LECTURE 20

SHEET PILE
Sheet pile is a flexible type of retaining wall structure and it is generally temporary
type of retaining structure. Whereas, retaining wall is a rigid type of retaining
structure that is used to resist the earth pressure and it is generally permanent type
of retaining structure.

Difference Between Sheet Pile and Retaining Wall

Sheet pile
Self-weight is not considered
Active earth pressure is considered
Foundation soil provides resistance
against overturning
The depth is much higher as
compared to retaining wall
Retaining wall
Self-weight is considered
Both Active and passive earth
pressure is considered
Wall self-weight provides resistance
against overturning
The depth is much lower as compare
to sheet pile

1
 Uses Of Sheet Pile

Types Of Sheet Pile

Cantilever and Anchored sheet pile

2
Cantilever Sheet Pile In Granular Soil (C=0) KP>>KA

𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐼 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐼𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒

3
 (∅ 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙)𝑌

ϸ𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎 𝛾𝐻, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛾𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙

𝑨𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 ‘𝒂’
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 0 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑟
𝑘𝑎 𝛾(𝐻 + 𝑎′ ) = 𝑘𝑝 𝛾𝑎′
𝑘𝑎 𝛾𝐻 + 𝑘𝑎 𝛾𝑎′ = 𝑘𝑝 𝛾𝑎′
𝑘𝑎 𝛾𝐻 = 𝛾𝑎′ (𝑘𝑝 − 𝑘𝑎 )
𝑘𝑎 𝛾𝐻
𝑎′ =
𝛾(𝑘𝑝 − 𝑘𝑎 )
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ϸ𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎 𝛾𝐻
ϸ𝑎
𝑎′ = … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . (1)
𝛾(𝑘𝑝 − 𝑘𝑎 )
ϸ𝑃1 = 𝑘𝑃 𝛾(𝐻 + 𝐷 ) − 𝑘𝑎 𝛾𝐷
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐷 = (𝑌 + 𝑎′ )
ϸ𝑃2 = (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝑎 )𝛾𝑌
4
 ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑐 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐼

𝑃𝐴 + 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∆ 𝑧𝑐𝑐 ′ − 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∆𝑎𝑏𝑐 ′ = 0

𝑃𝐴 + 1⁄2 (ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 )𝑧 − 1⁄2 ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 = 0

(ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 ) ϸ𝑃 𝑌
𝑃𝐴 + 𝑧− 2 =0
2 2
(ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 ) ϸ𝑃 𝑌
𝑧 = 2 − 𝑃𝐴
2 2
(ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 )𝑧 = ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 − 2𝑃𝐴
ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 − 2𝑃𝐴
𝑧= … … … … … … … … . . (2)
ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2
𝐼𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷 = 𝑌 + 𝑎’

∑ 𝑚𝑏 = 0

𝑃𝐴 (𝑌 + 𝑦̅) + 1⁄2 (ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 ) × 𝑧 × 𝑧⁄3 − 1⁄2 ϸ𝑃2 × 𝑌 × 𝑌⁄3 = 0 … … … … . . (3)

(ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 )𝑧 2 ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 2

𝑃𝐴 (𝑌 + 𝑦̅) + − =0
6 6
Multiply throughout by 6
6𝑃𝐴 (𝑌 + 𝑦̅) + (ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 )𝑧 2 − ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 2 = 0 … … … … … … … … . (4)
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4 𝑖𝑠 ‘𝑌’
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑌 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷 = 𝑌 + 𝑎’ 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐷 𝑏𝑦 20% 𝑡𝑜 30%
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡. 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑝

5
 Example 20.1

1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛360
𝑘𝑎 = = = 0.26
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛360

1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛360 1
𝑘𝑃 = = = 3.85 𝑂𝑟
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛360 𝑘𝑎
1 1
𝑘𝑃 = = = 3.85
𝑘𝑎 0.26
ϸ𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 @𝑎 = 𝐻𝛾𝑘𝑎 = 4 × 19 × 0.26 = 19.7𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
ϸ𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 @𝑐 = 𝑘𝑎 𝛾𝐻 + 𝛾 + (𝐻 ′ ) × 𝑘𝑎
= 4 × 19 × 0.26 + 9 × 3 × 0.26 = 26.78𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
ϸ𝑎 26.78
𝑎′ = = = 0.83𝑚
𝛾(𝑘𝑝 − 𝑘𝑎 ) 9(3.85 − 0.26)
1 1 1
𝑃𝐴 = × 4 × 19.76 × +3 × 19.76 + × (26.78 − 19.76) + × 0.83 × 26.78
2 2 2
39.52 + 59.28 + 10.53 + 11.11 = 120.44𝑘𝑁/𝑚
6
 39.52(0.83 + 3 + 4⁄3) + 59.28(0.83 + 3⁄2) + 10.53(0.83 + 1⁄3 × 3) + 11.11 × 0.38 × 2⁄3
𝑦̅ =
120.44
𝑦̅ = 3.05𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒
ϸ𝑃1 = 𝑘𝑃 𝛾(𝐻 + 𝐷 ) − 𝑘𝑎 𝛾𝐷 = 𝑘𝑃 𝛾𝐻 + 𝑘𝑃 𝛾𝐷 − 𝑘𝑎 𝛾𝐷
= (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝑎 )𝛾𝐷 + 𝑘𝑃 𝛾𝐻
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐷 = 𝑌 + 𝑎′
= (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝑎 )𝛾(𝑌 + 𝑎′ ) + 𝑘𝑃 𝛾𝐻
ϸ𝑃1 = (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝑎 )𝛾𝑌 + (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝑎 )𝛾𝑎′ + 𝑘𝑃 𝛾𝐻
ϸ𝑃1 = (3.85 − 0.26) × 9 × 𝑌 + (3.85 − 0.26) × 9 × 0.83 + 3.85(19 × 4 + 9 × 3)
ϸ𝑃1 = 32.31𝑌 + 423.4
ϸ𝑃2 = (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝑎 )𝛾𝑌 = (3.85 − 0.26) × 9 × 𝑌 = 32.31𝑌
= 6𝑃𝐴 (𝑌 + 𝑦̅) + (ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 )𝑧 2 − ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 2 = 0
ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 − 2𝑃𝐴
𝑧=
ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2
2
ϸ𝑃 𝑌 − 2𝑃𝐴
= 6𝑃𝐴 (𝑌 + 𝑦̅) + (ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 ) × ( 2 ) − ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 2 = 0
ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2
2
(ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 − 2𝑃𝐴 )
= 6𝑃𝐴 (𝑌 + 𝑦̅) + (ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 ) × 2 − ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 2 = 0
(ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 )
2
(ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 − 2𝑃𝐴 )
= 6𝑃𝐴 (𝑌 + 𝑦̅) + (ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 ) × 2 − ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 2 = 0
(ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 )
2
(ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 − 2𝑃𝐴 )
ϸ𝑃2 = 6𝑃𝐴 (𝑌 + 𝑦̅) + − ϸ𝑃2 𝑌 2 = 0
(ϸ𝑃1 + ϸ𝑃2 )

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 (32.31𝑌 2 − 2 × 120.44)2
6 × 120.44(𝑌 + 3.05) + − 32.31𝑌 3 = 0
(32.31𝑌 + 423.4 + 32.31𝑌)
(32.31𝑌 2 − 240.88)2
= 722.64(𝑌 + 3.05) + − 32.31𝑌 3 = 0
(64.62𝑌 + 423.4)

= 722.64(𝑌 + 3.05) + (64.62𝑌 + 423.4) + (32.31𝑌 2 − 240.88)2 − 32.31𝑌 3 (64.62𝑌 + 423.4) = 0

= 722.64𝑌 + 2204.052 + (64.62𝑌 + 423.4) + (32.31𝑌 2 − 240.88)(32.31𝑌 2 − 240.88)
− 32.31𝑌 3 (64.62𝑌 + 423.4) = 0
46697𝑌 2 + 305966𝑌 + 142426𝑌 + 933196 + 1044𝑌 4 − 7783𝑌 2 − 7783𝑌 2 + 5802 − 2088𝑌 4 − 13680𝑌 3 = 0

