Mathe

Modern Greek ·

A new method of learning modern Greek

Menelaos L. Batr/nos M&vtAaoc; A. Mnarpivoc;
8, Evripidou St. Eupmfoou 8
Politia-Kifisia (145 63) noAtrda - Krycptata 145 63
Greece TryA. (01) 62 04 041
Tel (01) 62 04 041

All rights reserved. This new method of learning modern Greek Mathe Modern Greek is
protected by copyright. The method of discovering in any language Greek words, stems and
roots and of using them for teaching modern Greek to the speakers of that language or for any
other purpose is also protected by copyright. No part of this method may be reproduced in any
form or by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage or
retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owners.

ISBN 960-7398-41-6

Copyright @ 1996 PUBLICATIONS P. Ch. PASCHAL/0/S

Tetrapo/eos 14, Athens 115 27 Tel.: (01) 77 89 125 - (01) 77 93 012 Fax: (01) 77 59 42 1
 V

Contents

Prologue ...................................................................................................................... 1
The History of the Greek language ................................................................. .... .........?
The diglossy of the Greek language ....................................................... .... :.............. 13
The pronunciation of Greek ....................................................................................... 14
The accentuation of Greek words ............................................................................... 16
The Greek Alphabet ...... ........ ....... ................ ............... ... ........... ... ..... ........... ............... 17
Synoptic Table of pronunciation of Greek letters .......................................................23
Basic Grammar. Gr 1a. The genders of the Greek nouns and the definite article,
b. The endings of the Greek nouns, c . The indefinite article ........ ............................... 25
First Lesson {L 1) ... ...... ... .. .... .. .. . ... .... ... . ..... ............ . ..................................................... 26
Second Lesson {L2 ) ... . ... .. . .... .... ............... . ... ........ ...... ... . .................................... . ...... . .. 28

Basic Grammar. Gr 2a. The plural form of the nouns and definite article,
b. The plural of the adjectives and of the verbs be and have, c. The third person
of the personal pronoun as a demonstrative pronoun ........................... ............... ...... 31
Third Lesson (L3 ) .............. ... .................. .. ....................................... ... .... .. .... ........ .... ... 32

Basic Grammar. Gr 3a. The endings of the verbs, b. The cases of the nouns,
c. The pronoun no one, nobody, d. The wo rd every ..... ......................... .. ........ .... ....... 35
Fourth Lesson (L4 ) ........ . . . . . .. . ...... ..... .......... . ....... ... .......................................... . ........... 38
Basic Grammar Gr 4a. The plural of the verb have, b. The accusative of the
personal pronouns .......................................... ..... ...... ................................................ 41
Fifth Lesson (L5) ................................ . ........ .... . .... . .. ·. .... ...... .. ................... . ..... . ............ 42

Basic Grammar. Gr Sa. The verbs say and listen, b. The adverbs, c. The genitive
case of the personal pronouns ................... ............................................................... .45
Sixth Lesson (L6 ) ........................................................................ .. ........ ...... ............... 46

Basic Grammar. Gr 6a. The genitive of the masculine and neuter nouns and
adjectives, b. The genitive of the feminine nouns and adjectives .............................. .49
Seventh Lesson (L7) ..... .. ........... ..... .... ....... ............................................. .................... 50
Basic Grammar. Gr 7a . The passive voice of the verbs, b. Verbs with active and
passive voice ............. ................ ..... ........................................................................... 53
vi

Eighth Lesson (L8 ) . . ............ . ................. . ... .......... . .... .................................................. 54

Basic Grammar. Gr Sa. The vocative case, b. Verbs stressed on the

last syllable, c. The comparative and superlative form of the adjectives .................... 57
Ninth Lesson (L9) ... .. ............. . . . . .. ... ........ .... .. .. ... .. . ..... ...... . . .... ... .. .... .... ..... . .. .. . . ... ......... 58

Basic Grammar. Gr 9a. The tenses of the verbs, b. The continuing and the
complete form of the past and the future tense, c. The past tense of the verbs
stressed on the last syllable, d. The future tense, e. The past and the future
tense of the verbs be and have . .................................................................................61
Table of the endings of the past and future tenses .................................................... 63
Tenth Lesson (L 10) ....... . . . . .. ... . ......... ... . .... .............. . ....... .. ............................... .. .......... 64

Almost all Greek prepositions should be familiar to an English-speaking person ....... 67

Basic Grammar. Gr 10a. and b. The subjunctive of the verbs, c. The imperative
of the verbs, d. The participle of the active voice .......................................................75
Eleventh Lesson (L 11 ) ...................................... . . . ... . ....................... . .... . ..... . . . ...... .. ..... . . 76
Basic Grammar. Gr 11a. The past tense of the passive voice, b. The future of
the passive voice, c. The. subjunctive of the passive voice, d. The participle of
the passive voice, e. The imperative of the passive voice ...................... .. ................... 81
Twelfth Lesson (L 12) ..... . .. . ........................................................................ .. .... . . . ......... 82

Basic Grammar. Gr 12a. The perfect and pluperfect tense, b., c. and
d. The past and future tense of certain irregular verbs ................................................ 85
Thirteenth Lesson (L13} ............. . . . . .. . .. ...... . ... .. .... .. ...... ................. . ........................... . ... 88
The pronouns of the Greek language a. The personal pronouns, b. The
genitive of the personal pronoun , c. The demonstrative pronouns, d. The
interrogative pr·o nouns, e. The indefinite pronouns .....................................................93
Synoptic table of the pronouns .................................................................................98
Basic Grammar. Gr 13a. The endings of masculine nouns, b. The endings
of the masculine form of the adjectives ....................... ............................................... 99
Fourteenth Lesson (L14 } ............................................................................................ 100
Table of the endings of masculine nouns ................................................................. 104
Basic Grammar. Gr14a,b and c. The endings of feminine nouns ........ ..................... 105
Fifteenth Lesson (L15) ..................................................................................... . . .. ...... 106

Table of the end ings of femin ine nouns ................................................................... 108

 vii

Basic Grammar. Gr 15a and b. The endings of the neuter nouns, c. The
end ings of the neuter form of the adjectives, d. The conditio nal of the verbs,
e. The impersonal verbs ........................................................................................... 109
Table of the endings of neuter nouns ....................................................................... 111
Sixteenth Lesson (L16 ) ........ .... .. . . . .. .. . .......................................... . .. . ... . ... ... .. . . . ........... 112

The continuity of the Greek language ............................................. .......................... 117

The feminine figure in Greek art ............................... ........................ ........................ 122
Useful dialogues . .t.1 "I want a room" ....................................................................... 124
The home .. ................................. ................ ..... ........ .......................... ...................... 128
The days, the months and the seasons of the year .................................................. 129
Useful dialogues . .t.2 "I travel in Greece" ....................................................... ............ 130
The time ........ .. ......................................................................................................... 133
Useful dialogues . .t. 3 "At the market" ........................................................................ 134
The numbers ................................................................. ........................................... 138
Useful dialogues . .t.4 "At the restaurant" .................................................................... 140
Foods, fruits, vegetables, drinks ...................................... .......................... ............... 142
Useful dialogues . .t. 5 "Professions" ............................................................................ 144
Table of professions ...... ......... .......................... ....................... ... .............................. 147
The education in modern Greece .............................................................................. 148
Useful dialogues . .t. 6 "Visit to the city" ............... ................... ..................................... 150
The family ................................. ..... ... ............. ... ........ ..... .......... ....... .......................... 154
The colours ............. ............................................................... ....... .................. .......... 156
The body .................................. ............ ................................... ............. .................... 157
The garments ........................................................................................................... 158
Good wishes ............................................ ....................... ..................... .... ................ 160
The answer to the question where ?, how much ? ................... ................................. 162
The answer to the question when ? .......................................................................... 163
Commented references .................................................. ............ .......... ........ ............ 165
Vocabulary .................... ........................................................................................... 169
Prologue

For many years, when talking to foreign scient ist s, I had

noticed w ith grief that even t hose w ho had been taught ancient
Greek were not in a position to understand or recognize everyday
Greek words which, however, had passed inlo Lheir own vocabulary
and were used by them in their speech and writi ngs al most
unchanged.
A major cause of this lack of understanding is of course the
phonetic value that Eras mus arbitrarily gave to the Greek letters,
which the Western world w idely accepted, creating a barrier of
communication between students of ancient Greek and those of
Byzantine and modern Greek. A characteristic example is the
awkward situation in which I and a foreign friend proud of his
knowledge of ancient Greek found ourselves when we were
introduced and he kept repeati ng to me, each time more lo udly and
clearly, the incomprehensible word eyu darm6ni jomai, which I
understood only when I asked him to write it down :
EYLlAIM ONIZOM AI ( = I am glad, pleased). He in his turn was no less

embarassed to recognize the same word when it was uttered the way
it has been pronounced for centuri es : evthemon fzome
In 1977 as organizer of a Congress of French-speaking endo-
crin ologists in Athens, I addressed the participants i n modern Greek,
using words which should all be well known to them, as explained in
the written text reproduced on page 4.
The impression this initiative created and the great surprise
experi enced by all when they found out that the strange-sounding
words took on a familiar form and meani ng on paper gave me the
idea of writing this method.
The idea was that since in all European and American lan-
guages there is a treasure of Greek words, stems and roots, an
2

ordinary educated person could use this abundant lexical stock of

Greek origin in his own language to understand in an easy and
relatively simple way not only modern Greek but also Greek of all
times. All he should need is a guide that explai ns the structure and
particularities of the Greek language and helps him in the search for
and recognition of the Greek words hidden in his language, with
which he will bui ld up a large Greek vocabulary. A phonetical
rehabilitation of the Greek loan words in a foreign language is also
necessary, not of course for the original pronunciation of the Greek
letters, for which only unproven theori es exist, but for the sound
which they have most probably had for at least 2,000 years, until the
present.
The English language is particularly rich in Greek words.
Constantinidis, in his book The Greek words in the English language
(1992), reports that he has counted 5,250 - 9,030 Greek words in
dictionaries of 35,000-43,000 words of every day English, a
percentage of 15-20%, and as many as 35, 136 Greek words or
21.07% of the 166,725 English words contained in Webster's
International dictionary. lt is to be noted that the above calculations
did not incl ude the numerous composite English words w ith a Greek
component.
The first contact of the English language w ith Greek was
through the Bible which was written in Greek, but the main influence
was at the t ime of Renaissance when the revived interest in Greek
philosophical ideas and letters had a profound impact on the
humanistic movement and the development of arts and science. lt was
only natural that Western languages, including English, stil l poor in
word s expressing abstract concepts, borrowed from the rich Greek
vocabulary the appropriate terms and expressions or created
neologisms with Greek roots from the vast lexical stock of ancient
Greek authors or from that offered by contemporary Byzantine
scholars.
 3

Another stimulus for undertaking the task of writing this

method is my admiration for the Greek language, which from its first
written appearance in the epics of Homer has shown a high degree
of perfection and an abil ity to express subtle nuances with a richness
of words and characteri zations only encountered in modern
elaborate languages. The endurance of the Greek language for over
3,500 years, manifesting its worth and strength as a tool of
expression, also deserves admiration especially when one takes into
consideration that the people who spoke it remained subject to the
Romans for 500 years, suffered successive incursions by Slavs and
Arabs, was under Western domination for 200 years and under
Turkish occupation for another 400. The greatest thinkers and
philosophers expressed t heir thoughts in Greek and t he sacred texts
of Christianity were written in this language. lt is ther efor e
d eplor able that those whose mother tongue is not Greek have no
d ir ect contact with this p erfect tool fo r expressing human
tho ught, althoug h they know without r ealizing i t a multitude of
Greek words.
The f inal impetus for writi ng this met hod was given to me by
the encouragement I received from an English-speaking audience
when I address.ed them in Greek and by the fact that my Greek
prosphonesis was published in a prestigious scientific journal (see
page 5).
Searching for Greek words and roots in the English language
has been a t hrilling experi ence which I have greatly enjoyed and I am
sure t hat the English-speaking reader of this method will feel the
same pleasure in the intellectual game of discovering these words in
his mother tongue and giving them their Greek form and sound in
order to constitute an easily intelligible and rich Greek vocabulary.
The author 's satisfaction will be complete and his goal in
writing this method fully accomplished if the common phrase "it's
all Greek to me" will in the future mean "it's familiar to me".
4

A llocution du Profcsscur M. Batrinos

President uuComirc H cllcnique u' O r ganimion,
~ I' ouverture de b X V Reunion des Endocrinologistcs
d e Languc Fran\·aisc

Athcncs le 6 scptcmbrc 1979

Phili 1 (am is) G<illi ( Fr:~ n ~ais) ke (et) VCit-:i (Bclt;es) latri 2 (m~dcci ns) Endo<"rinologi (Endocri-
nologucs),
LC~o~ (jc d is) oliges• (quelques) p hrasis (phm es) se gl6ssa ;, (en langue) gnostl ': (co nnue) se
6lous 1 (~ rous) to us synt\d rous (Jes syncd rcs). Stin (1) Ellinikl (hcll~nique) gl6ssa '' (languc)
pou (qui) inc (est) i vassi (la base) ton (de) iatricon ~ (medical) diatrivon (diatribes). Sti
~loss:a ~(A la b nguc) pou (que) poly • (trcs, bcaucoup) sychnd ~ (frcquement) gr&phctc 10 (vo us
c..:rivc"/.) o li 7 (tous) i gallop h6ni (lcs francophones) endocrin61ogi kc (et) pou (que) ph6ri l l
(portc) to symp6sion m:u (notrc symposium): ta androg6na {les androg~ nes) i orm6nes (les
hormones) pou (que) ch:aractid'I.<JUn (c:aractcriscnt) t OllS a nJ res (lcs hommcs). Thcor6 u
(jc consiJ r re) uti (qm·) olcs 1 (rous) i lex is .a (lcs mots) rou 16~;ou ' mou (de m a parole) ns
( vous) im: (sonr) gnom':s 11 (connus) kc (i!t) syncxh ["Lo 11 (je continue).
0 chr6nos IL (le temps) inc (est) vr:~ch ys ' 0 (coun) thia (pour) t6sso (si) mcgt\.lo 17 (grnnd)
thcrna (theme) all& (mais) o enthousiasmos (I' enthusiasme) ine (en) hypcrvo licos •• (excessif)
thitt (puur) tis p rototypes ( les uri ~inaux ) Cq ;:u(cs 1'' (ti':\V:IUX) pou (que) tin :ICOUSOUille~~
(nous ..<couterons).
H )·pothCtOH (jc suppose) oti (que) cm \ (pendant) dn pcrlodo (la period c) tou sym poslou
(Ju ~ym posiu m) tha ~( ni u (sera rcaliscc) i l)•si ~.,(l a solution) pollbn " (bcaucoup) provlimch on
(tf,., prubl~ me~) ti~ ormunids (hormonalc) d rosscos" (action) kc (et) rnetavolismou (du mc-
t :lbut i~mc) 1u n a ml ru~t'mon (~lcs :~nd ro1;~ncs) apo (par) tin synerg:asia ~• (la cooperation) t6s-
~o n (de tan<.) soph6n 1 (des savants).

Pro~t hi t o ~·· c~· ajoute) oti (que) i p61is ' 7

(la vi lie) tis At hlnas (d' Ath ~n,·s) kc (et) i cllinid
~;i 1 " <1.1 re n e hcllcnique), o ouran6s 1 1' (le
cicl) kc (cc) i chnlassa l O (l:a mer) inc (sont) sti d i&-
d i('Si ~· sas (3 votre disposition) mctt\ (apr~s) to symp6sion.
Mctaphcro "2 (jc rransmcts) tin therm(·' :' (la challeurcusc) symp&th i:~ (symp~thi c) ton EIHnon
(d <.·.~ G rcqucs) Endocrinolb ~on thia (pour) tOllS xcno us 11 '1 (les etrangcrs) i:mous~ (mcdccins).
Calli ,,;, (bon) eq;asiaw (t ravail) ke (cc) dynami " (force) se (~ ) 6lous 7 (tous).

1 v. philosoph ie, 2 v. lotrogene, 3 v. prologue. dialogue.

4 v. ollgomtlnorrhtlo, 5 v . gloaalto, 6 v. gnoatlquo,
7 v . holocauste, 8 v. polymtlnorrhtle, 9 v. aychnom6norrhtle,
10 v . graphique, 11 v. pheromones, 1 2 v. th,orle.
13 v. lexlquo, 14 v. aynec hles. 16 v. Chronolo a ie,
16 v. b rachydactylio. 1 7 v. megalo manie, 18 v . hyperbolique.
19 v. ergaslothtlra pie, 20 v . e c ouatlque, 21 v. hypothhe
22 v . geneso, 23 v. analyse. 24 v. draatlquo. 26 v. svnerglame
26 v. proathese. 27 v. polltiquo, 28 v. geogrephio.
29 v. uranog ra phie , 30 v. thalass6mie. 31 v . dlathhe,
32 V. metaphore. 33 V, thermlque, 34 V. x•nophobie,
36 v. calllgra p hio, 36 v. dynemlque, dynamombtre.
 5

ANNALS OF TIIE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

VD/ume 687
A!ay 28, 1993
INTRAOVARIAN REGULATORS AND
POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME:
RECENT PROGRESS ON CLINICAL AND
THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS"
Prosph6nesis 1 (address)
by P ROI'ESSOR. M . BATRINOS

Phfli1 (frimtls) k:c (Rmi) Syn:idelphi1 (colleRg11u),

Ugo• (I say) oligcs5 r~jew) phr:isis (phram) M: (in) glcS&a• (a IA~'!!'(Je) pou (thtu)
then lne (is twt) agnosti' (unlm~r~m) se (1(1) 61ow1 (RI/) essl{s (ofyou). Son (tn) Ellinikf
(the Greelc) gl6ssa pou (thAt) c1li1 (Ill/) i iuri' (rhe pi'YOOifHS) grilphoun 11 (wrire) tis
crgas(es11 tow (their worltJ). Thcor6u (I cm~Jiller) 6ci (thllt) 61cs1 (all) i lex:isu (tilt JP(WdJ)
tou 16gou14 mou (tf my speuh) !ne (11n) ~nost6 11 (lnllll'n).
0 chr6nos1' (tl1e tinu) (ne (is) vrachys 17 (shm) thii (for) c!na (a) thc!ma (theme)
mcg;{jo11 (Bmu) 6pru (lilce) i polyk:ystikes oothc!ccs1' (po'l!Ysti& tmmes) aH (but) o
cntnoussiasmos (tl1e t11ti~Ud4nn) lnc (is) cpissi.s (a/sQ) rncgilos11 (HreJfe) rhia (for) riss
(tl1e) crgaslcs11 (FOYJu) pou (that) ll1a acowomc10 (JW JPiiJ hr.JJr).
Hypothcto11 (I suppou) 6ci (that) catd (dun'na) tin (the) ~riodo (peri(}d.) tou
syn1poslou ((the symposium) th:a gc!ncll (will be created) i (the) lysi11 (A>Imwn) ton
the) diagnosoc6n (diRgnostic) dilcmmaron (d.ilemm41) kc (tmd) pol6nu (~fm4ny) illon s
(X
(other) ormonik6n (hlmlfbtUll) provlimilcon (problems) ron (of tile) oothcc6n (wariu) .
Prnsrhero111 (I tu/d) 6ri (tbat) i ~lisn (the city) ti$ Athcnas (o!Athms) kc (and) i
(the) EWnik! gc21 (lAnd.), o o uran6s (the slty) kc (llnd.) i lllalam (rhe Self) lnc (are)
sti (111) di:hhcsi m (your diJJI®fl) mccl11 (Rfter) to symp6sion (the symposium).
Mctaphcron (I eowPey) ta (the) rhc:rm~n (wRrm) philika 1 (frimdly) acsrhemaraM
(ftelinas) ton (ofriJe) EU!non (Greek) syuadelphou1 (collelfJ!ues) thi~ (for) rous xt nou.s»
(the foreign) iatroU.s9 (pi'Yticians) kc (and) anaphoncl16 (f arm):
Call(l'l (good) crgas(a11 (worlc) kc (Rnd) dynami11 (force) se (to) 6lous1 (lfll).

I l'ros • row;ud.s (proaclytmn) + ph01\~$1S W Acowdc, acouomctry.

• o ral addras lphonctic, tckphonc). 21 H)l>Olhcsia.
l PhUo50phy, philowic, bibliophlle. 22 Genesis.
3 Syn • to~c:lhcr (ayncrgism, synrhcsi$) +
23 Lysis, llmlyala, dcalf1is.
adclphic • brothers, b~dcn:n (l' hcladclplua). 2-4 Polyt:y~tic, pol)'dinic, polypu<J.
4
Logorrhea, dialogue:, prolosuc.
25 Allergy, aJJochromuk
SO iigomcno"hcJ. 26 Pronhcti«.
6 Cloua.l, glocsiw. 27 A.cropolli, lndianapol.is.
7 Agnonic, lhc oppnsirr f>f agnosn i.• gn03n
28 Geography, grology.
(known).
29uranognpby, uranium.
8 Holocawr, holographic. JOThalaMcmla.
9 latrogtnic.
31 Mwc-anal>'lil, mctamsis.
10 Graphology, guphic. 32 Metaphor.
11 Ergometer, crga.•iorhtrapy
12 Th<oriu. 33 Thermometer, thermoSTat .
34 Anacathcaja,
13 Lexicon. 35 Xcnorhohia.
14 Logoe "' tile dcvinc word. S<!e also No. 4.
36
15 Sec No 7. Ana + phono (telephone). Sec also No. I.
~ 7 C allignphy
16 Chronology, dlronohinlngy.
38 Dynamic, d ynamite.
17 Bncltyccpluly, brachy~kdk.
18 Mega.l.omania, acromegaly.
19 Oo • ovum (oocyte) + theca, plural eh~
• sheath, C:lk (th=l•:clls, bibuo lhcca)
E/\1\A~ hellas

1911

..·.
.
~ ...:.~...·· ...................
~
.....
 The History of the Greek language

The Greek language has a history of more than 3,500 years, during which it has
enjoyed a continuous tradition down to the present day. In the course of these
centuries it has been greatly affected by the developments of Greek-speaking peoples
and its history should be studied in parallel with the events that shaped the history of
the Greeks.
Nine major historical periods can be distinguished during which the Greek
language influenced by the historic events has evolved to its present form :

1. From the origin of the Greek language to the time of Homeric

Epics.

The origin of Greek language is lost in the mist of prehistory. Indistinct also is the
remote ancestry of the Greeks, the people who inhabited the southern part of the
Balkan peninsula and the islands and shores of the Aegean sea. Neolithic settlements,
more numerous than in any other place in Europe, are scattered throughout Greece,
and in the Bronze Age the Cycladic civilization flourished in the Aegean islands.
During the first half of the second millenium BC or earlier, succesive waves of
people descended from the north and mingled with the inhabitants of this area. The
new - corners and the natives formed one race of Greek-speaking people who
developed the Minoan civilization in Crete and the Aegean islands and the Mycenaen
civilization on the mainland.
The first evidence that the language of these people was Greek is an archaic
form of writing used in the second millenium BC, the Linear B, which consisted of
ideograms depicting not letters but syllables.
The words of Linear Bare Greek words that have remained in use until the present
time in the Greek language e.g. the word a-te-ro (= other) became eteron in Classical
Greek and is still in use in modern Greek, and in English as well (heterogeneity) .
8

The number of Linear B words, however, is very restricted referring only to

people, animals, agricultural products and manufactured objects listed on clay tablets.
This script was used for keeping administrative accounts and documents, and
th erefore the information that Linear B gives us about the Greek spoken in the Late
Bronze Age is limited.

2. The Greek language in the pre-Ciassical period.

The first full account of the Greek language spoken in the pre-Ciassical period ,
and very probably much earlier, is found in the epics of Homer, composed in the
seventh century BC. The poems of Homer contain more than 10,000 words, and reveal
that the Greek language had by that time acquired a high degree of perfection and an
ability to convey subtle nuances with a richness of words, expressions and
characterizations only encountered in modern elaborate languages.

3. The Greek language in the Classical period (sth century BC)

In Classical times d ifferent dialects were spoken in ancient Greece which were
mutually comprehensible by the citizens of each city-state without difficulty. However,
the dialect spoken in Athens, the Attic, in which Plato and Aristotle wrote their works,
became a vehicle of literary prose that was used even by non-Athenians. The political
hegemony of Athens soon led to the wide use of Attic throughout the Hell'enic world,
including the cities of Macedonia in which it was adopted as the official language.
The intellectual prestige of Athens and the influence of its Classical philosophers
and writers made Attic-Greek the language of cu lture and of intellectual and social
d istinction, which was used for centuries by the learned and educated classes of all
nations.

4. The Greek language in Hellenistic times (323 - 145 BC)

The conquests of Alexander the Great spread Greek culture and language to the
ends of the then known world . The world was unified under Alexander and his
successors and the official language of commu nication was Greek. The rapid and vast
 9

expansion of Greek to foreign nations and remote places led to the need for a
simplification of the language and the creation of a common and more easily
understood dialect, the Kotvf] L\tdA£KTOc;' (kini thial ectos = common dialect). The Kotvr?
was an Attic-based dialect because Attic Greek had been the official language of the
Kingdom of Macedonia since the time of King Philip, Alexander's father. The Kotvf] did
not only serve communication with new people in far-off lands but was also adopted
as the official language by the Greek city-states, replacing the local dialects and
becoming a universal language that was used as such even after the Roman
conquest.
Among the changes imposed by Kotvr? on Attic Gre,ek were alterations in the
pronunciation of diphthongs, vowels and even consonants. These phonological
changes, in which the pronunciation of modern Greek has its origin, had started in the
Classical period but were more pronounced in the KOlVrl and continued to occur
thereafter.

5. The Greek language during the Roman conquest (145 BC- AD 395)

Greece was conquered by the Romans and remained under Roman domination
for five centuries until the Byzantine Empire was created in AD 395 by the division of
the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern. During that time Greek-speaking people
used the Kotvry, which continuously evolved through the time. The upper class and
educated Romans also learned and spoke Greek as a token of intellectual distinction
and of social and educational status.
The New Testament, the Gospels, the writings of the Apostolic Fathers were
written in the current Kotvfl dialect of their time, which had remained an international
language within the Roman Empire.

6. The Greek language in the early Byzantine era (AD 395 - 1100)

The Eastern Roman Empire, with Constantinople as its capital, soon became
independent and expanded as the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium was a multinational
empire including the territories of Greece, the remaining Balkans and Asia Minor. The
10

trunk of the Byzantine Empire and its principal ethnic group were the Greeks and the
Greek language was the main language spoken throughout its dominion soon
replacing Roman as the official language. Even the name of its capital,
Constantinopolis (city of Constantine), which was given by a Roman Emperor at the
very beginning of the creation of the Eastern Roman Empire, was Greek.
Written documents of this period are limited but it is believed that many
phonological changes in the Greek language that are still in use in modern Greek took
place at that time. The current form of Greek was greatly influenced by the changes
that occurred during this period, especially in its earlier half.

7. The Greek language during the late Byzantine era {1100- 1453)

The Byzantine Empire had by this time been completely Hellenized. All classes
spoke Greek. The 500,000 inhabitants of the Capital spoke only Greek, education was
in Greek and all official and private texts were written in Greek. The Greek monks Cyril
and Methodius from Thessaloniki had introduced the Greek alphabet to the Slavs in
863. The Greek-speaking people of Byzantium, at that time surrounded by the Arabs in
the South, the Turks in the East, the Slavs in the North and separated from the West
by their faith in Orthodoxy, developed a strong feeling of Greek ethnic identity and a
nostalgia for the glory of ancient Greece. In 1204, however, the Crusaders occupied
Constantinople and the greater part of Byzantium, installing a Latin domination that
dismantled the military and economic power of Byzantium lead ing to the disintegration
of its social structure and rendering it vulnerable to the Turkish conquest.
Latin rule over Greece also had an impact on the Greek language. Many Latin
loan-words, mostly Italian and French , entered into the Greek vocabulary. At the same
time the decline of the Byzantine Empire, which now was split into small states in
Epirus (Northern Greece) and in the Black Sea, was a severe blow to the elaborate
Byzantine educational system in which the Greek language was taught. In the last
century of this period Constantinople was liberated and the empire partly restored by
the Palaeologi. There was an artistic and literary renaissance as a reaction to the
hated Westerners, who had all the political power but no knowledge of the Greek
language that could give them direct access to the wisdom of ancient Greek texts and
the original Divine Word.
 11

B. The Greek language under the Turkish occupation (1453-1821).

Constantinople fell into the hands of the Turks in 1453 and this marked the end
of the Byzantine state. The first three centuries of Turkish occupation were dark ages
for the Greeks and their language. No schools existed to teach the language, and
Greek society disintegrated, degenerating into small communities of illiterate
individuals struggling to survive in poverty and ignorance. The only remaining
primitive nuclei of education were the higher ranks of Greek priests, to whom the
Turks granted religious and administrative rights that enabled them to maintain the
faith in Orthodoxy and the teaching of Greek to the clergy and a few members of the
Greek communities in their pastorates.
Greeks, however, living or having found refuge in the Greek islands occupied by
the Venetians or in western countries, mainly Italy, continued fervently to serve Greek
letters and produce literary work in Greek, though this hardly ever reached Turkish-
occupied Greece.
The situation began to change in the last century of Turkish occupation (1700-
1821), with the end of commercial isolation and the weakening of the Ottoman Empire.
Schools started functioning in many Greek communities, Greek merchants travelled
abroad, bringing back along with wealth Greek literary texts and European political
ideas. Gradually but rapidly a class of richer, better educated Greeks more conscious
and proud of their national identity, was created in each Greek community, which
together with the clergy and the people aspired for liberty.
Despite the difficulties the effort made during this period to teach the Greek
people its language with books and grammars, to enlighten it with literary texts and to
remind it of its glorious past was tremendous. The language used, however, was not
uniform. Some texts ignored the spoken language, others are a mixture of the spoken
and the learned language of all epochs or of the author's choice, and other used the
spoken language or tried to systematize this.
Throughout the four centuries of Turkish rule many Turkish words entered
Greek language, mainly connected with everyday life, and very seldom abstract
terms.
12

9. Modern Greek

With the creation of a new Greek state after the War for Independence (1821) the
necessity for a uniform national language became urgent. The first tendency was to
resuscitate the Atticizing Kotvrj or a language more or less close to it, purified of
Turkish and other influences. The second, weaker tendency was to form a national
language based on the speech of the people. The first tendency prevailed, but the
language that was adopted, the Ka 8apeuouaa katharevoussa (= the pure or purifying
from Ka8ap6c; kathar6s (catharsis) = pure, clean) was not the Atticizing Kotvrj, but a
mixture of the purified spoken language and the learned language of all times.
Moreover, it was not uniform, allowing writers and speakers to use more archaic or
more spoken forms and words at their will. The kathan3voussa was used in education,
administration, journalism, public life, etc.
By the end of nineteenth century the movement for a language of spoken Greek
gained ground among the writers, being reinforced by the extremes of katharevoussa
users and the difficulty and weaknesses of this language. The language they used and
proposed for a national language was called lli7JJOTtKrj thimotiki (from orjpoc; thimos
(demo cracy) = people) . Soon th e dispute over the language became a serious
political and social issue, and the object of division and political distinction between
the conservatives who favoured katharevoussa and the liberals who su pported
thimotiki. This situation lasted until 1976 when a conservative Government decided to
adopt the thimotiki as the official language of the Greek state.
This is a brief history of the Greek language essential for any student who
desires to learn modern Greek. Taking this historic background into considera-
tion he/she can understand and explain why the Greek language of today Is so
flexible and expressive, with a multitude of forms and a large and subtle range of
linguistic patterns that accrued as a result of its long tradition (see also the
chapter on "The continuity of the Greek language", p. 117).
 13

The diglossy of the Greek language.

A problem of dlglossy has always existed In the Greek language. In Classical
times the poets used archaic linguistic forms or expressions that were not in use in
spoken language. However, the problem of diglossy appeared mainly with the
introduction of the Kotvfl dialect and has been perpetuated ever since. The Kotvfl
dialect was a simplification of Attic destined for international use, which was spoken
throughout the world in Hellenistic and Roman times and gradually evolved into
Byzantine and Modern Greek. Alongside the use of Kotvfl there had always been a
form of Greek that was considered purer and more literary than the Kotvf) which was
characterized as unrefined or even vulgar. In the Roman Empire it was the Attic that
was taught as a literary language worthy of learned people and the upper class.
The use of this parallel language became a mark of education and culture, as
well as of social distinction, while Kotvfl remained the language of the people.
The sacred texts of Christianity were written in the KoNfl of their time. However,
Ch ristian writers of the third and fourth centuries in the main educated members of the
upper class like Basil, Gregory of Nazianzus, John Chrysostom, wrote in the Greek of
the educated class.
The diglossy was maintained in the Byzantine empire in which the administration,
the clergy and the intellectuals used an official language, while the people spoke the
evolved form of the Kotvr].
The problem of diglossy, having such a troubled history, took on serious political
and social dimensions in modern Greece as the language became a political issue.
The debate ended in 1976 with the official adoption of a form of the thimotiki, but
educated Greeks feel free to enrich their writing and speech with earlier forms
and expressions.
The student of modern Greek should also be aware that many journalistic or
literary texts or signs all over Greece are still written in or have endings of the
katharevoussa
14

The pronunciation of Greek.

In the Greek language there are letters or combination of letters that represent
the same sound and have the same pronunciation (there are 3 letters 1 I , 11 H, and u Y
and 2 combinations of letters &I El and 01 01 that all are pronounced I (as in sit) . lt is
certain that in pre-Ciassical Greek these, and perhaps other letters as well, had a dif-
ferent pronunciation. However, the exact sound of the original pronunciation remains
unknown and it is unlikely that it will ever be revealed.

In Classical times many changes in the pronunciation had already occurred

which varied in the different dialects. The greater changes, however, took place during
the period of internationalization of the Greek language in Hellenistic times. Good
evidence for this is the phonetic transfer of Greek words to the Latin vocabulary, which
gives us the clue to the sound of the Greek letters at that time. Words like llE/\<POI
thelfi have passed into Latin as DELPHI, indicating that the two letters 01 were not
pronounced separately but as an I. Earlier we have the example of a Delphic prophecy
that a catastrophe would befall Athens. The priestess at Delphi uttered the word
A.oq..16c; lim6s and the Athenians, according to Thucydides, wond ered whether she
meant Aotp6t; lim6s meaning plague or Atp6t; lim6s meaning famine, a fact showing
clearly that the letters 01 and 1 had the same sound in Classical times. Another
characteristic example is the name of ME:=ANllPEIA alexanthria, the city that
Alexander the Great founded in Egypt, which became ALEXANDRIA in Latin showing
that the sound of the two vowels El had become "I" by that time. The true
pronunciation of the Greek letters is also betrayed by many letters and documents
surviving on papyri, in which spelling mistakes reveal the real sound of the letters.
Ordinary people without good knowledge of orthography use alte~natively the letter I
(y6ta) for the letters Y, El and H, the letter 0 (6mlcro.n ) for the letter n (omega) and
the letter E instead of AI, showing that the sound of these letters was identical as it
continues to be to-day.
By the time the Gospels were written and throughout the Byzantine period
there is strong evidence that the above changes had been stabilized and that Greek
 15

letters and combinations of letters were pronounced as they are now In modern
Greek. lt was therefore natural that western languages, and more specifically English,
adopted this pronunciation when they incorporated Greek loan words into their
vocabulary at the time of Renaissance or earlier. Accordingly the letters El were
pronounced I (EnEir 0-110 episs6thio = episode) the letters 01 as I and the letter OV
as 00 (OIKOVMENIKOr icoomenic6s = oecumenical) the letter V (VlV I/\ON = ipsilon)
also i (MV00I: mithos = myth , MVI:THPIO mistirio = my stery) the letters AI as e
(AINirMA enigma = enigma) etc.

In the sixteenth century, when the interest in Greek letters was great, Erasmus
introduced a si mplified but arbitrary system of pronunciation of Greek to facilitate the
study of ancient Greek. Despite the initial strong opposition of eminent English
scholars Erasmian pronunciation prevailed and has been widely used in the West ever
since. This system, advocating among other things the pronunciation of each letter
separately and giving the sound of yu to the letter V, besides maltreating the Greek
language has been the cause of a serious impediment of communication between
students of ancient Greek and those of New Testament Greek or medieval and modern
Greek. According to Erasmus the El of AAE::AN.1PEIA should be pronounced as in
eight, instead of I that has been its sound from the time of its foundation in 331 BC
down to the present day.
We are therefore of the strong opinion that it is quite p urposeless to try to re-es-
tablish without concrete evidence the way Greek letters were originally pronounced,
or to adopt any arbitrary proposal for their sound and Ignore their pronunciation
that has been In use for at least 20 centuries.
lt would also be wonderful and to the benefit of all students of Greek letters if
teachers of the Greek language of any period, following the example of early
English scholars, would agree to utter the Greek words with their traditional
pronunciation instead of using an artificial and unscientific system.
16

The accentuation of Greek words

The stressed syllable of Greek words was originally denoted by a change in the
pitch of the voice not a stress. In Hellenistic times, however, the accents were
introduced in order to help the correct reading and pronunciation. The three accents
used, the acute ' the grave ' and the circumflex "', indicated the way the stressed
syllable should be pronounced .
Later, in early Byzantine times a mark called a breathing was added when a word
began with a vowel or a diphthong or the letter p (r), to distinguish the rough or
smooth pronu nciation of the vowel. The mark of rough ' or smooth ' breathings was
placed over the small letters of the vowels (OKJlrJ acmi = acme, o~6c; oth6s = street),
and to the left of the capitals or over the second letter of the diphthongs ( EupciJTTTJ
evr6pi = Europe). When the initial vowel of a word took an accent the breathing was
written before the acute or the grave accent ( eva ena = one) and beneath the
circumflex (i5J1voc; fmnoss = hymn).
The writing of the accents and the breathings, although their phonological
significance had been lost long ago, was maintained in all Greek texts up until 1981
when a single accent system was officially introduced to indicate the stressed syllable
of the Greek words.
In this method the accents and breathlngs of the words will be maintained
for historical reasons when passages of older texts are quoted.
The Greek alphabet

The first step in learning Greek is to become familiar with the Greek alphabet. Here
are some guidelines that will help the reader to become accustomed to the Greek letters.
a) There is a corresponding English sound for almost all Greek letters.
b) Almost all small Greek letters are different from those of the Eng lish alphabet
and their writing, sound and name should be memorized (with some help from
mathematics and physics as is shown in the table that follows).

