Written Report in METHODS OF RESEARCH

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE

Sitio Mabuhay, Barangay Tayamaan, Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro
website: www.omsc.edu.ph email address: omsc_9747@yahoo.com
Tele/Fax: (043) 457-0231/cdoffice143@gmail.com CERTIFIED TO ISO 9001:2015
CERT. NO.: 50500782 QM15
College of Business, Administration, and Management
METHODS OF RESEARCH
Written Report on the Topics

CHARACTERISRICS OF RESEARCH; QUALITIES OF A GOOD
RESERCHER; CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCHER; DIFFERENT
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH; and THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
Marie Beth C. Manzano; Mark Anthony Corpuz; Rodolfo Mojeca Jr.; Meriel Grace Z.
Rubia; Christine Joy B. Monzales; Juvilyn Parahinog
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
DISCUSSION
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
There are seven characteristics of research:

1. Empirical
- based on direct observation or experience of the researcher.
 The collection of data is based on practical experience without assistance of
scientific knowledge or theory.
2. Logical
- based on the legal principles in gathering of data. Scientific investigation is
done in an orderly manner so that the researcher has confidence in the
findings.
 Logical examination of the procedures used in the research enables the
researcher to draw conclusions, which are important for decision making.
 Guided by the rules at logical reasoning and the logical process of induction
and deduction of great value in carrying out research.
3. Cyclical
- Research is a cyclical process. It starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.
 For instance, a researcher who has completed his study draws
conclusions that dovetail with the findings. Recommendation is usually
further research. In the recommendations, many problems are uncovered
requiring further study; thus, the cycle repeated.
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4. Analytical
- Research utilizes proven analytical procedures collecting data, whether
historical, descriptive, experimental, or case study.
 In historical research, the data gather focus on the past, descriptive research
focuses on the present situation and experimental research focuses on the
future. A case study on the past, present, and the future.
 You must be able to consider a problem in order to make a plan and define
your research and collect data. You should be able to analyse your information
and draw conclussions.
5. Methodical
- Research is conducted in an orderly manner without bias, using systematic
procedures and techniques, an appropriate research design, and statistical
tool to arrive at scientific interpretation.
 For instance in the experimental study on the “Utilization and
Commercialization of Milkfish Bones as Offal of Boneless Milkfish into the
Burger With and Without Moringa,” the specific research problem. What is the
acceptability of the flavor of milkfish bones burger with and without moringa?”
There are two variables or bivariate in this study. The researcher uses two-
group design. The variables are the control group and the experimental group.
The flavor acceptability of milkfish bones burger without moringa or the
control group and milkfish bones burger with moringa or the experimental
group was tested using the weighted mean. The formula is as follows:
X = 𝒇𝟏 𝒙𝟏+𝒇𝟐 𝒙𝟐+ 𝒇𝟑 𝒙𝟑. . . +𝒇𝒌 𝒙𝒌
f1 + f2 + f3 + … fk
or
X = ∑fx
∑f
6. Critical
- A critical research exhibits careful and exact judgment.
 A higher level of significance, 1.0 percent or 5.0 percent must be establish.
Base on this levels of significance, the researcher can confidently interpret the
results whether they are significant or insignificant. It is significant if the
computed value is greater than the tabular value at 1% or 5% level of
significance in the hypothesis is rejected. It is insignificant if the computed
value lesser than the tabular value at 1% or 5% level of significance, and the
hypothesis is accepted.
 Illustration:
1. If CV ≥ TV = Significant (reject Ho)
2. If CV <TV = Insignificant (accept Ho)
7. Replicable
- The research designs and procedures are replicated or duplicated using
different materials.
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 Procedures are repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and

conclusive result.
 It is very important that the research can be replicated, it means that the other
researchers can test the findings of the research.
QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER
1. Research – oriented
- a good student researcher must be research oriented. The school is his
training ground where he starts to love and finds interest to conduct.
2. Efficient
- He must be a dreamer. He must be ambitious, but he must also be
industrious in order to achieve his dreams. If his dream is to conduct
experimental research with return on investment, and if his ambition is to
become rich someday, he must be efficient and industrious in his research
work in order to achieve his dreams.
3. Scientific
- He must be systematic, methodical, logical, and precise in his decision
pertaining to his research and interpreting research results.
4. Effective
- He must be successful in his experimental research so that its results are
useful. Ultimately, he must be able to realize a return on investments from
the research outputs by commercializing them.
5. Active
- He must be energetic and dynamic in conducting
his research until its completion.
6. Resourceful
- He must be inventive and quick- witted in
conducting his research with the goal in mind of
improving his quality of life from poor to rich.
7. Creative
- He must be unique, original, and innovative in his
research to arrive at productive results that can
augment income, alleviate poverty, and improve
quality of life.
8. Honest
- In research, the saying, the saying “Honesty is the
best policy” applies. A good researcher must be
trustworthy and declare valid research results.
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9. Economical
- He must make his research cost- effective. He must
be thrifty and wise in the use of materials, time and
money.
10. Religious
- He must be a spiritually oriented individual by
implementing first in his life the acronym of
UNLAD. Unahin Natin Lagi Ang Diyos in order to
be well guided excellently by the almighty in his
research efforts.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCHER
1. Intellectual Curiosity
- The researcher is inquisitive. He engages in
reflective thinking and investigates things,
situations, and problems around him.
 He is interested in acquiring knowledge about them especially the
new and uncommon.
2. Prudence
- it is said that intellectual curiosity ends when
prudence begins. Once the researcher has chosen
his research problem wisely, his intellectual
curiosity ends but prudence begins.
 The researcher is prudent if he conducts his research project
carefully, wisely, and practically at the right time and the right place,
effectively, efficiently, and economically. In other words, he does the
right thing at the right time by using the 7Ms: Manpower Money
Machinery Materials Methods Moment and Marketing wisely,
effectively, efficiently, and economically.
3. Healthy Criticism
- the researcher is always doubtful as to the
truthfulness of the results of his study.
 Normally, the researcher always doubts the correctness of his
findings even if the data are gathered and computed honestly.
4. Honesty
- An intelligent researcher is honest in gathering data
or facts in order to arrive at honest and valid results
because success or failure of the research study lies
in his hand.
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 If his researched is on the acceptability, scalability, and profitability

of a certain product, he must be honest in gathering his data and
declare the honest results of his study.
5. Creativity
- An intelligent researcher is creative when he
conducts research which is new, unique, and
original.
6. Inventiveness
- An intelligent investigator must be inventive and
innovative in his research. Not only should his
research be the first of its kind, but the result
should also be patentable.
7. Productivity
- An intelligent researcher must be productive and
resourceful in conducting research that has return
on investment (ROI), by applying the invest harvest
principle.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF RESEARCH
1. Basic Researches
-
Are those that deal with the process of objects and
things, or information about different topics with
no concern for direct pay-off.
 Among these are studies in relationships, comparative analyses,
trends, and projections.
2. Applied Researches
- Are those that probe into the unknown using
directly the results to a current problem.
3. Empirical Researches
- are move specific than basic researches, but imply
their nature from the use of data, whether
quantitative. Basically, they have the following
important characteristics.
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH
There are many kinds of research which are classified according to their
distinctive features. Some of the classifications are as follows:
1. According to Purpose:
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a. Predictive or Prognostic
 It has the purpose to determine the future operation of the
variables under investigation with the aim of controlling or
redirecting such for the better. Its purpose is to give the results from
one specific educational practice or pattern and seek to establish a
close statistical connection between characteristics and a prediction
of educational outcome.
b. Directive
 It determines what should be done based on the findings. This is
to remedy an unsatisfactory condition, if there is any.
c. Illuminative
 It is concerned with the interaction of the components of the
variable being investigated; i.e., interaction of the components of
educational systems and aims to show the connection among
student characteristics, organizational patterns and politics and
educational consequences.
2. According to Goal
a. Basic or Pure
 It is done for the development of theories and principles. It is
conducted for intellectual pleasure of learning. Much of this is a
kind of research has been done in psychology and sociology.
b. Applied
 The application of the results of pure research. This is testing the
efficiency of theories and principles.
 For instance, a principle says that “praise reinforces learning.” To
determine if this is true, one conducts an experiment in which there
are two classes.
3. According to the Level of Investigations :

a. Exploratory
 The researcher studies the variables pertinent to a specific
situation.
b. Descriptive
 The researcher studies the relationships of the variables.
c. Experimental
 The researcher studies the effect of the variables on each other.
4. According to the Types of Analysis :
a. Analytical Approach
 The researcher attempts to identify and isolate the components
of the research situation.
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b. Holistic Approach
 This begins with the total situation, focusing attention on the
system first and on its internal relationships.
5. According to Scope:
a. Action Research
 This involves the application of the steps of the scientific method
in the classroom problems. It is a firing line on the job-type
problems used by teachers, supervisors, administrators and
managers, to improve the quality of their decision-making and
actions.
6. According to choice of answers to problems:

This is concerned with the findings that answer the problems into
evaluation and development research.
a. Evaluation
 These are all possible courses of action, which are specified and
identified in which researchers try to find out the most
advantageous.
b. Developmental
 This focuses on the findings or developing a more suitable
instrument or process than has been available.
7. According to Statistical Content:

a. Quantitative or Statistical Research
 This is one in which inferential statistics are utilized to
determine the results of the study.
 Inferential statistics such as correlation, chi-square and analysis
of variance, are used to test the hypothesis. This type of research
usually includes studies and cause-and-effect relationships.
b. Non-quantitative Research
 This is used for quantity or statistics, which is practically null
(nothing or zero).
 This is especially true in alternative research such as
anthropological ethnocultural studies, indigenous and
participatory where description is usually used. Descriptive
data are gathered rather than qualitative data.
8. According to Time Allotment:

a. Historical research describes what was.
b. Descriptive research describes what is.
c. Experimental research describes what will be.
9. According to the Types and Kinds of Research:

This focuses on the area or field of activity.
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a. Proprietary Research
 This is conducted for a specific audience and is not shared
beyond that evidence.
b. Scholarly Research
 This promotes public access to knowledge.
c. Behavioral Research
 This is based on the belief that objective knowledge is
obtained through careful and systematic observation and
measurement of what people do.
 This is most reliable on operationalism, which is the
transformation of abstract concepts into behaviors that can
be precisely qualified.
 The goal is to identify and test laws that can explain, predict
and lead to the control of behavior.
d. Phenomenological Research
 This is based on the belief that what people do depends on
what they perceive or what goes on their minds.
 It focuses on the internal, psychological meaning that
guides behavior, describes how people understand their life
experience, tend to be theory-generated or inductive, and
aim to shape the development of a theory.
e. Communication Research
 This is an investigation of the five communication elements
where possibly, some research problems may be analyzed
such as:
 Control Analysis (Source)
- This refers to the performance of the communicator.
These are the essential factors affecting their
performance such as their credibility, capability,
expertise, functions, structures and needs/problems.
 Content Analysis (Message)
- This determines the nature and characteristics of
message, manifestations of any of the scopes and
themes, slant and treatment, text or visuals and the
message appeal.
 Media Analysis (Channel)
- This refers to the media’s comparative advantages,
media features, and costs.
 Audience Analysis (Receiver)
- This concerns audience behavior, tastes, interests,
opinions, where they reach and can be conducted
on the following feedback level, audience level
and expectations.
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 Impact Analysis (Effects)

- This is to know the current trends in such areas as community
media system, information diffusion, media socialization,
children and television, and media motives, uses and
gratifications and can be done on an awareness, attitude,
change, behavior change and practice level.
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
Business potential practitioners often identify problems which they need to solve
these problems. Types of information is required, one approach to solve these
problem is to employ the research process.
As business continue to develop mature, business decision makers will face a

variety of new and more complex challenges, problems and opportunities from
changing legal, political, cultural, technological and competitive landscapes that
directly affect the firms' operations.
Most influential factor

 Internet as the key driver of the new economy.
 Rapid technology advancement use by associated with the Internet and
its growing use by the people worldwide will be driving force of many
current and future changes in how business research is conducted.
 Internet has revolutionized the way in which business decision
makers, marketing experts, and researchers view the world.
 Researchable problem must be subject to observation or other forms of
empirical data collection.
 Management problem or opportunity can be formulated as hierarchical
sequence of questions.
 The most general level is the management dilemma.
 Translated management question and then into research question which
the major objectives of the study is turn.
 Research question is further expanded into investigative questions.
These questions represent the various facets of the problem to be solved, and
they influence research design, including design strategy, data collection
planning and sampling.
Different steps involved conduct of research includes the following.
1. Research Reconnaissance
preliminary survey or research
2. Identification of the Research Topic and Formulation of the
Research Problem.
Very important part of the research process as it determines the
subsequent parts of the research project. if you are a beginning researcher,
you might find difficulty in choosing a good problem.
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The formulation of a good research problem, the following

characteristics should be considered.
a. The topics should be of a great interest to you.
b. The problem is useful for the concerned people in a particular field
of concentration.
c. The topic/problem possesses novelty.as much as possible, avoid
formulating topics which are already over-studied;
d. The topic/problem possesses novelty.as much as possible, avoid
formulating topics which are already over-studied;
e. Problems to be identified should have more complex design and
allow the introduction of more variables
3. Identification of the Research Methodology

This section is composed of four components. These are:
a. the research design
- Which designs the overall scheme for conducting the study. It
normally distinguishes the number of groups to be studied. It also
points out the timing of the investigation.
b. sources of information
- Second component of methodology. This is methodological issue
that is raised and answered in the research proposal under unit of
analysis.
c. techniques of data collection
- There are two types f techniques that will be discussed in
subsequent parts of this book.
- Primary technique
- Secondary techniques
d. the scheme or tools for data analyzing data.
- It requires careful and deliberate judgment in the choice of
statistical tools to be used.
4. Collection of Data
After the research proposal has been formally approved, the researcher must
be ready to execute the research as planned. The expletory phase of the research
process uses secondary data to expand understanding of the management
dilemma, to look for ways others have addressed and to solve problems similar to
the management questions and gather background information on the topic for
the refinement of the research question.
There are three sources of data available. These can be categorized
into external and internal sources, and the three types of sources are the primary,
secondary, and tertiary.
 Primary Sources
- are original works of research of raw data without
interpretation.
 Secondary Sources
- are interpretations of primary data.
 Tertiary Sources
- may be interpretations of secondary sources, or more
commonly using aids such as indexes, bibliographies, and
Internet search engines.
 The goal of any researcher is to collect data that are meaningful for his
purposes in the study. Many of the procedures in collecting data depend
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largely on the quantity of the measuring instrument employed in the

process.
5. Processing of Data
This phase of the research requires that you define what type of approach you
will apply to organize your data in preparation for data analysis and
interpretation.
 For quantitative information, this means determining the categories you
will use for analysis. This also means a decision on whether you will code you
data for manual or computer operations.
 Once the primary data are collected, the researcher must perform several
activities before doing any type of data analysis. A coding scheme is needed
so assign so that the raw data can be entered into computer files. Normally,
the researcher will assign a logical numerical descriptor (code value) to all
response categories. After the raw responses are entered, the researcher
must check the computer files to verify that they are correct and easy to
locate. The researcher must then clean the raw data of either coding or data
entry errors. As part of the verification and data cleaning processes, a simple
tabulation is run on each variable’s data structure.
6. Analyse Data
The Researchers begins the process of turning raw data into data structures
that can be used in generating meaningful and useful bit of information for the
decision makers. Using of data analysis techniques, the researcher can create
new, complex data structures by combining two or more variables into indexes,
ratios, constructs, and so on.
 Analysis procedures can vary widely in sophistication and complexity from
simple frequency distributions( percentages) to sample statistics
measures(e.g. mode, median, mean, range, standard deviation, and standard
error) to multivariate data analysis techniques.
 Different analysis procedures will allows the researcher to…….
1. Statistically test for significant differences between two sample
statistics and associations among several variables
2. Test hypothesized interdependence between two or more variables.
3. Evaluate data quality
4. Build test complex models of cause and effects relationships.
7. . Preparation and presentation of the final report

The report contains the description of the research problem and its
components. It also contains an account of how the research plan was
implemented. The importance of its step cannot be overstated.
Example for deviations and problems encountered are also included in
the report.
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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE

College of Business, Administration, and Management

Written Report on the Topics

There are seven characteristics of research:

College of Business, Administration, and Management

College of Business, Administration, and Management

 Procedures are repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and

QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER

College of Business, Administration, and Management

College of Business, Administration, and Management

 If his researched is on the acceptability, scalability, and profitability

DIFFERENT KINDS OF RESEARCH

KINDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH

College of Business, Administration, and Management

3. According to the Level of Investigations :

College of Business, Administration, and Management

6. According to choice of answers to problems:

7. According to Statistical Content:

8. According to Time Allotment:

9. According to the Types and Kinds of Research:

College of Business, Administration, and Management

College of Business, Administration, and Management

 Impact Analysis (Effects)

THE RESEARCH PROCESS

As business continue to develop mature, business decision makers will face a

Most influential factor

Different steps involved conduct of research includes the following.

College of Business, Administration, and Management

The formulation of a good research problem, the following

3. Identification of the Research Methodology

College of Business, Administration, and Management

largely on the quantity of the measuring instrument employed in the

7. . Preparation and presentation of the final report

College of Business, Administration, and Management

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