−1044𝑌 4 − 13680𝑌 3 + 31131𝑌 2 + 448392𝑌 + 991219 = 0

𝑇𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑌, 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷 = 𝑌 + 𝑎′ = 6.29 + 0.83 = 7.12𝑚
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 30% × 7.12𝑚 = 2.136𝑚
𝐷𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 7.12 + 2.136 = 9.259𝑚
Approximate method

8
 𝐻+𝐷
∑ 𝑀𝑏 = 1⁄2 𝑘𝑝 𝛾𝐷 × 𝐷 × 𝐷⁄3 = 1⁄2 𝑘𝑎 γ(H + D) × (H + D) × ( )
3
𝐻+𝐷
= 1⁄2 𝑘𝑝 𝛾𝐷 2 × 𝐷⁄3 = 1⁄2 𝑘𝑎 γ(H + D)2 × ( )
3
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐷 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 → 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑏𝑦 20 − 40% 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷
Cantilever sheet pile in cohesive soil (∅𝑢 = 0)

ϸ𝐴 = 𝑞̅ 𝑘𝐴 − 2𝑐𝑢 √𝑘𝐴

ϸ𝑃 = 𝑞̅𝑘𝑃 + 2𝑐𝑢 √𝑘𝑃

∅𝑢 = 0, 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘𝑃 = 1
𝑞̅ = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
ϸ𝐴 = 𝑞̅ − 2𝑐𝑢
𝑞̅ = 𝛾 ′ 𝑧
ϸ𝑃 = 𝑞̅ + 2𝑐𝑢

9
 𝐻+𝐷
∑ 𝑀𝑏 = 1⁄2 𝑘𝑝 𝛾𝐷 × 𝐷 × 𝐷⁄3 = 1⁄2 𝑘𝑎 γ(H + D) × (H + D) × ( )
3
𝐻+𝐷
= 1⁄2 𝑘𝑝 𝛾𝐷 2 × 𝐷⁄3 = 1⁄2 𝑘𝑎 γ(H + D)2 × ( )
3
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐷 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 → 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑏𝑦 20 − 40% 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷
Cantilever sheet pile in cohesive soil (∅𝑢 = 0)

ϸ𝐴 = 𝑞̅ 𝑘𝐴 − 2𝑐𝑢 √𝑘𝐴

ϸ𝑃 = 𝑞̅𝑘𝑃 + 2𝑐𝑢 √𝑘𝑃

∅𝑢 = 0, 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘𝑃 = 1
𝑞̅ = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
ϸ𝐴 = 𝑞̅ − 2𝑐𝑢
𝑞̅ = 𝛾 ′ 𝑧
ϸ𝑃 = 𝑞̅ + 2𝑐𝑢

10
 ϸ𝐴 (𝑎𝑡 𝐴) = −2𝑐𝑢
ϸ𝐴 (𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐷 ) = 𝑞̅ − 𝑐𝑢 = 𝛾 ′ 𝐻 − 2𝑐𝑢
ϸ𝑃 (𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐷 ) = 2𝑐𝑢
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐷
(ϸ𝑃 − ϸ𝐴 )𝐷 = 2𝑐𝑢 − (𝑞̅ − 2𝑐𝑢 ) = 4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐷 (𝐻 + 𝑧)

(ϸ𝑃 − ϸ𝐴 )𝐻+𝑧 = 𝛾 ′ 𝑧 + 2𝑐𝑢 − (𝛾 ′ 𝐻 + 𝛾 ′ 𝑧 − 2𝑐𝑢 )
= 4𝑐𝑢 − 𝛾 ′ 𝐻
= 4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅

11
12
 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵
(ϸ𝑃 − ϸ𝐴 )𝐵 = 𝑞̅ + 𝛾 ′ 𝐷 + 2𝑐𝑢 − (𝛾 ′ 𝐷 − 2𝑐𝑢 )
= 𝑞̅ + 𝛾 ′ 𝐷 + 2𝑐𝑢 − 𝛾 ′ 𝐷 + 2𝑐𝑢
(ϸ𝑃 − ϸ𝐴 )𝐴 = 𝑞̅ + 4𝑐𝑢

∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0: 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 0

𝑃𝐴 + 1⁄2 𝑧(4𝑐𝑢 + 𝑞̅ + 4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅) − 𝐷(4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅) = 0

𝑃𝐴 + 1⁄2 𝑧(8𝑐𝑢 ) − 𝐷(4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅) = 0

𝐷(4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅) − 𝑃𝐴
𝑧= … … … … … … … … … … … . (5)
4𝑐𝑢

∑ 𝑚𝐵 = 0: 𝑃𝐴 (𝐷 + 𝑦̅) + 1⁄2 × 𝑧(4𝑐𝑢 + 𝑞̅ + 4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅) × 𝑧⁄3 − 𝐷(4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅) × 𝐷⁄2 = = 0

Sub for z, after further simplification the equation becomes

𝑃𝐴 (12𝑐𝑢 𝑦̅ + 𝑃𝐴 )
𝐷2 (4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅) − 2𝐷𝑃𝐴 − = 0 … … … … … . . (2)
2𝑐𝑢 + 𝑞̅
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑟 𝑞̅ = 𝛾 × 𝐻
Find D from equation 2 and increase the D value by 20% to 40%
13
 𝐴𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒 (𝐼𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙
Two types of anchored sheet pile are fixed-earth method and free-end method

14
 ∑ 𝐹𝐻: 𝐹 + 𝑃𝑃 − 𝑃𝐴 = 0, ∴ 𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝑃

𝑃𝑎𝑒
𝑎′ =
𝛾(𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 )

∑ 𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑦̅1 = 𝑃𝑃 𝑦̅2

𝑃𝑃 = 1⁄2 𝛾(𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 ) × 𝑌 × 𝑌 = 1⁄2 𝛾(𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 )𝑌 2

2
𝑦̅2 = ℎ + 𝑎′ + 𝑌
3
𝑃𝐴 𝑦̅1 = 1⁄2 𝛾(𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 )𝑌 2 (ℎ + 𝑎′ + 2⁄3 𝑌)
𝛾(𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 )𝑌 2
𝑃𝐴 𝑦̅1 = (ℎ + 𝑎′ + 2⁄3 𝑌)
2
𝛾𝑌 2 (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 ) ′
𝛾𝑌 2 (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 ) 2
𝑃𝐴 𝑦̅1 = (ℎ + 𝑎 ) + ( ⁄3 𝑌)
2 2
𝛾𝑌 2 (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 ) ′
𝛾𝑌 3 (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 )2
𝑃𝐴 𝑦̅1 = (ℎ + 𝑎 ) +
2 6
𝛾𝑌 2 (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 ) ′
𝛾𝑌 3 (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 )
𝑃𝐴 𝑦̅1 = (ℎ + 𝑎 ) +
2 3
𝛾𝑌 3 (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 ) 𝛾𝑌 2 (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 )
+ (ℎ + 𝑎′ ) − 𝑃𝐴 𝑦̅1 = 0 … … … … … … . (6)
3 2
From Equ.1 calculate Y, then Find D using 𝐷 = 𝑌 + 𝑎′ by and increase by 20% to 40%
15
Types of Anchors

15
 ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒 1 ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒
𝑃𝐴 = 𝛾𝑘𝐴 × + 𝛾𝑘𝐴 ×
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
𝑃𝐴 = 𝛾𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑒 2 + 𝛾𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑒 2
4 8
1 1
𝑃𝐴 = + (𝛾𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑒 2 )
4 8
1 2 2 1 1 1
× = , × =
4 2 8 8 1 8
2 1 3
+ =
8 8 8
3
𝑃𝐴 = 𝛾𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑒 2
8
3
𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑃 = 𝛾𝑘𝑃 ℎ𝑒 2
8

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃𝑃 − 𝑃𝐴 𝑙
3 3
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝛾𝑘𝑃 ℎ𝑒 2 − 𝛾𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑒 2
8 8
3
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒(𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑡 ) = (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 ) 𝛾ℎ𝑒 2
8
Force acting on the anchor

𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑡 × 𝑙 = 𝐹 × 𝑆 × 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐹 = 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 = (1.5 − 2), 𝑆 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑓 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠
16
 𝐼𝑓 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹 × 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆
3
(𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 ) 𝛾ℎ𝑒 2 = 𝐹 × 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆
8

8 × 𝐹 × 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆
ℎ𝑒 = √ → 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠
3(𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 ) 𝛾

8 × 𝐹 × 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆
ℎ𝑒 = √ → 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠
3(𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 ) 𝛾𝑙

Example 20.2

𝐻 = 7, ℎ = 6

17
 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛360
𝑘𝑎 = = = 0.26
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛360

1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛360 1
𝑘𝑃 = = = 3.85 𝑂𝑟
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛360 𝑘𝑎
1 1
𝑘𝑃 = = = 3.85
𝑘𝑎 0.26
ϸ𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 @𝑎 = 𝐻𝛾𝑘𝑎 = 4 × 19 × 0.26 = 19.7𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
ϸ𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 @𝑐 = 𝑘𝑎 𝛾𝐻 + 𝛾 + (𝐻 ′ ) × 𝑘𝑎
= 4 × 19 × 0.26 + 9 × 3 × 0.26 = 26.78𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
ϸ𝑎 26.78
𝑎′ = = = 0.83𝑚
𝛾(𝑘𝑝 − 𝑘𝑎 ) 9(3.85 − 0.26)
1 1 1
𝑃𝐴 = × 4 × 19.76 × +3 × 19.76 + × (26.78 − 19.76) + × 0.83 × 26.78
2 2 2
39.52 + 59.28 + 10.53 + 11.11 = 120.44𝑘𝑁/𝑚
39.52(0.83 + 3 + 4⁄3) + 59.28(0.83 + 3⁄2) + 10.53(0.83 + 1⁄3 × 3) + 11.11 × 0.38 × 2⁄3
𝑦̅ =
120.44
𝑦̅ = 3.05𝑚
𝑦̅1 = ℎ + 𝑎′ − 𝑦̅ = 6 + 0.83 − 3.05 = 3.78𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
Recall equation 6
𝛾𝑌 3 (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 ) 𝛾𝑌 2 (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 )
+ (ℎ + 𝑎′ ) − 𝑃𝐴 𝑦̅1 = 0
3 2
9 × 𝑌 3 (3.85 − 0.26) 9 × 𝑌 2 (3.85 − 0.26)
+ (6 + 0.83) − 120.44 × 3.78 = 0
3 2
9 × 𝑌 3 (3.59) 9 × 𝑌 2 (3.59)
+ (6.83) − 455.26 = 0
3 2
𝑌 3 (32.31) 𝑌 2 (221)
+ − 455.26 = 0
3 2
10.77𝑌 3 − 110.5𝑌 2 − 455.26 = 0
18
 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛
𝑌 = 1.86𝑚
𝐷 = 𝑌 + 𝑎′ = 1.86 + 0.83 = 2.69𝑚
𝐷𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 2.69 × 1.3 = 3.5𝑚
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝑃
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝐴 = 120.44𝑘𝑁/𝑚
1 1
𝑃𝑃 = 𝛾 ′ (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 )𝑌 2 = × 9(3.85 − 0.26) × 1.86 = 56𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2 2

𝐹 = 120.44 − 56 = 64.44𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑥 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛270 = ∴ 𝑥 = 5.35𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛270 = ∴ 𝑥 = 4𝑚
10.5 𝑥

19
 8 × 𝐹 × 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 8 × 64.44 × 1.5
ℎ𝑒 = √ =√ = 1.95𝑚 ≈ 2𝑚
3(𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 )𝛾 3(3.85 − 0.26) × 19

𝑌 = 1.86𝑚
ℎ𝑒 2
𝑏= = = 1,
2 2
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 ℎ = (7 − 1.5) = 5.5
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑦̅1 = ℎ + 𝑎′ − 𝑦̅ = 5.5 + 0.83 − 3.05 = 3.28𝑚𝐹
New Y value
𝛾𝑌 3 (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 ) 𝛾𝑌 2 (𝑘𝑃 − 𝑘𝐴 )
+ (ℎ + 𝑎′ ) − 𝑃𝐴 𝑦̅1 = 0
3 2
9 × 𝑌 3 (3.85 − 0.26) 9 × 𝑌 2 (3.85 − 0.26)
+ (5.5 + 0.83) − 120.44 × 3.28 = 0
3 2
𝑌 3 (32.1) 𝑌 2 (32.1)
+ (6.33) − 395 = 0
3 2
10.77𝑌 3 − 110.6𝑌 2 − 395 = 0
𝑌 = 1.8𝑚
The former value of 𝑌 = 1.8𝑚 and the new value of 𝑌 = 1.8𝑚, so 𝑌𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 > 𝑌𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝐷 = 𝑌 + 𝑎′ = 1.8 + 0.83 = 2.63𝑚
𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 > 𝐷𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 2.69 > 2.63𝑚
𝐷𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 2.63 × 1.3 = 3.42𝑚
𝐷𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 > 𝐷𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 3.5 > 3.42𝑚
Final design recommendation
𝐷 = 3.5𝑚, 𝑏 = 1𝑚, ℎ𝑒 = 2𝑚
The position of the anchor from sheet pile =9.4m
The position of the anchor rod is 1.5m below the ground level.

20
 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑞̅𝑘𝑃 + 2𝑐𝑢 √𝑘𝑃 , 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑞̅𝑘𝑎 − 2𝑐𝑢 √𝑘𝑎
𝑖𝑓 ∅𝑢 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑘𝑃 = 𝑘𝑎 = 1
𝑞̅ = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒, 𝑞̅ = 𝛾 ′ 𝐻 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑞̅ = ℎ1 𝛾 + ℎ2 𝛾 ′ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛾 ′ = 𝛾 − 𝛾𝑤
Right side of point ′e′
𝑞̅ = 𝛾 ′ 𝐻, 𝑞̅ = ℎ1 𝛾 + ℎ2 𝛾 ′
𝑃𝑎𝑒 = 𝑞̅ − 2𝑐𝑢
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ′𝑒′
𝑃𝑃𝑒 = 0 + 2𝑐𝑢 = 2𝑐𝑢
21
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒 = (𝑃𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑎𝑒 ) = 4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒 = 2𝑐𝑢 (𝑞̅ − 2𝑐𝑢 ) = 4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅

22
 𝑃𝑃 = (4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅)𝐷

∑ 𝑀𝑜 = 0: 𝑃𝐴 𝑦̅1 = 𝑃𝑃 𝑦̅2

𝑦̅2 = ℎ + 𝐷⁄2

𝑃𝐴 𝑦̅1 = (4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅)𝐷(ℎ + 𝐷⁄2)

2𝑃𝐴 𝑦̅1
𝐷 2 + 2𝐷ℎ −
4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑞̅ = 𝛾 ′ 𝐻
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑦 20 − 40%
Example 20.3

23
F

2𝑐 2 × 30
𝑁𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, ℎ𝑒 = = = 3.2𝑚
𝛾√𝑘𝐴 19 × √1

1 1
𝑃𝐴 = × 16 × 0.8 + 16 × 3 + × 3 × (43 − 16)
2 2
𝑃𝐴 = 8.4 + 48 + 40.5 = 96.9𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚 = 𝑦̅1

1 3 3
8.4 (3 + × 0.8) + 48 ( ) + 40.5 ( )
𝑦̅1 = 3 2 3 = 1.44𝑚
96.9
𝑃𝐴 (12𝑐𝑢 𝑦̅ + 𝑃𝐴 )
𝐷2 (4𝑐𝑢 − 𝑞̅) − 2𝐷𝑃𝐴 − = 0 … … … … … . . 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(2)
2𝑐𝑢 + 𝑞̅
𝑃𝐴 (12 × 30 × 1.44 + 96.9)
𝐷2 (4 × 30 − 103) − 2 × 𝐷 × 96.6 − =0
2 × 30 + 103
17𝐷2 − 193.8𝐷 − 366 = 0
𝐷 = 13.05
𝐷𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 13.05 × 1.3 = 17𝑚