in the social environment such as contestable access to new political positions or
perceptions of new resources arising from development in the physical environment are
fertile grounds for conflicts involving individuals and groups, who are interested in using the
new resources to achieve their goals.
Macro level conflicts are expression of existing adversary’s relationships through aggressive
behaviours as a result of unresolved incompatible interest in the social structure of the system
or organization.
Causes of Macro Conflict, Resources: River controversy
Values: Conflicts may arise due to differences in the value of the people or organization
Oppressive Social Order: Certain social norms are oppressive in nature even though they
have always been in existence
Mismanagement of Information:
Macro Conflict Handling Styles
Alternative Dispute Resolution or optional controversy solution (ADR), Collaboration,
Negotiation Baat chit, Conciliation (Agreement)
Mediation, Arbitration (Panch Faisala), Adjudication (Judgmental decision)
Roles of media can play in conflict prevention:
 Bridge builder
 Watchdog
 Information provider
 Early warning system
 Emotional outlet
 Peace motivator

In addition, numerous issues continue to face development practitioners when considering the
use of media in peace building interventions. These include:
 Do no harm
 Context is critical
 Know and understand the audience/s
 Give voice to all
 Promote regulatory reform as part of peace settlements
 Follow and understand changes in technology
 Ensure safety of media workers
 Build linkages
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 Pursue integrated research, ME&L

1- Write stages of kohlberg theory of moral development
2- write the developmental stages of language given by Vygotsky in correct sequence
3- Write stages of creative thinking to solve problem?
4- Write two Mnemonics to improve memory?
5- Which assessment have most appropriate for the assessment of Self-Actualization?
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory