Broad Crested Weir Sharp Crested Weir C

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 3
WEIRS ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
1st Test ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
BROAD CRESTED WEIR ........................................................................................................................ 4
Apparatus used ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Methodology........................................................................................................................................... 5
Recorded values and calculations based on broad crested weir ............................................................ 6
Graph showing Height of water (H) against Water flow rate (Q) drawn from the values obtained
using Broad crested weir .................................................................................................................... 7
Analysis and discussion ........................................................................................................................... 8
2nd Test .................................................................................................................................................... 9
SHARP CRESTED WEIR ............................................................................................................................. 9
Apparatus used ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Methodology......................................................................................................................................... 11
Recorded values and calculations based on sharp crested weir .......................................................... 11
using Sharp crested weir ................................................................................................................... 12
Analysis and discussion ......................................................................................................................... 14
3rd Test .................................................................................................................................................. 15
CRUMP WEIR......................................................................................................................................... 15
Apparatus used ..................................................................................................................................... 15
Methodology......................................................................................................................................... 16
Recorded values and calculations based on crump weir ...................................................................... 16
using Crump weir .............................................................................................................................. 18
4th Test................................................................................................................................................... 20
OVER SHOT WEIR .................................................................................................................................. 20
Apparatus used ..................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 6: Water channel flow through over shot weir...................................................................... 21
Methodology......................................................................................................................................... 21
Recorded values and calculations based on crump weir ...................................................................... 22
using over shot weir. ......................................................................................................................... 23
5th Test................................................................................................................................................... 25
VENTURI FLUME.................................................................................................................................... 25
Apparatus used ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Methodology......................................................................................................................................... 27
Readings and calculations based on venturi flume .............................................................................. 27
Graph showing water depth (H) against Water flow rate (Q) drawn from the values obtained using
Venturi flume. ................................................................................................................................... 29
6th Test................................................................................................................................................... 32
HYDRAULIC JUMP AND SLUICE GATE.................................................................................................... 32
Methodology......................................................................................................................................... 32
Readings and calculations based on hydraulic jumps....................................................................... 33
Graphs ................................................................................................................................................... 36
Recommendation.................................................................................................................................. 37
Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 40
References ............................................................................................................................................ 39
INTRODUCTION
The main objective of these laboratory experiments was to enable students to gain proper
understanding of the theoretical knowledge about liquid flow throw various structures and
elements such as weirs, venture flume, head loss and hydraulic jumps. The experiments were
conducted in Hydraulics lab in the school campus.
The following tests were conducted:
 Broad crested weir

 Sharp crested weir
 Crump weir
 Overshot weir
 Venturi flame
This report will cover the apparatus used, the methodology and the results and discussion and analysis
for all five tests.
WEIRS
The simplest of definition of weir is that it is a barrier across a river or dam which is designed
to change the flow characteristics. In most of the cases, weirs take the form of a barrier across
the river that causes water to pool behind the structure but allows water to flow over the top.
Weirs are most frequently used to change the flow of the river, preventing floods, and to
measure discharge, Q, and to assist in rendering a river navigable. They allows engineers and
hydrologists the simplicity in measuring the volumetric flow rate in small to medium sized
streams since the geometry of the top of the weir is known and all water flows over the weir,
the depth of the water behind the weir can be converted to a rate of flow.
1st Test
BROAD CRESTED WEIR

Broad crested weirs are solid structures that are generally constructed from reinforced
concrete and usually span the full width of the channel. They are mostly used to measure the
discharge of rivers and are much more reliable for this purpose than sharp crested weirs. The
broad crested weir has the advantage that it operates effectively with higher downstream
water levels than a sharp crested weir.
Apparatus used
1. Hydraulics work bench

2. Weirs (broad crested weir)
3. Venture flume
4. Sluice gate
5. Recording sheet
6. Pen
Figure 1: Broad Crested Weir used during the experiment
Methodology
I. First begin by taking measurements of the broad crested weir (height) before
inserting it in the flume
II. Fill up the water storage tank of hydraulic bench with fresh and clean water
III. Open the bypass valve to 50% position
IV. Install the broad crested weir at the weir holding position
V. Set the control valve to the fully open position
VI. Connect the power supply for the water pump
VII. Switch on the water pump; adjust the flow control valve to desired water flow rate
using the Rota meter. For higher flow rate, the bypass valve should be completely
closed
VIII. Adjust the tail sluice gate so that the downstream water level is in a desired
position
IX. At a steady state flow, record the corresponding values such as water flow rate (Q)
and depth of water (h).
X. Finally, find the actual depth of water (h) by using height of water above crest –
height of the broad crested weir
Figure 2: It shows the water flow using a broad crested weir
Recorded values and calculations based on broad crested weir
Q
Run no B(m) H(m) H3/2(m) Cd
(m3/s)
1 0.00067 0.079 0.039 0.00770188 6.46E-01
2 0.00083 0.079 0.043 0.00891667 6.91E-01
3 0.001 0.079 0.051 0.01151742 6.45E-01
4 0.00133 0.079 0.056 0.01325202 7.45E-01
5 0.00167 0.079 0.065 0.01657181 7.48E-01
Average 6.95E-01
Formula
𝑄 = 1.705𝐶𝑑 𝐵𝐻 3/2
Where:
Q = Water flow rate
Cd = Coefficient of discharge
B = Channel width = 0.079m
H = Height of water level above crest

Below is an example of calculation on finding Coefficient of discharge (Cd value)
Run 1:
𝑄 = 1.705𝐶𝑑 𝐵𝐻 3/2
Therefore Cd value
𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
1.705𝐵𝐻 3/2
0.00067𝑚3 /𝑠
𝐶𝑑 =
1.705 𝑥 0.079𝑚 𝑥 0.00770188
𝐶𝑑 = 6.46𝑥10−1
Graph showing Height of water (H) against Water flow rate (Q) drawn from
the values obtained using Broad crested weir
y = 25.48x + 0.0228
Broad crested weir R² = 0.9775
0.07
Height of water level above crest
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
(H)
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002
Water flow rate (Q)
From the graph;
Height of water level above crest = 0.039 m
Water flow rate = 0.000635(m3/s)
Therefore;
𝑄 = 1.705𝐶𝑑 𝐵𝐻 3/2
0.000635 = 1.705 𝑥 𝐶𝑑 𝑥 0.079 𝑥 0.0393/2
𝐶𝑑 = 0.612
Analysis and discussion
The coefficient of discharge values were calculated using two different methods, one was
calculated using the graph of height of water against water level and another was calculated
using the values Cd values obtained from the recorded and calculated data and finding the
average coefficient of discharge values. Both values were calculated using the same formula
(i.e.𝑄 = 1.705𝐶𝑑 𝐵𝐻^(3/2)) and as it can be noted that there is not much difference
between the average Cd value and the graphical Cd value. The experimental value is 6.46x10-1
and the graphical value obtained is 6.12x10-1. This experimental uncertainty might have
occurred due to time and limitations, the data were collected as single samples. All single
sample experiments have some uncertainty that can attribute to the measured parameters. It
also shows how accurately the experiment was carried out.
2nd Test
SHARP CRESTED WEIR
A sharp crested weir is made up of a vertical flat plate (usually made of metal plates) with a
sharp edge at the top symmetrically located in a thin plate which is placed perpendicular to
the sides and bottom of an open channel so that the liquid flows over the crest in order to
drop into the pool below the weir. Sharp crested weirs come in many different shapes such as
rectangular, v- notch and cipolleti weirs.
Apparatus used
1. Hydraulics work beam

2. Weirs (sharp crested weir)
3. Venture flume
4. Sluice gate
5. Recording sheet
6. Pen
Figure 3: It shows the water flow in a sharp crested weir
Figure 4: Sharp Crested Weir water flow

Methodology
I. First, begin by taking measurements of the sharp crested weir (height) before inserting
it in the flume
IV. Install the sharp crested weir at the weir holding position
closed
VIII. Adjust the tail sluice gate so that the downstream water level is in a desired position
height of the sharp crested weir.
Recorded values and calculations based on sharp crested weir
Q
(m3/s)
1 0.00067 0.079 0.023 0.00348812 8.23E-01
2 0.00083 0.079 0.028 0.0046853 7.59E-01
3 0.001 0.079 0.031 0.00545811 7.85E-01
4 0.00133 0.079 0.033 0.00599475 9.51E-01
5 0.00167 0.079 0.043 0.00891667 8.03E-01
Average 8.24E-01
Formula
2
𝑄= 𝐶 𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻 3/2
3 𝑑
Where:
Q = Water flow rate
Run 1:
2
𝑄= 𝐶 𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻 3/2
3 𝑑
Therefore Cd value
𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
2 3/2
3 𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻
0.00067𝑚3 /𝑠
𝐶𝑑 =
2
3 𝑥 0.079√2𝑥9.81 𝑥 0.00348
𝐶𝑑 = 0.83
Graph showing Height of water (H) against Water flow rate (Q) drawn from the
values obtained using Sharp crested weir
Sharp crested weir y = 17.89x + 0.0119
R² = 0.9427
0.05
Height of water level above crest 0.04
0.03
(H)
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002
Water flow rate (Q)
From the graph;
Water flow rate = 0.00062 (m3/s)
Therefore Cd value
𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
2 3/2
3 𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻
0.00062
𝐶𝑑 =
2 3/2
3 𝑥 0.079 𝑥 √2𝑥9.81 𝑥 0.023
𝐶𝑑 = 0.76
𝑄
(i.e.𝐶𝑑 = 2 ). The experimental value obtained is 0.83 and the value obtained using
𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻 3/2
3
the graph is 0.76. There is a slight difference of 0.07. This experimental uncertainty might
have occurred due to time and limitations, the data were collected as single samples. All
single sample experiments have some uncertainty that can attribute to the measured
parameters. It also shows how accurately the experiment was carried out.
3rd Test
CRUMP WEIR
A crump weir is most commonly used to predict or measure discharge in open flow
channels. The cross-section of a crump weir can be of various shapes such as triangular,
trapezoidal and rectangular and there slopes can be made to specific angles. In this laboratory
test, the crump weir used was triangular in sharp. Since the crump weir is a fixed weir, the
water flows over the weir without downstream level being below the weir crest and the
discharge coefficient is nearly constant over a wide range of discharges.
Apparatus used

2. Weirs (crump weir)
3. Venture flume
4. Sluice gate
5. Recording sheet
6. Pen
Figure 5: shows the water channel flow through a crump weir

Methodology
I. Firstly, take measurements of the crump weir (height) before inserting it in the flume
IV. Install the crump weir at the weir holding position
closed
X. Finally, Find the actual depth of water (h) by using height of water above crest –
height of the crump crested weir.
Recorded values and calculations based on crump weir

Q
(m3/s)
1 0.00067 0.079 0.031 0.00545811 9.11E-01
2 0.00083 0.079 0.033 0.00599475 1.03E+00
3 0.001 0.079 0.036 0.00683052 1.09E+00
4 0.00133 0.079 0.043 0.00891667 1.11E+00
5 0.00167 0.079 0.049 0.01084661 1.14E+00
Average 1.06E+00
Formula
𝑄 = 1.705𝐶𝑑 𝐵𝐻 3/2
Where:
Q = Water flow rate

Run 1:
𝑄 = 1.705𝐶𝑑 𝐵𝐻 3/2
Therefore Cd value
𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
1.705𝐵𝐻 3/2
0.00067𝑚3 /𝑠
𝐶𝑑 = 1.705 𝑥 0.079𝑚 𝑥 0.0054
𝐶𝑑 = 0.911
values obtained using Crump weir
Crump weir y = 18.556x + 0.018

R² = 0.996
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
(H)
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018
Water flow rate (Q)
From the graph;
Therefore Cd value
𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
1.705𝐵𝐻 3/2
0.0007
𝐶𝑑 = 1.705 𝑥 0.079 𝑥 0.0313/2
𝐶𝑑 = 0.952

(i.e.𝑄 = 1.705𝐶𝑑 𝐵𝐻^(3/2)). The value obtained experimentally is 0.911 and graphically
was 0.952. There was a slight error of 0.04. This experimental uncertainty might have
occurred due to time and limitations, the data were collected as single samples. All single
sample experiments have some uncertainty that can attribute to the measured parameters.
Also friction of the fluid may cause uncertainty. It also shows how accurately the experiment
was carried out.
4th Test
OVER SHOT WEIR
Overshot weirs are designed for use in open-channel flows where upstream level control is
required. When an over shot weir is applied in basic irrigation (open channel flow) it features
the following capabilities;
 intuitive control- changes in upstream water level are achieved with weir adjustments
of the same amount and direction
 precise control - increment or control with a stop log style of structure is limited by
the depth of the flow
 Inherent safety- the surge flows and debris pass over and carry on downstream
Apparatus used

2. Weirs (over shot weir)
3. Venture flume
4. Sluice gate
5. Recording sheet
6. Pen
Figure 6: Water channel flow through over shot weir
Methodology
I. Firstly, take measurements of the over shot weir (height) before inserting it in the
flume
IV. Install the over shot weir at the weir holding position
closed
height of the over shot weir.
Recorded values and calculations based on crump weir
Q
(m3/s)
1 0.00067 0.079 0.03 0.00519615 5.53E-01
2 0.00083 0.079 0.034 0.00626929 5.68E-01
3 0.001 0.079 0.037 0.00711709 6.03E-01
4 0.00133 0.079 0.043 0.00891667 6.40E-01
5 0.00167 0.079 0.049 0.01084661 6.60E-01
Average 6.05E-01
Formula
2
𝑄= 𝐶 𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻 3/2
3 𝑑
Where:
Q = Water flow rate
Run 1:
2
𝑄= 𝐶 𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻 3/2
3 𝑑
Therefore Cd value
𝑄
𝐶𝑑 = 2
𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻 3/2
3
0.00067𝑚3 /𝑠
𝐶𝑑 = 2
𝑥 0.079√2𝑥9.81 𝑥 0.0051
3
𝐶𝑑 = 0.553
values obtained using over shot weir.
Over shot weir y = 18.649x + 0.0181

R² = 0.9971
0.06
0.05
0.04
(H)
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018
Water flow rate (Q)
From the graph;
Therefore Cd value
𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
2 3/2
3 𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻
0.000638
𝐶𝑑 = 2
𝑥 0.079 𝑥 √2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 0.033/2
3
𝐶𝑑 = 0.526
𝑄
(i.e.𝐶𝑑 = 2 ). The experimental value obtained was 0.553 and the graphical value
𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻 3/2
3
was 0.526. There is a difference of 0.027. This experimental uncertainty might have occurred
due to time and limitations, the data were collected as single samples. All single sample
experiments have some uncertainty that can attribute to the measured parameters. It also
shows how accurately the experiment was carried out.
5th Test
VENTURI FLUME
A venturi flume is a critical flow flume wherein the critical depth is created by a contraction
in width of the channel. Thus the contracted section serves as a control. Venturi flumes have
two advantages over weirs where the critical depth is created by a vertical constriction. First,
the head loss is smaller in flumes than in weirs. Second, there is no dead zone in flumes
where sediment and debris can accumulate; such a dead exist upstream of the weirs.
A venture flume consists of three sections: a converging section, a throat section and a
diverging section. The flow upstream and downstream of the throat is subcritical and
supercritical respectively. A hydraulic jump forms in the diverging section.
Apparatus used

2. Venture flume
3. Sluice gate
Figure 7: the venture flame used for this experiment
Figure 8: The water channel flow for the venturi flame experiment
Methodology
I. First, take measurements of the over shot weir (height) before inserting it in the flume
IV. Install the venturi flume at the weir holding position
closed
IX. Finally, at a steady state flow, record the corresponding values such as water flow rate
(Q) and depth of water (h).
Readings and calculations based on venturi flume
Run no Q h h1 bh1 Vth E Cd

m^3/s m m m^2 m/s m
1 0.00067 0.064 0.0416 0.001248 0.536859 0.05629 0.980804
2 0.00083 0.073 0.04745 0.001424 0.58307 0.064778 0.984223
3 0.001 0.08 0.052 0.00156 0.641026 0.072944 0.992369
4 0.00133 0.094 0.0611 0.001833 0.725586 0.087934 0.99718
5 0.00167 0.107 0.06955 0.002087 0.800383 0.102201 0.999281
Average 0.990772
Formula
𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
1.705𝑏(𝐸)3/2
Where:
2
𝐸 = (ℎ1 − 𝑍) + (𝑉𝑡ℎ )/2𝑔
ℎ1 = 0.65ℎ
Q = water flow rate
And given standing wave conditions as Z = 0, b = 0.03m, slope = 0%
Run 1:
1. Finding h1
ℎ1 = 0.65ℎ
ℎ1 = 0.65𝑥 0.064𝑚
ℎ1 = 0.0416𝑚
2. Finding Area (bh1 (m2))
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏ℎ1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.03𝑚 𝑥 0.0540𝑚
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.00162𝑚2
3. Finding Vth (m/s)
𝑄(𝑚3 /𝑠)
𝑉(𝑚/𝑠) =
𝐴(𝑚2 )
0.67 𝑥 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑉(𝑚/𝑠) =
0.001248𝑚2
𝑉 = 0.536 𝑚/𝑠
4. Finding specific energy, E (m)

2
𝐸 = (ℎ1 − 𝑍) + (𝑉𝑡ℎ )/2𝑔
𝐸 = (0.0416𝑚 − 0) + (0.5362 )/(2𝑥9.81)
𝐸 = 0.455
5. Finding coefficient of discharge (Cd)

𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
1.705𝑏(𝐸)3/2
0.67 𝑥 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝐶𝑑 = 1.705 𝑥 0.03𝑚 𝑥 (0.455)3/2
𝐶𝑑 = 0.98
Graph showing water depth (H) against Water flow rate (Q) drawn from the
values obtained using Venturi flume.
y = 42.41x + 0.0369
Venturi Flame R² = 0.9966
0.12
0.107
0.1
0.094
0.08
Water depth (H)
0.08
0.073
0.064
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018
Water flow rate (Q)
From the graph;
Water Depth = 0.064 m
Therefore Cd value
1. Finding h1
ℎ1 = 0.65ℎ
ℎ1 = 0.65 𝑥 0.064𝑚
ℎ1 = 0.0416𝑚
2. Finding Area (bh1 (m2))
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏ℎ1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.03𝑚 𝑥 0.0416𝑚
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.00125𝑚2
3. Finding Vth (m/s)
𝑄(𝑚3 /𝑠)
𝑉(𝑚/𝑠) =
𝐴(𝑚2 )
0.000639𝑚/𝑠
𝑉(𝑚/𝑠) =
0.00125𝑚2
𝑉 = 0.5112 𝑚/𝑠
4. Finding specific energy, E (m)

2
𝐸 = (ℎ1 − 𝑍) + (𝑉𝑡ℎ )/2𝑔
𝐸 = (0.0416𝑚 − 0) + (0.51122 )/(2𝑥9.81)
𝐸 = 0.055
5. Finding coefficient of discharge (Cd)

𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
1.705𝑏(𝐸)3/2
0.000639 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝐶𝑑 = 1.705 𝑥 0.03𝑚 𝑥 (0.055)3/2
𝐶𝑑 = 0.9685
and same required. The experimental value obtained was 0.98 and the graphical value was
0.9685. This experimental uncertainty might have occurred due to time and limitations, the
data were collected as single samples. All single sample experiments have some uncertainty
that can attribute to the measured parameters and also rounding off figures and fluid
friction may also cause uncertainty. It also shows how accurately the experiment was
carried out.
6th Test
HYDRAULIC JUMP AND SLUICE GATE
A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in water/fluids level due to decreasing velocity. A

hydraulic jump forms when a supercritical flow changes into a subcritical flow. The change
in the flow regime occurs with sudden rise in water surface. Considerable turbulence, energy
loss, air entrainment are produced in the hydraulic jump. A hydraulic jump can be used for
mixing chemicals in water supply systems, for dissipating energy below artificial channel
controls and can also be used as an aeration device to increase the dissolved oxygen in water.
A sluice gate is a water channel that is controlled at its head by a gate. The sluice gate is used
to regulate the flow of water and is made up to move up and down with the help of rollers
fixed to the vertical plates. The formation and location of hydraulic jumps is controlled by a
sluice gate at the upstream and a tail gate downstream of the jump.
Methodology
I. First you begin by checking that the water level in the flume (with the pumps turned
off) is just below the red tape on the piezometer at the flume outlet end. If the water
level needs adjusting check with the TA.
II. Turn on the pumps by first turning on the master power switch (whiteboard side of the
flume) and then hitting “run” on the three pumps (opposite side of the flume). The
pumps should spin up to a reading of 30Hz, which means 1/2 (30/60) of full speed.
Please do not adjust any of the pumps.
III. The hydraulic jump should position itself around mid-flume. If after a minute or two
it does not, the TA will help you position it.
IV. Take measurements listed below in the “Data Collection/Analysis” section (hint: Use
the Appendix to record your data).
V. Observe the velocity as monitored by the acoustic Doppler Velocity meter (ADV)
only in the subcritical section of the flow. This instrument measures the Doppler shift
of sound to measure all three components of the velocity.
VI. Record the average u, v and w components of velocity and *Note: the ADV
measures 15 cm below the head of the instrument, and the head must be submerged
when it is recording data;
VII. Do NOT mount the ADV closer than 15 cm from the bed. The ADV cannot be used
in the supercritical section of the flow because the flow is too shallow.
VIII. Before you turn off the flume, make waves in the supercritical and subcritical regions
of the flow.
IX. Finally, after you have taken all of your measurements, hit “stop” on the pump
controllers (all three) and then turn off the master power switch.
Readings and calculations based on hydraulic jumps