Letter Name Pronunciation 11

Examples

a A 6Acpa, alfa (alphabet) a as in father a Acpa j3T)To, alfavito = alphabet

aKa~r)l..t(a, aka~imia = academy

f3 B 13t1Ta, vfta (alphabet) V lltllAtoypacp(a, vivlioyrafla =

bibliography, plpAo~. vivlos = bible
vr YOIJO, y ama (gamma - has the sound of w in yewyp acp(a, yeoyraffa = geography
Rays) woman. Before £ and 1 y tyavnoc;, yiyantios = gigantic
it has the sound of y as
in yes and yield .

~ 11 MATO, ~elta (Delta of th as in then l5'11JOKpaT(a, l5imokratfa = demo-

Nile, Delta force) cracy, l5p61JO, l5rama = drama

&E eiJ!lAcOV, epsilon e always as in get, bet £n(8£To, epi8eto = epithet

(Never as in the, me)

~ z ~f!Ta, zlta (z in algebra z as in zero ~fJAoc;, zlloss = zeal

the third unknown va- ~woAoytKoc;, zooloyik6ss = zoologi-
riable) cal

The reader should pay special attention to the phonetic spelling of the letters y, 6, e
and X because, in order to avoid confusion, these letters will not be changed when a
Greek word is transliterated.
18

Letter Name Pronunciation Examples

11 H f)Ta, (ta i always as in fit 'l8tK~ , 18ikf = ethics

HTa is one of the five "is" of the Greek

language (1, I"J, u, £1, 01) which all
have exactly the same sound (Do not
confuse the capital H with the English
H !)

ee 8f)Ta, th(ta Th as in theatre 8e011. Oessi = thesis ,

a8Ailttl~. a81itiss = athlete

I I y lwTa, y6ta ~ota I always as in fit (never 1Ma, i~ea = idea, l~loouyKpaola,
subscript) as in time) ioi ossinkrassla = idiosyncrasy

K K K6na, kapa (Phi, Beta,

K
KUKAtK6~. k ik lik6ss = cyclic
Kappa) KEVTptK6~. kentrik6ss = central

AA A-6~-toa, lamoa nap6.UT'] Aoc;, paraliloss = parallel ,

I
n6Aoc;, p61oss = pole

IJl, m( (IJg = micro

J.l M m I.JeTpo, met ro = meter
gram)

V N v(, n( IJOV6Tovo~ . mon6tonoss = monoto-

nous
n IJOVaatf)pl, monastlri = monastery,

~ - ~r. ks(
ks, as in telex
e~oooc;, eksoooss = exodus
e~wTtK6c;, eksotik6ss = exotic

oO OIJtKpov, 6mikron KOOIJOnoAfTlKOC:, kosmopol(tikoss =

0 as in not
(= o small) cosmopolitan
 19

Letter [ Name Pronunciation Examples

n n n(. pi (n = the symbol p n eptcpepeta, p eriferia' = periphery

of the circumference npwT6Tuno. p rot6tip o = prototype
of a cycle)

p p pw, r6 r p u81J6c;, rithm6ss = rhythm,

nap6.ypa<.poc;, parayrafoss =
paragraph

8ep 1J01Jt'Tpo ,8er m6metro =

thermometer
(Do not confuse the capital P w ith the
English P !)

ac; o(y!Ja, s(yma (sigma - s [Always as a sibilant av6.A.uan, analissi = analysis

I shaped, sigmoid) (as in place, toast) Kp(OT), krissi = crisis
I : The symbol of except before the let- a UO'TT'liJO, s istima = system
summation ters p, y, ~. ~. ~ and v anaa 1J6c;, s pas m6ss = spasm
lt then has the sound
of z ] .
The letter c; is used
only at the end of the
words and is always
pronounced as ss

TT Tau, tat t riTAoc;, titloss = title

OTPOTrJYlKll, strat iyik( = strategy,
OTanonKf), statist iki = statistics
20

LeHer Name Pronunciation Examples

u V uljJLAOV, (psilon I as in sit. With the let- unoKptn1c;. i pocritiss = hypocrite

ters a and & it forms Tupavv(a, tlrania = tyranny
the diphthongs au and OO'UAO, assilo = asylum
&u . lt is then pronoun- u6pa uA.tK6c;, i6ravlik6ss = hydraulic,
ced either v or f : av or aut6ypa<po, aft6yrafo =autograph
af, ev or ef (see diph-
thongs).

<P <I> <p(, f(

f
= photography
cpwToypacp(a, fotoyraf(a
cpwocp6poc;, fosf6ross = phosphorus

xx xl. h( (chi-square in
h as in h ave
xaoc;, xaoss = chaos
statistics) xapaKTf)pac;, xaractfrass = character

ljJ(. psi ps as in lap's e 'IJaAIJ6c;, psalm6ss = psalm

"'""
wn w1Jeya, omeya 0 (exactly like the w~<eav6c;, okean6ss = ocean,
(= w big) 61JtKpov) epc.>TtK6c;, erotik6ss = erotic,
Tl'lM<pwvo, tilefono = telephone
[Note that W1Jeya (w) and OIJLKpov (o)
have the same sound].

c) The reader should also become familiar with the capital letters because almost all
inscriptions, titles, signs etc., are written in capitals.
Of the 24 capital letters the following 10:
r y61Jayama n nr pi
ll OEATO oelta 1: OLYI-10 siyma
0 9f}Ta 9ita cJ) cpt fi
A AOIJOa lamoa 4J 4J( psi
_ ~~ ksf n w~eya omeya
are different and should be memorized.
 21

More important is that the letters B, H, P, Y and X, which are the same as those of
the Eng lish alphabet, have a different sound in Greek.
Remember always that:
B is pronounced V, (BIBAOr vfvloss = bible)

H is not the English H but the ~Ta , one of the five "is" pronounced always as an i
(as in fi~ (~HMOKPATIA lSimocratia = democracy, H81KH 181ki = ethics)

P (r6) is not the English P but the R (PY0MOr ri8m6ss = rhythm , nPOTO pr6to =
first)

X is not the English X (for which stands the Greek :: ) but the xi pronounced as in
have (XAO:r xaoss = chaos, XPirTor xrist6ss = Christ)

Y (ipsilon) is one of the five "is" and is pronounced like an i (fit) except when it forms
a diphthong with 0 =OY and then both are pronounced oo (as in moon) or w ith
A = AY orE= EY and then is pronounced as V or F (see below).

Combination of vowels in diphthongs

There are six combinations of vowels, 01 01, &1 El, 01 AI, ou OY, au AY and &u EY
forming diphthongs. Of these the diphthongs 01, &1, 01, and ou have a single sound:
01 = OIKOVOIJLO ikonomia = economy, OIKoA.oy(a icoloyia = ecology
&I = en&m6lSto eplss6oio = episode
01 = e ava~cr811cr(a anesthissia = anaesthesia, avOIIJ(a anemia = anaemia
ou = oo (as in moon) outon(a ootopia = utopia
The diphthongs au and &u are pronounced av and ev respectively before a vowel or
one of the vo'iced consonants ~. y, ~. ~. A, IJ, v, p :
&uayyeA.Lo evangelio = evangel, &UOOLIJov(a evoemon ia = eudemonism, &uvouxoc;
evnooxoss = eunuch , EupwnJ1 evr6pi = Europe.
When the letter that follows is one of the following consonants 9, K, ~. n, o, T, <p, x
and lJI these diphthongs have the sound of af and ef respectively:
au8&VTIK6c; af8entik6ss = authentic, aUT6ypacpo aft6yrafo = autograph , aUTOIJOTO
aft6mato = automatic, auatJ1p6c; afstir6ss = austere, auto(3toypacpfa aftovioyrafia =
autobiography.
22

There are seven combinations of consonants J.Jn Mn, vr NT, yK rK, yy rr, vx rx,
y~ r::,TO TI, Tl; TZ which represent the following sounds:

J,Jn Mn, vr NT and yK rK at the beginning of a word are pronounced like the
English letters B. o and G respectively in the words Bed, o o , Go.
In the middle of a word these letters are pronounced mb, nd and ng.
ouJ,Jn68eLa simba8ia = sympathy
avr(no5e~ andipo5es = antipodes
6yKupa angira = anchor, eyKe<pcW.K6~ engefalik6ss = encephalic.

The letters yy rr and vx rx: are encountered in the middle of a word only and
they are pronounced:
yy rr = ng (6yye.\o~ angeloss = angel, 'Ayy.\o~ angloss = Englishman),
YX fX = nx (IJEAayx.o.\fa melanxolia = melancholy},

The letters y~ r:: are pronounced nx :

ocpuy~, sfinx = sphinx.

The letters TO TI, are pronounced ts and the letters Tl; TZ, have the sound of tz.

Two similar consonants (except rr, yy) are always pronounced as one as in English:
M M = I, JJJ.I MM = m, oo I I = s, w NN = n, etc:
nap6Ml1AO~ paraliloss = parallel, YPOJ.IJ.IOTLKrl yramatiki = grammar, aooo~
assess = ace.
 23

Synoptic table of Pronunciation of Greek letters

Letters Combination of vowels

a A = a (father) 01 01 = i (fit)
13 [ij] = V El El i (fit)
V CD = w as in woman, or 01 AI = e (get)
y as in yes, yield
~ @ = th (then) ou OY = oo (moon)
£ E e (get) au AY = av or af
~ z = z (zero) EU EY = ev or ef
'1 [B] = i (fit)
e @ = th (theatre) Combination of consonants
I i (fit) ~n Mn b (bed} or mb (ambition}
K K = k VT NT d (do) or nd (e nd)
A ® I VK rK g (go) or ng (England)
1.1 M = m vv rr ng (hunger)
V N = n
~ ® = ks (telex)
Two identical consonants (M M , 1-11-1 MM
0 0 ...... o (not)
etc), except yy rr, are always pro-
n @ = p
nounced as one (as in Eng lish)
p [EJ = r
a, ~ (j) s (place) or z
T T t

~
u = i (fit) Different capital letters:
q> = f r , 11, e , A, : , n, I , CS>, 'IJ, n
X 00 = h (have)
liJ @ ps (psalm) Capital letters with different sound:
(a) @ = o (not) B = v, H = i, P = r, Y = i, X= h

Note that all small letters are d ifferent from the corresponding English letters. Of the capital
letters those in circles are different from and those in squares are identical to letters of the
English alphabet but they have a different sound.
24

In order to become more familiar with the Greek letters and their pronunciation here
is a list of Greek words with their definite article, written in capitals and in small letters with
their pronunciation. All these words are used almost unchanged In the English
language so that the student can make the comparison and realize and memozise the
difference in writing and pronunciation.

H ANAAYLH 11 OVOAUCJTl i analissi = the analysis

H YnOeErH 11 un68e011 i ip6thessi = the hypothesis
TO ANE~OTO TO OVEKOOTO to anekooto = the anecdote
TO ANTI.L\OTO TO OVTLOOTO to andiooto = the antidote
H 0EOPIA 11 8ewp(a i eeoria = the theory
H AIONIA 11 aywv(a i ayonia = the agony
TO AEPOnMNO TO aeponA.6vo to aeroplane = the airplane
0 A0/\HTHr 0 a8AI1Tr'Jc; o a81itiss = the athlete
0 A0/\HTIKOr 0 a8A.11TlK6c; o a81itik6ss = athletic
TO AINirMA TO a(vty~a to eniyma = the enigma
H API0MHTIKH 11 apt8~11TLKr) ari8mitiki = the arithmetics
H ATMOr<t>AIPA 11 aT~6cr<pmpa atm6sfera = the atmosphere
H IEOIPACI>IA 11 yewypa<p(a yeograffa = the geography
H D.IAITA 11 OtOlTO i oieta = the diet
TO 0EATPO TO StaTpo to eeatro = the theatre
0 KYKAOr . 0 KUKAOC: o kikloss = the cycle
H 0EPAn EIA 11 8epane(a i 8erapia = the therapy
TO 0EPMOMETPO TO 8ep~6~eTpo to 8erm6metro = the thermometer
H KATHIOPJA 11 KOTI1YOp(a i katiyoria = the category
TO KENTPO TO KEVTPO to kentro = the centre
H KOMOD.IA 11 Kw~wo(a i komooia the comedy
TO MOYrEIO TO ~ouoe(o to moossio = the museum
0 nOIHTHr 0 nOli1TrlC: o piitiss = the poet
H OIKONOMIA 11 OlKOVO~(Q i ikonomia = the economy
H LYMnA0EIA T'J ou~n68eta i simba8ia = the sympathy
TO THJ\Ect>ONO TO TT'JAE<pWVO to tilefono = the telephone
TO CI>AINOMENO TO <pOlVOilEVO to fen6meno = the phenomenon
H CI>OTOIPACI>IA T'J <pWTOypacp(a i fotoyrafia = the photograph
H lVYXOJ\OriA T'J 4JuxoA.oy (a i psixoloyia = the psychology
TO MYrTHPIO I
TO IJUOTT'JPLO to mistirio = the mystery
H Yri EINH T'J uytetvr) i iyiini = the hygiene

Note that in the word puaT1jp1o we meet three and in the word Yyrervfj four different
"is" (u, 1, £1, q) which are all pronounced I as in sit.
Read these Greek words out loud again and again, and write them down many
times in capitals and small letters.
 25

1 .BaaiK~ (vassiki= basic) ypOIJIJOTIK~ (yramatiki = grammar) 1.

a. The words in Greek have a definite article corresponding to the English the. The
definite article in Greek, unlike the English the, has different forms which agree with the
gender, the number, and the case of the noun.
The nouns in Greek are divided into three genders: TO apo&VIK6 arsenik6 (hence
arsenic which was thought by alchemists to be a masculine metal) = the masculine, TO
811AuK6 (9ilik6) = the feminine, To oul5tT&po (oo6etero) = the neuter.
The definite arti cle (the word for the English the) is o for masculine nouns, 11 for
femine nouns and TO for neuter nouns.
b. The endings of Greek nouns differ according to the gender to which the noun
belongs. The great majority of the masculine nouns have an ending -oc; (oss) the majority
of femine an -a or -11 and the majority of neuter nouns an -o or -1. The ending of the
adjectives accompanying a noun should agree with that of the noun (11 ypa~~OTIKrl
yramatikf = grammar is a feminine noun, therefore the adjective paoiKrl vassiki = basic
has the feminine ending -11).
The definite articles o, 11. TO, and the endings -oc;, -a or -11 and -o(v) have been
the same since the origin of the written Greek language (Homeric poems).
In many feminine nouns the ending -11 has replaced in modern Greek the ancient
ending -•c; Oss), which is used in Ka9apeuouoa katharevoussa and is still in use on several
occasions and in many signs. Many Greek feminine nouns ending in -•c; have passed into
the English vocabulary: av6Auo•c; analississ (modern Greek avaAuol") analissi) = analysis,
Kplo•c; krfssiss (modern Kpla11 krfssi) = crisis, un69&olc; ip66essiss (modern un69&al1
1p68essi) = hypothesis etc.
c. The indefinite article, the English a or an, also has different forms in Greek according
to the gender of the noun. lt is:
tvac; enass, (&le; iss in Ancient and katharevoussa) for a masculine noun,
~·6 m1a (or stressed on ~· in Ancient: m fa) for a feminine noun,
tva ena (&v en, in Ancient and katharevoussa) for a neuter noun.
The Greek verb I am and the personal pronouns are:
cyw ey6 (1), &i~a1 fme (am) ,
eau essf (you), &ioa1 fsse (are),
auT6c; aft6ss (he) , aUTrl afti (she), auT6 aft6 (it) &iv01 fne (is).
d. The third person of the personal pronoun auT6c;, auTr1, auT6 is also used as a
demonstrative pronoun with the meaning this:
AuT6c; 0 6v9pwnoc; Tl &lVOl; (aft6ss 0 an9roposs tf lne; this man what is he?)
AuTr1 11 ypa~~aTtK~ &(vat J3aotK~ (afH I yramatikl ine vassiki = this grammar is
basic)
AuT6 TO ~6811~0 &lVOl TO npWTO (aft6 to ma9ima lne to pr6to =this lesson is the
first).
26

npWT01 (pr6to) 1J09rUJ02 (ma9ima)

1. Eyw3 eliJOl npw-roc; OE 6ha4. Eyw EliJOl evac; veoc;S 6v8pwnoc;6.
ey6 fme pr6toss se 61a. ey6 ime enas neoss an8roposs
Ecru ELOOl nOhU7 veoc;. Au-r6c; ElVOl tvac; veoc; 6v8pwnoc;.
essi isse poli neoss. aft6ss ine enass neoss an8roposs.
Tl e(vm au-r6c;; T£ e(vm au-r6;
ti fne aft6ss? ti ine aft6?
2. Ecru efom IJla IJEY6A'1B yuva(Ka9. AuTfl 11 yuvafKa e{vat nohU Kahf110 Kat
essf isse mia meyali yineka. afti i yineka lne poli kalf ke
EUYEVlKfl 11 , aM6 5ev12 ELVOl VEQ. E(oot nohU vea. T( e(oat eau;
evyeniki, ala ?>en ine nea. lsse polf nea. tf isse essi?
3 . Au-r6 ElVOl EVQ KQK613 nm5(14. l:l.EV elVQl EUYEVlK6 nat5l. f:l.ev EliJOl 1JlKp615
Aft6 lne ena kak6 pe5i. 6en lne evyenik6 pe5f. ?>en ime mikr6
nm6L Ef1-1m IJEy6Ao nat6L E(IJCl 1Jey6Aoc;. E(vat nohU KaK6 nm6L
pe6i. ime meyalo pe61. ime meyaloss. ine polf kak6 pe6i.
4. Au-r6c; elVQl evac; Kah6<:; 6v8pwnoc; Kat cpfhoc;16. E(vot Kah6<:; cpfhoc;.
aft6ss ine enass kal6ss an8r6poss ke filoss. ine kal6ss filoss.
Au-r6c; elVQl evac; C!Ahoc;17 6v8pwnoc;.
aft6ss fne enass aloss an8roposs.
5. Eyw KQl evac; C!Ahoc;. Ecru KCliJLC clMrl. Au-r6 efvm eva C!Aho nat6C
ey6 ke enass aloss. essi ke mla ali. afto ine ena alo pe6i.
6. AuTfl 11 YPCIJIJCTtKr'J 18 efvat j3amKr') 19.
afti I yramatiki ine vassiki.
(In the first lessons a double s (ss) will remind the reader of the sibilant sound that
the letter o{yJla u, I , t; has at the end of the words and before vowels and certain
consonants).

Vocabulary (abbreviated V).

1. 0 npwToc:;, '1 npwTr), TO npwTo o pr6toss, i pr6ti, to pr6to (prototype, protagonist) = the first.
The number 1 is expressed by the neuter form of the indefinite article: tva, ena. One as an
adjectif is tvac; enass, J,Jia m fa, tva ena.
2. TO IJ091'1JJO to ma8ima (mathematics) = lesson.
3. tyw ey6 (who does not know the Freudian Ego. Note J,J6vo (only) that the accent is on -w). From
syw comes tyw•an1c; eyoistfss = egoist.
4. 6Aoc:;, 6AI"J, 6Ao 61oss, 61i, 61o (holograph, holocaust) = all, 6Aa is the plural of the neuter 6Ao.
5. o vtoc:;, 11 vta , To vto o neoss, i nea, to neo (neolithic, neoclassical, neoteric) = new, recent,
modern, young when it refers to people as in this case. ·
6. 0 6v9pwnoc; 0 aneroposs (anthropology, philanthropy) = man, human being.
7. noAu polf (polytechnic, polyclinic, polyglot) = very, much.
a. o J,Jty6Aoc;, 11 J,Jty6AI"J, To 1Jty6Ao o meyaloss, i meyali, to meyalo (megalomania, megaphone)
= big, great, large, with people refers to age.
9. 11 yuvaiKa i yineka (gynaecology) = woman.
 27

First lesson (L 1) (The adjective npwTo~ is in the neuter form npwTo because the word
JJ08ruJa is neuter: To npwTo JJaerwaJ.
1. I am first (a man is speaking, if it were a woman it should be Eyw EiJ,Jal npWTI'J pr6t1), in
(= OE) all (everything). I am a new (young) man. You are very new (young). This (here
auT6~ is a demonstrative pronoun) is a new (young) man. What (= Tl) is he? (Note that
the question mark in Greek is the English semicolon). What is this?
2. You are a big woman (here J.IEVOAI'J refers to age and means grown-up or even old).
This woman is very good (kind) and (= KOI ke) polite but (= alla ala) she is not new
(young) (Note that the adjectives KaAr\, EuyEVIKr\, vta have the feminine ending -11 or -
a because they accompany the feminine word yuvaiKa). You are very new (young)
(noAu vta because it is addressed to a woman. If it were addressed to a man it should
be: d oa1 noAu vto~ 1sse poll neoss). What are you?
3. This is a bad boy. He is not a polite boy. I am not small child. I am a big boy. I am big
(meaning big man, this is why JJEyaAo~ has the masculine ending in -o~). He is a very
bad boy.
4. This is a good man and friend. He is a good friend. This is another man.
5. I and another (male). You and another (female). This is another child.
6. This grammar is basic.
Note: In the translation the order of the words in the Greek text and their specific
meaning for each occasion will be maintained to help the reader become familiar
with the Greek syntax and idioms. A more appropriate English expression will be
given in brackets.

10. o KaA6c;, 11 KaAr1, TO KaA6 o kal6ss, i kall, to kal6 (calligraphy) = good, nice, kind.
11. o t uytviK6c;, 11 t uyt viKfl, TO tuytviK6 o evyenik6ss 1evyen1kl to (.•vyenik6 (eugenic) = polite.
The prefix t u- pronounced ef or ev combines with many Greek words and gives to them the
meaning of good, pleasant, well, abundant, happiness as in tucpopfa , eforla (euphoria),
tU~OIJ.IOVfa ev<Semonla (eudemonism).
12. ~tv <Sen (like the English then) = not. lt comes from the ancient ou~tv ooMn (ouM+ev) = not
one. The final v of ~tv is draped before certain consonants.
13. o KaK6c;, 11 KOKfl or KOKia, TO KaK6, o kak6ss, i kakl o kakia, to ka <6 (cacophony) = bad.
14. TO n01~l to pe<51 (pediatrics)= child, boy.
15. o IJIKp6c;, 11 IJIKpfl, TO 1JIKp6 o m1kr6ss 1m1kr to m•kr6 (microphone, microscope)= small.
16. o cpfAoc; o flloss = a male friend, 11 cpfArt i fih = a female friend (philosophy, philanthropy,
bibliophile).
17. 0 aAAoc;, ., aAArt, TO aAAo 0 aloss, i ah, to ala (allochromatic, allegory, allergy)= another.
18. 11 ypOIJIJOnKr1 1gramat1kl (grammatic) = the grammar.
19 . o paaiK6c;, 11 paaiKfl, TO paaiKO o vass1k6ss, i vassikl, to vass1k6 = basic.
28

l1euTepo 1 (l>eftero) 1Ja9ru.aa (ma9ima)

1. 'OA.oc; 0 K6crj.loc;2 elVOL eow. Efvat noA.uc; KOcrj.loc;. Tt j.11Kp6c; e(vOL 0 K6crj.1oc;!
OAOSS 0 kosmoss ine eo6. ine poliss kosmoss. ti mikross ine 0 kosmoss!
2. AliTll e(vOL j.llQ KaAflLOea3. h.ev e(VOL KOKfl LOea. EIVOL vea toea . TL KaAflLOea!
afti ine mia kali ioea. oen !ne kakf ioea. ine nea ioea. tf kali ioea!
3. Eyw etj.lat navra !l6voc;4. Ecru noTe oev efvm !l6VT]. To nmof e(vm j.16vo;
eyo ime panda m6noss. essi pote oen !sse m6ni. to peoi ine m6no?
Nat TO nati5( e(VQLIJOVO. E(crOliJOVTJ ; 'OXt oev e(IJOI IJOVT].
ne to peoi ine m6no. fsse m6ni? 6xi oen ime m6ni.
4. M6vo aUT6c; elVQl KaA6c; <plAce;. M6vo ecru efcrat <plAce;. M6vo eyw OXl
mono aftoss ine kaloss filoss. mono essl isse filoss. mono ey6 6xi
clAA.oc;. Movo TO j.lLKpo nmo[, 6xt 11 yuva(Ka. AuTfJ e(vm (!lt6) ill11
alios. mono to mikro peoi, 6xi i yineka. afti ine (mia) ali
yuva(Ka. NOL e(vat (1Jt6} clAATl. h.ev elVOL <plAll. 'OXl oev elvOL.
yineka . ne ine (mia) ali. oen ine f!li. 6xi oen ine.
5. AUTO TO <pwc;6 oev ElVOl KaAO. Movo QUTO TO <pwc; e(vat KaA6.
aft6 to f6ss oen ine kal6. m6no afto to foss ine kal6.
'OXl aUT6 TO <pwc; aM6 eva aMo vto <pwc;.
oxi afto to foss ala ena alo neo foss.
s. To npwTo IJ09!11JO dvat KaA.o; Na t efvat.
to proto ma9ima !ne kalo? ne me.
To oeiJTepo j.lclSrwa e(vOL j.leyciAo; 'Oxt oev elVQl. E(vOL j.llKpO.
to oettero ma9ima !ne meyalo? oxi oen ine. !ne mikro.
0 npwToc; Elj.lQI eyw. H OEUTEPll dcrat ecru,
0 protoss !me eyo. i oefteri isse essi.
aUTo To natol TL elvOL; npwTo r1 oeuTepo; 'H eyw r1 aUToc;
aft6 to peoi tl fne? pr6to i oeftero? i eyo i aft6ss

Vocabulary.
1. 0 ~tUT&poc;, 11 ~£UT£P11. TO ~tuT£po o ~efteross, i ~efteri, to ~eftero (deuterium heavy
hydrogen) = the second. The number 2 is ~uo ~ro in Greek. From ~uo came the Latin duo.
lluo as an adjective is the same for all genders.
2. 0 K6aJJoc; o k6smoss (cosmopolitan, cosmonaut) = world, people.
3. H 1~£a i~ea = idea. The pronunciation of the English word idea corresponds to the Greek word
O'l~(a (ai~fa) which means disgust!
4. 0 JJ6voc;, 11 JJ6VI1 ro JJ6vo o m6noss, i m6ni, to m6no = (monogram, monologue, monopoly) =
alone. M6vo as an adverb means only.
5. 'Ox• 6xi = no, not. lt comes from the ancient ou (oo as in moon) which becomes ouK or oux
before a vowel. A stronger expression of ou is ouxf from which the modern 6x• has evolved.
6. To q>wc; to f6ss (phosphorus) = the light. The plural of TO q>wc; is Ta tpWTa ta f6ta (photography)
= the lights.
 29

Second lesson (L2)

1. All the people (everybody) are here (= Eliw, e56). lt is (there are) much (many) people.
What (= rf ) (how) small is the world.
2. This is a good idea. lt is not a bad idea. lt is a new idea. What a good idea.
3. I am always (= n6VTa, panda) alone (the person that speaks is a male. If it were a
female the adjective should be ~6v11 m6ni). You never(= non~, pote) are not (are)
alone (now a female is addressed) (Note that in Greek two negative words noT£ =
never and l)&v = not are used without cancelling each other as they would in English).
The child is alone? (In Greek there is no change in the order of the words when asking
a question but only a change in the intonation). Yes (= va1, ne) the child is alone. Are
you alone? No I am not alone.
4. Only he is (a) good friend. Only you are (a) friend. Only me, no other. Only the small
child , not the woman. This is another woman (~ia is used for emphasis and can be
omitted: aur~ Elva1 aM11 yuvaiKa). Yes(= vai ne) (she) is another. No (she) is not.
5. This light is not good. Only this light is good. Not this light but ( = aM6, ala) another
new light.
6. The first lesson is good? Yes (= val ne) it is. The second lesson is big? No (it) is not. lt
is small. The first I am (it is me). The second are you (is you). This child what is it? First
or ( = ~ . i like the feminine definite article. In order to be distringuished from it it takes
an accent) second. Either me or him.

'TI 1 't:otC 2 q>CAoc;; 3 "

I. n estl fllos?
Thales of Miletus (636 BC), one of the seven Sages of Antiquity, was asked, and he replied:
"alloc; ~ 'eye..> 5"

I
. alas ey6

=
1. TL what. See L1 , =
2. ear( estf the ancient e(vm, 3. <j>IAo<; = L1 , V16,
4. " aMo<; = L1 , V17, 5. 'eyw = L1. V3 .

"'Ey<.S 1 e~pi 2 16 <p(;)c;

4
3
'too K6opov ....
11

eyo im( to foss too kosmoo Jesus Christ to his disciples (St. John)

= =
1. eyw L1 , V3, 2. e11Ji imf the ancient e(J.Im (see Gr.1 d), 3. TO <PW<; f6ss = No 6,
4. TOU KOO'IJOU to6 k6smoo (oo as in moon) = the genitive of o KOOIJOc:; No 2

' 1' 2 - -3
11
OvK ev 'tCJ> nollw 16 ev74 11
ook en to polo to ef

1. ouK = = =
not. See No 5, 2. ev in, 3. TW noMw the much (Tw noMw is the dative case of
the neuter adjective TO noM to pal( = the much. See the adverb noM L1, No 7), 4. TO £U to
et = the ef. See L1 , V11 . An ancient saying which is still in use meaning that happiness is not
found in abundance.
30

H A8f)va a8ina (Athens) from Lycabettu s Hill.

 31

BaOIKI\ (vassikQypaiJIJGnKI\ (yramatiki) Gr. 2

a. The Greek nouns, their defintite article and the adjectives that accompany them have
two different endings according to the number of things or persons they refer to. One is
used when the word refers to a single thing, item or person (singular number) and the
other is used for more than one (plural number, abbreviated pi.) .
We have seen in L1 (abbreviation for lesson 1) that the singular form of the definite
article is o for masculine (m), 11 for feminine (f) and TO for neuter (n) nouns and the
endings of most nouns and adjectives is -oc;, -a or 11 and -o or -1 respectively.
The plural form of the definite article and the corresponding plural endings for the
majority of nouns are:
masculine article: 01 (pronounced i as in fit)), ending -01 (i)
feminine article: 01 also ending -tc; ess
neuter article: Ta ending -a
In ancient Greek (abbreviated Anc.) and in Ka9ape:uoouoa ka9arevoossa (abbrevia-
ted K ) the feminine article is a1 and the endings of the feminine nouns -a1, -tc; or -tl<;.
b. The endings of the adjectives should agree with the ending of the noun that they are
describing:
01 KaA-ol cpiA-o1, i kali f ili = the good friends
01 vt-tc; yuvaiK·t<;, i nees yinekess = the young women
Ta KaK-6 na1~1-o, ta kaka peoya = the bad children
The plural of the verb tiJJal ime, I am, and the plural of the personal pronouns are:
EJJ£1<; emiss = we tiJJaOTt imaste == are
totic; essiss = you tiar& iste = are
auTo! aftf (m) , auTt<; aftess (f), auTO afta (n) = they tiva1 ine = are.
Note that the third person plural &lva1 is the same as the third person singular. Also
the masculine third person plural auToi (afti) of the personal pronoun is phonetically the
same as the feminine third person singular auT~ (afti).
c. The third person auToi, auTt<;, auTO of the personal pronoun can be used as a
demonstrative pronoun meaning these:
AuTol afti 01 i Kup1o1 kirii = these gentlemen
AuTt<; aftess 01 i Kupitc; kiriess = these ladies
AuTo afta TO ta na1~10 peoya = these children.
Note that in Greek the definite article accompanies the noun more often than in
English especially with names of people (o flwpyoc;, o y6ryoss = George), cities (11
A9~va, i a9fna = Athens) , countries (11 EMo~a, i elaoa = Greece) etc.
32

TpiTo1 (trfto) ~aeru.1a (ma9 ima)

1. E(IJaOTe: 6AOL KC1Ao( <piAOL. AUT6~ o KUpto~2 Kat atrrr1 11 Kup(a2 e:(vat IJC~L
imaste oli kali fili. Aftoss o kirioss ke afti i kiria ine mazi.
Ot KUplOl napaKC1Aw3 e:ow, Ol KUp(e:~ e:Kd. Eow 1J6VO nmot6.. Kup(e:~ KQl KUptOl ....
i kirii parakalo eoo, i kiriess eki. Eoo mono peoya. kiriess ke kiri 1....
2. Ecre:(~ Tf e:(OTe:; E(IJaOTe: 6Ae:~ q>IAe:~. E!Je:(~ e:(IJaOTe: 'EM11ve:~. aUTo( e:fvat ~evOL4.
essis ti iste; lmaste oless files. Emiss imaste eliness, afti ine kseni.
Atrrr1 '1 yuva(Ka oe:v e:(vat ~eVT'l . E(vat 6AOl ~evot KQl ~eve:~.
afti i ylneka oen ine ksem. lne oli kseni ke kseness.
3. E(vm 6Aot IJa~L Ot ~evm Kat q.te:f~ e:l~-taOTe: cru1J<pwvm5.
ine oli mazi. I kseni ke emiss imaste sfmfoni.
Ot ~eve:~ e:(vat 6Ae:~ e:uye:vtKe~ KUp(e:~ aM6. oe:v e:(vm O'UIJ<pWVe:~.
i kseness ine oless evyenikess kiriess ala oen ine simfoness
fle:V OUJ..lq>WVOlJV6 J..lC~( J..lC~.
oen simfonoon mazi mass.
4. EtVQl OAQ TQ natot6. Ka8ap6.;7 'OXL oe:v e:(vat. AUTO TO natO( oe:v e:(vat Ka8ap6.
ine ola ta peoya ka8ara ; 6xi oen ine. Afto to peoi oen ine ka8aro.
Efvm f3PWIJIK08. Ta xepta9 elVQl nOAU Ka8ap6. aM6. TQ n6ota10 elVQl f3PWIJIKQ.
ine vromiko. Ta xeria ine poli ka8ara ala ta pooya ine vromika.
5. 0 oupav6~ 11 e:(vm Ka8ap6~ . H q>wvt') 12 e:(vat Ka8apfl. To q>W~ e:(vat Ka8ap6.
o ooran6ss ine ka8aross. I foni ine ka8ari. To foss ine ka8aro.
Ot ~evOL e:fvat 6Aot Ka8apoL Ot ~eve:~ e:lvm 6Ae:~ Ka8ape~.
i kseni ine oli ka8ari I kseness ine oless ka8aress.
Ta nmot6. e:fvat 6Aa Ka8ap6..
ta peoya ine ola ka8ara.
6. Etj.lCOTe: OAOl e:ow. Ecrd~ oe:v dOTe: KaAOL Eow Ol 6.v8pwnm13 e:(vat nOAU
imaste oli eoo. Essis oen iste kali Eo6 i an8ropi ine poli .
e:uye:vtKoL Eow o K6cr1Jo~ e:Lvm KC1A6~. Nm e:ow, 6Aot e:fvm KC1AoL
evyeniki. Eoo o kosmoss lne kaloss. Ne eo6, oli ine kall.
7. AUTO~ 0 opOJ..l0~14 e:(vat f3PWJ..llKO~ KQl QVWIJaA0~15. Efvat KQKO~ opOIJO~.
aftoss 0 or6moss ine vromikoss ke anomaloss. lne kakoss oromoss.
0 6.Mo~ opOIJO~ e:(vat OJ..laA6~14 Kat Ka8ap6~. EKe( Ol opOJ..lOl dvat Ka8apof.
o aloss oromoss ine omaloss ke ka8ar6ss. Eki i or6mi ine ka8ari.
a. lluo op6~-tot, o eva~ KC1A6~. o 6.Mo~ f3PWJ..ltKoc;.
oio or6mi, 0 enass kal6ss, 0 aloss vromikoss.
npwTo~ op61Joc;, oe:LITe:po~ op61-1o~.
pr6toss oromoss, oefteross or6moss.
'Eva, OUO, Tp(a natot6.. M(a, OUO, Tpel~ yuva(Ke:~. 'OXt Tpet~ 6.v8pwnot, IJOVO eva~
ena, oio, tria peoya. Mla, oio, triss y1nekess. Oxi trlss an8ropi, mono enass.
 33

Third lesson (L3)

1. We are all good friends. This gentleman and this lady are together(= IJC~I, mazi).
The gentlemen please here (= c~w e<S6) the ladies there (= &K&i, eki). Here only
children. Ladies and gentlemen ...
2. You what are you? We are all friends (the question is answered by women. If men
answered this question they would say = &IJ.Jaarc 6Ao1 «PIAo1). We are Greeks
(= 'EAAilv&c;, ellnes) they are foreigners (or strangers). This woman is not (a) stranger
(Note that a) the third person, singular and plural of the verb to be are the same: &iv01,
ine b) the third person plural of the masculine nouns and adjectives ending in - 01 is
phonetically the same as the first person singular of female nouns and adjectives
ending in -11 : "AuTol, afti &iva1 ~tvo• kseni", "AuT~, afti ~cv &iva1 ~tv11 kseni"). They are
all foreigners (males) and foreigners (females) .
3. They are all together. The (male) foreigners and we, we are agreed (we agree). The
(female) foreigners are all polite women but they are not agreed (they do not agree) .
They do not agree with us.
4. Are all the children clean? No they are not. This child is not clean. lt is dirty. The hands
are very clean but the feet are dirty.
5. The sky is clear. The voice is clear. The light is clear. The (male) foreigners are all clean .
The (female) foreigners are all clean. The children are all clean (Note that the ending of
the adjectives Ka8ap6c; and 6Aoc; agree with the gender and the number of the noun).
6. We are all here. You, you are not good. Here the men (the people) are very polite. Here
the people are good. Yes here all are good.
7. This street is dirty and anomalous (uneven) . lt is a bad street. The other street is regular
(even) and clean. There the streets are clean.
8. Two streets the one (is) good the other dirty. The first street, the second street. One,
two, three children. One, two, three women. Not three men (people), only one.

Vocabulary.
1. = The third. The number 3 is Tpfa (trfa)
0 TpfToc;, r'J TpfTr'J, TO Tp fTo o trltoss, i triti, to trfto
~ria ngle). Remember that the i of Tp fa is pronounced as in fit. The numbers 1,3 and 4 are
adjectives. The masculine and feminine form of Tpfa is Tptl<; and the neuter Tpfa.
2. o KUp1oc;, o kfrioss = master, gentleman, o Kup1oc; = the Lord
r'J Kupfa, 1k1rfa = lady
3. napaKaAw, paraka16 = beg, please (napa para+ KaAw kal6 = call)
4. o ~tvoc;, r'J ~tv11, TO ~tvo, o ksenoss, i ksen1, to kseno (xeno phobia) = foreigner, stranger.
Remember always that the Greek letter for the English X is the ~ . :: (~l . ksf) and that in Greek
x.
the letter X (XQ is pronounced as in have, heat)
5. 0 au~.upwvoc;, 11 au~q>WVr'J, TO OUJJ(f)WVO, 0 sfmfonoss, i sfmfoni, to sfmfono {symphony) =
agreed. (lit. of the same voice: ouv (sin, together) + q>wvr; (No 12).
6. au,.u pwvw, simfon6 = I agree, ou~q>wvouv, simfono6n = they agree
7. o Ka8ap6c;, r'J Kaeapr;, To Ka8ap6, o ka9ar6ss, i kaeari, to ka9ar6 (cathartic, catharsis) =
clean, clear.
8. o 13PWJ.IIKO<;, 1113PW~1Kr'J, TO J3pwp1KO o vr6mikos, i vr6miki, to vr6miko (bromine, remember its
odour! bromium) = dirty, filthy.
34

9. TO Xipl, TO x£p10 (pi), to xeri, ta xerya (chiropractor, Chiropodist) = hand(s)

10. TO n6~1, Ta n6~1a (pi), to pMi, ta p66ya (chiropodist, antipode) = foot, feet.
11. o oupav6~, o ooran6ss (uranium, uranography) = sky
12. 11 cpwv~, i fonl (phonetically, telephone) = voice.
13. o avOpwno~, o an9roposs (anthropology, philanthropy) = man, human being. Plural 01
avepwnol, i an9ropi = men, the people.
14. o ~p6JJO~, o 6r6moss (hippodrome, airdrome) = street
15. o avwJJaAo~, 11 aVWJJOAI1, TO avwJJaAo, o an6maloss, i an6mali, to an6malo (anomalous) =
anomalous, irregular. In Greek the prefix a- (which becomes av- before a vowel), gives a
negative meaning to the word like the English prefixes un- or ;n- or the suffix-less. Thus
OJJaA6~, omal6ss = regular, becomes avwJJaAo~ an6malos, yvwOT6~ ynost6s = known,
becomes ayVWOTO~ aynostos = unknown (agnostic). Many Greek words that have aquired a
negative meaning by the prefix a- or av- have entered into the English vocabulary like
amorphous, anaemia, anaesthesia, anarchism, anomaly, anonymous, etc.

" ''Ev 1 p6vov 2 'aya86v 5 t:Tvm ujv 1:1110"(1\PI}V 4

en m6non ayaeon lne t 1n epistrrr·un

l«li ev p6vov aca.WV 5 ujv ap60euxv 6 " IwKpCm,c; (470-399 B.C.)

ke en m6non kak6n tin am aeian Socrates

There Is only one virtuous (thing) the knowledge

and only one bad (thing) the ignorance.

1. Ev = the ancient tva (L1. V 1), 2. ~6vov = ~6vo (L2, V4) with the ancient and K ending v, 3.
aya96c;, -f), 6(v) aya96s, i, 6 (n) = virtuous. Here the neuter form TO aya96v of the adjective
has the place of a noun and is accompanied by the neuter form of the indefinite article ev (see
Gr. 1c), 4. n emo-rfJ~n. epistlmi = knowledge (in modern Greek emo-rfJ~'l means = science),
5. KaK6v = KOK6 (L1· V 13), 6. H Oll69eta ama9ia = ignorance, lack of education. From the
stem of ~6en-~a (L1. V2) and the privative prefix a- (see No 15).

The quotations of ancient Greek should be easily intelligible to the reader showing
that even for a beginner studying modern Greek ancient Greek Is not Incomprehensible.
 35

BaOIK~ (vassiki) ypOJ.IJ.IOTIK~ (yramatiki) Gr. 3

a. The verbs in Greek have a stem and an ending. The endings change according to
the person or thing the verb refers to.
For the first person EVW (ey6) most Greek verbs have the ending:
-w
For the second person Eau (ess~ = you (singular) the ending:
-El<; iss
For the third person auTo<; (aft6ss)= he, auTr) (aftf) = she, auTo (aft6) = it, the
ending : -El i.
For example: The verb txuH~XO (X as in have) = I have, becomes:
tx-w exo = I have
tX-EI<; exis = you have
tX-EI exi = he, She, it has
lt is evident that for the first and second person the pronouns EVW (I) or tau (you)
need not accompany the verb because the person is indicated by the ending -w and -tl<;
respectively. They are used only when one wishes to put emphasis: Tf tXEI<; E6w; ti exiss
eo6= What do you have here? Eau Tl txt1<; t6w; essl tf exiss eo6 = You, what do you
have here ?
b. The nouns (the names of persons, animals, things, actions) have also different
endings that are called cases. The nouns in modern Greek have three cases the
nominative, the accusative and the genitive. In a few instances they have also a fourth
case the vocative. In ancient Greek there was a fifth case the dative.
The nominative case is used mainly to show the subject (person or thing) of the
sentence. The accusative case is used to show the object of the sentence. The questions:
What do you have? Whom did you see? should be answered by the appropriate noun with
its ending of the accusative case. The verb txw is followed by the noun in the accusative
case.
The ending of the accusative case of masculine nouns and adjectives in -oc; is:
-o(v) for the singular
0 KaA6c; cpiAoc;, 0 kal6ss filoss but txw tva(v) KaA6(v) cpiAo(v), exo ena(n) kal6(n)
filo(n). The final v is usually dropped in modern Greek
-ouc; ooss for the plural:
01 KaAof cpiAOI, i kali fili but txw KaAouc; cp(Aouc; exo kalo6ss filooss
For the feminine and neuter nouns the ending does not change:
01 KaAt<; cpiAt<; i kaless fil ess, txw KaAt<; cpiAE<;, exo kaless filess, TO KOA6 na1616 ta
kala peoya, txw KaA6 n01616, exo kala peoya
c. The indefinite pronoun no one, nobody is composed of the word Kav kan and the
indefinite article tvac;, f.Ua, tva: Kavtvac; (m) , KOf.l l6 (f), Kavtva (n).
36

lsamKrl (v ssr" ) ypOIJIJOnKrl (yramat' ) Gr. al

d. The word every in Greek is K69& kaSe and remains unchangeable for the three
genders:
K09£ OV9pwnoc; kaSe anSropos = every man
K09& yuvaiKa kaSe yineka = every woman
K09& na1~f kaSe pe~i = every child
K69& becomes everyone or each one with the addition of the indefinite article tvac;,
~ la , tva:
a) o Ka9tvac;, o kaSenas = everyone or each one (m) (K68e + eva~) :
K09£ avepwnoc; t x&l cpiAouc;, ka8e anSroposs exl filooss = every man has
friends
0 Ka9tvac; tx&l cpiAouc;, 0 kaSenass exi filooss = everyone has friends
o Ka9tvac; txe1 tva r1 ~uo <piAouc;, o kaSenass exi ena i ~io fflooss = each one
has one or two friends
p) 11 K09&~16 1kaSemia = everyone or each one (f) (K69e + ,. u6):
ecru KOI K69& 6MI"J yuvaiKa, essi ke kaSe all y1neka = you and every other wo-
man
11 K09£~10 tx&l cpiAtc;, i kaSemla exi filess = everyone (f) has friends (f)
~UO yuvaiK&<; (~io yinekess), 11 K09£~16 tX&I ~uo na1~16 , i ka8em1a exi ~io pe~ya
= two women, each one has two children
y) TO Ka9tva, to kaSena = everyone or each one (n) (K68e + eva) :
K09£ nal~i, kaSe pe~i. ~1Kp6 r1 ~&y6Ao, mikr6 i meyalo, tx&l tva cpiAo, exi ena
fila = every child, small or big, has a friend
TO K09tva tX&I xtp10 KOI n6~10 , to ka9ena exi xerya ke p6~ya = everyone has
hands and feet
tva y1a Ka9tva n01~ i, ena ya kaSena pe~i = one for each child.

~uvomtK6~ (synoptik6ss = synoptic) n(vaKa<; (pinakass = table)

=
Article Endings of nouns [ Every Everyone
Definite Indefinite and ad ectlves Each one ___,
r-=
Singular (m) o &vac; (€1<;) - oc; (m) K09& Ka9tvac; (m)
" (f) '1 ~.110 (I-IlO) - a or - 11 (f) ))
K09&J.IIcl (f)
" (n) TO t va (ev) - o(v) (n) ))
Ka9t va (n)

Plural (m) 01 - 01 (m)

))
(f) 01 (a1) - &<; {-&1<; or - 01) (f)
))
(n) TO - a (n)
The ancient and K forms are given in brackets.
 37

The Ept x8elo erex8io temple on the Acropolis

38

TtTapTo 1 (tetarto) ~u:iernJa (maeima)

1. (Eyw) txw noAu KaAJl yvw1-1T'J2 yto outa To n0l5t6. (Eau) txeu:; n0l5t6; 'Exw Tpfo
eyo exo poli kali ynomi ya afta ta pe5ya. essi exis pe5ya? exo tria
nOL<Sta. ·oxt 5ev txw oK61lo nat<Sta.
pe5ya. oxi <Sen exo akoma pe<Sya
2 . 'Exet hlyo3 q>wc;. To q>wc; <Sev txet 5uvOI-1T'J4. 6ev efvOl <5uvm65. Efvot o<SuvoTo.
exi liyo foss. to f6ss 5en exi <Sinami. <Sen ine 5inato. fne a<Sfnato.
'Exet noAu K6a1-1o Kot Myo q>wc;.
exi poll k6smo ke lfyo foss
3. E(aot vtoc; KOl <Sev e(VQl 5uvoT6 vo exetc; llEYOAO nat<St6.. Efaot lllKp6c; efvat
isse neoss ke <Sen ine <Sinato na exiss meyala pe<Sya. isse mikr6s lne
o5UVOTO vo txetc; 5UVOI-1T'J· Tt veo nou eLaQl! Tt veo; To veo <Sev elVQl KaAO.
a5fnato na exiss 5fnami. ti nea poo isse ! ti nea? ta nea <Sen ine kala
4 . Allll'l txet noAu KaA{j Kat <Suvolf) q>wvf). Ko1-1t6 5ev txet KC1Af) q>wvf). <Pwva~etc;6 noAu
afti exi poll kall ke 5inatr foni. kamia <Sen exi kali foni. fonaziss polf
Kovevoc; <Sev q>wv6.~et.
kanenass 5en fonazi
5. 'Exw evo llEYOAO q>6~o 7 . 0 q>6~oc; e(vQl 1-LEYOAO<:;. Aut6c; eLVOl veoc; Kat 5uvoT6<:;
exo ena meyalo f6vo. 0 fovos ine meyaloss. aftoss ine neoss ke 5inat6ss
KOl <Sev txet Kovevo q>6~o.
ke 5en exi kanena f6vo.
6. 'Exw tvo n6voB. 0 n6voc; e(vot ~-tey6.Aoc;. Ot n6vot e(vat noAu lley6.Aot. 6ev txw
exo ena p6no. 0 p6nos ine meyaloss. i p6ni ine poll meyali. <Sen exo
~-tey6.Aouc; n6vouc; aMa ~-t6vo 1-LLKpouc;. Tt n6voc; e(vat aut6c;.
meyalooss ponooss ala mono mikroos. ti p6noss ine aft6ss.
7. 6ev OKouw9 TtnOTO. Eau q>wv6.~etc; aM6. oulfj <Sev OKOU€1. nmf q>wva~etc;;
5en akooo tipota. essi fonaziss ala afti 5en ako6i. yati fonaziss?
rtoT( KOVEVOC: <Sev OKOU€l.
yati kanenass 5en ako6i
8 . K6.8e 6.v8pwnoc; txet I-IlO 8eOT')1 o a' aut6v Tov K6a1-1o. ·onwe; Kat K6.8e yuvo(Ko Kat
Ka8e an8ropos exi mia Sesi s'aft6n ton kosmo. opos ke ka8e yineka ke
not<SL Kat eau; H t5ea 5ev e(vat OUT€ 11 veo OUT€ 11 npWTOTUnT') 12.
pe<Si. kai esi. i i<Sea <Sen ine oote nea o6te prot6tipi.
9. 0 Ko8£voc; exett5eec; 6Mec; KaAE<:; KOl 6Mec; OXl KaMc;. H K08€1-!l0 yuvo(Ko
6 ka8enass exi i<Seess aless kaless ke aless 6Xi kaless. i ka8emia yineka
EXELI-llO q>tAT'). To Ko8evo nat5( exet tvo q>LAO. O(rre eyw OUT€ eau.
exi mfa fili. to ka8ena pe<Si exi ena file oote eyo o6te essi
 39

Fourth lesson ( ~ )
1. I have (a) very good opinion for (about) these children. You, do you have children?
(Eau is put for emphasis and can be omitted). I have three children . No, I have not yet
{= aK6JJa ak6ma) children.
2. lt has little (dim) light. The light does not have power. lt is not strong. lt is weak. lt has
(there are) many people and little light.
3. You are new (young) and it is not possible to have big children. You are small it is
impossible to have strength. What (how) new (young) you are. What news? The news
are (is) not good. (Note again that the the first person plural of the neuter adjectives is
the same with the first person, singular of the female adjective endings in -a: ''T1 vt a
rrou efaa1" ... ''Ta vt a 6ev efva1 KaAa'?.
4. She has (a) very good (nice) and strong voice. No one has (a) good voice (KOJIIO
because it refers to women. lt would be Kaviva~ if it referred to men). You shout (or
speak loudly) much (a lot). No one (now it refers to men) is not (is) shouting. (In Greek
two negative words Kaviva~ and 6ev do not cancel each other out as they would in
English).
5. I have a big (great) fear. The fear is big (great). He is new (young) and strong and does
not have none (has no) fear.
6. I have a pain. The pain is big (great). The pains are very big (strong). I do not have big
pains but only small. What pain is this.
7. I don't hear nothing (anything). You shout but she does not hear. Why[= y1aTf, yatf . 1t
comes from yta (= for) and Tf (= what). lt has also the meaning of because] do you
shout? Because (= y1aT~ nobody hears.
8. Every man has a place in this world as(= omu~, 6pos =as, like) and(= Kai, ke. Kat is
often used in the place of too or also as in this case) every woman and child. You too?
The idea is neither new nor original.
9. Each one has ideas others good and others not good. Each woman has a (female)
friend. Each child has a friend. Neither me nor you.

Vocabulary.
1. TtrapToc; -11 -o, tetartoss -i -o = fourth. The number 4 is Ttaat pa tessera. A condensed form of
Tt aatpa used in combined words is Tt Tpa (tetra) (tetrahedron). The masculine and feminine
forms of Tt aat pa is Ttaat ptu; or Ttaat plc; (tesseris) and the neuter is Ttaatpa (tessera).
2. =
11 yYWJ.II'J , i yn6mi (physiognomy, gnomology) opinion
3. =
Myoc;, -I'J, -o, Hyoss -i, -o (oligarchy, oligochrome) little, few
4. 11 ~UVOIJI'J , i ~lnami (dynamic, dynamite) = force, power, strength
5. ~uvaT6c;, -~ , -6, ~inat6ss, -1, -6, = strong, also possible (tiva1 ~uvaT6; lne ~inat6; = is (it)
=
possible? /:,.t v d va1 ~uvaT6 6en lne 6inat6 (it) is not possible or d v01 a~uvaTo lne a61nato
= (it) is impossible (again the negative prefix a-) .
6. cpwva~w fonazo = =
speak loudly, shout, call somebody. From 11 cpwv~ i fonl the voice
(L2, V11l
7. o cp6poc;, o f6voss (phobia) = fear
8. =
o n6voc;, o p6noss (pain) pain. The verb is novw pon6 = I feel pain, I hurt
9. =
aKouw, ako6o (acouometry, acoustics) 1. hear, listen, 2. follow the instructions of somebody.
40

10. 'l eta'l, i eessi (thesis) = 1. place, 2. position, 3. opinion.

11 . ouT& o6te = neither, oUTe ..... oUTe = neither ... nor
12. npwr6runoc;, -11, -o prot6tiposs, -i, -o (prototype) =original. A combined word from npwro
= =
pr6to first and Tunoc; tlposs type.

The citizens of Afye1o eyio, a city in the north Peloponnese, boasting after winning a victory over their
neighbours that they were the bravest of the Greeks in bravery, applied to the Delphic oracle to have
its opinion. The celebrated oracle, famous for its ambiguous replies, answered that they were:

"oun (No 11) 'tpl'tot {L3Vt ) oou 'tth ap'tot (No1)"

leaving them with the vain hope of being first or second and the remaining Greeks with the
belief that they were fifth or less

Isn't it rewarding for the student of this method to be able to understand the
original words of a Delphic oracle by the 4th lesson?

"Ka9ap 6c; 1 oupav6c; 2 ao-.:p a m} 3 6 £v <pojia -.:a t 4 " a clear sky is not afraid oflightning.
kaear6s ooran 6s astrap 1 i5 en fov ate

1. Ka8ap6c; = I..J. V7 , 2. o oupav6c; = LJ, V11 , 3. 11 aarpan~ astrapl = lightning, 4. ~&v

=
q>oJ36Tal ~en fovate is not afraid. See the noun o cp6poc; No 7.
A popular proverb which is said of men with a clear past and concience who are menaced
with accusations.

0 Ka8ap6c; oupav6c; in a Greek island

 41

BaOIKrl (vassiki) VPOIJIJOTIKrl (yramatikf) Gr. 4.

a. The plural of txw (= I have) and of most Greek verbs has the following endings:
1st person -OUJJ& = EllEl~ emiSS EX·OUIJ&, exoome = we have
2nd )I ·&T£ = eae(~ essiss ex-&r&, exete = you have
3rd » -ouv = QUTOL afti ex-ouv, exoon = they(m) have
QUTE~ aftes ex-ouv, exoon = they (f) have
QUTQ atta ex-ouv, exoon = they (n) have

b. The pronouns &yw (1), &au (you) etc., have two forms in the accusative case:
JJ& or (&)IJtva (e)mena = me IJO<; or &JJ6c; emass = us
o& or (&)otva (e)ssena = you oac; or &o6c; essass = you
TOV or auT6v aft6n (m) = him Touc; tooss or auTouc; afto6ss = them (m)
TI"JV or aur~v aftin (f) = her Tl<; or aurtc; aftess = them (f)
To or auT6 aft6 (n) = it TO or aura afta = them (n)
The first form is used as the object of the verb and comes always before the verb
[(To txw = I have it, TI"JV aKouw = I hear her, rov yvwpf~w ynorfzo = I know him, J,Jac;
cpwv6~&1 = he calls us, oac;, Touc; (m), Tl<; (f) , Ta (n) napaKaAw = I beg you (them). Thee
of JJ& and o& is often omitted before a verb beginning with a vowel. In writing its place is
indicated by an apostrophe: o'aKouw (I hear you) , JJ'fX&I (he, she, or it has me).
The second form is used for:
a) emphasis:
eotva ~&v o& ~tpw essena ~en se ksero = you, I don't know you
auT~v TI"JV yvwpl~w KaA6 aftin tin ynorizo kala = her, I know her well
b) contradistinction:
&otva J,J6vo yvwpi~w. 'Ox• Touc; 6Mouc;, essena m6no ynorizo. 6xi to6ss alooss =
I know only you. Not the others.
aurtc; r•c; Kupl&c; ~tpw J,J6vo. 1::..& yvwpl~w 6AA&c;, aftess tiss kiriess ksero m6no
~e ynorizo aless = I know only these ladies. I don't know others.

c) after prepositions. In this case the initial & of &lltva, &crtva, £1-16.<; and &crac;
may be omitted:
v•a otva ya sena = for you,
=
v•a oac; Kupla ya sass kiria for you lady,
VI' OUT6V y'aft6n = for him. Here the final a of VIO can be dropped because
the following word aUT6v begins with an a .
42

ntiJnTO 1 (pempto) 1J09111JO

1. 'Exou1-1e tva yp61lll02, yLa oa~. K68e 1-1Epa3 EXELillO ecprwep(~a 4 y1a 1-10~.
exoo1-1e ena yramma ya sas. Ka8e mera exi mia efimeri~a ya mas.
rt11-1epa5 ~ev txet e<pllllep(~a.
simera ~en exi efimerioa.
2 . 'ExeTe Tll 8eOT) oa~; D.ev TllV txou1-1e. X6p116 oe oa~ Ta nm~t6 1-10~ exouv KaAtl
exete ti 8esi sas? ~en tin exool-19. xan se sas ta pe~ya mas exoon kali
8eOT), oa~ euxapLmci>7. Ma~ euxap1mef yta TT'JV KC1Af) 8eOT) nou exouv.
8esi, sas efxarist6. mas efxaristf ya tin kali 8esi poo exoon.
3. Aun~~ Tl~ yuva(KE~ ~EV Tl~ yvwp(~w8. AUTOU~ TOU~ KUp(ou~ ~EV TOU~ yvwp(~OU!-1€.
aftes tis yinekes ~en tis ynorizo. afto6s toos kirioos ~en toos ynorizoome.
Ma~ e(vat 6yvwmOL9. Tt~ Kup(e~ Tl~ ~epOUilE 11, efvat yvwm£~10.
mas ine aynosti. tis kiries tis kseroome, ine ynostes.
4. /lev npooexe1~12 non~ TO n01~16. Ta npooexw n6VToTe. npooom,13 e{vm nmo16.
~en prosexis pote ta pe~ya. ta prosexo pandote. prosoxi, fne pe~ya.
n poooxfJ o ~POI-10~ ElVOl OVWilaAO~. n poooxfJ napaKaAW.
prosoxi o ~r6mos ine an6malos. prosoxi parakal6.
5 . AUT6 elVQl an6 llEVQ llOVO YlO oeva. na KQVEVQ 6M.o. nou ElVQl TO YPcllll-10 nou
aft6 ine ap6 mena m6no yia sena. y ia kanena alo. poo ine to yrama poo
exeTe VlO llEVO; Kaveva~ ~ev TO EXEl. 'Eva~ clVTpa~14 oav EllEVO. Tl6VTpa~
exete ya mena? kanenas ~en to exi. enas andras san emena. ti andras
E(OOl ecru;
ise esl?
6. Ta nat~t6 cpwv6~ouv Kat ~e o'aKouw KC1A6. ra~ q>wv6~et aMa ~ev aKoUTe.
ta peoya fonazoon ke ~e s'ako6o kala. sas fonazi ala ~en ako6te.
Tou~ (Tl~) cpwv6~ou1-1e aM6 ~ev aKouv.
toos (tis) fonazoome ala ~en ako6n.
7. E(me KaA.6; Euxaptmci> e(llal n oAu KaA.6. :=tpw KaA6 6Tt e(vm e~ci>. Tou~ (Tl~) ~epouv
iste kala ? efxarist6 ime poll kala. ksero kala 6ti fne e~6 . toos (tis) kseroon
6AOL n oAu KaA.6. Tov yvwp(~w noAu KaA.6. ra~ euxaptmci> noAu.
61i poli kala. ton ynorizo poli kala. sas etxarist6 poli.

Vocabulary.
1. nt~moc; ·11 -o, pemptos = fifth. The number 5 is nt VT&pen de. (pentecost, pentagon) . ntvre
as an adjective is not declined.
2. TO ypa~~a . to yrama (telegram , grammatical) = letter
3. 11 ~tpa or 11 I"J~tpa i mera, i imera (ephemeral) = day
4. 11 &cpi"J~&p{~a i efimerl~a (ephemeral) = newspaper (lit. on daily basis)
5. <7Jl~&pa s fmera = =
to-day. Comes from etc; + '11Jtpa to the day
 43

Fifth lesson ( Ls)

1. We have a letter for (= y16 ya) you . Every day it has (there is) a newspaper for us. To-
day it has not (there is no) newspaper.
2. Do you have your place ? We don't have it. Thanks to (= a&, se) you (lit. due to the
grace of you) our children have a good place, I thank you. He (or she) thanks us for the
good place they have.
3. These women I dont't know. These gentlemen we don't know. To us they are unknown.
The ladies we know them, they are known.
4. You never (= noTt pote) look after the children. I look after them always (= n6VTOT&
pandote). Attention, they are children . Attention, the street is anomalous. Attention
please.
5. This is from(= an6 ap6) me, only for you. For nobody other (else). Where (= nou po6)
is the letter that you have for me ? Nobody does not have (has) it. A man like me. What
(kind of) a man are you ?
6. The children shout and I don't hear you well. He calls you but you don't hear. We call
them but they don't hear.
7. Are you well? Thanks I am very well. I know well that he (or she) is here. They all know
them very well. I know him very well. I thank you very much.

6. 11 x6PI1 xari (charismatic) = 1. gift, 2. grace, 3. favour. X6pn cre cra<;, xari se sas = thanks to
you (because of your grace)
7. cuxap1arw ef)(arist6 (eucharist =the bread and wine given in the sacrament of the Lord's
Supper) = thank, thanks. !a<; euxaptcrrw, sas efxarist6 = I thank you (Again the prefix EU·
(L1, V11 ) denoting pleasant feeling combined with the word xapi"J (or xap•c; xaris in Ancient
andK , Gr.1)
8. yvwpf~w ynorlzo = know, be aware. See the following words 6yvwcrroc; and yvwcrro<;
9. ayvwmoc;, •.,, -o aynostos, ·i, ·0 (agnostic) = unknown
10. =
yvwm6c;, ·I"J, -o ynost6s, -1, -6 known. The adjective yvwcrr6<; with the negative prefix a-
becomes 6yvwcrroc; = unknown (see~. V,5 )
11. ~tpw ksero = know
12. npoatxw prosexo = 1. pay attention (to), 2. take care for, look after 3. be careful, look out
(npo<; pr6s (= towards) + exw)
13. 11 npoaox~ prosox! = attention (Attention to the word npoaox~ ! lt is a very common word and 5
small and 3 capital of its ?letters do not exist in the English alphabet: npoaoxll , n POIOXH .
Remember also that the capital letter X is not tlhe English X but the x• (see page 21) and the
capital letter His not the English H but one of the "is" (see page 18).
14. o aVTpac; andras (andrology, androgen) = man
44

Ta Metewpa (the Meteors) in Thessaly

 45

BaaiK~ ( ss ) ypOJ.IJ.IOTIK~ ( amat ) Gr. 5

a. The verbs At(y)w l(iyO (say, tell) and aKouw '"ko6o (hear, listen) ending in -w are
irregular. They have contracted forms in the present tense:

tyw At(y)-w le(y)o OKOU•W ako6o E:J.Id<; AE· J.It le me OKOU- JJ£ ako6me
tou At-<; less OKOU-<; ako6s tode; A£-T£ ete OKOU-T£ ako6te
aut6<; AE-£1 lei OKOU•£1 ako6i OUTOI At-v(t) en(e) aKou-v(t) ako6n(e)
,
OUTI"J At-&1 )) OKOU-&1 ako6i auTtc; At-v(&) en(e) aKou-v(t) ako6n(e)
OUT6 At-&1 )\ OKOU-&1 ako6i OUTO At-v(&) en(e) aKou-v(t) ako6n(e)

b. The adverbs in Greek are usually formed from the adjectives and they have the same
form as the nominative plural of the neuter gender (Ta KaA6 na1lh6 ta kala pe6ya = the
good boys. E(IJOI KaA6 1 ne 1\ala = I am well).
The ancient and kc th evoussa ending of the adverbs formed also from the adject-
ives is -we; (-oss). Many adverbs are still used with this ending: &uxapfarwc; etxanstoss =
with pleasure, atJt awc; am(issoss = at once, or are used with both endings like P&Palwc;
and ptpa~a v ·veos~ and vnvea = of course.
A few adverbs have the same form as the accusative singular of the neuter gender
like tJ6vo mono = only, Alyo l'yo = a little, a few: To na1~f &fv01 1J6vo = the child is alone,
tJ6vo TO na1~r = only the child .
c. The genitive case of the pronouns &yciJ, &ou, auT6c; etc., that is the form of the word
that answers to the question whose (whose book is this? it is my book), is:
IJOU (mo6 = my), tJOc; (ma~ = our),
aou (.,oo = your), aac; (sas = your),
TOU (lOO = his). TI"Jc; ( IS = her), TOU (too= its), Touc; (toes = their) for all three genders.
The genitive form of the pronoun in Greek comes after the noun: To na1lSf IJOU to
peo1 1100 = my child, 11 yuvafKa oou 1y1nel\a soo = your wife, o cpiAoc; lT)c; o filos t1s =
her friend .
When the genitive form IJOU, aou, Tou, Tile; etc., comes after a word which is
stressed on the third syllable from the end like o 6v8pwnoc; the word is given an extra
stress on its last syllable: o 6v8pum6c; tJOc;, o a ne ·op6s mas = our man, 01 6v8pwnof
Touc;, 1ana op toos = their men.
The genitive case is also used to mean to me, to you, to him etc., w ith verbs like
write, speak, g ive, send and others. lt then comes before the verb: Tf IJOU yp6cpt1c;; what
to me you write (what do you write to me ?), Tf aou lSfve•; what does he (she) g ive to you ?
T1 Tou (Tile;) Ate;; What do you say to him (her) ? Mac; KOV&T& (kanete = you do) auTr1 TI"J
XOPI'l you do this favor to us ?
In this lesson we shall also meet three very common verbs Kavw kano = I do or I
make, et Aw Selo = I want, IJnopciJ bor6 = I can.
46

' EKTO 1 ( eKTO) 1J09r)I.IO

1. Tf KQV£l~2; E(!JOL KaAQ, euxopLO'TW. nw~ e(am; 11ev e(IJOL noAu KaAQ.
tf kanis; lme kala, efxarist6. p6s ise; 5Em ime poll kala.
0 nmtpo~3 aou TL Kavet; H IJI1Tepo4 Tll~ nw~ e(vm; To nm5t6 Tou~ TL K6vouv;
o pateras soo ti kani; i mitera tis p6s ine; ta pe5ya toos ti kanoon;
2. nopoKaAoo llnopws vo K6vw tvo T11Aeq>WVI1ll06; 11uOTuxw~7 5ev txou!Je T11Mq>wvo8.
parakal6 bor6 na kano ena tilef6nima; 5istix6s 5en exoome tilefono.
M11 q>wv6~el~ YLOT( T11Aeq>Wvw9. An6 nou TI1Aeq>wve(~ ;
mi fonazis yiati tilefon6. ap6 po6 tilefonis;
3. Tt 8eA£t~1o eau e5w; An6 atvo 6e SeAw TlnoTe. AUTJ1v 5e 6eAw vo T11V oKouw.
ti Selis esi e56; ap6 sena 5e Selo tipote. aftin 5e Selo na tin ako6o.
To 8eA£t6AO. 9eAeL TO n6VTo11. &(v) Oe (TOV, TllV, TO, TOU~, Tl~, TO) 9eAW.
ta Seli 61a. Seli ta panta. 5e(n) se (ton, tin, to, toos, tis, ta) Selo.
4. /1e(v) o 'oKouw. fle(v) 1-1nopw vo a 'oKouw. /1e(v) !Jnopef vo K6vet TlnoTe yto oevo.
5e(n) s'ako6o. 5e(n) bor6 na s'ako6o. 5e(n) bori na kani tipote yia sena.
=tpw 6Tt1JnopefTe aM6 5e 8eA£Te. Eav 9eA£Te !JnopefTe.
ksero 6ti borlte ala 5e Selete . ean Selete borite.
5. T( np6y1JOTo12 e(VOl OUT6 nou K6VeTe; /1e(v) !JnOpe(~ VO K6Vel~ OUTQ TO np6y1JOTO.
ti praymata lne afta poo kanete; 5e(n) boris na kanis afta ta praymata.
T( npayllOTO exel~ IJO~( oou; BL(3.Mo13 KOL 6Mo np6y1JOTO. A(yo np6y1JOTO.
ti praymata exis mazi soo; vivlla ke ala praymata. liya praymata.
6. T( K6Vel~ TWpo; /1tof36~w14 evo eux6ptO'To15f3t(3A(o. Mou TO 5(vet~1 6; Euxop(O'Tw~17
ti kanis t6ra; 5iavazo ena etxaristo vivlio. Moo to 5inis; etxaristos
oo~ To 5(vw. 'OXL 5ev TO 5fvw ae Kovevo.
sas to 5ino. 6Xi 5en to 5 ino se kanena.
7. rou TO Mw18 q>LALKa19. Tou A£~18 n6VToTe T11 yvWIJI1 oou; Tou Tll(V) Mw aM6 5ev
soo to Ieo filika . too les pandote ti yn6mi soo; too ti Ieo ala 5en
T11V oKoueL. T( Met ouT6~; M11 IJOU MTe oUTa TO np6y1JOTO.
tin ako6i. ti lei aft6s; mi moo lete afta ta praymata.
8. Mto M~112o 1-16vo SeAw on6 atvo. 'Exw To A6yo21 aou; 0 A6yo~22 Tou e(vot
mia leksi m6no Selo ap6 sena. exo to 16yo soo; o 16yos too ine
n<lVTO KaA6~. 0 A6yo~23 nOIJ 8eAw OUT6 TO npay!JOTO e(VQl OUT6~.
panta kal6s. o 16yos poo Selo afta ta praymata ine aft6s.
9. 'OXL noM6 A6yto24. To A6yta 5ev txouv o~(o25 , aM6 TO epyo26. Me A6yta
6Xi pola 16ya. ta 16ya 5en exoon aksia, ala ta erya. Me 16ya
KOVel~ 6TL9eA£t~. AUT6~ K6Vel evo O~L6Aoyo epyo.
27

kanis 6ti Selis. aft6s kani ena axi61oyo eryo.

 47

Sixth lesson (4;)

1. What you do (how are you?)? I am well I thank (thanks). How (= nw~ pos) are you ? I
am not very well. Your father what he does (how is he?)? Her mother how is she? Their
children what they do (how are they?)?
2. Please can I make a telephone call? Unfortunately we don't have a telephone. Don't
shout because I telephone. From(= an6 ap6) where(= nou po6) are you telephoning?
3. What do you want here (A contracted form of etA&•~ is 6&~: TL ee~ ecru ei5w; &cru is put
for emphasis) . From you I don't want nothing. Her I don't want to hear her. He (or she)
wants them all. He (or she) wants everything . I don't want you (him, her, it, them).
4. I don't hear you. I can not (bear to) hear you. He (or she) can not do nothing for you. I
know that you can but you don't want. If you want you can.
5. What are these things that you are doing? Y.ou can not do these (such} things. What
things you have with you? Books and other things. A few things.
6. What are you doing now{= Twpa t6ra}? I am reading a pleasant book. Do you give it to
me? With pleasure I give it to you. No I don't give it to no one (any one).
7. I say it to you friendly (amicably} . Do you tell him always your opinion? I tell it to him but
he does not hear (listen} to it. What does he say? Don't tell me these things.
8. One word only I want from you . Do I have your word? His speech is always good. The
reason that I want these things is this.
9. Not many words. The words do not have value but the deeds. With words you do what
(whatever) you want. He, he does a remarkable work.

Vocabulary /\&~1A6y1o 28 lexil6yio

1. tKTo<;, •.,, -o l!ctos, -i, -o = sixth. The number 6 is t~1 exi (hexagon). 'E~1 as an adjective is not
declined.
2. Kavw kano = make, do. Here it has the meaning of how are you
3. o naTtpac; o pateras (paternal) = father
4. 11 ~llTtpa i mitera (maternal) = mother
s. ~nopw bor6 = can
6. To TI'}Atcpwv.,~a to tilef6nima (telephone) = telephone call
7. ~uOTuxwc; oistix6s = unfortunally. Comes from 11 rux11 I tiXi = luck and the prefix 6ua-
which is the opposite of £U· (L1 , V11 ) denoting something bad, deprived, difficult,
painful, working badly as in the words ouoeVTepfa oisenterla = dysentery, ouone~fa
oispepsla = dyspepsia.
8. TO TllAtcpwvo to till!fono = telephone.
9. TllAtcpwvw tilefon6 = telephone. Note that phonetically the only difference between the noun
TO Tl1M q>wvo (the telephone) and the verb Tl1Mq>wvw (I telephone) is the place of the accent.
10. etAw 8elo = want. The second person singular etA£1<; is often used in the contracted form
ate; (TL Sec;; what do you want?).
11. TO naVTa ta panda is the plural of TO nav pan = all, the whole, everything. The word nav is
used in combined words to denote that something is universal or pertains the whole =
panchromatic, Pan-American, Pan-Germar)ism, Pan-Hellenic.
48

12. TO npayJJo, TO npayJ,~oTo (pi) to prayma, ta praymata (pragmatic) = thing(s). deed (s},
npoyJJon K6c; -1\, -6 p raymatik6s, -1, -6, in Greek means real in substance or cause or effect.
0 npay1JCTlK6c; IJOU eaUT6c; (eaft6s) = my real self.
13. TO PtPAio to vivllo (bibliography, bibliophile) = book, 11 BfPAoc; i vivlos (f) = Bible.
14. ~taPa~w ~iavazo = read.
15. tuxaptaroc;, -11, -o = efxaristos, -1, -o = pleasant (see the verb e:uxapiOTc.i> L4 , V7).
16. ~fvw ~lno = give. From ~(vw comes 11 ~6a11 i Msi = dose.
17. £uxopfarwc; efxarlstos = with pleasure. The adverb of £uxaptaroc; (No 15}. Note that phoneti-
cally the difference between the adverb and the masculine adjective lies on the stressed
syllable = e:uxap(OTwc;, e:ux6piOToc;.
18. At w or Atyw Ieo or leyo (lecture, dialect) = say, tell (see also No 21 and 24). The 2nd person
singular of the verb Mw is Ate; (a contracted form of Mye:1c;). T( Me;; what do you say ?). The
3 rd person plural of M(y)w: Atv(£) is used to mean they call or is called: IJ€ Mv(e:) rtc.i>pyo me
len(e) y6ryo = they call me George. nwc; (= how) TO Mv(e:) OUT6; p6s to len(e) aft6 = how
(what), do they (you) call this ?
19. cptAtKa filika =friendly, amicably. The adverb of the adjective cptAtK6 c;, -1\, -6 fihk6s, -1, 6 =
friendly (from <pCAoc; L1, V1s>·
20. 11 A£~11 i lexi (lexicon) = word.
21 . o A6yoc; o 16yos (logorrhoea, logomachy, dialogue) = 1. word, 2. speech, 3. reason. Here it
means your word.
22. here o A6yoc; means speech
23. here o A6yoc; has the meaning of the reason .
24. TO A6yto ta 16ya (exists only in plural) = the words, verbal sayings. The words Atyw, At~11 .
A6yoc;, A6yto, AoytKrl loyikl = logic, come all from the same root.
25. 11 a~fa i axla (axiom) = value.
26. TO t pyo, TO t pyo (pi.) to eryo, ta erya (erg the unit of work, ergometry) = work(s), deed(s).
27. a~t6Aoyoc;, -11, -o axi61oyos = remarkable, considerable, worthy of note (6~1oc;, -a, -o axios =
worthy, deserving, meritorious , capable, see No 25) + Myoc; = speech No 21).
28. TO At~1A6y1o to lexil6yio = vocabulary, glossary. lt comes from the words M~11 (No 20) + Myw
(No 18).

"''Em:(a) l o!6y04; up~v 2

va( va(,
,
ouou
,5

esto o I 6yos im 6n ne ne 0000

Jesus Christ to his disciples (Matthew)
Let your word be yes yes, no no

1. tOTw esto = let be. ' EOTw is the imperative of the ancient verb E:IIJ( im i= e:(IJOI (I am). In
modern Greek tOTw is u sed with the meaning of so be it and with KOI it means even: torw Kal
t~1 = even six, 2. UIJWV im6n = the ancient of yours, 3. ou or ouK oo oak = not (see L2, V5) .
 49

BaatK~ (vassikf) ypappOTIK~ ( amatiki) Gr. 6

a. The genitive case of the nouns is mainly used to show who "owns" or "possesses"
something. The masculine nouns and adjectives in -oc; and the neuter nouns and
adjectives in -o and -1 have in the genitive case the ending -ou (pronounced as in moon).
Examples:
0 ve-oc; ~p61J·Oc; 0 neos or6mos = the new road
Tou ve-ou ~p61J·OU too neoo ~r6moo = of the new road
0 Tp(T-oc; K60IJ·oc; o tritos k6smos = the thrid world
Tou Tp(T-ou K60IJ·Ou too tritoo k6smoo = of the third world
To Ka8ap-6 IJUaA-6 to ka8ar6 mial6 = the clear mind
Tou Ka8ap-ou IJUaA-ou too ka8aro6 mialo6 = of the clear mind
To j3pW1JlK-o XEP-1to vr6miko xeri = the dirty hand
Tou j3pWIJlK-OU xepl-OU too vr6mikoo xeryou = of the dirty hand
Note that the neuter nouns ending in -1 move the stress to the last syllable in the
genitive case: xtp1 - X£PIOU, n6~t - no~tou po~you
If the masculine noun is stressed on the third syllable from the end the stress in the
genitive case usually moves to the second syllable:
0 av8pwnoc;, 0 an8ropos = the man
Tou avepwnou, too an8r6poo =of the man.
The few feminine nouns ending in -oc; like t~o~oc; exooos = exit have also the
ending -ou in the genitive case and move the stress to the second syllable if they are
trisyllables: Tllc; £~6~ou tis ex6ooo = of the exit.
Example:
TO cpwTa Tllc; £~6~ou ta f6ta tis ex6~oo = the lights of the exit.

b. The feminine nouns and adjectives in -a and -11 form their genitive case by adding
an -c; (cr(y1Ja, siyma). Examples:
H wpa(-a KOl euyevLK-~ Kupf-a I orea ke evyeniki kiria = the beautiful and polite lady.
T11c; wpa(-ac; KOl euyevLK-~c; Kupf-ac; t1s areas ke evyenikis ktrias = of the beaut iful
and polite lady.
H KaA-~ uy£f-a I kali 1yia = good health
Tll<; K<lA-~c; uyd-ac; tis kalis iyias = of good health
H ~uvaT-~ cpwv-~ I ~inati foni = the strong voice
T11c; 5uvaT-~c; cpwv-~c; tis ~inatis fonfs = of the strong voice
H eux6pLOT-'1 ~w-~ I etxaristi zof = the pleasant life
T11c; eux6plOT·llc; ~w-~c; tis efxaristis zois = of the pleasant life.
50

'EJ3~oJ.Io 1 (evliomo) 1JC9rJJ.Ia

1. Ta cpwTa (f6ta) TOU (too) ~PO~-!OU (<Sr6moo) e(vat f...(ya (liya).
H ~LIVOilJ"l (~fnam i) Tou av9pwnou (an9r6poo) elvOl TO ~-tuaf...63 (mial6) Tou.
H 6Kp114 (akri) Tou K6o~Aou (k6smoo). H 6KP11 Tou ~P61-!ou (~r6moo).
H q>WVJl (foni) TOU KUplOU (kirioo) TOU.
2. 0 flxo~s (ixos) T11~ (tis) cpwVJ1~ (fonis) 111~ (tis) ~ev e(vm wpa(o~6 (oreos) .
H a~(a (aksia) Kat 11 OT)IJOO(a7 (simasfa) 111<:; (tis) yvw1-111<:; (yn6mis) Tou dvat !JtKpf)
(mikri). H uye(a8 (iyia) T11~ veac;, wpafac; (oreas) Kat euyevtKf)<:; (evyenikis) Kup(a~
(kirias) ~ev e(vm Kaf...f).
3. H E~O~oc;9 (ekso~os) TOU OXO'f...e(ou10 (sxolioo) ElVOl EKEL (eki). H 8€011 (8esi) TOU
13tl3f...lou (vivlioo) oou (soo) e(vat K6Tw11 (kato). b.ev dvat aUT6~ o aptS~-!6~1 2 (ari8m6s)
TOU T11Aeq>WVOU (tilef6noo) 111~-
4. nou (poo) e(crat (ise). Et~-!Ol (fme) e~w 13 (exo). E(!JOOTE (fmaste) 6f...ot navw 14 (pano).
napaKaf...w (parakal6) nou e(vm 11 e(oo~o~ 1 5 (fso~os) ; b.ev txet Kaf...6 cpw~ (fos) Kat ~e
13Mnw16 (vlepo) T11V e~o~o (ekso~o). EKd (ekij ~ev dvat 11 E~O~O~ e:(vat 11 doo~o~
(iso~os). b.e:v T11 J3Mne:t~ (vlepis);

5 . nou dvat aUTf) 11 o~6~17 (o~6s) . b.ev ~tpw (ksero). b.ev 111v ~epw. :=epet~ (kseris) auT6v
Tov ~P6~Ao; 'Oxt ~ev Tov ~epw . AuT6~ efvm 1Jov6~po~Jo~1a (mon6oromos). Eow dvm
~A6vo K68o~o~1 9 (ka8o~os) , 11 6vooo~2o (ano~os) €lvm OTov 6Mo ~P61-!o.
6. 'Exet J3Mnw (vlepo) 1-!EY6f...11 np6o<So21 (pr6o~o) . AuT6 TO nat~( oe:v EXEl KO!Jlcl (kamia)
np6ooo. H np6oo6c; Touc; (toes) e[vat!JtKpf) ytaT( (yati) ~ev npooexouv (prosexoon).
7. Twpa (t6ra) dvat~Ata avw!Ja'A11 (an6mali) nep(o~oc;22 (perio~os) . AuTf) TllV nep(o~o ~e:v
exoulle (exoome) cpw~. Kaee nep(o~o~ T11~ ~wf)~23 (zois) Tou avepwnou (an8r6poo}
EXEl TO npoJ3f...f)!JOT024 (provlimata) Tll<:;.
8. To 6volla2s (6noma) Tll~ o~ou (o<So6) e:lvm .... Ta cpwTa Tll~ e:to6oou ( iso~oo) . rf)!Jepa
(simera) o pu81J6~26 (ri9m6s) 111~ npo6~ou (pro6~oo) e:lvat Tep6ono~27 (terastios). To
xaoaK11lptOTtK62B (xaraktiristik6) Tll~ nept6oou (peri6ooo) aUTf)~ dvat 11 Tep60Tta
(terastia) np6o~o~ (pr6ooos).

Note: hereafter only the pronunciation of new or difficult words will be given.

At~1A6y10 lexil6yio
1. tp~o~oc;, -11, -o evi5omos, -i, -o = seventh, From t~i50IJO~ comes 11 cp~oJ.16~a evi5omai5a
(hebdomadal = weekly) = the week. The number 7 is em6 epta (heptagon). Em6 as an
adjective is not declined
2. o ~p6J.1oc; o i5r6mos (hippodrome, aerodrome) = 1. street , road 2. way
3. TO J.IUaA6 to mial6 (poliomyelitis) = the brain, mind
4. 11 6KPI1 i acri (acropolis, acrobat) = 1. outermost part, 2. end, 3. edge
5. =
o ~xoc; o fxos (echo, echogram) = sound. H T'IXW i iX6 echo
 51

Seventh lesson (l7)

1. The lights of the street are few (dim) . The power of man is his brain (mind). The end of
the world. The end of the street. The voice of his master.
2. The sound of her voice is not nice. The value and the significance of his opinion is
small. The health of the new (young), beautiful and polite lady is not good.
3. The exit of the school is there (= £K&i eki). The place of the book is downstairs. This is
not the number of her telephone.
4. Where are you? I am outside. We are all upstairs. Please where is the entrance? lt does
not have (there is no) good light and I don't see the exit. There it is not the exit it is the
entrance. Don't you see it?
5. Where is this street? I don't know. I don't know it. Do you know this street? No I don't
know it. This is one-way street. Here is only the descent. The ascent is in the other
street.
6. He has, I see, great progress. This child does not have no (any) progress. Their
progress is small because they pay no attention.
7. Now (= Twpa t6ra) it is an abnormal period. This period (of time) we don't have light.
Every period of the life of man has its problems.
8. The name of the street is.... The lights of the entrance. Today the rhythm (rate) of
progress is tremendous. The characteristic of this period is the tremendous progress.

6. wpafoc;, -a, -o oreos, a, o = nice, beautiful, lovely. H wpaia EAtv11 (I area Eleni) Beautifu l Helen
(of Tray)
7. 11 OI"JJ.IOafa i simasfa (semasiology, semantics) = significance, meaning
8. 11 uyda i iyfa (hygiene) = health
9. 11 t~ol5oc; i ekso~os (exodus) = exit
10. To axoAdo to sxolfo = school
11 . KaTw kato (cathode, cation) = down, downwards, lower
12. o api8JJ6<; o ari8m6s (arithmetic) = number
13. t~w ekso (exodus, exotic) = out, outside
14. navw or avw pano, ana (anode) = up, upstairs, upper
15. 11 daol5oc; i fso~os (episode) = entrance (elc; + oMc;)
16. pAtnw vlepo = I see
17. 11 ol56c; i oMs (exodus) = the street. H o~6c; is the ancient word for street which is used for the
names of the streets in the towns. The name of the street following the word ol56c;, O.dOI, is
always in the genitive case: Ol56c; Mty6Aou AAt~6vl5pou = street of Alexander the Great.
The more common word for street is another ancient word o l5p6JJO<; (N° 2). The word ol56c;
combines with prepositions and adverbs to form compound words many of which have enter-
ed into the English vocabulary (see No 19, 20, 22). H ol56c; and its combined words belong
to the rare feminine nouns ending in -oc; like the masculine nouns and are declined like them
(11 ol56c;, TTJ<; ol5ou, TI"JV ol56, etc) . The names of many Greek Islands are feminine and end in
-oc;: Tl Kunpoc; (i Kfpros = Cyprus), Tl P6l5oc;, 11 MuKovoc;, Tl naTJ.IO<;, 11 napoc; etc.
52

18. o ~ovolSpo~oc; o mon6i5romos = one way (~-tovo+~p6 ~-toc:: = alone+ street)

19. 11 Ka9o~oc; i kaeo~os (cathode)= descent (K6Tw (N° 11)+o~6c:;]
20. 11 avo~oc; i ano~os (anode) = ascent (avw (No 1 4)+o~6c:;]
21 . =
11 npoo~oc; 1 pr6o~os progress [npo (= before, in front of) +o~oc:;]
22. 11 n&plo~oc; i perlo~os = period (nep ( (= around) +o~oc:;]
23. rt ~w~ i zof (azoic, azote) = life
24. TO npoPArt~a, pi. Ta npoPA!l~aTa to pr6vlima, ta provllmata = problem(s)
25. TO ovo~a to 6noma (eponym, anonymous) = name
26. o pu9~6c; o ri8m6s = 1. rhythm, 2. rate
27. T&paunoc;, -a, -o terastios, -a, -o = tremendous, huge. From TO Ttpac; gen. Tou Tt paToc; to
teras, too teratos (teratology) = monster
28. xapaKTilplunKoc;, -rJ, -o xaraktlristik6s, -i, -o = characteristic

Dvoorative figure on a bronze krater (330 BC)

Archeological Museum , Thessaloniki
 53

~amK~ypa~~a_n_K_~______________________G__r._7~]
a. The verbs in modern Greek have two voices as in English, the active and the
passive. Verbs of the active voice, indicating that the subject they refer to acts, have in the
first person singular the ending -w (tx-w, cpwv6~-w, aKou-C~>).
The verbs of the passive voice represent the subject as receiving the action or as
acting upon itsert or on its own interest. The verbs of the passive voice have in the first
person singular the ending -1.101 preced ed by the vowels o (· OIJOI), I& (-I&IJOI), ou (-OUIJOI)
or a (-OIJOI).
The verbs in -OIJOI have the following endings:
-OIJOI (ome) = eyw cpavr6~-0IJOI, fantazome = I imagine
-&001 (ese) = eau cpavr6~-&001 1 fantazese = you imagine
-&Tal (ete) = aUT6~ , au-nl , aUT6 cpavr6~-&Taa, fantazete = he, she, it imagines
-61JOOT& (omaste) = e~-te(~ cpavra~-61JaOT&, fantaz6maste = we imagine
-&OT& (este) = eae(~ cpavr6~-&0T&, fantazeste = you imagine
-oVTal (onte) = aUTo(, aUTe~. aUTo, cpavr6~-oVTa1, fantazonte = they imagine
The verbs in -I&IJOI have the same endings proceeded by the ac;,Ta (i) = atoa1, 1fTa1
etc. Example the verb nouA-IftJOI (poo 1eme = be sold):
nouA.-IftJal, nouA.-atoa1, nouA.-atTa1 (The ancient and K form of the third person
singular nwA&iTal, n!lAEITAI polite (= is sold) is used in all signs)
Tl0UA-161JOOT&, TlOUA-tfOT&, TlOUA-IOUVTOI (here the ·OVTOI becomes ·OUVTOI)
The verbs in -OUIJOI have the following edings ·OUIJOI, -&ioa1, -&iTaa, - OUIJOOT&, -
&iOT&, · OUVTOI.
The endings of the verbs in -atJ& (-ame) have an aAcpa (a) in place of flii•Aov {&) and
in the 3rd person plural an -ou (oo) in place of 61.11Kpov (o):
cpo~-OIJOI (fovame = I am afraid) cpoi3-61JOOT&,
cpo~-aoat, cpo~-aor&,
cpo~-OTOI, cpoi3·0UVTOI.
b. Some verbs have both voices f.i. ypacp-w (yrafo = I write) and ypacp-OIJOI (yrafome =
I am written). The passive voice of these verbs is commonly used in the third person
(singular or plural):
ne;,~ ypacpna• auT~ 11 At~11; p6s yrafete afti llexi = ·how is written this word?
nw~ AtyoVTat auTo Ta na1~16 ; p6s leyonte afta ta pe6ya = how are they called
these children?
Note that in certain verbs the second person plural of the active voice and the third
person singular of the passive voice are phonetically the same. Tl ypacp&Te; (f yrafete =
what are you Writing?) nw~ ypacpETOI; (pes yrafe e = how is written?)
In dictionaries and glossaries the verbs are given in the form of the first person
singular: ypacpw, cpaVTa~OIJOI.

J
54

'Oy~oo (6y~oo) ~a911JJO

1

1. <t>avr6~o1Jm2 (fantazome) 6Tt (= that) ~epet~ Tou~ Ktv5uvou~3 (kin5fnoos). Tou~ ~epw
KaAQ aM6 5ev <poJ301JOt4 (fovame). !:J.e <pOVTO~eOOl Tl 1Jey6Ar) t6ea nou exet y1a TOV
eaut65 (eaft6) Tou. !:J.ev <pa(veTm6 (fenete) aM6 e(vm noA.u emK(v5uvo~3 (epikin5inos).
Ot K(v6uv0l e(vm <pavraOTtKo(7 (fantastikQ.
2. rpa<pw8 noMa yp61JIJOTa9 K68e e(3C5o1J65a 10 (evCSoma5a). Tt 111~ yp6<pet~; Tt ypa<pet
mliJepa 11 e<pi11Jep(5a (efimeriCSa). /.le ypa<pel Kaveva veo. nw~ yp6<peTQl QUTf) 11 M~l1 ;
3 . !:J.ev mo86VOIJOl11 (eseanome) KaAQ. K6TL exw. Tt exet~ ; !:J.ev mo86veoat (eseanese)
KaA6; 'Oxt e(IJm evr6~et 1 2 (entaxi). AuT6~ 5ev mo86veTat Tfnon:. Efvm eva~
ava(o811TO~ 13 (anes8itos) 6v8pwno~.
4. AnayopeueTm 14 (apayorevete) 11 efoo5o~ (iso5os). napaKC1Aw 5ev emTpeneTm 15
(epitrepete) To K6nvto1Ja 16.Mou emTpeneTe (epitrepete~b 'Oxt 5ev emTpenw oe Kaveva.
AnayopeueTm aUO'TTlPW~ 17 (afstir6s) 11 OT681Jeuon (sta8mefsi). Anayopeuovrm
(apayorevonte) Ta ~wal 9 (z6a) e5w.
5. !:J.e <pa(veTQl va ~epet T(noTe. Mou <pa(veTQl OTL TQ xepta (Xerya) O'OU elVQl A.lyo Kpua20
(kria). Mou <pa(veTQl OTl e(om ~eOT6~ 21 (zest6s} LOW~ (isos) exel~ nupeT622 . Nm
I

~eOTafvo1Jm23 (zestenome) noA.u.

6. Mf)nw~ nouA.6Te 24 (poolate) TO 6ta1J€pto1J625 (6iamerisma) oa~; 'Oxt, o 'aut6 TO

5ta1JeptOIJa KaTOtKw26 (katik6) Km 5ev To nouA.w (poolo). E5w OIJW~ (6mos) ypa<pet
n n/\EITAI (polfte). !:J.ev ~epw Tl ypa<pet eKe(, ~epw OTl 6ev nOUAlETQl (pooliete).
7. =epet~, (e}VOLKLQ~W 27 [(e)nikiazo) TO an(Tt28 IJOU. napaKaAW IJTIOpetTe VQ IJOU ne(Te eav
(e)VOlKlO~eTOL [(e)nikiazete) QUTO TO an(Tt; /\unOUIJOl29 (lipo6me) aAAQ 5ev ~epw eav
{e)votKLO~eTat. E5w J3Mnw eva ENOIKIAZETAI.

8. /\unou1Jat29 nou oa~ TO Mw aM6 autf) e(vat 11 aA.f)8eta30 (ali8ia). <l>oJ3ou1Jat 6Tt 5e Met
TI1V aAf)8eta. Ml1 <poJ36om oev ~epel T(noTe. !:J.ev <poJ3ouvrm (fovo6nte) Kaveva.

A&~1A6y1o
1. 6y~ooc;, -I"J, -o 6yC5ooc; -i, · O = eighth. The number 8 is oKTw oct6 (octopus, October). OKTw as
an adjective is not declined.
2. cpaVTa~OJ.IOI fantazome (fantasy, fantastic) = imagine suppose
3. o Kfv~uvoc; o klnCSinos = danger. EmK(vCSuvoc; · 1'), -o epiklnCSinos, -i, -o = dangerous
4. cpoJ36 JJal fovame and cpopo uJJOI fovo6me = be afraid, fear, (from q>6j3oc; = fear (la. V7)
5. o &aur 6c; (J.IOU) o eaft6s (moo) = =
myself. From the adjective auT6c;, -1'), -o (automatic) self. 0
eaUT6c; is always accompanied by IJOU, c10u, TOU, Tr)c;, etc.
6. q>afvoJ,~al fenome (phenomenon) = look, seem
7. cpaVTaanK6c;, -1\, -6 fantastik6s, -i, -o (fantastic) = imaginary, unreal
8. ypacpw yrafo (graphology, autograph) = write
9. ra ypOJ.IJ.Iara ta yramata (grammatical) = the letters. The plural of YPOIJIJO (~. V2)
10. 11 &P~OJ.IO~a i evCSomaCSa = week. See ej3C5o1Joc; (L7,V1)
 55

Eighth lesson (La)

1. I imagine that (= OTI) you know the dangers. I know them but (= aM6) I am not afraid.
You don't (can't) imagine what (a) great idea he has for (about) himself. He does not
look (it) but he is very dangerous. The dangers are imaginary.
2. I write many letters every week. What do you write to her? What does it write today the
newspaper? lt does not write no (any) news. How{= nwc;) is written this word?
3. I don't feel well. Something {= KOTl) I have. What have you? Don't you feel well? No, I
am al l right. He does not feel nothing (anything). He is an insensitive (without feelings)
man.
4. The entrance is forbidden. Please, is not allowed the smoking (the order of the words
could also be = rrapaKaAdJ ro K6rrvtaJ.Ia ~ev emrptrrerat). Do you allow me? (Note that
emrptrrerat and emrptrrere are phonetically the same). No, I don't allow no one
(anyone). lt is forbidden strictly the parking . Are forbidden the animals here (As the
Greek language presents a high degree of flexibility in the word order the phrase could
=
also be Ta t;wa arrayopeuovrat eow r1 e&lJ arrayopetJovrat ra t;wo. Note also that in
Greek the definite article o, 1], ro is used more often than in English).
5. He does not seem to know nothing (anything) . lt seems to me that your hands are a
little cold. You seem to me that you are warm, perhaps {=(owe;) you have fever. Yes, I
feel very warm.
6. Is there a possibility that {= 1-1~nwc;) you sell your flat? No, in this flat I live and I don 't
sell it. Here, however, {= 61Jwc;) it writes (it is written) IS SOLD (to be sold). (n wM:ITat is
the 3rd person of the ancient verb nwA.w-nwA.oUIJOl which in modern Greek has become
nouA.w- nouA.tEIJOL See Gr. 7 and NO 24) ). I don't know what it writes there, I know that
it is not sold.
7. You know, I let my house. Please can you tell me if this house is to let. Here I see a
(sign) TO LET.
8. I am sorry that I say it to you but this is the truth. I am afraid that he does not say the
truth. Don't be afraid he does not know nothing (anything) . They are not afraid of
nobody (anybody) .

11. aJo86vo1JOI eseanome = feel, sense (see ava(o9T)TOC: N13)

12. tVT6~t• entaxi = everything in order, OK, all right [the ancient preposition tv = in and the
word T6~11 (syntax) = order in the dative case]
13. avafo81'JTO<; anes9itos (anaesthetic) = insensitive. The negative prefix a- (av- before a vowel)
turns the adjective OI0811T6c;, es9it6s = perceptible, sensitive to avafo61'JTO<;
14. anayoptuw apayorevo = forbid , anayoptUOIJOI apayorevome = be forbidden, anayoptutTal
apayorevete = is forbidden
15. tmTptnw epitrepo = allow, permit, tmTptnOIJOI epitrepome = be allowed, 6tv tmTptntTOI =
is not allowed
56

16. TO K6nvloJ.IO to kapnisma (acapnia = reduction of carbon dioxide in the blood, capnomancy =
divination by smoke) = smoking
17. OUOTl'IPW<; afstirOs = strictly, severely. The adverb of au011'1p6c;, -11, -o afstir6s, -i, -o (austere)
= severe, strict. The adverb has preserved the ancient ending -we;. The adverb OUaTilPW<;
and the masculine form of the adjective OUO'TI'lp6c; are phonetically identical.
18. 11 m68J.1tuar, 1sta8mefs1 = stopping, parking
19. TO l;wo, Ta l;wa to zOo, ta z6a. (zoological) = animal(s)
20. Kpuoc;, -a, -o krlos, a, o (cryoSurgery, cryogen) = cold. The noun is TO Kpuo , to krlo = the
cold (K6vet Kpuo = it makes (it is) cold)
21 . l;tm6c;, - 11, -o zest6s, i, o = warm, hot. H z;t m11 i zesti = warmth (K6vet ~tOTll = it makes (it
is) hot),
2 2. o nuptT6c; o piret6s (pyretic, pyrexia) = fever, it comes from the word TO nup p1r (pyromania)
= fire
23. l;tmafvw zesteno = warm, l;t malvOJ.IOI zestenome = feel warm (hot)
24. = =
n ouAw pool6 (mono poly) sell, nouAit JJal poolieme be sold The ancient verb is nwAw polo
- nwAOUJ.IOI polo6me. The third person singular nwAtiTal nnAEITAI polite, is used in signs
and advertisements when something is for sale.
25. TO ~IOJJtploJ.IO to ~iamerisma (polymerism) = flat, apartment
26. KOTOIKW katikO = 1. inhabit, dwell 2. live
27. (t )VOIK16l;w, (e)n1k1azo = rent, let, hire.EvoiK16l;tTOI ENOIKIAZETAI enikiazete = is rent (to be
rent), to let. Both KOTOIKW (KaT6 (= downward) + OIKW = dwell in Ancient) and tVOIKHil;w (ev
(=in) + OIKfa) come from the word 11 OIKia i ikla (ecology, economy) = house.
28. TO anln to spiti = house. A word borrowed from the Latin hospitium (hospice)
29. AunOUJ.IOI hpo6me and Aun6 JJOI lipame = be sorry. From 11 Aun11, i llpi = the sorrow
30. 11 aM8tla 1alf81a = truth

When Socrates was asked how could one live his life without sorrow he replied:

"Tou'to 1 a~uvatov 2 , ous yap 4 EO'ti 5 n6A.t.v6i} OlKiav 7 oiKouvta 8 Katav9p<alnou;9

o pllouvta 10 pq~enon1 1 Aune:\oaa..12"

This (is) impossible, because it is not (possible) for him who lives in a city or a house and for him
who associates with peop/6 never to feel sorrow.

1. ToUioc;, -11. -o, = this. Seep. 94c, 2. aMvaTov = see '-4. Vs, 3. ou = not (L2 , Vs), 4. yap =
because, 5. eaT( = the ancient dvat, 6. n6Atv = the accusative of n6Atc; (acropolis) = the city,
7. otKta(v) = see No 27, 8. OIKOUVTO iko6nda = him who lives. The accusative of the
participle of otKW (No 27), 9. av8p<.i>n01<:; =
to men. The dative plural of o 6v8pwnoc; (L1, V6),
10. OIJlAOuVTa omllo6nda = him who contacts, associates with. The accusative of the
participle of 01-ilAW omll6. (0)1-ilAW in modern Greek means talk, speak. See next lesson No 6,
=
11. 1111~enoTe never, 12. Aune(o8at = be sorrow. The ancient infinitive of Aunou1-10l (No 29).
 57

Gr. si
a. The vocative case of the nouns and adjectives is used when one addresses
someone directly and is identical with the accusative with the exception of the masculine
nouns and adjectives ending in -oc; in which case it has the ending ·£ :
Kup1t, cpiAt pou, 9t& pou (my God).
b. The verbs in the active voice all have the ending -w in the first person singular and
are divided into two categories: Those which have the accent on the second syllable from
the end like &xw, cpwva~w and which have the same endings as &xw, and those that are
stressed on the last syllable, that is on -w.
Many verbs stressed on -w have the same endings as the verb &xw except for the
second person plural in which they have the ending -tiT£ (instead of -£T£). Examples:
pnopw, pnopdTt , TrJAt cpwvw, TrJAtcpwvdT£, auvxwpw (sinxor6 = I forgive) a uvxwpdTt
0Jt auvxwpd Tt = excuse me). The majority, however, of the verbs stressed on -w have
the endings:
eyw ...-w e1Je(c; ...-apt(or -oupt)
ecru ... -ac; ecre(c; ...·OT£
aUT6~ - avn1- aUT6 ...-a or -at• aUTo(- aUTtc;- aUT6 ... -ouv or -av(t)
A number of commonly used verbs ending in -w form their personal endings by
fusing the last letter of their stem with the first letter of the ending. Thus the verbs piAa-
w (milao = speak, talk), ayana-w (ayapao = love) stand more often as p1Aw (mil6) and
ayanw (ayap6} in the first person singular. In the second person singular or plural,
however, they stand only in the contracted form: p1A-ac;: 1,11A-6T£ (instead of 1JtA6-etc;,
1JtA6-aTe):
eyw p•A-w (or 1-1V..6-w) e1-1d~ p•A-apt (or 1JV..-ou1Je)
ecru p1A-ac; ecre{~ J.IIA·OT£
OUT6~ J.IIA-6 (or 1JtA-6et} OUTO( J,~IA-OUV (or 1JtA-6v(e)
Ovnl » OUTe~ »
OUT6 » OUT6 »
c. The comparison of adjectives in Greek is made either by the use of the word m6 (pi6
= more) or by adding the ending ·Ttpoc;, (-Ttpl'l, -Ttpo for feminine and neuter adjectives)
which is the ancient and K form of comparative. Examples:
mo J.11Kp6c; or J.11Kp6Ttpoc;, mo Alyoc; or Aly6Tt poc;, avwTtpoc; (= higher. From avw
= up, upper). Sometimes the adverb ntplaa6Ttpo (peris6tero = more) is used, n t plaa6-
Ttpo ~uvaT6c; an6 6Aouc; = more strong than all.
The adjectives pty6Aoc; and KaA6c; change the final -o to -u: ptyaAuTtpoc;,
KaAuTtpoc;.
The superlative is made either by adding the definite article o, 11, To to the comparati-
ve form or less often by adding the ancient ending -TaToc;: TO KaAuTtpo P•PAio (the best
book) , 0 ptyaAuTtpoc; Kiv~uvoc; [the biggest (greatest) danger], OVWTOTO<; (highest).
58

'EvaTo 1 (enato) JJaernJa.

1. ee:t2 (See) IJOU Tl e:fvm aUT6; /lev e:(vm T(noTe: 11'1 q>oJ36om. Kupte: (kirie) aUT6 nou
KQVETE e:(vm e:mK(V~UVO. 11ev KQVW TinOTE. Lac; euxaplOTW (efxarist6) KUple:.
2. Mnope:iTe: va Mn: 6n Tov ayan6Te:3 aM6 ~e:v oac; mOTe:ue:t4 (pistevi). Eivm o
KaA.l!re:poc; q>CAoc; IJOU. H mo ayanrrnis q>CA'l IJOU e:(om e:ou.
3. nwc; 1.nA.6c;6 eTm OT'l IJ'lTepa oou; LE pwTw7 (rot6) ytaT( ~e:v anaVT6c;s; LOU IJLA.w yLaTi
~e:v IJE npooexe:tc; (prosexis). 11t6TL (~i6ti) txw To vou9 (no6) IJOU aMou (allo6). 11e:v
t xw KaiJ(a ~t68e:0'1 1 o (~ia8esi) yLa ou~t11110'1 11 (sizitisi).
4. nou nac;12; n ou n6Te: OAOl IJO~(; n61JE OTO 8eaTpo13. na(~e:t14 (pezi) TO KaALrre:po
t pyo1s. Tt ~'1T6Te:16 e:oe:(c; e:~w ; M'l ~'1T6c; np6y1JaTa nou ~e:v yivoVTm17 (yfnonde).
K6ve: IJ(a a(1110'1 16 (etisi) yt'aUT6 (y'aft6) nou 8eA.Etc;.
5. rtaT( ~e:v IJE XOlPET6c; 18(Xeretas); Me: ouyxwpe:(c;19 (sinxoris), ~w20 IJEOQ OTLc; OKelJje:tc;21
(skepsis) IJOU. <l>oJ3ou1Jal 6Tt ~e:v e:KTLIJ6c;22 (ectimas) aUTo nou oou Mw. K6ve:tc;
A.68oc;23 Ta EKTLIJWne:ptoo6Te:po (peris6tero) an6 6n V01Ji~e:tc;24.
6. =:tpw 6Tt IJETp6c;25 n6VToTe: Ta A.6yta oou. 11e:v Ae:c; TfnoTe: ne:ptoo6Te:po an6 OTL
npene:t26. Me: ouyxwpe:(Te: (sinxorite) aM6 vo~Ji~w 6Tt npene:t va npooexe:Te: mo noA.u
OTQV IJLAOTE.
7. nwc; oe: Mve:; To OVOIJO IJOU e:ivm nwpyoc; (y6ryos). Km TO ~lK627 oou; Eyw
OVOIJO~OIJQl28 (onomazome) EMV'l. nwc; 111 Mve: QUTtllTl M~'l OTQ EMT1VtK6 (elimka);
a. Mt.A6c; EMllvtK6; :=:epw A.(ye:c; M~e:tc;. Eyw ~epw A.ty6n~pe:c; AyyA.LKec; (anglikes) ¥~e:tc;.
11e:v IJLAW KaA.6 AyyA.tK6. E(vm XPtlOl1Jo29 (xrisimo) auT6 TO Ae:~tK630; Tt 1Je8o~o31
(me8o~o) XP'10liJOnOLe:(Te:32(Xrisimopiite); Aul'tl e:(vm '1 mo KaNl 1JE8o~oc;. 11e:v
OUIJq>WVW, '1 ~lKf) IJOU ELVQl '1 KaALrrEP'l·
9. LE napaKaAW OTQV O~'lye:(c;33 (o~iyis) va npooexe:tc; OTOV ~POIJO. Na exe:tc; n6VTOTE TO
vou oou OTa 6Ma aUToKivnTa34 (aftokinita).

A£~1A6y10
1. tvaToc;, -11, -o enatos, -i, -o = ninth. The number 9 is tvvta enea. Evvta as an adjective is not
declined
2. o 8t6c; o 8e6s (apotheosis, theological) = God
3. ayanw ayap6 = love
4. mar&ow p1stevo = believe (Note that tu before a vowel is pronounced ev)
5. ayan11T6c;, -r\, -6 ayapit6s, 1, o = dear, beloved. From '1 ay6n11 (ayapi) = love
6. (o).,a1Aw (o)m1l6 = speak, talk. The o is usually omitted.
7. (t)pwTw (e)rot6 = ask. The t is usually omitted.
8. anaVTw apand6 = answer
9. o vouc;, TO vou, TOU vou o noos,(oo as in moon) to noo, too noo (paranoic, noology) =
1. mind, 2. intellect, 3. wit, ('Exw TO vou IJOU = I am alert, I take care (lit. I have my mind)
10. 11l5•68tal1 i 5ia8esi (diathesis) = 1. mood, 2. disposition, 3. disposal.
11. '1 au~r\TI'lOI"J i sizltisi = discussion. From au~I"'TW (ouv+~T]TW = together I ask) = discuss
12. n6w r\ "l'lvafvw pao or piyeno = go. An irregular verb
13. TO 8taTpO to 8eatro = theatre
 59

Ninth lesson (L9)

1. My god what is this? lt is not (it is) nothing.(= rinor& tipote) don't be afraid. Sir this that
you do (what you are doing) is dangerous. I do not do (am not doing) nothing (anything).
I thank you sir.
2. You can say that you love him but he does not believe you. He is my better (best)
friend. The more dear (dearest) (female) friend, of me is you.
3. How do you speak like this (= tro1 = like this, so, thus, in this way) to your mother? I
ask (I am asking) you, why don't you answer? I speak (I am speaking) to you, why don't
you pay attention to me? Because (= ~16r1 6i6ti) have my mind elsewhere (= a.M.ou,
alo6). I don't have (I have) none (no) mood for discussion.
4. Where do you go (are you going)? Where do you go all (of you) together? We go to the
theatre. lt plays the better (best) work (play). What are you looking for ( are you doing)
you here? Don't demand things that are not (cannot be) done. Make an application for
that (the a of ylO is dropped before a consonan~ that you want.
5. Why don't you greet me? Forgive me I live in my thoughts. I am afraid that you don't esteem
these (words, things) that I say to you. You make a mistake (you are mistaken) I esteem
them more(= n&ploo6r&po, peris6tero is an adverb meaning more) than what you think.
6. I know that you measure always (= navror &) your sayings (words). You don't say
nothing (anything) more than what it should (be said). Excuse me but I think that it is
proper to be (you should) much more careful when you speak.
7. How do they call you? (Atv& is the third person plural of the irregular verb Atw or Atyw =
say, tell Ls. V18) and has here the meaning ofthey call, they name). My name is rtwpyo~
(y6ryos). And yours? I am named EMvn (eleni). How do they say this word in Greek?
8. Do you speak Greek?(When it refers to a language the adj ective EMI')VJK6c; (Greek)
AyyAJK6c; (English), re:piJOVlKO~ (German) etc is used in the neuter plural (Ta) EMI')VJK6,
AyyAJKa , f&ppaviK6. lt comes from ra EMI')VJK6 yp61Jpara, the Greek letters (ra
ypappara is the plural of TO yp6ppa L5 , V2). I know a few words. I know fewer English
words. I don't speak good English. Is this dictionary useful? What method do you use?
This is the more good {the better) method. I do not agree, mine is better.
9. I beg you when you drive to be careful in the street (road). To have always your mind
on the other cars.

14. nar~w pezo = play

15. TO tpyo to eryo = the work, here the play or film. See Ls, v 26·
16. ~r'JTW zit6 = 1. demand, 2. seek, 2. look for, 4. ask for. The ancient verb is ami> (et6) from which
comes the word aiTr'JOr'J (etisi) = request, application.
17. ylvo!JOI yinome (genesis, genetic) = 1. become, 2. take place (I give birth to is: yeww and I
am born is: y£vv•tiJOI yenieme). The expression n ylveraJ; means what is going on? What is
to be done?
18. xalp£Tw xeret6 = 1. greet, 2. salute
19. ouyxwpw sinxor6 = forgive (cruv+xwpw). Remember that YX is pronounced nx.
=
20. ~w zo = live. From ~w comes 11 ~w~ zof life (Y,, V23) and TO ~wo z6o = the animal (L7 , v23)
21. r'J aKi ljJr'J i skepsi (skeptical) = thought
60

22. &KTIJJC~ ektim6 = 1. esteem, 2. estimate, 3. appreciate. From £K+Tt1JW (Timothy, Tt1J68eoc; =
respecting God) = honour. respect, value, the noun is 11 niJ~ = 1. honour. 2. value, 3. price.
23. TO A69o<; to la8os = 1. mistake, 2. error. A neuter word ending in -o<;
24. voJ.Ji~w nomlzo = think. From VOIJ(~w comes the word TO v6JJIOJ.Ia, to n6misma
(numismatic) = 1. coin, 2. currency
25. IJ&TPW metr6 (metric) = count. From TO J.!tTpo metro = meter
26. nptn&l prepi = it should, it must, it is proper, lt is necessary. A very common impersonal verb
27. ~IK6<; , -~, -6 J.IOU o oik6s, -1, -6, moo = mine (always with IJOU, aou, Tou etc)
28. OVOJ.IO~OJ.IOI onomazome = be named, be called. From TO 6vo1Ja =the name (L7, V2s)
29. XP~OIJ.IO<;, -11, -o xrlssimos, -i, -o = useful
30. TO A&~JK6 to lexik6 (lexicon) = dictionary
31. 11 J,~t9o~o<; i me8ooos = method. See the word o~6<; L7 V17
32. XPI'lOIIJOnou~ xrisimopi6 = use (s.p . XP'1011JOnO(f100 = xrisimopfissa), <XP'1at1JO+notw = make
useful) nouiJ pi6 is the ancient K6vw (=make, create). A common inscription on ancient vases
is the name of the artist and the word EnOIHIE = he made. From no1w comes also the
word 0 nourmc; 0 piitis (poet) = poet, creator, and l1 nor.,a.,, I piisi = poetry. The verb noaw
and the endings -no1o<; -pios (=maker, creator) and -noedo(v) -piio(n) (= place or shop of
creation) are often used in combined words= ev&pyonouiJ, eneryop16 (evtpy&aa energy+n01w)
= activate, 118ono16<;, i8opi6s (fl8oc; ethics = moral conduct+not6c;) = actor
33. o~l'lYW ooiy6 = 1. guide, 2. conduct (drive a car), 3. lead the way. From oo6c;+6yw
(synagogue) = bring, lead.
34. TO aUToKiVI'lTO to aftokinito = automobile, car. From aUT6 (autograph, automatic) = self, one's
=
own, by one's self+KtVl1T6 (kinetic) moving (lit. self-moving).

"lluneu0I eu; evav 9e6v ll , llcnt pa4 llavtoKp61:opa 5

' 2 <•

fi01.1}'tljv 6 oupavou 7Ka( yij«; 8, opm(;)v 9 ulO Dclvt0V 11Ka1. aopat0vl2"

1. See No 4, 2. etc; = in, 3. See No 2, 4. See '-6. v3 . 5. navroKp6Topa pantokratora =

universal ruler, pantocrator (n6vra ('-6, V11 ) + Kp6Topa (democrat, aristocrat) holder, =
governor, 6. creator. See No 32, 7. See La. V11 , 8. Yll yl (geography, apogee) = earth, land,
9. opOT6c;, -fl, -6 = visible, 10. T£ = and (a postpositive conjunctional particle of ancient
Greek), 11 . n6vrwv =the genitive plural ofTa n6vra ('-6, V11 ). 12. a6pOTo<;. -f1, -o =
invisible
(a + opOT6c;) (... notf1Tflv oupavou Kat Y'1c; opaTwv T£ n6vrwv Kat aopciTwv =
creator of the
sky and the earth and of everything visible and invisible).

"K6apov 1 1:6v&2 ouull dc;4 9ec.)v 5 ouull av8per)n0v6 'eno(qoe 7,

all' 8 ~Vg ae(IO Ka( eanv11Ka( tO'ta1. 1t nuplll ae~(a)OV 14 ".
Hp6AA&tTOC: (535- 475 BC)
Heraclitus
This world, neither someone of the gods nor of men created, but was (existed) always and Is
and will be, fire everllvlng.

1. K6cr1JOV = 4, V2, 2. T6voe (Anc.) = aUT6v Gr 1e and p. 94d (oe =a particle emphasizing the
demonstrative pronoun), 3. ol!Te = ~. V4 , 4. 8ewv =gen. pi. of No 2, 6. av8pwnwv =gen. pi. of
l1, V6, 7. eno(11ae = No 32, 8. aJ...A' = aJ...A6 = but, 9.,11 ., 12. flv, tanv, eOTat =the 3rd pers. sing. of
=
imperfect, pres. and fut. of et!J( (Anc. = e(IJOl) = was, is, will be, 10. ael (Anc.) always, for ever,
13. nup = fire. See La. V22, 14. ae(~woc;, -11. -o (Anc.) = everliving, eternal (ae( + ~wfl No 20).
 61

Gr. 9J
a. The verbs in Greek have three tenses the present the past and the future which refer
to the different points in time in which the action denoted by the verb was accomplished.
In the present tense the verb denotes something that is being done now, at the
present time or habitually: ypacpw tva ypa~~a (I write or I am writing a letter). In Greek
there is no distinction between present simple and present continuous as in English.
However, an analogous distinction exists for the past and future tenses.
Another form of present tense is the perfect tense which denotes that the action took
place in the past and is now completed or finished. We will meet this form later.
b. The past and future tenses in Greek each have two forms. One form denotes that
the action is, or is perceived as, continuing, or progressive, or duratlve, or repeated.
The second form denotes that an action is, or is perceived as, complete. Using this form
the speaker is viewing the action (or series of actions) as a single, neither progressive nor
habitual, completed whole.
This distinction is an important feature of Greek verbs and is reflected in the
existence of a different stem of the verb for each occasion:
The stem of the first person singular of the present tense (ypacp-w) is used for the
continuous or repeated form of the past or future tense.
When the verb in these tenses denotes that the action involved is or will be complete
there is a change in the final letter or letters of the stem. There are certain patterns in the
way these changes take place but there are also many irregular verbs. The main features
are the change of final letters:
n, J3, cp, cp-r, m , eu and au to q,,
K, y, x to ~'
T, 8, V tO 0 .
The characteristic final letters, therefore, of this stem are the o (o(yiJa) the ~ {~t) and
the q, (4Jt} .
In the formation of the past tenses two more changes take place:
First, the stress moves to the third syllable from the end. The movement of the
stress is an important feature indicating that the action took place in the past.
Second, when the verb has two syllables and begins with a consonant it becomes
trisyllable by adding an &- (elJ.IlA.ov) which is stressed at the beginning of the stem. The &-
is dropped in the plural if the verb with its ending has become trisyllable.
In both forms of the past the endings of the verbs are -a, -&c;, -&, -a~&, -aT&, av(t).
The verb ypacpw in the continuous form becomes:
typacp-a (I was writing), typacp-tc;, typacp-&,
ypacp-a~& (without the additional & because it is trisyllable), ypacp-aT&, typacp-av or
ypacp-av&
Its stem becomes ypaq,- when the action it denotes was completed: typacp-a 6AJ1
TJ1V J11J€pa (I was writing all day), but typaq,-a tva yp61JIJO (I wrote a letter).
62

Gr. 91
-w
c. The verbs stressed on the last syllable have the same endings in the past tense
but these verbs take between the stem and the ending an -oua- in the continuous form
called the imperfect tense and an -r)o- or -aa-, -£a-, -ua-, -r)~-, -a~-, in the complete form
called the aoristor simple pasttense.
These verbs move their stress to the second syllable from the end in the continuous
form and to the third syllable in the complete form:
Tr)A£q>wv-w, napaKaA-w
Tr)A£q>wv-ouoa (I was telephoning) napaKaA-ouoa
Tr)A£q>wv-r)oa (I telephoned) napaKaA-£oa

Remember, therefore, that the past tenses are characterized (a) by a shift of the
stress to the third (or the second) syllable from the end and (b) by the addition of a
stressed £ when the verbs are disyllable and begin with a consonant.
Remember also that the final endings are the same In both forms but in the verbs
stressed on the second syllable from the end there is a change of the final letter(s) of
the stem to a, ~ or "' in the complete form (the aorlst) whereas in the verbs stressed on
the last syllable -w there is an -ouo- in the continuous form (imperfect) and an -r)o- (or
Its variant) in the complete form (aorist) between the stem and the final endings. The
second stem with which the other tenses are formed is that of the aorist in both categories
of verbs: e-ypa"'·a, Tr)A£q>WVI')O-a.

d. The formation of the future tense is simple. By adding the word ea to the present
tense the continuous form is formed : ea ypaq>w, (I shall write, repeatedly, often etc), ea
Tr)A£q>wvw (I shall telephone every day, etc). By adding ea to the second stem ypaq.J-,
Tr)A£q>wvr)o- and using the endings of the present tense we have the complete form: ea
ypa"'w (I shall write), ea Tr)A£q>wv~ow .

e. The verbs £1~a1 and txw have only one form of past and future tense. The past is
~~ouv(a) , ~oouv(a) , ~Tav(£) , ~~aar£, r1oaar£, ~Tav(£) and £1xa, £1x£c;, £ix£, £1xa~£,
£1xaT£, £ixav(£). The future is formed with ea and the present tense: ea £1~a1, ea txw etc.

The use of two stems of a verb to form the past and future tenses, which is a basic
feature of the Greek language, is a common source of mistakes for an English - speaker
learning Greek as English does not normally distinguish these two forms.
The continuing form of the verb yp6.cpw in the past tense typacp-a can be translated
= I was writing or I used to write and the complete form typalJJ-a = I wrote. But in the
future tense the form ea yp6.q>-w denoting that the action of writing will be repeated (every
day, often, always etc.) and the form ea yp6.q.J-w meaning that the action of writing will be
completed are both translated in English = I shall write.
 63

j Baon«l ypappanK~ Gr. 9j

.IuvonTIK6 nlva Ka
Present Pas t Fut ure
Contin uous Complete Continuous Complete
Ef~OI TliJOUV(a) ea €l1Jal
f)oouv(a) ea e(om
f)Tav(e) ea e(Val
fJIJaOTe (flllaOTaV) ea e(~-taOTe
f)oaOTe (f)oaOTav) ea efOTe (e(oaOTe)
f)Tav(e) ea e(vm

t xw e(xa
I
eaexw
etxe<:: ea exeu::
e(xe ea exet
erxa~-te ea exo~-te
e(xOTe ea exeTe
elxav(e) ea exouv(e)

Verbs stressed on the second syllable from the end

ypacp-w t -ypacp-a t -ypalJI-a ea yp6cp-w ea yp6lJI-w
t -ypacp-t c; t -ypalJI-tc; ea yp6cp-t •c; ea yp6lJI-t•c;
t -ypacp-& t -ypalJI-t ea yp6cp-t• ea yp6lJI·&I
yp6cp-aJJ& yp61J1-a~& ea yp6cp-o~& ea yp611J-o~&
yp6cp-an yp61J1-aT£ ea yp6cp-£T£ ea yp6lJI-t T£
t -ypacp-av t -ypaliJ-av ea yp6cp-ouv ea yp611J-ouv
or or
yp6cp-av£ yp6lJI-OV£

vo~i~-w v6~-tt~-a V61Jl0•0 ea VOIJl~-(a) ea VOIJ(O-W

n poat x-w np6oex-a np6oe~-a ea npooex-w ea npoot~-w
naf~-w t-nm~-a t-nm~-a ea na(~-w ea n6(~-w
m anu-w n(OTeu-a n (meiiJ-a ea mmeu-w ea mOTeliJ-W

Verbs stressed on the last syllable (-w}

l.lnOp-W 1.1n0p-ouaa 1..1n6peo-a ea J.lnOp-W ea ~-tnopta-w

T11A£cpwv-w 1TJAecpwv-ouaa 1TJAeq>WV110-a ea 1TJAecpwv-w ea 1TJMcpwv~a-w
CO~W------~~D~ ~~O=u~
a~a______~(~fum
~o~-0
=-----~e~
a~~T~-~W~----~e=
a~T~O~·= W~--~
64

11&KOTO 1 (~ekato) 1Jcl91"UJO

1. Xee:c;2 eypa~a (eyrapsa) Tp(a ypa~~aTa . 'OA.o TO npw(3 eypa<pa. npoxeec;4 CJOU
TilAE<pwvrwa aM6 6e:v noouv O"TO on(Tl. TnA.Ecpwvouoa j.t(a wpa5. 'Hj.tOUV aM6 5e:v
6.Kouoa 5t6TL6Kouya ~ouCJLKfls.
2. navtoTe: n[CJTe:ua (pisteva) 6TLe(crm evac; KaA.6c; cplA..oc;. t:.ev n(CJTe:~a (pistepsa) non~ 6TL
eA.Eyav Ol OAAOL. t:.ev mCJTeuaTe (pistevate) n6.VTOTE: OTL nLCJTE:UE:Te (pistevete) Twpa.
n(CJTe~ec; auT6V TOV avepwno; E(vOL ouvaT6v;
3. TL wpa yup(~etc;7 {yirizis) CJTO on(TL; Xeec; yuptoa TIOAU apyas. rupt~a an6 TO eva
ypa<pe:lo9 CJTO OAAO Kal 6pyncra8. !:::.ev apyw, epxo~-tat 10 (erxome) aj.teowc; 11. Kave
ypf1yopa12 oe napaKaA.w, apyncra~-te (aryissame).
4. !:::.ouA.Euw13 (oool€wo) Kaee ~-tepa nollic; wpec;. 'Exw noMfl (poli) oouA.Et614(ooolia).
xeec; OOUAE~a (oo61epsa) noA.u (poiQ. !:::.ouA.Eua (oo61eva) 6A.o TO J3p6.5u15, n oMo(
(pol ~ avepwnoL oev OOUAEUOUV Kae6A.ou. TL OOUAELQ KQVE:tc;; TL OOUAE:LQ ea KQVt Lc; E:Kel
nou nac;;
5. Aupto16 (avrio) 5ev ea exw KOLp617, ea elJ.lOL ouvexwc;18 (sinexos) CJTO on(n J.lOU. !:::.e: ea
j.lnopw aupto, ea ~nopecrw 6~-twc; j.le:eaupto 19. ea KOVW OTL ~nopw yLa oac;, t xw 6~-twc;
A.(yo )(p6vo20.
6. ea Mw n6.VTOTE TflV aA.nee:La (alieia). ea oou TflAE<pWvflCJW aupto. e a CJOU
TflAE<pWvflCJW nollic; <popec;21. ea TflAE<pWVW ouvexwc;. ea 50UAEUW yta oeva OAfl J.lOU
Tfl ~wn . ea oouM~w oKAr'Jp622.
7. navtoTe eKave:c; OTL f]ee:A.Ec;. !:::.ev OKouyec; (akooyes) Kaveva. AKouya TLc; eewp(ec;23
(eeories) oou aM6. 5ev e5Lva OTJ~acr(a. Twpa 6~-twc; Tlc; eewpe(c;24 (eeoris) crwotec;25.
!:::.ev elVQL CJWCJT6 auT6 nou eKave 0 ~lKPOTEp6c; crou aoe:A.<p6c;26 (a5elf6s). Eoe(c; Tl
K6.vaTe T6Te KaLTL Kave:Te: Twpa; Le 6Kouoa va A.Ec; ....
8. LOU <pepvw27 (ferno) KaAU vea. n ou J3p(OKtlc;28 {VrfskiS) KOtp6 (ker6) YlQ 6A.a QUTQ TQ
npay~aTa; 'Exw noA.u )(pOVO CJT1l otaeecrn (Oiaeesi) J.lOU. E(CJQL QOLK1129 j.la~( J.lOU. Me
a5tKe:fc;29 (aoikis). Eyw ElJ.!OL J.lE 6A.ouc; o(Kmoc;3o (5ikeos). !:::.e:l)(Vetc;31 (5ixnis) 611wc; 6TL
elCJQl 6.5tKoc;. !:::.e VOJ.ll~W OTLexetc; OLKlo32,

At~IA6yiO
1. ~tKaToc;, -11, -o i5ecatos, -i, -o = tenth. Ten is ~tKa (decade, decalogue). At Ka is not declined
(01, TO iStKO) .
2. TO X9£c; to X8es = yesterday
3. To npwf to proi = the morning
4. TO npox9t c; to prox8es (npo = before + X8es) = day before yesterday
5. 11 wpa i 6ra (horoscope) = hour
6. lliJOUatKrl i moosikl (musical) : music
7. yupf~w yirfzo (gyrate, gyroscope) = 1. turn, 2. take a round, 3. come back, 4. return (s.p.
yup1o-a yfrisa)
8. apy6 arya = 1. late, 2. slowly. The adverb of apy6c;, -r1, -6 ary6s, -r, -6 ·(argon , an inert gas in the
atmosphere) = slow. The verb is apyw = be late, proceed slowly, lose time(s.p. 6py11o-a)
 65

Tenth lesson (L 1oJ

1. Yesterday I wrote three letters. All the morning I was writing. The day before yesterday I
telephoned you but you were not in the house (at home). I was telephoning one (for an)
hour. I was (at home) but I did not hear because I was listening (to) music (the
imperfect of the irregular verb aKouw ((Lt. V9) is 6Kouya).
2. Always I believed that you are a good friend. I never believed what they said the others.
You did not believe always what you believe now. Did you believe this man? Is it
possible?
3. What time do you return to the house (at home)? Yesterday I came back very late. I was
taking a round from one office to the other and I was late. I am not losing time, I come
at once. Do quickly (hurry) I beg you we are late.
4. I work every day many hours. I have much work. Yesterday I worked much. I was
working all the evening. Many men (people) do not work at all (Note that the feminine
form noM~ of the irregular adjective noAu<; {= much, a great number, many, great), the
masculine plural noMoi and the adverb noAu (L 1, V7) a// sound exactly the same) . What
work do you do? What work will you do there that you go?
5. Tomorrow I will not have time. I will be continuously in my house (at home). I will not be
able tomorrow, I shall be able, however, the day after tomorrow. I will do what I can for
you, I have, however, a little time.
6. I will tell always the truth. I will telephone you tomorrow. I will telephone you many
times. I shall be telephoning you continuously. I shall be working for you all my life. I
shall work hard.
7. Always you did what you wanted. You did not listen (to) nobody (anybody). I listened to
your theories but I did not give significance (paid no heed) [((5e(v) (5(vw, s.p. £(5wcra
('-s.V16 ) = I give, I gave) CJTli.IOcr(a an idiom meaning I pay no heed] . Now you consider
them correct. lt is not correct (right) that that (what) your younger brother did. You, what
did you do then and what are you doing now? I heard you to say (saying).
8. I bring you good news. Where do you find time for all these things? (np6yi.IOTa is the
plural of TO np6y1.1a La. V12). I have much time at my disposal. You are unjust with me.
You do me wrong. I am with all (everybody) just. You show (seem), however, that you
are unjust. I don't think you have (are) right.

9. TO ypacp&lo to yraffo (graphic) = 1. office, 2. desk. From ypacpw (L7,V8) . Note that the ending
-d o (fo) is used for shops: cJ)ap~aK&Io(v) farmakio(n) = chemist shop, drugstore, pharmacy.
From cpapJJOKo(v) (pharmacology) = drug.
10. tpxo~a• erxome = come. An irregular verb, s.p. r1p8a lr9a
11. OJ.Itawc; amesos = 1. immediately, 2. directly. An adverb with the ancient ending -we;
12. ypr1yopa yrfyora = quickly, rapidly. The adverb of ypfjyopoc;, -T') , -o (Gregory from the
Christian name fp'1y6p1o<;) = quick, rapid .
13. ~ouA£uw ~oolevo = work (s.p ~ouMljJ-a ~o61epsa = I worked), see ~ouMt6
14. 11liouA£16 CSoolia = 1. work, 2. profession. From the ancient CSouA.e(a CSoolfa meaning
slavery (the difference lies only on the stress).
15. TO ppaliu to vra<Si = evening
66

16. TO aup10 to f:lvrio = tomorrow

17. o Kalp6c; o ker6s = 1. weather ( KaA.oc; Ka1p6c; = good weather), 2. time ( <Sev txw Katp6 =
I have no time).
18. ouvcxwc; sinex6s =continuously. Another adverb with the ancient ending -we;.
19. TO ~ceaupto me8avrio {j..teT6 =after + aup10) = day after tomorrow
20. 0 xp6voc; 0 xr6nos (syn chronous, chronology) = 1. time, 2. year (evac; :xp6voc; = one year).
There is also the expression ra xpov1a ta xr6nia (existing only in the plural of the neuter)
meaning the years: xp6vta nolla KOI KaA6 a very common wish meaning many and good
years (to live).
21. 11 q>op6 i fora (metaphor) = the time (noMtc; <popec; = many times)
22. aKAJlpa sklirt:l = hardly. The adverb of oKA11p6c;, -11. -6 (sclerotic) = hard
23 . ., 9&wpfa i aeorfa = theory
24. 9cwpw 8eor6 (theorize) = consider (s.p. aewpno-a, 8eorisa = I considered)
25. owar6c;, -~, -6 sost6s, -i, -6 = correct, right, exact
26. o a~£Aq>6c;, 11 a~£Aq>J1 o a<Self6s, i a<Selfi (Philadelphia) = brother, sister
27. q>tpvw ferno (metaphor) = bring (s.p e<pep-a efera = brought)
28. J3pfaKw vrisko = find (s.p. ~pr'jKa vrika (eureka) found) =
29. a~IKO<; , -11, -o t:I<Sikos -i, -o = unjust (txetc; 6<StKo = you are wrong) . The verb is a~IKW a<Sik6 =
be unjust, do wrong (s.p. a<S[KT]O-a). The adverb 6~1Ka a<Sika means wrongly, in vain (6<S1Ka
<pwv6~etc; = you shout in vain)
30. l>fKato<;, -11, -o <Sikeos, (syndicalism) = just, right , fair
31. <Sdxvw <Srxno = 1. show (s.p. t<Set~-a e<Siksa), 2. indicate, 3. demostrate. The noun is o
<SdKTil<;, o <Siktis (deictic = demonstrative) = indicator, the pointer.
32. To ~fKaJo to <Sikeo or ~fKIO <Sikio = the right (exetc; <SIKto = you are right).

tt avtjp 1 fi{KatO<; 2 nAoutou 3 OOK 4 £xet not£ 5 tt Mtvav<Spoc; (342-291 B.C.)

a just man has never wealth
Menander

1. avr'jp = 6v<Spac; (L5 , V 14), 2. <S(Kmoc; = see No 30, 3. o nA.ouTo<:; (plutocrat) = wealth,
richness, 4. ouK = see l 2, Vs, 5. noTe = never. In modern Greek we would say: o <SIKmoc;
6v<Spac; <Sev txet neTt nA.ouTo.

tt ayet 1 npoc; 2 <pwc; 3 nJ.v aAI}9euxv 4 0 XPOVO<; 5 tt Mtvav<Spoc;

the time leads the truth to the light Menander

1. 6yw = lead, drive, 2. npoc; = towards (see prepositions p. 67), 3. TO cpwc; = L2, Ve, 4. 11
aA.r')8eta = La. V3o·

tt Xp6voc; l fi(xatov2 avfipa3 6etKVUOl4 J10V0<; 5

11
!o<poKA.(Jc; (Tpay<OO(a Ot~(nouc;Tupawoc;)
time only shows the just man Sophocles (Oedipus Tyrant (Rex) tragedy

1. see No 20, 2. see No 30, 3. 6v<Spa = see Ls. V 14, 4. <Se(Kvuot = the 3rd person singular of
the ancient verb <SetKvuw = <Selxvw (No 31). The order of the words in the ancient text serves
the metre of the verse. In modern Greek the phrase would be: 116vo o :xp6vo<; <Selxvet Tov
<SIKmo 6VTpa. Note that in ancient Greek as in English the definite article accompanies the
noun less often than in modern Greek.
 67

Almost all Greek prepositions should be familiar to an English -

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The most commonly used EM11VlKec; (Greek) n po8ecretc; (npo = before + St ate;
(thesis) = position) = prepositions are:
at = to, in, at, an6 =from, IJ& = with, y1a = for,
npoc; = to, towards, xwpfc; = without, IJi XPI = until, aVTi = instead.
The prepositions ot, IJ&, an6 form with adverbs "prepositional phrases": 1-1i oa ot,
(inside), IJO~{ IJ& (together, with) navw 0£ (upon), navw an6 (above) , KOTW an6 (below),
t~w an6 (outside).
The preposition ot looses the final £ before a vowel or before the definite article with
which it forms a single word. Examples: o'6Ao Tov K6cr~o . aro K6cr~o nou ~ou~e (in the
world in which we live).
The preposition ot was derived from the ancient and K form £1<;, the preposition IJ&,
from IJ&nl and the preposition y1a from ~10 . The ancient prepositions £1<; , IJ&T6 and ~16 are
still in use in modern Greek: £1<; uyefa (to the health), 1J&T6 xap6c; (with pleasure), ~16 ~t6c;
(at one go).
The prepositions an6, npo, npoc; and aVTf, as well as the remaining prepositions,
form with verbs and nouns a multitude of combined words the meaning of which,
although different from that of the basic word, is, however, relevant to the meaning of the
preposition. The Greek language has always been rich in such combined words, many of
which have passed into the English vocabulary so that the Engllsh-speaking reader Is
already familiar with almost all Greek prepositions and can easily guess their meaning.
Here is a list of these prepositions with their meaning and some examples of the
combined words they form:
£1<; = to, in, at (the ancient and K form of ot which is still in use) TO enetcr6-
oto{episode) From em + tl<;+oo6c;.
an6 = from, out of: 11 anoKOAUljJY) (apocalypse) , Y) ano8ew011 (apotheosis) .
npo = before, in front of: o npo<p~TTlc; (pro phet), npo<puA.aKTtK6c; (prophylactic).
1J&T6 = with, after (later): o ~eTaf3oA.1cr~6c; (metabolism) , 11 ~eta~6p<pWOl1
(metamorphosis).
npoc; = to, towards: o npOOl1AUTtcr~6c; (proselytism) .
aVTi = instead of, opposite, against: TO avtlooTo (antidote), To avttf3toTtK6 (anti biotic).
~16 = through, acrOSS, thorough: Y) Ot6yVWOl1 (diagnose) , 11 OlOYWVlO<:; (diagonal), 11
otaanop6 (diaspora), 0 OLOAoyoc; (dialogue).
KaT6 = against, downwards, in the direction of: o KataKA.uo~6c; (cataclysm), Y1 KaTa-
otpo<p~ (catastrophe) , 11 K68oooc; (cathode).
n t pf = about, around: 11 nept<pepeta (peri phery), TO neptcrK6mo (periscope), 11
neploooc; (period) (nepl+oo6c;) .
t ni = upon, at, to, besides, in addition: 11 emo11~1a (epidemic}, TO enl8eTo (epithet) .
68

Almost all Greek prepositions should be familiar to an English •

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un6 = under, below, less than : o unox6voptoc; (hypochondriac), o unoKpm1c;

(hypocrite), r, un68e:CJ11 (hypothesis) .
untp = above, beyond measure, excessive, also in favor of: r, unepTpoc.p(a
(hypertrophy).
tK = (t~ before a vowel) = from, out of: e:KKEVTPLK6<:; (eccentric), e:I<A£KTLK6<:;
(eclectic), e~opKf~w (exorcise).
ava = upon, up, backwards: 11 aVCLAUCJll (analysis), fl av<lAoy(a (analogy), 0
avaXPOVLo~-t6c; (anachronism) .
tv = in, on, into, upon: 11 e:vepyeta (en ergy) (e:v+epyo = work) o e:v8oumao~-t6<:;
(enthusiasm) . The v of &v becomes: a) y before K, y, x: 11 eyKuKA.ona(oeta,i
engiklopeoia (encyclopaedia), o eyKec.p<lAoc;, ev+Kec.paAf) = head (encephalitis)
= the brain, b) ~ before p, n , <P and ~: r, e~~oAJ1, ev+~6Mw (em bolism), o
e~netptK6<:; ev+nelpa = experience, (em pirical}, r, e~c.paCJll, ev+c.p6CJ11 = phase
(em phasis), c) A before A, e:M£tnTLK6c;(elli ptic) ev+A£(nw = leave.
ouv = plus, with, together: o OUYXPOVto~-t6<:; (synchronism). r, ouv8e:CJ11 (synthesis), r,
ouVTa~r, (syntax). The final v of ouv undergoes the same changes with the v of
tv: ouv+~-teTpo = OUIJ~-tE:Tp(a (sym metry). ouv+c.pwvf] = oupc.pwv(a (sym phony)
= the agreement, TO OU ~f3oA.o = the sym bol, 11 ouAAa~f) (syllable) etc.
napa = this preposition has many meanings. In spoken language it means a)
substruction: nap6. A.(yo (less than little, lit. just), nap6 neVTe (five to .. An
expression borrowed from telling the time and meaning the last moment). nap6.
eva (except one, missing one) . b) alternation: ~-tepa nap6 ~-tepa (every other
day) c) has the place of than: KaAUTepa apy6. nap6. non~ (better late than
never). In learned language and in combined words napa has the meaning of:
a) opposition: nap6. TTl 8£A11CJ1l ~-tou (against my will), b) closeness of position:
nap6Mr,A.oc; (parallel), r, napev8e:CJ11 (parenthesis). c) wrongness, irregularity:
TO nap6oo~o (paradox), r, napwo(a (parody), r, nap6AuCJ11 (paralysis).
The extensive use of prepositions to alter the meaning of the verbs and nouns by
combining with them is illustrated by the example of the verb paAAw (balli stic) = throw
strike which becomes:
£Jo~6Mw (invade). anoi36Mw ((get rid of), npo~6Mw (promote) ,
~&Ta~6Mw (alter), npoo~6Mw (insult) , ~~a ~QMw (slander) ,
KaTa~6Mw (use energy, n£p1J36Mw (surround) , &m~6.Mw (impose) ,
exhaust),
unof36Mw (submit), un£p~6.Mw (exaggerate). £K~6.Mw (throw out),
ou~~6Mw (contribute). avaf36Mw (postpone). E1J~6.Mw (put into).
napaf36Mw (compare) .
 69

Almost all Greek prepositions should be familiar to an English -

speaking person !
One can clearly notice that the new meaning ot the verb Is closely related to the
meaning of the preposition with which it combines. The reader, therefore, remembering
the meaning of the preposition, which is familiar to him from the corresponding Greek
words in t he English vocabulary, can easily understand or guess and memorize the new
meaning that these preposition have conveyed to the verbs and nouns with which they are
combined . For instance, the verb [36Mw with the preposition un6 (under, below) becomes
= =
unof36Mw ( submit (lit throw unde(J , the verb <pepw ( bring, beat}, becomes uno<pepw
(= suffe(J, the verb 1-1evw (= stay, stand) becomes unOIJEVW (= have patience) otherwise
exw uno1Jovr). The same occurs with verbs that we have already met like ypa<pw (= write)
which becomes unoyp6<pw (=sign, lit. I write unde(J and unoypa<pr) means signature, and
the verb aKouw (= hear, listen) becomes unaKouw (= obey).
Another example showing the importance of familiarizing oneself with the meaning of
the prepositions is the combined verbs EntiJEVW epimeno ( c insis~ and uno1-1evw ipomeno
{= have patience) originating from the verb IJEVW. Phonetically the two verbs may be
confused but he who remembers that the preposition &nl means upon and un6 means
under can distinguish that EmiJevw (= stand upon) means insist and uno1-1tvw means
have patience.
The reader can enrich his Greek vocabulary enormously with these combined
words, which can be easily memorized if the meaning of the basic word Is known and
the meaning of the prepositions has become familiar.
The list that follows includes, with those of the v,erb J36Mw mentioned above, more
than 100 combined verbs and as many nouns commonly used in modern Greek. The
meaning of the original verb is given to appreciate its change and in the case of £xw the
meaning of the prepositions is once again stated for mnemonic purposes. The ending(s)
of the nouns deriving from the verbs is also stated.
txw, (-ox~) = I have
an6 (from) + txw: antxw = abstain, be far from, (11 anoxfl = abstinence)
JJ&Ta (with) + t xw: JJ&Ttxw = share, (11 JJ&Toxfl = the share)
ouv (plus) + J.I&Ta + txw: OUIJIJETEXW = participate, (11 OUJJJ.I&Toxr) = participation). For
the double J.1 see the preposition ouv
npoc; (towards) + txw: npooexw = pay attention, be careful, care for, look out,
(11 npoaoxn = attention)
aVTI (opposite) + txw: aVTexw = endure, stand, resist, (11 aVToxr) = endurance) ,
= =
KOTO (downwards) + exw: KOTEXW occupy, ( 11 KOToxr) occupation)
ntpf (around) + exw: n&piEXW = contain, (11 ntptoxfl = district, region, territory)
&nl (upon, at) + oxft, 11 &noxfl = epoch, season
untp (above) + exw: un&ptxw = excel, exceed, (11 un&poXJ1 = supremacy)
&~ (out of) + - oxr) = &~oxfl = countryside.
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Almost all Greek prepositions should be familiar to an English -

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q>t pw (- q>opa) (semaphore) = bring, bear

npocptpw = pronounce (11 npocpopa = pronunciation)
JJtTO<pepw = transport [11 1J&Tacpop6 (metaphor) = transportation]
npoacptpw = offer (11 npoocpopa = the offer)
~1acptpw = differ (ll ~1acpop6 = difference)
KOTacpepvw = manage, succeed (here the modern form q>tpvw is used)
unocptpw = suffer
ou!Jcptpet = it is in one's interest, it is advantageous, it pays (ll ouJ,~cpopa = misfortune,
calamity)
avacpt pw = report (11 avacpopa = the report), also with ouv + n&pf and the passive
voice of cptpw, q>t poJJOI = ou1Jn&plcpepo1Jat = behave, (ll au!Jn&plcpopa =
behaviour).

1-1tvw (-!Jov!l) = stand, stay

~•a 11tvw = reside, stay (ll ~IOIJOvrl = residence, sojourn)
TT&p11JEVW = wait
&TTIIJEVW = insist (ll &TTIIJOvrl = insistence, persistence)
unOIJEVW = endure, stand, have patience (ll unoiJOvrl = patience)
ava11tvw = wait (ll avaiJOvrl = waiting) . (Note that the noun ll ava~Jovf] = the waiting
comes not from the modern verb nepliJEVW but from the ancient one ava~Jevw) .

KaAw (-KA11o11) = call

npoKaA.w = provoke (11 np6M110TJ = provocation)
TTpocrKaA.w = invite (ll np6aMflOTJ = invitation)
TTOpOKOAW = beg (tl TTOpOMflOTJ = request)

xwpw (choreg rapher) (-XWPI1011) = have space for

anoxwpw = retire (ll anoxwpflOTJ = retirement)
npoxwpw = advance, go on
unoxwpw = retreat (tl unoxwpflOTJ = retreat)
ouvxwpw = forgive (ll OUYXWP110TJ = forgiveness)
avaxwpw = depart (11 OVOXWPT"JOTJ = departure).

Atyw (-Aoy!l-Aoyoc;) = say, tell

npoMyw = foretell (o np6A.oyoc; = prologue)
~1aMyw (dialectic = choose, pick out, (T"J ~1aA.oyf] = sorting, o ~u]A.oyoc; = dialogue)
&mMyw = select (11 &mA.oyf] = selection, option, o &nfA.oyoc; = epilogue)
&KA.t yw (eclectic) = elect (T"J &KA.oyf} = election)
ouAMyw = collect (T) ouMoyf] = collection, o auMoyoc; = association) .
 71

Almost all Greek prepositions should be familiar to an English -

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--------------------------------------------------~

paivw (-Paa11) (base) = go, move forwards

IJ&Ta~afvw = go ('1 IJETa~aCJTl = going)
~~a ~a(vw = pass ('1 ~~a ~aCJTl =passage)
KCTE~a(vw =descend, go down (ll KaTa~aCJTl = descent)
OUIJ ~a(veL (used in the 3rd person) = it happens
ava~a(vw in modern Greek ave~afvw = go or get up ('1 ava~aCJTl = ascent)
napa~afvw = violate (ll napa~aCJTl = violation) .

9tTw (-8ta11) (thesis) = put, place

11 np68eCJTl = intention, preposition
1JETa8eTw = transpose (ll iJETa8eCJTl = transposition, transfer)
npoa8tTw (prosthetics) = add, (np6a8e<JY) = addition)
ll aVTi8eCJTl (antithesis) = opposition
6ta8eTw = dispose ('1 6ta8eOT] (diathesis) = disposal, mood)
KCTa8eTw = lay down, deposit, testify ('1 KaTa8eCJTl = deposit, deposition)
11 £ni8eOT] = attack
uno8eTw = suppose ('1 un68eCJTl (hypothesis) = hypothesis, case, story (of a film)
£K8eTw = expose ('1 tKSeCJTl = exposition, exhibition
auv8eTw = compose (ll auvSeCJTl = composition, synthesis)

6i6w (-~6a11 , -~oaia) = give (ll 66011 = dose)

npoo(ow = betray ('1 npooocr(a = betrayal)
IJE:Taofow = transmit (lliJ&TaOoCJTl = transmission)
i5aaofow = spread a rumor, (ll i5aaOOCJTl = rumor)
EKO(ow = edit (ll tKOOCJTl = edition)
napao(ow =
deliver, napaofoollOL = surrender (ll napaOoCJTl = 1. delivery,
2. surrender, 3. tradition).

Kavw (-KiVIlOil, -KiVIliJO) (cinema) = put in motion, move

KtVOUIJCt = be in motion, change place, move (in its intransitive meaning), (ll KiVI1011 =
motion , movement)
IJETCKLVW = move from one place to another (ll IJETOKLV'lCJTl = moving)
~£Ktvw (the modern form of EKKLvw) = start (To ~E KtVlll-..10 = starting, 11 &KKlVllCJTl = the
starting point or time (used in athletism)
=
ouyKtvw touch, move, ouyKLVOUilOL = be touched, be moved (ll ouyKLV'lO"l =
emotion)
72

Almost all Greek prepositions should be familiar to an English -

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Tptnw (-Tponr)) (tropical, tropism) = turn, change position or direction

IJ&TOTpenw = convert (11 IJ&TOTponft = conversion)
&mtpenw =allow, permit (11 &nrrponft =committee)
vtpeno!JOL (from &vtpeno!JOL = be ashamed, 11 ((&)vtponn = shame)

ypacpw, (graphology) (-ypacpr1, -VPOIJIJO) = write

avTJyp6cpw = copy (11 avr1ypacpf) = the act of copying, TO avriypacpo = copy)
~1ayp6cpw = cross out, delete (11 ~•ay pacpft = the act of crossing out, TO ~•aypOIJIJO=
diagram)
n&plypacpw = describe (11 n&plypacpft = description)
unoypacpw = sign (11 unoypacpft = signature)
ouyypacpw (sinyrafo) = write (a book etc.) (To auyypOIJIJO sinyrama = textbook)
&yypacpw (enyrafo) = register (11 &yypacpft = registration).

llAtnw (-llA&tiJ '1) = see

npoJ3Mnw = foresee, forecast (11 np6J3Mlj.J11 = foresight, forecast)
&mJ3Mnw = supervise, (&niJ3Mlj.JTJ = supervision)
napaJ3Mnw = overlook, disregard (11 nap6J3A£lj.J11 = negligence, oversight).

opl~w, (horizon), (-IOIJ6c;, -opia) = 1. put the limits, fix, 2. command, (o op10IJ6c; = defini-
tion, fixing)
npoopl~w = destine (o npoopLcr!J6~ = destination)
~lop(~w = appoint (11 l51op(a = time allowed) (o lS•opLO'IJO~ = appointment)
Ka8op(~w and npoa~1opl~w = designate, fix (o npoa~IOpLO'IJO~ = designation
definition)
n&plopi~w = limit, restrict, confine, (o n&plopLOIJO~ = restriction, limitation, confine-
ment)
&~opi~w = exile (11 &~opla = exile) .

T&Aw = perform, do
anoT£AW = constitute
&KT£AW = execute (11 &KTEMO'Tl = execution)
ouvteAw = contribute to a result, conduce

- naew (pathology) (exists only in combined forms) (-n68&1a) = undergo, suffer,

npoanaew = try (11 npoan68eta = trial)
OVT1n08W = dislike (11 OVTin08£LQ (antipathy) = dislike)
OUIJnaew = be fond of, have a liking for, sympathize, (11 ou1Jn68eLa (sympathy) =
fondness, liking)
 73

Almost all Greek prepositions should be familiar to an English -

speaking person I

q>&uyw fevyo (~q>uy~) = go away, leave (11 q>uy~ (fugitive) = flight, running away)
ano<peuyw = avoid (11 ano<puy~ = avoidance)
i51a<peuyw = escape (11 i51a<puy~ = escape)
Kara<peuyw = take refuge, have resource to

~ OK&ua~w skevazo (-oK&ur1c;) = pack (exists only in combined form)

11 anocrKeu~l = baggage
KaracrKeua~w = manufacture, construct, make (11 KOTOcrKeu~ = construction)
&mcrKeu6~w = repair (11 &mcrKeu~ = the repair)

Aa1Jj36vw lamvano (-A~!IIIl, -Aal3~, -.Aauo11) in modern Greek Aaj3a fvw = receive
anof..a~~6vw = enjoy (11 an6t..au0'11 (ap61afsi) = enjoyment)
npof..aiJ~dvoo = prevent (l1 np6f..l14Jl1 = prevention)
npot..a~a(vw = catch up with, be or get in time, have enough time for
npooA.a~~avw engage (11 np6oA.11lfJ11 = engagement),
avnA.a~~avo110l = realize, perceive, understand (11 avri"-11liJI1 = perception,
conception) ·
KaraA.aiJ~avw = take hold of, occupy (11 KOTOAI1lfJ11 = the act of taking hold of)
KaraA.aJ3a(vw = understand
n&p•A.a~~avw = include (11 n&piAI1lfJ11 = summary)
ouM.a~~avoo = capture, arrest (11 ouM11liJ11 = arrest)
avaA.a~~avoo = undertake (11 avaA-114111 = resumption)
napaA.a~J3avw = receive (11 napaA.aJ3~ = receipt)
&navaA.all~avw = repeat (en(+ av6 + A.a~~avw) (11 cnavaA.11liJ11 = repetition).

Note: In declining a combined verb if the last letter of the preposition is a vowel it is
omitted before the initial & (e4JLA.ov) of the past tense or another vowel of the irregular verbs:
1-1 cra8e-rw ( = transpose), IJ&Te8ecra i51a<ptpw ( = differ), i51e<pepa
tmMyw (= select), cnet..e~a uno<ptpw (= suffer), une<pepa
The prepositions npo and n&pl do not drop their last letter:
npoMyw (= foretell), npoe(na ncp1~6.Mw (=surround). n&ple~af..a.
The letter K (K6na) of the preposition &K becomes ~ (~l) before the initial & or another
vowel in the past tenses :
&KMyw (= elect), &~tt..e~a &K8€-rw (= expose) , &~e8ecra
The letter v {vt} of the prepositions ouv and &v reappears before the vowels of the
past tenses in the combined verbs which begin with a letter that transforms the v to A
(A.6~~5a): oulliyw (= collect). ouvef..e~a. or to 1J (I-ll) OUIJ~6Mw (= contribute), ouvt~at..a
or toy (ya~a) : ouyyp6<pw (= write (a book etc)) , ouvtypa4Ja.
74

Greece. Poster of the EOT (EMrlvtK6c; Opyavtcr1J6c; Touptcr!Jou)

 75

Gr. 101
a. The mood of the verb expressing condition, hypothesis or contingency, the subjunctive,
is formed in Greek by using the words va (to), yu] va (in order to), ac; (let), av or &av (if) ,
6Tav (when) and the first stem of the verb when the act is continuous or more commonly
the second stem if the act is complete, with the endings of the present time:
npeneL va ypatiJ-w eva YPOIJIJO (I must write a letter) but :
npeneL va ypacp-w yp6j..!j..laTa 6A.11 UlV j..!epa (I must write letters all day).
v•a va ypatiJ-eLc; aLJT6 TO ypaj..!j..la npeneL va .. (in order to write this letter you must..) but:
v•a va ypacp-etc; wpa(a ypOIJIJOTa npene1 va .. (in order to write nice letters you must ..)
ac; ypatiJ·OUIJC 6A.OL tva ypOj..!j..la (let us all write a letter)
av (&av) ypatiJ-ete eva YPOIJIJO (if you are going to write a letter)
6Tav ypatiJ-ouv eva ypaj..!j..la (when they are going to write a letter).
b. The subjunctive is also used with the word IJ'l (IJ'lV before vowels) = not, don't when
one wants to tell someone not to do something :
IJ'l ypatiJ-ete autO. TO ypOIJIJOTa (don't write these letters)
IJ'l ypacp-eTe noTe ypOIJj..IOTa (don't ever write letters)
MH KAnNIZETE (don't smoke). M11 Kanvio-etc; Ol)j..!epa Ka66A.ou (don't smoke to-day at all).
Mll is also used on its own to mean: don't.
c. The verbs also have an imperative form which is used when one wants to tell or
order or ask someone to do something. The imperative singular of the verbs of the active
voice is formed by adding the ending-& to the verbs stressed on the second syllable from
the end and the ending -a to the verbs stressed on the last syllable. In both the plural is
formed with the ending ·&T& or ·T&. The first stem of the verb is used when the action is
supposed to be continuous and the second stem when it is to be complete. Examples:
cpwva~-& or cpwva~-&T& (keep speaking loudly) noA.u yLa va o'aKouv but :
cpwva~-& or cpwva~·T& (call) TO nOlof:
IJLA·a or IJlAO-T& (with the meaning of speaking throughout the conversation) ouvaTa
but IJLAT')O·& or IJLArlO'-T& (speak now) ouvat6 (forcefully, loudly).
Another form of imperative is the use of va with the subjunctive:
Na cpwv6~.-etc; ouvaT6, va cpwv6~-etc; TO nmo(
Na j..!lA.-6c; Ka6ap6 (clearly), va npooex-etc;
The verb be has only this form of imperative in modern Greek: va &loa1 npooeKTlK6c;.
The verb have has both forms: tx& and va tx&•c;, tx&T& and va tx&T&.
d. The verbs of the active voice have a participle ending in -oVTac; (-wVTac; for the verbs
that are stressed on the last syllable) . The participle of the active voice is not personal and
is not declined (tx-oVTac; = having, yvwpi~·OVTac;, ~tp-oVTac:; = knowing,, IJIA-wVTac; =
speaking) .
76

Ev~tKaTo (en~ekato) ~6ern.1a

1

1. !To oxoA£(o2 (sxolio) ~-ta8afvou1Je3 6uo ~eve~ y'Awcrcre~4 . na va ~-t68ou~-te ~-t(a ~EV11
y"A.wcrcra npenel va txou~-te unoJJovf)S Kal em~-tovf)6. n6cre~ 7 ~eve~ y'Awcrcre~ ~tpet~;
Tpel~ (tris) eKT6~ an6 Ta EMllVLKaa, Ayy"ALK6., raMLKa Kal repJ..10VLK6. AUTt~ Tl~ TPEI~
yXwcrcre~ Tl~ ~-tl'Aw TtA£La9 (h§lia).
2. Efvm6ucrKO"All 1o y'Awcrcra 'l EMllvtKr'l; Efvm aMa a~f~et 1 1 Tov K6no 12 va Tlllll68et
Kave(~ 6L6n OTllV EMllVlKrl ypa<pT'lKav Ta aptOTOUPYrlllOTa13 (aristooryfmata) Tou
av8pwmvou nveu~-tOTo~1 4 (pnevmatos) Kat o 8e(o~ /\6yo~.
3. na tva, 6~-tw~. Ayy'A6<pwvo 15 TQ EMllVlKO nptnel va e(vOL6UOKOAQ. n·auT6 AeV YIO KOTl
nou 6ev KaTa'Aal3afvouv (katalavenoon) "it's all Greek to me". 'Oxt 6ev elvm 6ucrKo"A.a.
Avn8tTw~ 1 6 e:fvm e:uKo"A.a 6t6TL un6.pxouv 17 x!At6.6e:~ 1 B EMllvtKe~ M~e:~~ OTO Ayy'AIK6
A£~tX6yto. Xpet6.~eTat 1 9 (Xriazete) ~-t6vo 'l KOT0M'l'All2o ~-te8o6o~ yta va ~-t68e:t~ EMllvtK6.
4. Tl e:woef~21 (enofs); 8a crou E~'lYrlOW22 6(VOVTQ~ EVQ nap6.6ElYil023 (para6iyma).
rvwp(~oVTa~ Tl1 0111-lOcria Twv npo8tcre:wv24 ~-tnopf ~~ va KOTa'A6.j3&1~ 25 Tl1 0111-lOO(a TWV
cruv8eTwv26 M~ewv. =:tpOVTQ~ n .x (napa6e(yllOTO~ (para6fymatos) xaptv) 6Tl "aVT("
CJ111lafve:t27 against, opposite, KaTa'Aaj3a(veL~ e:uKoXa2a KOL 8u~-t6crm29 Tll M~ll
aVT(8eTo~30.
5. To (6to31 OUJ..113afvet32 KQl llE Tl1 M~ll cruv8eTO~ 6t6Tl ~epel~ TllV twota33 TOU "ouv". Km
yta va TO 8u~-t6crm cre: 13o'l86e:L34 e:nf011~ 'l M~ll synthetic nou e(vm KOlvf)3S (kini) OTllV
EMllVLKrl Kat T'lv AyyAIKT'l yXwcrcra. AMa Kat TllV (61a Tl1 M~ll "np68e:011" TllV
KaTa'Aal3afveL~ e:uKo'Aa ytOTf ~epe:t~ TllV np68e:Oll''npo" Kat Tll M~ll "8t0'1"·
6. BAtnw ~-te e:vSOUOlQOI-1636 (en8oosiasm6) KQl llE eKn"All~'l37 (ekpliksi) OTl npoxwpw3B
yp~yopa KOL el~-tat no"A.u e:uxaptmtwtvo~39 (efx.aristimenos) nou avaKa'Aumw4o 6TL llE
Tl~ Xfye~ M~et~ KOL <ppacret~4 1 nou €~-ta8a ~-tnopw va KaTa'A613w aK6~-ta Kat Ta X6yta TOU
XptOTou 42 Kat Twv Apxarwv43.
7. np6cre:xe:, 6~-tw~. va ll'l Koupa~e:crm44 no"A.u. np6cre~e en(Oll~ Ta ~-t6Tta4s crou 6Tav
6tal36~et~46 no'Au. Na e:fcrm npocre:KTtK6~. Xpe:ta~e:Tat no"A.u npocroxfl. Na npocrtxe:t~
naVTa.
8 . MllV OV110UXe:f~ 47 (aniSiXiS), EXW llOTlQ KQl j3Atnw Tl y(ve:TOl yupw48 IJOU. 6.e:v e(llOl
TU<pA6~49 . 'EXW KOl OUTl050 (aftia) KQl OKOUW KQI EXW nOVTOTe TO VOU llOU OTO
~-ta8~I.IOT6.5 1 1.10u. Mnopw va Kpfvws2 TL e:(vat crwOT6 Kat TL 6xt (~ TL 6ev efvaL).

/\&~tA6y10
1. &v6t KaToc;, -11, -o en<Sekatos, -i , -o = eleventh (ev+iStKaToc;). The number 11 is t v6£KO or
t VT£KQ
2. TO oxoA£io to sxolfo = school
3. IJaearvw ma9eno = learn. The noun is To 1J08111JO (L1, V2).
4. 11 yAwaaa i .16sa (glossary, glossology, polyglot) = 1. tongue, 2. language
5. 11 unoiJOV~ ipomonl = patience (from un6+1-1evw =stand)
6. 11 &miJOV~ ep1monl = insistence, perseverance, persistence (from en(+!-ltvw)
7. n 6aoc;, -11, -o p6sos , -i, -o (posology the art or science of quantity) =how much, how great,
n6ao1, -£c;, -a = how many
 77

Eleventh lesson (L 11)

1. At (aro is the contracted form of o& TO. See the chapter on prepositions) school we
learn two foreign languages. In order to learn a foreign language we must have great
patience and pesistence. How many foreign languages do you know? Three beside
Greek, English, French and German. These three languages I speak them perfectly.
2. Is it a difficult language Greek? lt is but it is worth the effort (a~(~et Tov K6no : lit. is worth
the toi~ that someone (one) learns it because in Greek were written the masterpieces of
the human spirit and the Divine word.
3. For an English-speaking person, however, Greek must be difficult. That's why they say
for (about) something that they don't understand "it's all Greek to me". No, it is not
difficult. On the contrary, it is easy because there are thousands of Greek words in the
English vocabulary. lt is necessary only the (an) appropriate method to learn Greek.
4. What do you mean? I shall explain to you by giving an example. Knowing the meaning
of the prepositions you can understand the meaning of the combined words. Knowing
for example [napa~e(yiJaToc; (= the genitive of nap6.~ety1Jo) xaptv an ancient
expression, -lit. for the sake of an example] that aVTf means against, opposite, you
understand easily and you remember the word aVTI8£Toc;.
5. The same happens with the word ouv8&TO<; because you know the meaning of "ouv''.
And in order to remember them it helps you also the word synthetic which is common
in Greek and English language. But also (KaJ has the place of also) the word np68&oll
itself you understand it easily because you know the preposition npo and the word
eta.,.
6. I see with enthusiasm and surprise that I advance quicky and I am very pleased that I
(to) discover that with the few words and phrases that I learned I can understand even
the words of Christ and of the Ancients (Ancient Greeks).
7. Take care, however, not to be tired much. Take care also of your eyes when you read
much. Be careful. lt is required much (great) caution. Take care always.
9. Do not worry I have eyes and I see what is going on around me. I am not blind. I have
and (also) ears and I hear and I have always my mind on [txw To vou (L9 Va) IJOU an
expression meaning I have my mind on, I take care, I keep an eye open] my lessons. I
can judge what is correct and what not (or what is not).

8. &AAI1VIK6c;, ·1\, -6 ellnik6s, -i, -o (Hellenistic period) = Greek, the plural of the neuter: EMTJVtK6
(or Ayy"AtK6 etc) is used when one refers to the Greek (or English) language (see also
translation No 8 of L9)
9. TtA&Joc;, -a, -o telios, -a, -o = perfect
10. ~uaKoAoc;, -11, -o ~lskolos, -i, -o = difficult. From ~uc7+K6"Aov (colon = the lower part of the
intestine). The prefix ~ua- is the opposite of tu- (see LQ, V7 )
11. a~l~w aksfzo = 1. be worth, 2. cost, 3. deserve. From 'l a~ra = the value. The adjective is
a~1oc;, -a, -o = worthy, capable (4, V25).
12. o K6noc; o k6pos = toil, effort
13. TO aplaTOUPVI'll..la to aristo6ryima = masterpiece. From 6ptOToc; (aristocrat) (= the best,
excellent) + epyo (ls, V2s)
78

14. To nv&u~a to pnevma (pneumatic) = 1. spirit, 2. mind, 3. whit, 4. intellect.

15. ayyA6cpwvoc;, -11, -o angl6fonos, -i, -o = English-speaking, anglophone. From 'Ayy'A.oc,
(= English) + cpwvfl = voice (~. V12)
16. OVTJ6trwc; anti9etos = on the contrary, the adverb of OVTf6&roc; (see No 3 1)
17. unapxw ipttrxo = exist, un6pX£1 = there is
18. XIAia~o, 11 (pi. · &<;} Xilia5a (-es) (chiliad) = the thousand. The number 1,000 is XfAio, Xflia
(kilometre, kilogramme)
19. XP£16~o~al xriazome = 1.need, 2. require, XP£16~£Tal = it is necessary, it is required
20. Kar6AA11Aoc;, -11, -o katalilos, -i, -o = proper, appropriate, fit, suitable, [KoTa+ 6Mn'A.oc, (parallel)
= of one another]
21. &vvow eno6 = 1. mean, 2. understand, 3.perceive. (ev+vow = the ancient ewow). Now comes
from o vouc; = the mind (L5 , V8 ) and from ewow comes 11 t vvo1a (No 34)
22. £~11YW eksiy6 (exegesis = interpetation of the scriptures) = explain
23. TO napa~&ly~a to para<Siyma (paradigm)= example
24. 11 np66&al1 i pr69esi = preposition [npo+9eon (thesis) = position ('-4, V10)
25. KOToAapofvw katalaveno = understand (KoTo +'A.oJ3o(vw = I take)
26. auv6£Toc;, -11, -o sin9etos, -i, -o (synthetic) =compound, composite. From ouv+9trw = I put
27. a11~afvw simeno = 1. mean, 2. signify. See a11~aaia (L7 , V7)
28. &uKoAa efkola =easy, easily, the adverb of &uKoAoc;, -11, -o (eu+K6'A.ov). See above ~uaKoAoc;
(No 10)
29. eu~a~a1 9imame and eu~ou~a1 9imo6me = remember (9u1Jr19-nKo)
30. avri6&Toc;, -11, -o antl9etos, -i, -o (antithetic) = 1. opposite, opposed , 2. contrasted
31. f~1oc;, -a, -o 15ios, -a, -o (idiosyncracy, idiom) = 1. same, 2. own, self, 3. particular, &yw o f~1oc;
= I personally (lit. = I the same)
32. au~palvw simveno = happen (ouv+J3o(vw) Tl au~paiv&l; = what is the matter? What is going
on?
33. 11 tvvo1o i enia = 1. meaning, 2. conception , 3. sense (see No 21)
34. Po11ew, voi96, = help, assist, aid (s.p. 13or19no-o}, Pof16Jt~a• voi9ieme = be helped (s.p.
13on8r18-nKo). H po~6&1a i voi9ia = help, ot npwn:c; po~6&1£<; =first aid
35. Ko1v6c;, -~. -6 k1n6s, -i, -6 (coenobium) = common, public, Ko1v6c; vouc; =common sense,
KOIV~ VVW~fl ('-4, V2) = public opinion, r) KOIV~ = the Greek language of Hellenistic times.
36. o &v6oua•aa~6c; o en9oosiasm6s = enthusiasm
37. 11 £KnA11~11 i ekpliksi = surprise
38. npoxwpw proxor6 = 1. proceed, 2. advance, 3. progress, 4. gain ground (npo+xwpw = go
forward) .
39. &uxoplarrwtvoc;, · fl, -o etxarist1menos, -i, -o = pleased, content, satisfied, participle of
&UXOPiaTitJJOI = (I am pleased) the passive voice of &uxop•arw = I thank ('-4 , V 7)
40. ovoKoAumw anakalfpto = discover, find out, (ovo+ KoMmw = cover), n ovaK6Au!IJI1,
i anakalipsi = discovery, (ono+Ka'A.umw = reveal, disclose), n onoKaAu!IJI1
(apocalypse) = revelation
41. 11 cppaa11, 01 cpp6a&lc; i frassi, i frass1s = phrase, phrases
42. o Xp1ar6c; o xrist6s = Christ
43. o apxofoc;, -a, -o o arxeos, -a, -o (archaeology) = ancient. Usually used in plural, 01 Apxofo•
(i arxei) = the people of antiquity
44. Koupa~w koorazo = tire, fatigue, Koupa~o~OI = be tired, be fatigued
45. ro ~an, TO ~6no to mati, ta matia = the eye(s). lt comes from the ancient To 6~~ara = To
~6no = the eyes
 79

46. ~•aP6l;w 51avazo = read

47. av11auxw an1six6 = be worried, be disquiet. H av.,auxfa anisix1a = uneasiness, worry
48. yupw y fro (gyroscope) = around. See yupfl;w (L10, V7)
49. rucpA6c;, -~ , -6 t1fl6s, -1, -6 = blind
50. TO aun to aft! = ear. lt comes from the ancient to ouc;, pi. ta wTa (otolaryngologist) = ta aUTt6
51. TO ~ae~~aTa ta ma8imata (mathematics) = the plural oh o ~aeru.ta (L1, V2) = the lessons
52. Kpfvw krfno = 1. judge, 2. deem, consider. Kpfvo~a1 = be judged (s.p. Kpf8-T'JKO) . From Kp(vw
comes o Kpe~c; (hypocrite) = judge, 11 KPITIK~ = criticism, TO Kp1~p1o kritirio = criterion,
11 Kpfall = 1. crisis, 2. judgement, opinion and o Kpfae~oc;, -11, -o = serious, decisive, cri tical.

"Ml} Kp(ven 1 '\ va2 JUi Kp1.9e'ite5" Jesus Christ to his disciples
Do not judge In order not to be judged

1. Kp(ven: = the sunbjunctive of Kpfvw No 52, 2. (va = yta va, 3. Kpt8e(n: = the subjunctive
of Kp(VOIJat No 52 (see Gr. 10a)

"fio(E\1 (i2 Kp(veu;3 eTval Kala K' av 4 no\(;)v 5p~lleu;6 aoo~e'iv 7,

qKitMOc; 8 yap9 Kpl'tljc; IO nan6c; 11 KO!OU npciypatoc; 12 oxloc;l5 11
nu8ay6pac; (565- 500 B.C.)
Pythagoras
Do those (things) that you judge that they are good even If doing (so) you are about to be
defamed, because the masses are a mean judge of evety good thing.

v
1. nofet = do. The imperative of notw (Lg, 32) . 2. a = those. The ancient aUTo (see the
pronouns p. 94), 3. Kp(vetc; No 52, 4. K6v = a contraction of Kat av (and if) = even if, 5. notwv
= doing. The masculine form of the participle of notw, 6. J.1eMw = to be about to. To IJeMov
=
= the future, 7. a5o~elv be defamed (a+56~a (orthodox) = glory, reputation). 8. q~auAoc;, -
T'J , -o(v) favlos = mean, bad, miserable, 9. yap = because, 10. KptTflc; = see No 52, 11 .
navr6c; = of everything. The genitive of TO nav (le, V1 1) , see Gr. 15b, p. 109, 12. npayiJaToc;,
v
the genitive of TO np6y1Ja = the thing (le. 29 ) , see Gr. 15b, 13. o 6xAoc; = the masses, the
mob.
80

01:0 MnOPEil:

Kt QV 1 5ev 1-lnOpeCc; va KOIJEIC:2* TT)V ~wn oou 6nwc; TT)V eth€tc;

4 6
TOLrr03 npoon6811oe TOUA6XtOTov
600 IJTlOpefc;: IJI1V TT)V £~£UTeA(~etc;6
1J£C:7* OTT)V noM() OUVQCj)£lC8 TOU K60IJOU
9
° 1 11
IJE:C:* OTtc; * Klvf)0£1C: Kl' OIJLMec; •
12
M11v TT)V e~euTeAr~et~ ma(voVTac; * mv,
yup(~OVTCC: 13 0~6 1 Kl' £K8tTOVTOC: 10 TTlV
OTwv oxtoewv 1 Kat Twv ouvavaOTpocpwv17
TT)V KC8~1J£Plvtl avow(a
18 19
KONI NOI I,AIA. HI lltJ ltJ:I
1
we; nou va y(vd oa * IJlC ~tVI'l:?J cpopTtKf)24 • HElLAS 20
fj\AHNIKH !HMOKPATIA

K. Kar36'PI1C: (1863 - 1933)

C. Cavafy

AS MUCH AS YOU CAN

And If you can not make (live) your life ss you want it
at least try this
as much as you can: do not downgrade it
in much contact with people
in much movement and talking

Do not cheapen it taking it

going around (about) frequently and exposing it
to the dally nonsense
of relations and companies
until it becomes like a boring stranger.

1. Kt' av = Kat av, 2. KOIJ£lC: = K6vetc;, 3. TOlJTO = this. See the pronouns p.94, 4. npo'on6811oe
imperative of npoonaew = try. See Gr. 10c, p.75, p.72 and L13, V42 , S.TouMxtOTov = at least, 6.
e~eUTe:A(~w exettelizo = downgrade, cheapen, lower, 7. 1-1£<; = 1-1toa = inside, in, 8. ouvacpeta sinafia
= contact, association between persons, 9. IJEC: (= 1-1toa) OTec; (instead of OTIC:) = inside the (1Jeoa
oe is a prepositional phrase, see p.67) 10. Ktvf]oetc; (nom. pi.) = movements. See KlVW p.71 , 11.
OIJIAfec; (nom. pi.) = talks, chats, speeches. See Lg V6, 12. ma(voVTac; = rtl1ya(voVTa<; (participle (see
Gr. 10d, p.75) of rtl1ya(vw) = going, Lg V12 , 13. yup(~oVTac; = turning, taking around (participle of
yup(~w. L10, V7) , 14. ouxv6 (adv.) = often, frequently, 15. eK8eToVTa<; = exposing (participle of
eK8€Tw (eK+8eTw = put), see p.71) , 16. 11 oxt011 sxesi = relation, 17. 11 ouvavaOTpocpfl sinanastrofl
= company, social contact (ouv+ava+OTpocpf} (apostrophe) = turning), 18. Ka8rweptv6c;, -f), -6 =
dailly (t<69&+111Jepa = day, LsVs), 19. 11 avo11ofa = nonsense (a+vouc; = mind, Lg, V9), 20. we; nou =
until, 21 . va y(vet = to become. Subjunctive (see Gr 1Ob) of the irregular verb y(vo1Jat (Lg V17) using the
second stem ytv- . See p.86, 22. oa = oav = like, as, 23. ~tvoc;, -11, -o = stranger (L2 V4 ) , 24.
cpopTtK6c;, -f), -6 = boring

The words marked with an asterisk represent a vernacular form that the poet liked to use.
 81

lsaoiK~ ypa!JIJOTIK~
a. The verbs of the passive voice (ending in -o!Jal, -ou!Jal, -lt!Jal, -aiJE) form their
imperfect tense (the continuing or repeated form) with the endings -61Jouv(a), -6aouv(a),
-oTav(E), -61JaOTE, -6oaOTe, -oVTav (cpavta~61Jouv(a). cpoJ361louv(a) etc) . Both types, with
or without the final a and£, are used.
For the formation of the complete form in the past tense the last letter or letters of the
stem change, the suffix ·IlK- is added and the endings of the past of the active voice are
used. With the suffix ·IlK· these endings become ·llKa, ·IlK£<;, ·IlK£, -~KaJJE, -~KaT£, -
~KaV(E) .
There are certain rules concerning the changes of the last letter(s) of the stem but
whatever the change the resulting finalletter(s) in most of the cases are: -11e, -e, -OT, -T so
that the complete ending becomes :
-~e.,Ka (cpoJ3 - OIJOI, cpoJ3 - ~e.,Ka)
. e.,Ka (atcr86V - OIJal, atcr86v - e11Ka)
· OT!lKa (cpOVTO~ - OJ.Ial, q>OVTQ- OTilKa)
·TilKa (ypacp - OJ,Jal, ypacp - TllKa)
Some irregular verbs present changes o f their stem too: cpaiv-OIJOl, cpav-
llKO, tpx-o!Jat erxome = I come, ~pea ir8a = I came (see Gr 12) .
b. The continuing or repeated form of the future of the verbs of passive voice is formed
by adding the word ea to the present tense:
ae cpoJ361lat (I am afraid of you) ea cre cpoJ361Jal navra (I will always be afraid of you)
0a Tl1 <paVTO~OIJal nOVTQ vea KQL wpa(a (I will imagine her always young and beautiful)
The complete form of the future is also formed by using the word ea with the stem of
the simple past (cpop~e-'lKO, ypa<pT-IlKa) and the endings of the present tense of the active
voice:
t:..e ea cpop.,e-w -c(noTe = I will not be afraid of nothing (anything)
To 6vo!JO crou ea ypa<pT-d (will be written) 1-1e )(pucra (chrysanthemum = golden)
YPcliJIJOTO.
c. The subjunctive of the passive voice is formed with the stem and the endings of the
present tense when the act is continuous (eav cpavra~-&aa•) and with the second stem and
the endings of the active voice when the act is complete (ll'l cpavracrt-d<;).
d. The participle of the active voice ends in · IJEVO<;, ·11, -o or ·OIJEvoc;, -11, -o. lt has
genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) and is declined like an adjective.
e. The imperative of the passive voice has the ending -ou, or -aou for the second
person singular and -EITE for the plural. For the singular the stem of the past of the active
voice is used in verbs which have both active and passive voice: ypatiJou (from t-ypatiJ-a)
crtouc; KaTaA.6youc; (catal6yoos) = write yourself in the catalogues.
For the plural the stem of the simple past of passive voice is always used: ypa<pTEin;
(from ypa<pT-'lKO) 6A.Ol crac; = write yourself all of you) .
82

ilW~CKOTO {~o~ekato) ~081UJO

1

1. xee~ 1'0 ~p6.5u2 5ev n£paoa3 Ka86A.ou4 KaA6.. X6peua5 (x6reva) ouvexw~ KQl yta ~(a
01'lY~fJ6 ato86.v811KO (es8an8ika) EVO ~ey6.Ao n6vo 01'0 01'0~0Xl7 KOl <.po~fl811KO noA.u.
<l>aV1'601"1KO 61'Lenaeas K01'l noA.u oo~ap69. Ato8av6~ouva 60Xll~0 1 0 6Ar1111 vuxra 11 .
2. ~e eu~6~at n6011 wpa KOt~fl611K0 1 2. 0 unvo~ 1 3 OIJW~ ~€ ~EKOupaoe 14 Kat IJE
'louxaoe15. =:eKoup601'11KO apKe1'6 Kat 5e )(ptt6.01"1KO va <.pwv6~w 1'0 ytmp616. To npw(
f}~ouv noA.u f}ouxo~17 Kat 5ev moeav6~ouva Ka86A.ou Koupao~evo~. ~e ~e1'6vtwoa 1 s
(metaniosa) Ka86A.ou nou x6pe4Ja 1'6oo noA.u KOl 5taoK£5aoa19. '01'av Kot~6.1Jat SeA.w
an6A.U1112o 'louxfa21. Houxfa napaKaA.w.
3. M'apeoet22 noA.u o xop6~23. eu~6~at 61'av f}~ouva ~lKp6~ n6oo ~ou 6peae va ~Mnw
1'0U~ ~ey6.Aou~ VO XOPEUOUV. n11ya(vw OU)(V6 01'0U~ XOPOU~. Eau nTlYOLVEl~ ;
4. '01'av epxeoat ant1't ~ou va <.pepvet~ n6V1'a ~a~( oou 1'0 ~~~A.(a oou. Kat 61'av <.peuyet~24
(fevy1s) va 1'0 na(pvet~2s ~a~( crou. Eyw cpeuyw aM6 oev na(pvw Kaveva an6 1'0
np6y~m6 ~ou . <l>epvw 6A.a 1'0 ~~~NO ~ou KQl1'0 acpf)vw26 6A.a eow.LQ~ 1'0 acpf)vw yta oa~.
s. b.(vw noM6 A.Ecpt627 yta naA.t628 ~~~Ma aM6 5ev ~p(oKw n6V1'ote aU1'6 nou SeA.w.
Bpf}Ka eva noA.u an6vto29 Kat noA.uTLf..I03o ~~~A.Io. n ou ~eveTe va oa~ to cpepw; Mevw
n6V1'a 01'l1V A8f)va. b.ev 6Ma~a31 5ta~ovfJ32 (KatotK(a33, an(tt}.
6. Bpf}Ke<; K6tt nou o 'apeoet; b.uOTuxw~ 5ev ~pf)Ka~e . 'Hp8a va oou ~tAf}ow aM6. 6e ae
~pf)Ka. rtat( 5ev f}p8aTe npoxeec; nou oa~ nept~£va~e34; Aunou~at nou oa~ £Kava va
nept~evete aM6 efxa oo~apf} oouA.et6.
7. rtat( doat e1'at cpo~to~tVI135 ; 1\Kouoa K6tt nou ~e cp6~110E. M11111~ A€<; 1'0 60Xll ~O ve6..
LUYKlVet1'at36 (singinite) noA.u euKoA.a. LuyKtvfJ811Kav 6A.ot noA.u an'aU1'6 nou 6Kouoav.
8. EA.n(~w37 01'0 teA.o~38 6A.a ea nave KaAO. Emt£A.ouc;39 1'EAE(woe40 aUTT') 11 un68t01141 .
Be~a(w~42 a<.pou (afo6) e<p8aoe43 01'0 TEALK644 m6.5to45. Kavtva~ o'aU1'6V TOV KOO~O
oev elVOl TEAel0~46.

At~1A6y1o
1. ~w~tKaToc;, -11, -o oooekatos, -i, -o = twelfth . The number 12 is ~W~&Ka .
2. TO ppa~u to vraoi = evening
3. n&pvw pern6 = 1. pass, 2. cross, 3. get along. (s.p ntpacr- a , ea m:p6cr-w, imp. ntpacr-&,
m:p6cr-r &). The imperative n &paoT& is used for after you, get in (a car), come in. natpvw
KaA.6 = I have a good time. Do not confuse m:pvw with na(pvw perno = I take (see below).
4. Ka86Aou ka861oo = at all. From KOT6 (which becomes Ka6' before a vowel with rough
breathing) + 6A.ou (the genitive of 6A.o) = all
=
5. xop&uw xorevo (choreography) d ance (s.p. xopeljJ-a)
6. 11 OTIVIJrl i stiyml = moment
7. To OTOIJOXI to stomaxi = stomach
8. naeafvw pa8eno (pathology) = 1. suffer, 2. undergo a mishap or a misfortune. (s.p
t na8a) {Tt t na8ec;; What happened to you)?
9. oopap6c;, -r1, -6 sovar6s, -r, · 6 (severe) = serious, severe
= =
10. aaxmJoc;, -11, -o asx1mos, -i, ·o ugly (lit. unshaped). From a +crxru.Ja (scheme) shape,
form, scheme.
11. 11 vuxra i nl)(ta (noctambulant, nocturnal) ::;;; night
 83

Twelfth lesson {L 12l

1. Yesterday evening I did not have a good time at all. I was dancing continuously and for
a moment I felt a great pain in the stomach and I was much afraid. I imagined (I
though~ that I suffered (na9olvw means it occurs to me a mishap: €na8a &va aTU)(TliJO
= I suffered (I had) an accident) something very serious. I was feeling badly all the
night.
2. I don't remember how much hour (long) I slept. The sleep however, refreshed me and
made me calm . I was relaxed enough and I did not need to call a doctor. In the morning
I was very quiet and I did not feel at all tired. I did not repend that I danced so much and
I had fun. When I sleep I want absolute quiet. Quietness (quiet) please.
3. I like much the dance. I remember when I was small (young) how much I liked to see
the big ones (the grown-ups) to dance. I go often to the dances (dancing). You, do you
go?
4. When you come to my house you should bring always with you your books. And when
you leave you should take them with you. I am leaving but I don't take none (anyone) of
my things. I bring all my books and I leave them all here. I leave them for you (y1a aac;,
is a pleonasm since there is aac; in the phrase. ft is said for emphasis).
5. I give much money for old books but I don't find always those that I want. I found a very
rare and precious book. Where do you live in order to bring it to you? I live always in
Athens. I did not change residence (domicile, house).
6. Did you find something that you like? Unfortunately we did not find. I came to talk to
you but I did not find you. Why you did not come the day before yesterday that we were
expecting you? I am sorry I made you wait but I had a serious business.
7. Why are you so frightened? I heard something that frightened me. Don't tell her the bad
news. She is touched very easily. They were all much moved from (by) what they heard.
8. I hope in the end everything will go well. At last, is (has) finished this case (affair) (the
order of the vords could as well be: teAE:(woe autf] 11 un68e0"1 emt&A.ouc;, or autf] 11
un68£0"1 te:A.efwoe emt&A.ouc; or more close to the English order: emteA.ouc; OUTTl 11
un68£0"1 te:Af:(woe) . Certainly, since it reached the final stage. No one in this world is
not (is) perfect.

12. KOIJ.IOJ.IOI kimame = sleep (s.p. KOl!-.n'I9-11KO). From KOlllOilOL comes TO KOIJ.II"JnlPIO to kimitirio
=the cemetery
13 . 0 unvoc; 0 lpnos (hypnotism) = sleep
14. ~tJ<oupa~w ksekoorazo = give rest to (s.p. ~e:Koupao-a) , ~tKoupa~oJ.Iol ksekoorazome =
rest, relax (s.p. ~e:Koup60T-11KO). (the opposite of Koupa~w and Koupa~OJ.IOI = be fatigued,
be tired) KoupaoJJt voc;, -11, -o is the participle of J<oup6~0J.IOI = fatigued, tired
15. 11ouxa~w isixazo = 1. make calm, 2. be reassured, 3. grow quiet, 4. rest (s.p. nouxao-a).
Hauxo~w is the opposite of av.,auxw (L11 , V47).
16. o y1aTp6c; o yatr6s (pediatric) = doctor
17. ~ouxoc;, -11, -o lsixos, -i, -o = quiet, tranquil, stll, calm, undisturbed . See No 15
18. J.I&TavuAJvw metani6no. From the ancient llE:Tavow (lle:Ta+vow L10 , V22) = 1. repent, 2. change
my mind (s.p. lltT6VOlWC7-a) . '
84

19. ~•aaK£~6l;w 5iaske5azo = enjoy myself, have fun (s.p. l5lOoKe5ao-a).

20. an6AuToc;, -11, -o ap61itos, -i , -o • a.baolute
21. 1111auxfa isixia = 1. tranC!UIIIIty, qullet, 2. silence, 3. lack of noice (see also No 15 and 17)
22. aptaw areso = like, please (IJOU apta·£1 = I like lt, lt pleases me, also ll'apeo-et)
23. o xopoc; o xor6s = the dance. See xopcuw (No 5)
24. cpcuyw fevyo = go away, leave, (s. p. tc.puy-a, efiya) (fugitive)
25. nafpvW perno = take (S.p. nt'lp·C, f. 9a n6p-W, imp. nap-e - n6p-(E)TE)
26. acp~v(a) aflno = 1. let, leave, 2. abandon. (s.p 6cprw-a, imp. acpno-e or 6oe - a<pf)crre or 6crre).
27. Ta A£cpT6 ta lefta = money
28. naA116c;, -6, -6 pali6s , -a,<> (palaeolithic, palaeontology) = old
29. an6v1oc;, -a, -o spanios , -a, -o = rare, scanty
30. noAUn~oc;, -11, -o polftimos , -i , -o =
1. valuable, 2. precious. From noAu +TII.ICJl = honour (la)
31. aMal;w alazo = change (s.p. 6Ma~-a)
32. 11 ~~a~ov~ i 6iamonr • 1. residence, 2. sojourn. From 6ta+ j..ttvw =stay
33. 11 KOTOIKfa i katikfa =home, domicile, residence. From KOTO + OlKW = dwell, See la, V 27
34. n&piJJtvw perimeno = wait (s.p. nep(j..tev-a) (nept + j..levw = stay)
35. cpoj31a~tvoc;, -11, -o fovismenos , -i , -o =afraid. The participle of <po{36j..taL (la.V4 )
36. auyK1vou~a1 sinkino6me = be touched, be moved (ouyKtvf)9-11KO)
37. dnfl;w elpfzo = hope (s.p. f)Amo-a)
38. TO TtAoc; to telos (teleology) = end. To TtAoc; is a neuter word ending in -oc;. Its genitive oase
is Tou TtAouc;
39. &mTtAouc; epiteloos = at last (en( + TtAouc;) (lit. at the end)
40. T£A£1WVW teli6no = finish (s.p. TeA£(wo-a)
41 . un69&al1 i ip69esi = 1. hypothesis, 2. case, affair 3. story of a film. Here it means the case, the
affair
42. PtPafwc; ~ ptpa1a veveos or vevea = of course, certainly
43. cp96vw f9ano = arrive, reach (s.p. tc.peao-a)
44. T£AIK6c;, -~. -6 telik6s, -f, <> c final
45. To ar6~1o to sta6io (stadium) = stage, stadium
46. TtAc•oc;, -a, -o telios , -a, -o =perfect, complete. TtAtlwvw (No 40), T£AIK6c; (No 44) , tmTtAouc;
(No 39), and TtACUTafoc;, -a, -o telefteos (the last) come all from TO TtAoc; (No 38).
1
M£ T( KapC5t6 , j..l£ T( nvo~2 ,
T(n69ouc; KatTin6.8o~
3

nf)paj..le T11 ~wf)6 j..lac;· A6.9o~7 I

5

Kt'aM6~aj..le ~wf).

With what (a) heart, what (a) breath

what desires and what passion
we took (lived) our life; mis take I
and we changed life.

G. Seferls Nobel prize for Literature in

1963

1. 11 Ka~16 = heart (l 13, V47), 2. 11 nvor1 pnof (pneumatic) = breath, animation, verve, 3. o n6eoc;
= desire, 4. TO n69oc; (pathetic) = passion, 5. nr1pa~E s.p. of nalpv(a) = take, No 25, 6. 11 ~w~ =
life (l7, VZJ), 7. TO A6eoc; = mistake (4l, Vzl), 8. aM6.~a~e s.p. of aMal;w = change, No 31 .
 85

Gr. 121
a. For an action that took place in the past there are two more tenses. One, the perfect,
denotes that t he action has been perfomed in the past and is complete at the tim e we are
speaking. In both active and passive voices it is formed w ith the verb £x(a) and the third
person of the subjunctive (Gr. 10): txw ypaliJ·&I (I have written), txw ypacpT·&f (I have
been written) .
The second, the pluperfect, refers to an action that had happened in the past. lt is
fo rmed with the past of the verb txw: dxa ypaliJ·£1 (I had written), t fxa ypacpT-Ef (I had been
written).
There is also a future tense expressing an action that will be accomplished in the
future after something else is going to happen. lt is formed with the future of the verb txw:
9a t xw ypaiJJ-£1 (I shall have written), ea txw ypacpT-Ef (I shall have been written) .
b. Some very commonly used verbs are irreg ular and the student should memorize the
stem of their past tense, and in some cases their imperative form. A handfu l of them have
a quite d ifferent second stem which they use for the formation of the simple past (s.p .), the
future (f), the perfect (pf.) and the imperative (imp.), for Instance:
pA£nw = see, s. p &i~a (ii5a), f. ea ~w . pf. txw ~£1 , imp. ~&c;-~£OT& (also ~ElT£)
At(y)w = say, Eina (lpa), ea nw, txw n&l, n&c;-ntOT& (also n&fT£)
Tpww = eat, t cpaya, ea cpaw, txw cpa&t, cpa(y)&· cpaT&
naw or nrwaivw (piyeno) = go, n~ya , ea naw, txw nO&I, n~yaiVE-nr'JYafv&T& or
noli&
t pxo1-101 = come, ~pea , ea (&)pew, txw (e)peet, tAa-&AaT&
c. A few other verbs ending in -alvw and the irregular verb ~ploKw although belonging to
the active voice (ending in -w) form their simple past with the ending -I'JKa, for instance:
ave~afvw aneveno = go up, step up , avt~I'JKa , Sa avt~w, txw av€~&1 , ave~a ­
ave~&IT&
KaTe~a ivw kateveno = go down or co me down, step down, descend, KaTE~I'JKa ,
Sa KaTe~w . exw KaTe~&:l , KaTt~a-KaTe~&iT&
~Jna(vw ~eno = go in, IJn~Ka , Sa 1Jnw , t xw
IJn&r, IJn&c;- !Jn&fT&
~ya(vw vyeno = go out, ~Y~Ka, Sa ~yw , txw~Y&II, ~yec;- ~y&IT&
~p(crKw vrisko = fi nd, ~p~Ka , Sa ~pw , txw~p&r , ~p&c;-~p&fT&
d. In the majority of irregular verbs, however, the changes concern the last letter(s) of
their stem when forming their second stem, for instance:
cpt pvw ferno = bring, ecp&pa, Sa cptpw, cptpe- cpt pTe
nafpvw perno = take, n~pa, Sa napw, nape-napTe
j.ltvw meno = stay, EJ.I&IVa (emina), ea J.l&ivw, J,~&ive-j.l&iveTe
cp&uyw fevyo = go away, ecpuya, Sa cpuyw, cpuye- cpuye:Te
pa~w vazo = put, e~aAa, Sa paAw, ~aAe:-paATe:
86

Gr. 12j
pya~w vyazo = take out, t pyaAa , ea py6Aw, py6Ae-1Jy6An~
~ivw oino = give, e~woa, ea ~wow, ~woe-~ware
acpr1vw afino = let, 6cpr,oa, ea ocpr1ow, 6cpr,oe or 6oe -acpr1are or aare
nfvw pfno =drink, f}m a (ipia), ea m w (pi6). m ec; (pies) -mtare
Tpw(y)W tr6(y)O = eat, ecpaya, Sa cpaw, cp{Je • cp{JTe
KOTaAaiJa(vw katalaveno = understand , KOT6Aapa,ea KaTaAapw,
KOTOAaiJE· KOTOAOIJETE
~a8afVW maeeno = learn, e~a8a, ea ~08W ~68e-~68eTE
cpa fvo!Jat fenome = seem, I look, cpavTlKa, ea cpavw, cpavou-cpavetTE
xafpOIJOl xerome and xafpw xero = be g lad, be delighted, XOPTlKa, ea xapw,
xafpe -xafpeTe xere, xerete
K68o1Jat kaeome = sit, be seated, Ka8r,oa, ea Ka8r1ow, K68r,oe or KaTo e -Ka8r1are
yfVOIJOl yinome = become, eylva and YlVTlKO, ea yiv w, ylvou-yivETE
The lesson that follows has many examples of the use of the imperative form of the
above irregular verbs in order to enable the reader to become well aquainted with
expressions commonly used in everyday speech.

The imperative of the more common verbs

va d o01 - va dOT& = be tx& - t x&T& = have

~&<; - ~tOT& or ~dT& = see KOiTO or KOfTO~& • KOITO~T& = look
tAa - &A6T& = come nr1ya~v& - nr)yafv&T& or n6T& = go
n&<; - n t OT& or ndT& = tell 6Kou - OKOUOT& = listen
K68rto& or K6To& - Ka8r10T& = sit, be seated, stay OrlKW - Or)KW9£iT& = get Up
~dv& - ~&fv&T& = stay cpuy& - cpuy&T& = go, go away
paA& - paAT& = put pyaA& - pyaAT& = take out
nap&- n6pT& =take ~wo& • ~WOT& = give
~n&<;- ~ndT& = go in, get in IJy&c; - py&fT& = come out, go out,
KOTtiJa - KOT&IJ&fT& = go down, come down get out
get down avt pa - av&IJ&iT& = go up, come up,
IJp&<; - IJp&iT& = find step up
cp6(y)& - cpaT& = eat cpt p& - cptpT& = bring
ao& or 6cpr)O& - OOT& or acpr10T& = let m t c; - m&IT& = d rink
~ IAa - ~·AdOT& = speak OT6oou - OTa8&fT& = stay still, stop
XOfp& - XOfp&T& = be glad owna • ownaOT& = be silent, stop
talking
 87

05uootac; EA.lm'lc; (an6 Tov I. M6paA.fl)

Odysseas Elytis (by I. Moralis)
Nobel Prize for Literature in 1979
3
"D.(ve 6wpeay) TOV XfJOV0 eav 9ec;4 VQ OOU IJf:.lVf:.l5 'A.(YTJ6 Q~lOnpeneta 7 .. ."
1

Give freely the (your) time if you want that a little (some) dignity remains with you
1. l1iv£ (imperative of ~rvw using the first stem ~1v- (instead of ~wa-) to denote a continuous act) =
give(~. V 1 ~ . see also Gr 10c, p. 75, 2. ~wp£6v = freely, gratis, for nothing (from TO ~wpo (pandora)
= =
gift, 3. o xp6voc; = time l10• V'eJJ, 4. 6£c; = 6t A£1c;, see ls, V1o, 5. J.J t vw (s.p. t-JJEIVO) =stay,
remain, seep. 85, 6. Afyoc;, -11, -o = little,~. V3 , 7. 11 o~•onptn£10 axioprepia = dignity (a~•oc;
(axiom) = worthy (ls, V'2B) + npt n£1 = must).

"To eMXlOTO ~frr1100

1 2 3 4
KCliJ€ TliJWP'10Cv IJ€ TO no'A.U ••• "

I asked for the least and they punished me with the much.

1. £A6XJOToc;, -11, -o = least, minimum. The superlative of Afyoc;, 2. ~~TI100 = s.p. of ~11TW Lg, V16, 3.
n JJwpw, TIJJWP11a-a = punish, see L14, v:!fj p. 102, 4. noAU = L, V7•
....

88

1. b.ec,2 K6Tt nepiepyo3 (perieryo). nec,4 IJOU Tt ~Mnetc,. Mr']V eicrat nepiepyoc, (perieryos)
va ~Jaeetc,. neiTe (pite) 6A.11 TT'JV aA.fleeta (alieia). neiTe TllC. va net ~J6vo TT'JV aA.rleeta.
<t>6Te5 6A.o To cpayT'JT66 crac,. ntec,7 (pyes) auT6 To noT68 . nteiTe (pyite) OTT'JV uyefa
(iyfa) 6A.wv.
2. Tt K6Vetc,9; Tt yfvecrat 10; nwc, e(oat; Tt KOVeTe; Tt y(vecrre; nwc, elcrre;
3. 'Hpea xeec, aM6 5e cre ~PrlKO. Tt YlvJlKOTe; xaeflKaTe 11 . 'EA.a12 nl>pa, ~pec, 13 KQTL
14
KaAUTepo va netc,. BpdTe ypflyopa IJLO 5LKatoA.oy(a (5ikeoloyia). TL oou e(ne xeec,;
LOU TO e(na aMa TO ~exacrec, 1 5 . To etne KOI TO EKOVe.
4. nflyatve 16 Kat eou IJO~( TT'JC,. 'El-.a e5w. EA.6Te va 50u1Je Tl ea cpa~Je. <t>uye17 ypflyopa
nptv eu~Jwcrw 18 (eim6so). <t>uyeTe an'e5w 6A.OL crac,.
s. KaTe~a1 9 an6 To Kpe~6n20 cre napaKat..w. Ave~a21 OTO enavw n6Tw~Ja22 . Ave~eiTe Kat
cretc, IJO~( TT'JC,. nou ea KOTe~eiTe; ea KOTE~W O'TOV npWTO 6pocpo23 . Mnec,24 ~JEcra Kat
IJT'JIJLAOC,. ByeiTe25 (vyite) 6A.OL e~w crro 5p61JO.
6. AVE~T'JKO Kat KOTE~T'JKO nollic, cpopec, TIC, crKOAeC,26 ~JnJlKO Kat ~YJlKO cre noMa
ypacpe(a KOL O'TO TEAOC, ~pJlKO TO 5tK6 crou. 'HTOV TO T€AeUTa(o27 (telefteo) O'TO
5t65po~Jo 28 . To ~PJlKO OIJWC, KAetcrr629 . D.ev JlTOV avoucr630.
7. <t>epe31 IJOU va 5w Tl exetc, ~wypacp(cret32 (zoyrafisi). nape33 IJO~( crou QUTQ. D.wcrre34
IJOU TOV KOT6A.oyo35 napOKaAW. nap'TO OUTO Kat 56cre TO QMa. napTe TO an'e5w.
8. EmTEAOUC, napTe IJLO an6cpaCJl136 . Mll TO n6petc, 6A.a, 6.cpT'Jcre37 (or acre) KOTI Kat YLO
IJOC,. Acpflcrre Tov auT6v. 'Acre 1-1e flcru)(Tl cre napaKaA.w. AcpflOTe TO nat5t6 va peouv cre
IJEVO.
9. Me(ve38 ecru e5w, 1-1'1 cpuyetc,. D.e ~Jnopw, ea cpuyw, E~Jetva not..u K0Lp6 OTO i5to 1JEpoc,39 .
10. <t>ep'TOV e5w, ~QA'TO eKe(, ~yaf..'TT'JV e~W, n6p'TOUC, an'e5w, 56o'TO cre IJEVO, acr'TQ
K6Tw, 6cr'Touc, flcruxouc,. <t>6.'Ta 6A.a.
11 . 'E~Ja8a noMa KOVTQ crou . KaTOAaj3a Tl OT'JIJOLVeL va exetc, KaAO 56crKaA.o40 . 'E~yat..a TO
cru~Jnepacr~Ja41 (simperasma) 611 npenet Kaveic, va npoonaeef42 cruvexwc,. B6Ae43 cre
napaKaAW vep6 O'TO Kpacr(45 crou KOL ~y6Ae 46 ~Je an6 TT'JV 5ucrKOAT'J eeOT'J. 86A1e TO
44

XEPI O'TT'JV Kap5t647 crac,. By6ATe (or ~OAT€) TO pouxa48 crac,.

12. Xafpw49 not..u. X6pT'JKO not..u. X6pT'JKO 6Tav KaT6Aa~a 6Tt euxaptcrrr18T'JKec,50 nou
cp6V11Ke a~toc, ~J08T'JTflC. 51 crou. Tt Kaeecrat52 Kat A€c,; Kae11cre (or K6Tcre) va crou nw.
K6Tcre va 5etc, Tl yfveTat.
13. KaeflOTe napaKaAW. Kaeflcrre KQTW KUplOl. Tt eytve; 'Eytve 1Jey6Ao enetcr65to 53 1JeTa~u
Touc,. D.ev eCxe ~avayfvet54 TETOLO np6y~Ja. Tt yfveTOL Twpa; Tt yfveTat; Tt cru~J~a(vet;
Efvat Tfno1e cro~ap6 ; 'OXt ant..wc,55 ~JtA.6ve 5uvaT6, cpwva~ouv nol-.u Kat Kavouv
86pu~o. AKOUOVTOL nOAU 01 01JlAl€C, TOUC, KOI Ol cpWVEC, TOUC,.
14. npoon6e11cre 6cro ~-tnope(c, va K6vetc, K08T'J~Jeptv656 Tout..6xH:rro 57 IJLO KaAJl np6~T'J 58 .

A&~IA6yiO

1. C5tKaroc; -11, -o, rpfroc;, -11, -o ~ekatos -i, -o trltos, -i, -o =

the number 13 is C5tKarpfa ~ekatrla.
The masculine and the feminine form of ~eKatpla as an adjective is l5tKarptfc; (like the tpet~
of tp(a Ls. V1) and the neuter C5tKarpfa.
 89

Thirteenth lesson (L13)

1. Look at something strange. Tell me what you see. Don't be curious to learn. Tell all the
truth. Tell her to tell only the truth. Eat all your meal. Drink this drink. Drink to the health
of all (everybody).
2. What are you doing? (here it has the meaning of how are you?) What becomes of
you? (This expression has also the meaning of how are you?) How are you? What are
you doing? What becomes of you? How are you? (The plural is used in formal
conversation. nwc; e(OTe corresponds to the English how do you do).
3. I came yesterday but I did not find you. What became of you? You were lost. Come
now, find something better to say. Find quickly an excuse. What did he (or she) tell
you yesterday? I said it to you but you forgot it. He (or she) said it and he (or she) did it.
4. Go and you (you too) with her. Come here. Come to ( EAa va or eA.aTe va is an
expression corresponding to the English let us) see what we will eat. Go away quickly
before I get angry. Go away (get away) from here all of you.
5. Get down (off) from the bed I beg you (please) . Go up to the upper floor. Go up and
you (you too) with her. Where are you going to get off? I will get off on the first floor.
Get in and don't talk. Get all of you out in the street.
6. I went up and down the staircase many times, I got in and out in many offices and at
the end I found yours. lt was the last in the corridor. I found it, however, closed. lt was
not open.
7. Bring me to (let me) see what you have painted. Take with you these. Give me the list
please. Take these and give the others. Take them from here.
8. At last take a decision. Don't take them all, leave something and for us (for us too) . Let
him (aUT6v is put for emphasis) . Leave me quiet (alone) I beg you (please). Let the
children come to me.
9. You stay here, don't go. I can not, I will go away. I stayed much {a long) time in the
same place.
10. Bring him here, put it there, get her out, take them from here, give them to me, let
them down, leave them quiet (alone) . Eat them all. (In spoken Greek the final-& of the
imperative singular is often omitted when the third person (Tov, lllV, TO etc) of the
personal pronoun follows) .
11. I learned many (it means noMa npayllOTO = many things) near you. I understood
{realized) what it means to have a good teacher. I took out the conclusion (f3y6~w TO
ou11nepao11a an expression meaning I arrive at the conclusion. TL ou11nepao11a
f3ya~eu:~; What conclusion are you arriving at?) that one should try continuously. Put I
beg you (please) water into your wine and get me out of the difficult place (situation).
Put your hand on your heart. Take off (or put on) your clothes.
12. I am very glad (xafpw noA.u is the formal expression for I am pleased to meet you) . I
was very glad. I was glad when I understood (realized) that you were pleased that he
appeared (to be) a worthy student of yours. What are you sitting and say? (Here
K68o11m has the meaning of spend time doing something). Sit (here K68rwe or KOToe
has the meaning of stay) in order to tell you. Sit (stay) to see what is going on.
90

13. Sit (down) I beg (please) (a polite expression corresponding to have a seat. Ka8flate
KOTW is more imperative) . Sit down gentlemen. What happened? lt happened (it took
place) a big incident (scene) between them. lt has not occurred before such a thing.
What is to be done now? (The expressionTL y(veTm means what is going on or what is
to be done. See the verb y(vollat L9, V 17) . What is going on? What is happening? Is
something serious? No, simply they are speaking loudly, they are shouting much (a
lot) and they are making noise. Their talks and their voices are heard much.
14. Try as much as you can to do daily at least one good act.

2. 6tc; - ~drt = look, the imperative of pAtnw (L7, V16 ), s.p. ti6a
3. ntpftpyoc;, -I'J , -o perferyos, -i, -o = 1. curious, 2. strange, 3. inquisitive (nep(+ tpyo) (ls, V25)
4. ntc; - ntlrt = tell, say, imp. of At(y)w (ls, V18), s.p. dna
5. q»6(y)t-cp6(yt)T£ = eat, imp. of rpww , s.p. tq~aya (phagocyte, sarcophagus)
6. cpayi'JT6 fayit6 = 1. meal, dish, 2. food to eat
7. m t c;-n1£1T£ = drink, imp. of n ivw, s.p. ~ma
8. nor6 pot6 (pottage, symposium) = drink, beverage
9. T1 K6Vtlc; = how are you (lit. what do you do)
10. n y fvtaOI = how are you (lit. what becomes of you), y(VOIJOl see Lg, V17
11. XOVW ·OJ.IOI xano-ome = lose, be lost
12. tAa- £A6rt ela-elate =come, imp. of tpxoJJa• (erxome) (L 10, V,o)
13. pptc;- ppdT£ vres-vrite = find , imp. of ppfaKw (L,o, V2a)
14. 11 ~IKOIOAoyfa i 5ikeoloyfa = 1. excuse, 2. justification (see 5(Kaloc;)
15. ~t)(VW, ksexn6 = forget, s.p. ~txaoa
16. n~yOIV£ piyene = go, imp. of ni'Jyaivw or n6w (pi. nTWOlVET€ or non:) (Lg, V12)
17. q»uyt - cpuyat ffye - flyete = leave, go away, escape, fly down, imp. of cptuyw (L12, V24)
18. 8UJ.IWVW 9im6no = get angry
19. Kartpa-Kartpdrt kateva - katevfte =go down or come down or get off, descend, imp. of
KOTtPafvw
20. TO KptPP6n to krevati = bed
21 avtpa-avtPdT£ aneva-anevfte =go up or come up, imp. of avtPafvw
22 TO n6TWJ.IO patoma = floor, storey
23. o 6pocpoc; 6rofos =storey, floor
24. J,~ntc;-JJndT£ bes-bfte =go in, get in, enter, imp. of J,~nafvw
25. pytc;-pydrt vyess-vyite = come out, go out, imp. of pyafvw
26. 11 aK6Aa -tc; = staircase(s), ladder(s)
27. rtAtuTafoc;, -a , -o teletteos, -a, -o = last. lt comes from TO TtAoc; (L12. V3a) =end
28. o 6•6~poJJoc; 5ia5romos = corridor (5la+ 5p61Joc; L7 , V2)
29. KAt1ar6c;, -~ . -6 klist6s, -1, -6 = closed
30. avo•xr6c;, -~. -6 ani)(t6s, -1. -6 = open
31. cptpt-cptpT£ fere-ferte = bring, imp. of cptpvw (L1o. V27)
32. ~wypacpf~w zoyraffzo = paint, (From ~wf] = life + ypaq>w = write), o ~wyp6cpoc; = painter
33. n6pt-n6p(t)Tt pare-par(e)te = take, imp. of nafpvw (L12, V25), s.p n~pa
34. ~wat-~wart 56se-56ste =give, imp. of ~fvw (ls, V1e), s.p. t~waa
35. o Kar6Aoyoc; kataloyos = catalogue, list
36. 11 an6cpaa11 ap6fas1 = decision (ano+q>OOll = phase)
 91

37. acp.,at or aac-acp!loTt or OOT& afise, ase-aflste, aste = let, imp. of acp!lvw (L1 2· v 26)
38. ~dvt-J.tdv&Tc mlne-mlnete= stay, imp. of ~tvw , s.p. t-~ttv-a
39. TO ~tpoc; meros (polymeric) = 1. part, 2. place
40. o ~aaKaAoc; ~askalos = teacher
41. To au~ntpaa~a simperasma = conclusion
42. npoanaew prospa96 = try (npoa+naew (pathology) = undergo)
43. paAc-paA(&)Tt vale-val (e)te = 1. put, 2. put on, imp. of pa~w . s.p. tpaAa
44. TO vtp6 ner6 = water
45. To Kpaal krasl = wine
46. pyaAc-pyaA(c)Tc vyale-vyal(e)te = take off, take out, remove, extract, deduct, imp. of pya~w .
s.p. t-pyaA-a
47. 11 Kap~ta kar~ia (cardiology) = heart
48. To pouxo rooxo = cloth
49. xafpw xero = 1 am glad
50. cuxaptan&~at ef)(aristieme. The passive voice of cuxaptarw (ls, V7) = be pleased, enjoy
51. o J.I0911Trl<; ma9itls = pupil, student, disciple. lt comes from 1J09a(vw (L11 , V3) = learn
52. K68o~OI = sit, be seated, s.p K6811aa
53. TO &n&ta6~to epts6~io = 1. episode, incident, 2. scene, 3. row
54. ~avayfVOJ.IOI ksanaylnome (used in the third person ~avayfVCTOI 1 S.p. ~OVOYIV&, f. 80
~avayfvtt} = become or take place or occur again. From ~ova + y(VOIJOL (genesis) = be
come (Lg, V 17) (~ava means again, once more, back)
55. anAwc; apl6s = simply. The adverb of anA6c;, -r\, -6 (haplography) = simple
56. Ka8tW&Ptv6 ka8imerina = daily. Adverb of K0811~tptv6c;, -r\, -6 = daily, every day. (lt comes
from K69e = every + (11)1Jepa = day (ls, V3)
57. TouAaxtaro(v) toolaxisto(n) = at least. A contracted form of TO &Aaxtarov the superlative of Alyo
meaning the least, the minimal
58. 11 np6~11 praxi = deed, act, praxis. From the ancient npaTTw prate = do, act, o npatrnK6c;,
-r\, -6 praktik6s = practical.

"'E~ a.Uoeloov 2 ~oov 3 av9p<J>noc; 4 eyEvvr)91) 5

1
" Ava~(IJOV~poc; (610 -547 B.C.)
From other kind of animals man was bom Anaximander

1. e~ = from. The preposition &K before a vowel, 2. aMoet~wv =other kind (6Moc; (L1, V17) +
e(~o~ = kind), 3. ~wwv = genitive plural of ~wo Lg, V':!J, 4. 6v8pwnoc; = man (L 1, V6 ) , 5.
eyew fJSn = was born. The ancient simple past ofyewte1Jat Lg, V17 .
92

X<lN<tvo (= bronze) 6yC1A1Ja (= statue) (lu6Aoyo~ 6, V20) eq>r'JJ3ou (= youth)

(nep( To 340 n.X.) ApxmoA.oytK6 Moucre(o, A8f}va
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IThe pronouns ofthe Greek language

01 aVTwvut.li&c; antonimies [aVTi (instead of) + 6VOIJO] Tr'lc;

Ell'lVIK~c; yAwaaac;.
a. The pronouns are the words that we use in the place of nouns or adjectives. The
personal pronouns eyw, eau, auT6<;, auT~, auT6 etc , have been dealt with in Grammar
1c,d, 2c, 4b and 5c. They are summarized in the following table.
Singular
Nom. &yw = I &au = you aur6c; = he our~ = she aur6 = it
Accus. &~tva = me &atva = you aur6v = him aur~(v) = her aur6 = it
~& <7& TOV Tll(v) TO
Gen. &~tva = my, to me &atva = your, to you OUTOU = his, to him aur~c; = her, to her aurou = its, to it
UOU <70U TOU TrlC: TOU

Plural
Nom. E~&fc; = we &a&fc; = you aurol = they aurtc; = they aura = they
Accus. &~ac; = us &aac; = you aurouc; = them aurtc; = them aura = them
~ac; aac; roue; r1c; (r&c;) Ta
Gen. &~ac; = our, to &aac; = your, to OUTWV = their, to them aurwv = their, to them aurwv = to them
us you roue; roue; rwv, roue;
~ac: aac:

The strong forms £J,Jtva, eatva, auT6v etc, of the personal pronouns are used when
we want to emphasize or distinguish something: eatva et A.w (it is) you I want, auTouc;
ewow, 6Xt eaac:; (it is) them I mean, not you (see grammar 4).
The weak forms J,J£, a£, TOV, TI'JV, TO etc. are more commonly used and they come
before the verb. Ie 8eA.w, I want you, ~ev Tov 8eA.w, I don't want him, TO elne KOl TO eKave,
he said it and he did it.
When the Imperative of a verb is used the personal pronoun comes after the verb.
The final -£ of tihe imperative singular is usually dropped before the weak neuter form of
the personal pronoun and its place is indicated by an apostrophe:
Ao'(e)To = let it, K6v'(e) TO (do it), n 6p'(e) Ta (take them).
Na ~wow (shall I give) TO )(p6vo; T11 8£C7T) ; TO ~~~A.(o IJOu; 11<i.>o 'Tov (To XP6vo),
5WO'Tf1V (TT) 8eC7T)) 5wo 'TO (TO ~l~AlO) .
For the feminine accusative plural the form T£<; (instead of Tic;) is used with the
imperative 5WO'T&c; (give them), <pWVOf;£ T£c; (call them), OUYXWpeo£ (4J, V19) T£c; (forg ive
them) but Tic; ~(vw, Tic; <pwv6~w. Tic; auyxwpw.
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!The pronouns of the Greek language

b. The genitive of the weak forms ~ou, oou, Tou, TI"J«;, ~ac;, oac;, Touc;, are also used as
pronouns to indicate to whom something belongs. They always follow the subject:
0 <ptAO~ ~OU KOl TO nOL~( TOU , 11 8£011 TOU«;, OTO OXOAelO J,lac;.
When ~ou, oou, Tou, TI"J<;, etc. come after a word which is stressed on the third
syllable from the end, the word is given an extra stress on the last syllable:
AUT6 e(vm np6~ATH.16 Tll~. this is her problem, TO yp61JIJOT6 oa~. your letters. The
same occurs with the form TE~ <pwva~t Te~. ouyxwpeot TE~ (see above) :
The genitive weak form ~ou, aou, Tou, TI"J<; etc. is also used to denote to me, to you,
to him, to her, etc. with verbs like <S(vw (give), yp6<pw (write), Myw (say), OIJLAW (speak)
and others. lt then has the place of an indirect object and comes before the verb:
Iou ~(vw TO A6yo IJOU (I give to you my word), Tile; eypalJ)a Tp(a yp61JIJOTO (I wrote
to her three letters), Touc; e(na TT)V aMt'l8tLa (I said to them the truth}, ~tv TOU IJLAW (I don't
to him speak) .
The genitive of the weak forms with the adjective ~IK6c;, -~ . -6, indicates more
exclusively the owner:
To ~1K6 ~ou ~L~A(o (my own book), auT6 e(vOL ~IKO ~ou ~ev e(vOL ~IKO oou (these
are mine they are not yours), efom ZiiK~ ~ou (you are mine (f)).
With the word tauT6c; (eaft6s = self) and the definite article the reciprocal pronouns
are formed, o &auT6c; J.IOU (my self), o tauT6c; oou (yourself) etc.:
AUT6~ OKe<pTETOl 1J6VO TOV &OUT6 TOU (he thinks (minds) only himself), ~EV 8EAel
T(noTe yLa Tov &auT6 Tll<; (she doesn't want nothing (anything) for herself).
c. The demonstrative pronouns are used when we want to indicate or show
something. The pronoun auT6c;, -r), -6 (this) is the same as the third person of the
personal pronoun . lt is used to indicate a person or a thing:
AuT~ 11 Kupfa e(vOL IJO~( IJOU (this lady is with me), ea ae ~w auT6 To ~p6~u (I shall
see you this evening), auTo to e(ne o 1J08Tltt'l~ [this said it (he said this) the pupil], Tt e(vOL
auT6; (what is this?) .
The pronoun {t )Tolhoc;, -11. -o (this) is used to show something that is very close to
us:
(t)TOIJTO E~W TO ~l~ALO (this here book) .
The pronoun &Ktlvoc;, -I"J, -o (tha~ refers to a person or thing that is far:
EKtfvo TO ~p6~u ~LOOKE~6oa1JE [~iaske~asame (L12 , V19}] noAu (that evening we
enjoyed ourselves very much, &Ktlvoc; o 6v8pwno~ (that man).
The pronoun TtToloc;, -a ,-o (tetyos) (such) indicates the quality of the subject:
T&Tola nou e(vOL t( nepLIJtVtl~ (L12 , V34}; Such that she is what do you expect?
'EKave~ T&To1o A68o~ (la. V23); (you made such a mistake?) TtTola npo~MIJaTa EXEL
6Ao~ o K60IJO~ (such problems has the whole world (everybody).
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IThe pronouns of the Greek language

The pronoun T6 ooc;, -11, -o (so much or so many') shows the quantity of the subject:
E(vat T6ooc; Katp6~ an6 T6n: (= then) (it is so much time from (since) then). E(xe
TOOI"J ~t0111 (L7 , V21 ) (it had (it was) so much heat). 'Exet T6 oouc; cplA.ou~ nou ... (he has so
many friends that.. .), txet T6011 ~uVOIJ'l nou... (he (or she) has so much power that...), txet
T6aa A.eqm1 (L12 , V27) nou... (he (or she) has so much money that...).
The word nou (tha~ . which is not declined, refers to words of any gender, number or
declination:
0 cplA.o~ n ou oou e(na (the friend that I told you (about). AUT6 or aUTo n ou A.e~ (this
or these that you say) . To ypaiJIJO nou ypa<pet~ (the letter that you are writing) . To A.eq>Ta
nou txet~ (the money that you have).
nou also means where. In order to be distinguished from the pronoun nou it takes
an accent: nou e(crat; (where are you?) nou no~; (where are you going?).
The pronoun o onoloc; (o opios), 11 onoio, TO onofo (which) is always accompanied
by the definite article o, 11 , TO and is used instead of nou when we want to be more
specific:
Aut6 TO on oio A.e~ (these (things) which you say) . To yp61JIJO TO onofo ypa<pet~
(the letter which you are writing). To A.ecpt6. TO onofo txet~ (the money which you have).
The pronoun 6notoc; (6pyos), 6noto, 6noto (he who, whoever, whichever):
'Onotoc; etA.et a~ tpeet (he who (whoever) wants let him come) . nape 6nota 13ti3A.fa
o'aptcrouv (L12, V22) (take whichever books you like). 'Onoto Kup(a ~ev txet etOTJ va IJOU
to net (whichever lady does not have a place let her say it to me). 'Onotouc; (6pyoos) ~et~
~-tlAr"lcrt (Lg, V6) tou~ yta ~-ttva (whoever you see speak to them for (about) me).
The word 6,Tt (whatever, that which) is not declined. lt is a combined word deriving
from 6 (the ancient 6noto) and Tf, and is written with a comma between the two words to
distinguish it from 6Tt 6ti meaning that: ea Kavw 6 ,TI net~ (I will do whatever you say) but
e(ne~ 6Tt ea na~ Kat ~ev nr'lYe~ (you said that you will go and you did not go). K6.ve 6,TI
VOIJ(~et~ (do whatever you think (is proper) , tA.a 6,TI wpa etA.et~ (come whatever hour you
want) .
The pronoun 6 ooc;, I"J, o means as much as, as many as:
'Oaoc; XP6vo~ 1-1tvet (as much time as it remains). Me 6011 ~uvaiJ'l (La. V4 ) txw (with
as much strength as I have), 6o&c; M~etc; IJaealvw (L11 , V3) Tt~ euiJOIJOt (L11, V29) (as many
words as I learn I remember them) . 'Oo&c; <poptc; npea ~ev oe 13Pt1Ka (as many times as I
came I did not tind you) . 'Ooo ~-tnopd~ (as much as you can).
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the pronouns of the Greek language

The pronouns 6notoc;, a , o and 6ooc;, rJ, o as well as 6 ,Tt and 6nou (= where,
wherevef) are combined with the undeclinable ending -~~noT£ and their meaning
becomes more indefinite:
Ono1ooo~noTe = anyone, oooo~noTe = of any size, however great, o,TIOf)noTe =
anything, onouor'jnoTe = anywhere, wheresoever. The pronouns 6no1oc; and 6ooc; are
declined normally within the combined word: ono1ooot;note !Jnope( va K6veL
ono1aor'jnoTe un68eOT') yLa ono1oot;note np6y1-1a IJE onoJ£oof)note 1JE86oouc; (anyone
can make any hypothesis for (on) anything with any method.
d. The Interrogative pronouns are used when asking questions.
The word Ti (wha~ is indeclinable.
n K6VEL<; (what are you doing?) Tl wpa e(vm; (what hour (time) it is (is it)?) Ti ElVQl
aUT6; (what this is (is this)?) Tl exetc;; (what you have (is the matter with you)?) Tf e(nec;;
(what did you say?) Tf 8€Xetc;; (what do you want?).
The pronoun no16c; (py6s), nou] (pya), no16 (py6) means who, which.
no16c; e(vm; (who it is (is it)? nou.l eivm 11 yuva(Ka oou ; (which is your wife?) nou]
M~11 oev yvwpi~etc;; (which word you don't know?) no16 nmo( elvm OLK6 oou; (which child
is yours?) no16v 8€Xet<;; (whom do you want?) no1ouc; (pyo6s) ~epetc; ; (whom do you
know?) no•tc; Kupfec; efvm aUT€<;; (which ladies are these?) nou.l nmot6 cpwv6~ouv; (which
children are shouting?) Me no16v 1JIA6c;; (with whom do you speak?) L£ no1a illM<pwveic;;
To whom (female person) do you telephone? no16 ~~~Afo efvm TO mo KaA.6; (which book is
1he better?) [Note that the neuter form no16 is phonetically the same as the adverb m 6
which means more (Gr. 8, p. 57)]
The genitive singular of no16c;, -a, -6 is no1ou (pyo6), f. no16c; (pyas),'l. n01ou
(pyo6) and the genitive plural for all genders is noui>V (py6n). On certain occasions for the
genitive singular the ancient form Tivoc; is preferred for all genders and for the genitive
plural the ancient form TlVWV. noiOU OPOIJOU; or Tivoc; OpOIJOU; (of which street?) no1ac;
yA.wooac;; or Tlvoc; YAWOOO<;; (of which language?) no10U OXOM(ou; or Tlvoc; OXOM(ou; (of
which school?) Tlvoc; e(vm aUT6; (whose is this?)
The pronoun n6ooc;, rJ, o means how much, how many:
n6ooc; KOOIJO<; r'jpee; How muc h world (how many people) did it (they) come? n6o11
OOUAeL6 exetc;; (how much work do you have?) n6oo Kpao( eeA.eL<;; (how much wine do
you want?) n6oo Katp6 XPEL6~eom (L11 , V19}; (how much time do you need?) n6oouc;
a8A'1TE<; exouv; (how many athletes do they have?) n6oec; M~El<; ~epetc;; (how many
words do you know?) n6oa nmot6 exeTe; (how many children do you have?)
e. The Indefinite pronouns are used for a person or thing which is not specified either
because we do not know it or do not want to name it.
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IThe pronouns of the Greek language

The indefinite article tvac:;, IJfa, tva can be used as an indefinite pronoun meaning
someone:
'Evac:; 1-.HAOUO€ ouvexwq (l1o. V,a) (one (someone) was speaking continuously). Mia
cpwv6~et noAu. One (someone) (female person) is shouting much.