Description Rate of Water Distance Area Velocity Velocity Specific Froude
flow depth along A (m2) V (m/s) Head Energy, E Number
Q(m3/s) Y (m) channel (m) (m) Fr
X (m)
Upstream 1.67 x 10-3 0.147 0.66 0.01161 0.14380 0.00105 0.14805 0.11975
sluice
Downstream 1.67 x 10-3 0.020 1.25 0.00158 1.05696 0.05694 0.07694 2.38621
sluice
Start of 1.67 x 10-3 0.035 1.58 0.00277 0.60289 0.01853 0.05353 1.02889
hydraulic
jump
End of 1.67 x 10-3 0.085 2.17 0.00672 0.24851 0.00315 0.08815 0.27214
hydraulic
jump
Where
Cross section area, A = width of flume x Depth of water (Y)
Velocity, V = Flow rate / Area
Velocity Head = V2/2g
Energy line = Y + V2/2g

𝑉
Froude Number =
√𝑔𝑌
Below is an example of calculations on finding Froude number (Fr value)
Run 1 (upstream sluice)
1. Finding Cross section area (A)

Cross section area, A = width of flume x Depth of water (Y)
Cross section area, A = 0.079m x 0.147m
Cross section area, A = 0.01161 m2
2. Finding Velocity (V)

Velocity, V = Flow rate / Area
1.67 𝑥 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑉 = 0.01161 𝑚2
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑉 = 0.14380 𝑚/𝑠
3. Finding Velocity Head

Velocity Head = V2/2g
(0.14380𝑚/𝑠)2
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = (2 𝑥 9.81)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 0.00105 𝑚
4. Finding Energy line (E)

Energy line = Y + V2/2g
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 0.147𝑚 + 0.00105 𝑚

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 0.14805 𝑚
5. Finding Froude Number (Fr)
𝑉
Froude Number =
√𝑔𝑌
0.14380 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 =
√9.81 𝑥 0.147𝑚
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 0.11975
Further Calculations
6. Discharge per unit width, q = Q / width of the flume
1.67 𝑥 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑞= 0.079 𝑚
𝑞 = 0.02114 𝑚2 /𝑠
7. Critical Depth = ( q2/ g)1/3

𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = (0.021142 /9.81) 1/3
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 0.03571𝑚
8. Critical Energy = 3/2 x Critical depth

3
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑥 0.03571
2
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 0.05357𝑚

Graphs
Water Depth and Specific Energy against Distance

along channel
0.16
Water Depth (m) and Specific Energy (m)
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
Water depth Y (m)
0.06 Specific Energy, E (m)
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Distance along channel (m)
Graph showing Water Depth against Energy Line

Water depth against Energy Line
0.16
0.14
0.12
Water Depth (m)
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Energy Line (m)
From the above graph of water depth and specific energy against distance along channel,
critical depth was noted to be around 0.02m. The critical depth of 0.02m was then used to
find critical energy using the second graph of water depth against energy line. The critical
energy value was noted to be around 0.06m and in comparison with the calculated critical
depth and energy, there is a slightly small difference between them. This may be due to
experimental errors and also data uncertainty as all the data was collected as single samples.
Recommendation
Recommendations for fellow students who are going to do this experiment are to repeat the
experiment more than once so that the average reading can be taken which is more accurate. Ask
more than one class mate to record the readings to avoid errors. Also, while performing the
experiment, more than one class mate should carry out the tasks so that the different approaches will
show the results observed and the variables recorded.
Noise should be kept to a minimum while in a laboratory and always listen to the instructor. If any
guide lines are needed, then refer to the supervisor
Errors can never be ignored when it comes to laboratory work. The aim is to reduce the error as much
as possible to obtain accuracy in work. Ways to reduce the error are by repeating the experiment for
three times or more and then taking the average readings, by being extra cautious during the
experiment, by asking more than one person to record the readings and carry out the experiment, etc.
RULES OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY
Lab. Rules
1,No running, jumping, horseplay, drinks, food and smoking are allowed in the laboratory.
2,Users must adhere to safety procedure of the laboratory.
Housekeeping
Clean the work area and return all tools after use.
Safety conscious
1,Always stay alert
2,Wear safety goggles when required.
Dry up wet floor
1,Floor should be kept dry at all times.
2,Water on the floor must be swept away immediately.
Keep water level within safety limit
1,Water level inside the flume/water related equipment must not rise beyond the safe level.
2Users to look out at all times in case water hose falls off or water overflows from flume/water related
equipment.
Gloves and rubber gloves
Wear safety gloves when handling metal sheet/ toxic chemicals.
Power extension
All extension cords must be secured above ground level.
Barricades and guard rails
All floor openings must be barricaded and warning sights posted.
Equipment
Seek approval from staff before using any piece of machine/equipment.
References
Chadwick, A Morfett, J and Borthwick, M (2004) Hydraulics in civil and environmental engineering.
4th edn. London: E & FN Spon Press
Hamill, L (2011) Understanding hydraulics. 3rd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Marriott, M. (2009) Nalluri & Featherstone’s civil engineering hydraulics. 5th edn. Oxford: Wiley-
Blackwell
Al Naib, S. K. (1997) Experimental fluid mechanics and hydraulic modelling. London: University of
East London
Appendix

Broad Crested Weir Sharp Crested Weir C

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Broad Crested Weir Sharp Crested Weir C

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Table of Contents

The following tests were conducted:

 Broad crested weir

BROAD CRESTED WEIR

1. Hydraulics work bench

Recorded values and calculations based on broad crested weir

Q = Water flow rate

B = Channel width = 0.079m

H = Height of water level above crest

Height of water level above crest = 0.039 m

Water flow rate = 0.000635(m3/s)

0.000635 = 1.705 𝑥 𝐶𝑑 𝑥 0.079 𝑥 0.0393/2

Analysis and discussion

SHARP CRESTED WEIR

1. Hydraulics work beam

Figure 4: Sharp Crested Weir water flow

Recorded values and calculations based on sharp crested weir

Q = Water flow rate

B = Channel width = 0.079m

H = Height of water level above crest

Below is an example of calculation on finding Coefficient of discharge (Cd value)

Height of water level above crest 0.04

From the graph;

Height of water level above crest = 0.023 m

Water flow rate = 0.00062 (m3/s)

1. Hydraulics work beam

Figure 5: shows the water channel flow through a crump weir

Recorded values and calculations based on crump weir

Q = Water flow rate

B = Channel width = 0.079m

H = Height of water level above crest

Below is an example of calculation on finding Coefficient of discharge (Cd value)

Crump weir y = 18.556x + 0.018

Height of water level above crest = 0.031 m

Water flow rate = 0.0007 (m3/s)

Analysis and discussion

OVER SHOT WEIR

1. Hydraulics work beam

Recorded values and calculations based on crump weir

Q = Water flow rate

B = Channel width = 0.079m

H = Height of water level above crest

Below is an example of calculation on finding Coefficient of discharge (Cd value)

Over shot weir y = 18.649x + 0.0181

Height of water level above crest = 0.03 m

Water flow rate = 0.000638 (m3/s)

Analysis and discussion

1. Hydraulics work beam

Readings and calculations based on venturi flume

Run no Q h h1 bh1 Vth E Cd

Q = water flow rate

And given standing wave conditions as Z = 0, b = 0.03m, slope = 0%

Below is an example of calculation on finding Coefficient of discharge (Cd value)

4. Finding specific energy, E (m)

5. Finding coefficient of discharge (Cd)

Water Depth = 0.064 m

Water flow rate = 0.000639 (m3/s)

4. Finding specific energy, E (m)

5. Finding coefficient of discharge (Cd)

HYDRAULIC JUMP AND SLUICE GATE

A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in water/fluids level due to decreasing velocity. A

Readings and calculations based on hydraulic jumps

Cross section area, A = width of flume x Depth of water (Y)