The pronoun Kavtvac:; (or the ancient Kav&lc:;), KCIJIO (or the ancient KCIJfa stressed
on ~Q . Kavtva, has two meanings. lt means anyone, someone, somebody in a phrase that
does not contain a negation, but no one, nobody in a negative phrase:
E(vat Kavtvac:; e6w; (is anyone or someone here?) ea pee(q Ka~t6 q>op6; (will you
come some time?) 'Exetq Kavtva KaA6 ~L~A(o; (do you have any good book?). =:epetq
Kavtvav e6w; (do you know anyone or someone here?) But:
b.ev e(vat Kavtvac:; e6w (it is not (there is) no one here). b.e ea peelc:; KCJ.IIO q>opa.
(you will not come no one (any) time). b.ev exetq Kavtva KaA6 ~t~.A(o (you do not have no
one (any) good book). b.ev ~epetq Kavtvav e6w (you don't know no one (anyone) here) .
The pronoun Ka9tvac:;, Ka9&J.IIO (or Ka9&JJia) Ka9tva = everyone, is a combined
word of the indefinite article tvac:;, 1Jia, tva and the indeclinable word K09& which means
every:
(0) Ka9£vac:; EX€L T11 ee011 TOU (everyone has his place) . L€ Ka9&J.IIO an6 oaq (to
everyone of you). re Ka9tva nat6( (to every child).
The word K69& is also used as an adjective meaning every, all:
K69& 6vepwnoq (every man), K09& ~epa (every day), K69& wpa (every hour). K69&
6uo (e)~6o~66eq (every two weeks). K69& is not declined.
The pronouns KOTI (or sometimes KaTaTn , Ka9&TI and TlnoT£ are also indeclinable.
K6Ta and KCTITI mean something and Ka9&Tf everything. TinoT& means nothing in a
negative phrase and something in a phrase without negation:
Tt y(veTat; (what is happening (is going on)?) K6Ta y(veTal (something is happening).
rlveTat TfnoT&j (is something happening?) TfnoT& 6ev y(veTat (nothing doesn't happen
(happens). Ka9&Tf nou y(veTat TO ~aealvw (everything that happens I learn it). =:epetq
TinoT& vea; (do you know any news?) b.ev ~epw TfnoT& (I don't know nothing (anything).
The pronoun K6noaoc:;, -a, -o, means someone:
K6noaoc:; cpwva~e (someone called). ea pew K6noaa ~epa (I will come some day).
Kanoa&c:; eeAouv va oe 6ouv (some (female persons) want to see you).
The pronoun KOJ.moooc;, .,, o means quite a number of or amount of:
K6J,Jnoooa 6vepwnot (quite a number of men (people). El~at KOJJnOOI"J wpa eow (I
am quite a number of hour (time) here) . 'Exet KOIJnooa .AecpT6 (he has quite an amount of
money).
98

IThe pronouns of the Greek language _ _ _ _ _ _ ____,

The pronoun ~&plKOf, -tc:;, -a exists only in plural and means a certain number or
quantity or amount of, certain, some:
M&plKOI 6v8pwnOL (certain men (people) . M&pJKtc:; cpope~ (certain (some) times).
M&pJKtc:; yuva(Ke~ e(vm noA.u wpa(e~ (certain (some) women are very beautiful). M&plKO
n p6y1JaTa <Se M yoVTaL (certain things are not said).
The pronoun alloc:;, -11, -o means other, else, sometimes more:
nOL6~ alloc:; SeA.eL; (who other (else) wants?) n ou elVQl Tl alli'J; (where is the other
(female person)?) Tl allo 8EAeL~; (what other (else) do you want?) nOLou~ allouc:; ~epeL~ ;
(whom others (else) do you know?) OL all&c:; dvm mo KaM~ (the others are better) .
6EAel~ KL'6llo; (do you want and other (more)?).

IUVORTIK6<; n{VOKO<; TWV OVTWVU~UIJV

Ti; nwc:;; nou; no16c:;; no16; no16; n6ooc:;; n6oi'J; n6oo;

What? how? where? who? how much? how many?
K{ITI K6nwc; K6nou K6no1oc;, KanoJO, K6no1o Ka~noaoc;,Ka~noa~ .
something somehow somewhere someone Ka~noao
quite a number
or amount of
6,TI 6nwc; 6nou 6n010<;, 6n010, 6n010 6aoc;, 6a~, 6ao
whatever as, like, wherever whoever, as much as
just as whichever, as great as
he who as many as
or16~nort onwa6~noTt onou6~noTt OnOIOO· OnOIO· OnOIO· oaoa6~- oa~6~- oao6~-
anything, anyhow, anywhere 6r1noTt, 6r1non:, ~rinort noT&, nor&, noT&
whatsoever anyway, anyone however greater or
by all means much or many
K09&Tf navrou Ka9tvac;, K09t~fa, ,Ka9t va ~tpiKOi, ~&,piKtc;, ~tpiKO
everything everywhere everyone certain, some
TfnoT& nou9tv6 Kavtvac;, Ka~ fa, Kavtva r6aoc;, r6arJ, r6ao
nothi ng or nowhere no one, nobody so much
something someone so many
aur6c;, aurri, aur6
this
(t)TOUTO<;, (t )TOUTfl,
(t )TOUTO
this here
&Kdvoc;, &KdvrJ, &Ktfvo
that one
aAAoc;, aAArJ, 6AAo
other, else
t vac;, ~ fa , t va
one, someone
 99

Gr. 1~
a. We have seen (Gr.1) that the major category of masculine nouns are those ending in
-oc;. There are also several masculine nouns ending in -l')c; (o nOL'lTrl<:; (ls. V32), o 1108'1Trlc;
L13,V51 ) and a few others ending in -ac; or -t oe;. A small category of common masculine
nouns end in -ac;, -&c;, and -ouc; and form their plural by adding a ~ to their stem before the
endings of the plural.
The masculine nouns ending in -oc; form their genitive singular with the ending -ou and
those stressed on the third syllable from the end move the stress to the second syllable.
In the accusative they lose the -c; and may take an -v, and in the vocative they have an -£.
In the plural the endings are -01 for the nominative and vocative, -wv for the genitive, with a
displacement of the stress, and -ouc; for the accusative:
o Kupt-oc; OL Kupt-OI
TOU KUpt-OU TWV KUpt-WV
TOV KUPL-o(v) Touc; Kupt-ouc;
KUP~£ KUp~OI
All other masculine nouns form their genitive, accusative and vocative case singular
by dropping the final -c; of the nominative. In the plural those ending in -l')c; (nOL'lT-f)c; Lg, V32)
and -ac; (6VTp-ac; Ls. V14) form the nominative, accusative and vocative with the ending -&c;
(OL nOL'lT·f c;, TOU<:; nOL'lT-E<;, OL 6VTp-&c;, TOU<:; 6VTp-&c;), which becomes ·&le; for those
ending in -eac; (o YPOilllOTeac; = the secretary, OL YPOilllOT-Eic;) and -~&c; for those ending
in -ac;, -ec; and -ouc;, which take an additional ~ to their stem in the plural(o nannouc; = the
grandfather, Ol nannou-~&c;) .
All masculine nouns form the genitive plural with the ending -wv (Twv nOL'lTWV, Twv
aVTpwv, Twv YPOilllOTtwv, Twv nannou~wv) , which is a common ending for all three
genders. Those stressed on the third syllable move their stress to the second syllable and
most of those stressed on the second syllable move the stress to the last syllable.
As a general rule the reader should remember that the characteristics of all
masculine nouns are a) the final -c; in the nominative singular which is lost in the other
cases and b) the ending -wv in the genitive plural.
b. The masculine form of most adjectives ends in -oc; and is declined like the nouns
ending in -oc;. Certain adjectives whose masculine form ends in -uc; also have the same
endings. In the genitive singular these adjectives may have the ending -ou or -u: o yA.uKuc;
(glucose) sweet Kaq>tc; = coffee, Tou yA.uKoU or Tou y.AuKu Kaq>t. The feminine form of the
adjectives ending in -u ends in - 10 and the neuter in -u or -o: 'l yA.uKL-16, TO yA.uK-u or TO yA.uK6.
The adjective noAuc; presents two irregularities a) its feminine form is noM-r1 and b)
it is written with a double A in all cases except the nominative and accusative of the
masculine and neuter forms.
There are also a few commonly used adjectives ending in -l')c; that have preserved
the ancient endings -l')c; for the feminine and -&c; for the neuter form. In the genitive
singular the ancient ending -ouc; is used for all three genders.
100

1
flt KOTO TtTOpTO J.1Cl 91"11.10
1. nOL6c;2 (py6s) SeXEt va IJLAf]oet; Kavevac;3; Kavefc;3 5ev e(vat ttoq.JOc;4 vo K6vet 111v
apxf15; 0nOLoo5i]notes (opyos5ipote) J.mope( va n6pet-ro "A6yo. 0 Ko8tvoc;7 1Jnopef vo
net Tfl YVWIJ'l TOU.
2 . Apxf~wa eyw. 'Oxt eoefc; napaKa"Aw, npwl"J1 efvat eKefV11 'l Kupfa 5t6tt t xet oetp69.
not6 Kupla; EKefV11 nou K68e-rat nlow1o ooc; (IJO~( ooc;, 1Jnpoc;11 croc;, 5(n"Aa12 oac;,
KOVT6. 13 00<:;).
3 . K6nOLoc; 14 (kapyos) efne K6tt 1s nou 5ev to 6Kouoa Ka"Aa. MT']v aM6~etc;1s 8e1Ja17 oe
napaKa"Aw. TeXe(woe (telfose) au-r6 nou apxtoec;. nept1Jevw va -reXEtwoetc; yta va oou
anaVTi]ow18. Enava"Aa1Jj36vetc;19-ra (5ta20 Kat-ra (5ta.
4. Ot OIJLAT']Tec;21 e(vm noMoi Kat ot aKpoa-rtc;22 "Afyot. 01JtAT']Ttc;, aKpomtc;,
ouyypacpe(c;23 (sinyraffs), ypOIJIJOtefc;24 (y ramatis) llt"Aouv 6"Aot 110~( Kat 5ev OKOUIJE
ttnOl"E.
5 . To oxt5to25 oou e(vm -rt XEto26 (telio). Efvat -reXEfwc;27 (telios) a5uva-ro va y(vet au-r6
nou ~T']T6c;.
6. not6c; ouyypacptac; oe not6 j3tJ3"A(o yp6cpet KOTL yta otva; K6nou28 -ro e(oa au-r6.
nou8ev629 5ev unapxet K6TL t t -roto. Te-rotoc;3o (tetyos) nou efvat tt nept1Jevetc;;
7 . Au-r6c; e(vat evac; n(vaKac;31 6"AWV TWV ouyypocpewv {sinyrafeon), TWV ypOIJIJOTEWV KOl
l"WV OIJLAT']l"WV.
8. Au-r6c; e(vat ouyyevi]c;32 IJOU KOt oul"i] efvm 11 a5e"Acpf]33 -rou. E(vat no"Au ayevf]c;34 5e
8e"Aw VQ TOV j3AenW (va TOV OW). H Tl1JWp(a35 ev6c; ayevouc; av8pwnou efvat T']
ano1J6vwoi)36 tou.
9. H EKTLIJT']oi)37 IJOU 01"0 np6own6 38 1"'1<:; e(vOL IJEY<i"AT']. :toe; EKTLIJW39 no"Au KQL OEV t xw
T(note npoowmK640 evovt(ov41 ooc;. npot t1Jw42 vo OT01Jol"i]ow43. Ka"Autepo vo
own6.ow44. H otwni] 4SVOIJI~w e(vat KaAu-repJl. :ttwnn napoKa"Aw.
10. Tt e(vm o ye(tov6c;46 oac;; E(vm 'E"A"AT']vac;47; 'Oxt, e(vat 'Ayy"Aoc;48. EKefvot OL epy6tec;49
e(vm 'E"A"AJlvec;; Not, VOIJ(~w 6tt efvat 'E"A"AJlvec;, J..ILAOuv E"A"AJlvtK6. llev ntOl"euwso 6TL M et.
11. M'aptoet o y"AuKuc;s1 Kat e"Aacppuc;s2 Kacptc;53. llev ayanw touc; y"AuKouc; Kat 5uvotouc;
Kacpt5ec;. 0 ouvexflc;54 86puj3oc;ss IJE evoxx.erss Kat IJE Koupa~et, 5ev Tov avttxw. /\6yw
TOU OUVEXOU<:; 8opuj30U EXW XOOELTOV UnVO IJOU Kat 80 XQOW KQl lTlV uye(a57 IJOU.
12. LlliJEPO 0 e8VtK6c;58 xapaKTfJpac;59 K68e -r6nou60 y(VEl"at ne:ptocr6-re:po 5te8vi]c;61. Ot
5te8vefc; opyavtcr1Jo(52 cppoVT(~o uv63 yta 1"1'JV uyefa 6"Aou tou KOOIJOU. 0 opyavtcr1J6C::
-rou avepwnou n pt net va Kpa-rtt-rm64 (5tal"J1pef-rm55) uyti]c;Ss 6"AT'] tau TT'] ~wfl .
13. n a va ~i]OOUIJE EtpT']VtK667 OTO ouy)(povo68 KOOIJO )(pElQ~ETat (Xriazete) oy6nT']69 KOL
EtPtlVTls?. nptnet vo oyon611e o t vac; -rov 6"A"Ao.

I\£~1A6y1o
1. ~tKaToc; Tt TapToc;, -11, -o ~ekatos tetartos, -i, -o = fourteenth. The number 14 is ~tKaTtootpa
2. no1oc;, (py6s), no16 (pya), no1o (py6) = who, which
3. Kav£vac; or Kavtfc;, Ka~fa, Kavt va = no one or someone (see avrwvu1J(ec;)
4. tTOI~oc;, -rJ, -o etimos, -i, -o (etymology)= ready
5. rJ apxr\ i arxl (architect, archetype, oligarchy) = 1. beginning, commencement, 2. origin,
3. principle, 4. authority
6. onoloo~r\noTt (opyosi51pote), onoloiSf]noT&, ono1ooTjnoT& = anyone
 101

Fourteenth lesson (L14)

1. Who wants to speak? No one? No one is not (is) ready to make the beginning (to
begin)? (Note that the ancient form Kavdc; is also used, seep. 97) . Anyone can take
the speech. Everyone can say his opinion.
2. 1 begin (eyw is put for emphasis: lt's me that I begin) . Not you please, first is that lady
because she has turn (it is her turn) . Which lady? That one that is seated behind you
(with you, in front of you, beside you, near you).
3. Somebody said something that I did not hear it well. Don't change subject I beg you.
Finish (the imperative TeA.etwae is also stressed on &1 : n:A.e(wcre) this that (what) you
started. I wait that you finish in order to answer you. You repeat the same and the
same (Ta Iota is put in the plural because it refers to Ta A6yta = the words (Y,, V24) or
Ta np6y1JaTa the things (Y,, V12).
4. The speakers are many but the listeners few. Speakers, listeners, authors, secretaries
speak all together and we don't hear nothing (anything).
5. Your plan is perfect. lt is quite impossible to become (to be realized) that that (what)
you ask.
6. Which author in which book writes something for (about) you? Somewhere I saw this.
Nowhere is not (there is) something like that. Such as he is what do you expect.
7. This is a table (list) of all the authors the secretaries and the speakers.
8. He (or this) is my relative and she (or this) is his sister. He is very impolite I don't want
to see him (va tov I3Mnw is the continuous form of the subjunctive (Gr. 10a, b)
meaning to see him ever, whereas va Tov ow using the second stem of the verb 13Mnw
is the complete form meaning: to see him now or sometimes). The punishment of an
impolite man is his isolation.
9. My esteem for her person is great. I esteem you very much and I don't have nothing
(anything) personal against you. I prefer to stop. Better I should keep silent. Silence I
think is better. Silence (quie~ please.
10. What is your neighbour? Is he Greek? No, he is English. Those workers are they Greeks?
Yes, I think they are Greeks, they speak Greek. I don't believe whatever he says.
11. I like the sweet and light coffee. I don't love the sweet and strong coffees. The continuous
noise annoys me and fatigues me, I don't (can't) stand it. Because of the continuous
noise I have lost my sleep and I will lose my health too (Km again has the place oftoo).
12. Today the national character of every place becomes more international. The
international organizations they care for the health of the people. The organism of man
must be kept (maintained) healthy all its life.
13. In order to live peacefully in the modern world is required love and p·eace. We must
love one the other (each other) .

7. Kaetvm;, Ka6t~la, Kaetva = everyone

8. apxi~w arxrzo = begin, start (s.p.6pxto-a). From apx~ No s
9. 11 attpa i sira pi. ot oetpec; i sires (series) = 1. series, 2. row, 3. line, 4. order, s.with ~ou, aou,
=
Tou, Tile; my, your, his, her turn
10. niaw pfso = behind
102

11 . (&)t.mp6c; embr6s = in front of, forward, ahead (expr. E1Jnp6c; = come in, hallo (telephone)
12. ~fnAa ~fpla = beside
13. KOVTa konda = near
14. Kano•oc; (kapyos), Kano•a (kapya), Kano•o (kapyo) = someone
15. KOTI kati = something
16. aAAa~w alazo = change (s.p. 6Ma~-a)
17. TO 8Et.JO tO 8ema (theme) = 1. SUbject, 2. theme, 3. topic
18. anaVTw apant6 = answer, reply (s. p. an6VTT'lo-a)
19. &navaAaiJPavw epanalamvano = repeat (s.p. enave.\a~-a. f. ea enavaA6~-w) Combined verb
formed with the prepositions em (upon, at) + ava(backwards) and the irregular verb AOIJ~6vw
= receive (s.p. e-.\a~-a f. ea M~·W)
20. o f~1oc;, -a, -o, l~yos , -a, -o (Idiosyncrasy, idiom) = 1. same, own, self, 2. peculiar to oneself.
(e(vat TO (~to np6y1-1a = it is the same thing, eyw o (~toe; = I myself)
21. o OIJIAI'Jnl<; o omilitls = speaker. From OIJIAw = speak (Lg, Vs)
22. o aKpOOTrl<; o akroatls = listener. From the ancient verb aKpOOIJOl = listen, hear
23. o auyypaq>iac; o sinyrafeas =author, writer. From ouv (together)+ypa<pw (la. V8)
24. o ypOIJIJOTta<; o yramateas = secretary. From TO ypaiJIJO = the letter (l_s, V2)
25. TO O')(i~IO to sxe~iO (schedule) = 1. plan, design, sketch, 2. project, SChedule
26. TtA&IO<;, -a, -o teltos, -a, -o = perfect, complete
27. r&Adwc; telfos = completely. The adverb ofTtA&Io<;
28. Kanou kapoo = somewhere
29. nou8&v6 poo8ena = nowhere
30. rtro1oc;, -a, -o tetyos, -a. -o = such, like this
31 . n fvaKa<; o plnakas = 1. table, 2. list, 3. picture (the painting)
32. auyy&vr1c;, -r1c;, -tc; s1ngenls = relative, related. From ouv (together) + yevoc; (genus) = family,
tribe, genus
33. 11 a~&Acpr1, i a~elfl (p. 01 a~e.\<pec;, i a~elfes = sister(s) (see o a~&Aq>6<; in L10, V26. The pi. of
a~e.\<p6c; is 01 a~e.\<po(, phonetically the same as 11 a~EA.<pr1. There is also the neuter expression
TO a~iAcp1a a~elfia (Philadelphia) meaning the siblings, ie. brothers and sisters, the brethren
34. ay&vr1c;, -r1c;, -t<; ayenls, -is, -es = impolite. From the negative prefix a + yevoc;. See ouyyevflc;
(No 31) and euyev1K6<; (l1 , V11)
35. 11 TIIJWpfa timorra = punishment. TI!JWpw timor6 = punish (s.p. TliJWP'10-a)
36. 11 ano1J6VWOI'J apom6nosi = isolation. From ano+1J6voc; = alone (L2 , V4)
37. 11 &KTft.JrJOrJ i ectlmisi = esteem, estimation. See eKTLIJW (No 39)
38. TO np6awno to pr6sopo = 1. person, 2. face
39. &KTIIJW ektim6 = esteem. From eK (out of) +TliJW (timothy) = honour
40. npoawmK6<;, -r1 , -6 prosopik6s, -1, -6 = personal. See npoowno (No 38)
41 . &vaVTfov enandlon = against
42. npOTII-JW protim6 = prefer (s.p npoT(IJI'lO·a). From npo(before)+TliJW = honour
43. OTOIJOTW stamat6 = stop (s.p.OTaiJOTI')O·O)
44. a•wnw siop6 = be silent, keep silent (s.p mwn11o-a and ownao-a)
45. 11 a1wnr1 siopi = silence
46. o ydTovac; o yltonas (m) 11 yt1T6v1aa i yit6nisa (f) = neighbour
47. 0 'EAAI1VO<; elinas (Hellenistic)= Greek pi. Ol 'EM11V€<:;, elines = the Greeks
48. o 'AyyAoc; o angles = Englishman pi. 01 'AyyAo1 angli = Englishmen. H AyyM~a. -&<; anglf~a =
English woman (-en).
49. o &py6TI'Jc; eryatis = worker. From t pyo = work (ls, V2sl
so. mar&uw pistevo = believe (s.p. n(OTellJ·a). H n far11 plsti = faith
 103

51. yAuKuc;, (or -6c;). -16, -u (or -6) ylikfs or ylik6s (glucose) = sweet
52. t Aaq>puc;, (or -6c;), -16, -u (or -6) elafrrs or elafr6s = light
53. o Kaq>t c; (pi. Ol Kaq>&~tc;) kafes - kafe~es = coffee(s)
54. ouv&x~c;. -~c;. -tc; sinexrs = continuous. Iuvt xwc; s1nex6s (adv.) = continuously (L1o. V1a)
55. o 86puJ3oc; 86rivos = noise
56. t voxAw enoxl6 = 1. annoy, trouble (s.p. ev6xA-11o-a), 2. molest svoxAouJJat enoxlo6me "" be
annoyed (s.p. evoxA.r)8-11KO)
57. 11 uytla iyla (hygiene) = health
58. t 8VIK6c;, -~. -6 e8nik6s, -1, -o (ethnic) = national. To t evoc; eenos = nation
59. XOPOKT~pac; xaraktfras = character
60. o T6noc; t6pos (topography) = 1. place, site, spot, 2. country
61 . litt8vr1c;, -~c;. -tc; ~ie8nfs -Is, -es = international. From ~la (through) + t8voc; (ethnic) = nation
62. o opyavtoJ,J6c; o oryanism6s = 1. organism, 2. organization
63. q~poVTI~w frontrzo = care, take care, look after (s.p. q>pOVTlo-a)
64. KpantJ,Jat kratieme = be hold (s.p. Kpanl8-11KO). The passive voice of KpaTw krat6 (democrat,
aristocrat) = hold
65. ~IOTI'lPOUJ.IOI ~iatiro6me = be maintained (sp ~l01T)ptl8-11KO). The passive voice of ~IOTilPW
~iatir6 = maintain
66. UYirl<;, -r1c;, -tc; iyils, -Is, -es = healthy. See 11 uye(a (No 57)
67. 11 t iPrlVIl 1rln1 (lrene) = peace. Elpf1VIK6c;, -r1, 6 = innik6s = peaceful, pacific. ElP11VlK6<;
WK&av6c; = Pacific Ocean. Etpf1VIK6 irinica (adv.) = peacefully.
68. ouyxpovoc;, -11, -o srnxronos -i, -o = modern , contemporary, synchronous (From ouv + XP6voc;
= time).
69. 11 ay6n11 ayapi = love. See ayanw L9 , V3 and Vs

0:;
" 'H UfURI) 1 o:!2 ~1).\oi'!.... , ou~ :.OXI)f10Vtl,4 ~~~·u;l'5'ta £mnqc; 6... ou .\oy~nat 7 'tO KaK6v,8
ou' xaipt l 9 t nhij a6lKia ·~ .. n6na11 Dl<n£Ut l! 2 OUV't(l t.\n(~n,l3 n6na {,nop£vel 1 ~.. n Conc;:s
i:Aoic;,16 ay6nl) I 'tU 'tp ia 'tau'ta, 17 pt~Ca>v 1 8 6t 'tOU'tCa>V 19 ~ CxyOIIJ}.I "
An6otoA.oc; nauA.oc; EmotoAf} npoc; Koplv8touc;
St. Paul Epistle to Corinthians
Love is not jealous ... , it does not act in an ugly way, it does not demand her own (rights, interests) ...
it does not think of evil, is not p leased with injustice ... always believes, always hopes, always end ures
... faith, hope, love these three, the greater of these (is) love.

1. 11 ayan11 = No 69, 2. ou or ouK before a word beginning with a vowel = not, see L2, Vs. 3.
~11AW = be jealous (in modern Greek ~11A&uw zilevo}, 4. OOX11f.JOVW = act in an ugly way, see
aO)(Tlf.JO<; L12. V1o. 5. ~11TW =
ask (Lg, V1s). 6. TO eaUTfJc; = the (things, rights, interests) of her
own, see &aUT6c; p. 94, 7. l\oy(~Of.JOl =
think, take into consideration (in modern Greek
ouMoy(~Of.JOl), 8. TO KOK6v = bad, evil, harm, see L1, V13 , 9. xolpw = be pleased, see L 13 ,
V4g, 10. 11 O~lK(a = injustice, see l 1o. V2g, 11. n avra = always, 12. m OT&UW = believe (l g,
V4), 13. eA.n(~w = hope, 14. unof.Jevw = endure, stand, have patience, see p.69 and 70, 15. 11
n fotl<; (niOTll in modern Greek) = faith , 16. 11 el\n(c; = hope, (el\n(~a in modern Greek), 17.
TaLrra tafta = these. The ancient aUT6, see demonstrative pronouns p. 94, 18. f.Jef~wv =
greater. The ancient comparative of f.J&y6Aoc;, 19. TOUTWV = of these gen. plur. of TOUTO, see
p.94.
104

Endings of masculine nouns and adjectives

nouns adjectives nouns nouns Adjectives in -'1~
and adjectives in -oc; in -uc; in -'le; in -ac; in -ooc; (ouvex-~~)
(~Jey6A-oc; 6p61..1-o~) (13a9-uc;) (I..I09'1T-~c;, nan~p-ac;) (ypal..ll..lar-tac;)

0
TOU
-oc;
-ou
-uc;
·IOU
_,_,
-'le; -ac;
-a
-cac;
-to
-'le;
-ouc;
TOV
-
-o(v)
-t
-u
-u
_, -a
-a
-&a
-&a
•fl
·'l
01 ·01 -101 -cc; -&le; -tic;
TWV -wv ·lWV -wv -tWV -wv
Touc; -ouc; -1ouc; •tc; -tic; -tic;
-01 -101 -tc; -&I<; -&le;

nouns in adjectives in

(~)-cc; (~)-oc; (~)-0u5 (~)-'le; (~)-oc;

Kacp-tc; ~ap-ac; nann-ouc;

0 -cc; -oc; -ouc;

_,
· 'le; -oc;
TOU
TOV
-c
-c
-t
-a
-a
-a
-ou
-ou
•OU
.,_, -a
-a
-a
01 -t~&c; -a~cc; -ou~cc; -'l~&c; -a~cc;
TWV -t~wv -a~wv -ou~wv -'l~Wv -o~wv
Touc; -t~&c; -a~cc; -ou~cc; -'l~tc; -a~&c;
-t~tc; -a~cc; -ou~cc; -'l~tc; -o~cc;

Characteristics of the masculine nouns are a) the final -c; of the nominative singular, b) the
formation of the genitive, accusative and vocative singular by droping the final -c; of the nominative
(with the excemption of those ending in -oc;), c)the ending -wv in the genitive plural.

The adjectiv·e noAuc;, noM~, noAu Is Irregular:

0
TOU
noA-uc;
noA-u
,
TrJ<;
noM-~
noM- c;
TO
TOU
noA-u
noA-u
TOV noA-u T'lV noM -1 TO noA-u
01 noM -of 01 noM -cc; TO noM -a
TWV noM -wv TWV noM -wv TWV noM-wv
Touc; noM -ouc; Tl<; noM-t c; TO noM -a

Note that a) noAuc; is written with double A except in the masculine and neuter singular and b)
the feminine and neuter first person (noM~ , noAU), the masculine first person plural (noMoO and
the adverb noAu ( = much, very) are phonetically the same. Example:
m.iJC; J.mopouv rroM.o{ 6v8pwrrot va ~ouJ..Euouv r6ao rro.Au J.le rro.Au 86pu{3o r7 rroM.ry (tOTTJ r7
TTO.AU KpUO,'
 105

a. The majority of feminine nouns end in -a or -11 (Gr.1) and form the genitive singular
by taking an -<; (Gr.6) and the nominative plural with the ending -&<; (Gr.2).
There is a category of feminine nouns ending in -11 in which this ending has replaced
the ancient and Ka8apeuouaa ending -1<;. In modern Greek these nouns have kept in the
nominative plural the ancient ending -&u;: 11 i5UVOIJI1 - 01 i5uv61J&I<; (~. V4), 11 8ea11 - 01
8ea&l<; ('-4, V10 ) , n M~11 - ot M~&l<; (4;, V20), n i5t68eall - ot i5ta8ea&l<; (L9 , V10) , n aKelJJ'l - 01
aKelJj£1<; (Lg, V21), l1 np68ea11 - Ol npo8ea£1<; (p. 67), l1 un68ea11 - Ol uno8ta&l<; (L12• V41).
The ending of the genitive plural of these feminine nouns is -ewv (instead of -wv) : TWV
i5UVOIJ·EWV, TWV 8£a-&WV, TWV Ae~·EWV, etc .
With the ending -1<; and the ending -ewe; for the second person singular these words
are still found in most dictionaries and other texts, signs and streets: Mouae(ov
AKpon6A&w<; (Tl AKp6noA·I<;, Tllc; AKpon6A·&W<;, ....
The ending -1<; has also been preserved in the English words borrowed from the
Greek language (see Gr.1). lt is therefore easy for an English-speaking person to
remember that the nominative plural of these words ends in -£1<; and not in -£<; like the
other feminine nouns ending in -11.
b. Another small category of feminine nouns have in the nominative singular the
masculine ending -o<; and are declined like a masculine noun. We have met 11 oi56c; (L7 ,
V17) and its derivatives (e(aoi5oc;, t~oi5oc;, K68oi5oc;, 6.voi5oc;, nep(oi5oc;, np6oi5oc;). Oi56c;
becomes TTlV oi56, Tllc; oi5ou, ot oi5o(, Ttc; oi5ouc;, Twv oi5wv.
c. A few feminine nouns form the plural by adding a ~ (i5eATa) to their stem 11 ytayt6
yaya (grandmother) - ot ytayta~&<; yayai5es
As a general rule the reader should remember that with the exception of those
ending in -o<; all feminine nouns a) take an -<; in the genitive singular b) have the same
ending for the nominative, accusative and vocative and c) form the genitive plural with the
ending -wv which is the characteristic ending of this case for all three genders.
d. The feminine form of the adjectives ends in -11. -a or -•a and is declined like the
feminine nouns ending in -11 or -a . The adjectives whose stem ends in a vowel usually
have the ending -a in the feminine form (o wpa(oc;, 11 wpa(a) and those endings in - K
(K6na) the ending -1a (o yAuK-6c;, 11 yAuK-t6) . The feminine form of the masculine
adjectives ending in -11<; (o uyt~<;. o i5te8v~<;) has the same ancient endings as the
masculine form:
11 uyt~<; iyifs. Tll~ uytouc;, TflV uyt~, uyt~ , ot uyt&l<;, Twv uytwv, Tlc; uytefc;, uyt&f<;,
11 i5te8v~c;. Tllc; i5te8vouc;, Tfl i5te8v~. i5te8v~ . ot i5te8v&f<;, Twv i5te8vwv, Ttc; i5te8v&i<;,
i5te8v&fc;.
106

1. Tt 8£)\et<; an6 IJEVa; 'O,TL ~TlnlOel<; ea OTO i5WOW 1-1e 1Jey6Al1 euxaplOTTlOl12 (efxaristisi).
E~nf~w3 OTL Kern ea y fvet YL' QUTO TO ee1Ja4. 0Tli5~non: XPeLO~EOQl ~ea XPElQOTelC: va
IJOU TO nEL<;.
2. 'Exw aKouoeL noAAtc; yvWIJE<; KOL unoeeoetc; i5ev txw OIJW<; ano<paofoeLs aK61Jl1 Tl ea
Kavw. OLeKeeoeac;s OTLC: 1-1ey6Aec; n6)\£tc;7 txouv nav-ro-re em-ruxfas. LTTlV nep(mw0l19
Tl1 i5tKL6 oou i5ev efxec; TU)(Tl 10. 'Hoouv 6-ruxoc;11. 'H-rav IJLO 1JEY6Ar"J a-ruxfa1 2.
3. Au-rec; ne; ano<pOOEl<; i5ev TlC: Sewpw OWOTE<;. Me 6oec; i5UVOIJEl<; exw ea ouvex(ow Tl<;
npoonaeeLec;13 1-1ou Km Touc; aywvec;1 4. l:lev ea OTOIJOT~owl s no-re. Ef!Jm
ano<paoLOIJevoc;16 va ~pw TTlV aN1eeLa o' aun1 TTlV un6ee0Tl. Aun1 ano<pao(~El yta -ra
nav-ra (yla 6.>-.a) .
4 . Ot M~EL<; nou XPTlOLIJOnmefc; (xrisimopiis) exouv nav-ro-re Oll!Jaofa. OL KL~oetc; 17 nou
EKOVe ~TQV e~unvec;18. !:le IJnOpouoa va QVTli5p6ow19 CUTE erxa KOlp6 va ETOl1JclOW20
KOTL Katvoupyto21.
5. 'Qoo KQl QV EnLIJEVetc;22 6, Tl KQl VQ )\£<; Ounl OKOneueL23 va q>UyEL. Kaveva<; KOl TtnOTE
i5ev !Jnopd va TTlV Kpan1oet24 r1 va TTlV KOVEL va aM6~El yv<i>IJTl· To EXEL ano<paofoeL.
'Exet oKon62S va <puyet
6 . l:l.e !Jnopw va nept!Jevw ~o. AvayK6~01Jat26 va e~e-r6ow27 6)\£<; TL<; neptmwoetc; yLa
VQ ~pW TTlV aArleElQ o' Ounl TTlV un6ee0Tl. E(!JOL avayKOOIJEV0<;28 VQ TO KQVW.
7. H EM6i5a elVQl IJlO xwpa29 IJE j.1Ey6Ao evi5ta<pepov30, Ot n6MlC: KQl TO xwpt631 TTlC:. l1
Yl132 Tll<;, ot e&aooec;33 Km -ra ~ouv634 TTlC: e(vm 6.>-.a YEIJOTa3s llE q>uatK£c;3s
OJ..10p<ple<;37 KQl lOTOplKec;38 QVOIJ~OElc;39. E(vat evac; xwpoc;40 nou 6~0l OOOl exouv TO
(i5LO li50VlK04 1 j.1e TOU<; OPXOLOU<; 'EMTlVE<; TOV Ol08CVOVTOl i5tK6 TOU<;.
8. H OT60l142 TTlC: i5Leevouc; KOL~<; yv<i>lll'l<; e(vm i5ta<popeTLKfj43 an6 Tl1 i5LKrl 1-10<;. A6yw
Tll<; OUVEXOU<; ent1J0~<;44 TOU nETUXe45 TO OKOn6 TOU.

A£~1A6y1o

1. C5tKaToc;, -11. -o nt~moc;, -11. -o Mkatos, -i, -o pemptos, -i, -o = fifteenth. The number 15 is
C5tKant VT& CSekapente.
2. 11 euxapi<nTJOI1 i efx.arlstisi = pleasure. From eu+xaptc; (lo, Vs) = grace. See also the verb
&UXOPIOTW: I thank (l_o, V7).
3. tAni~w elplzo = hope. H £AnfC5a elpiCSa = the hope
4. TO 9t~a to 8ema (theme) = 1. SUbject, 2. theme, 3. matter
5. anocpaai~w apofaslzo = decide (anoq>60la-a). See an6q>a0Tl (L13, V3s)
6. 11 t K0£0'1 i ekeesi = exposition. From £K (out of) +atOll (thesis) = position, place (4, v,o).
7. 11 n6A11 i p61i, pi. ot n6At 1c; i polis (Acropolis, lndianapolis) = city, town
8. 11 t mruxfa i epitixra = success (en(+TU)(T) = luck) No10
9. 11 nepfmwa11 i perlptosi = 1. case, 2. instance, circumstance
10. 11 nJX'l i tlxi = luck, fortune
11. aruxoc;, -11, -o atixos, -i, -o = unlucky, unfortunate (you recognize the privative a-)
12. 11 aTuxfa i atixra = misfortune, bad luck. The opposite of luck
13. 11 npoan69t la i prospa8ia = effort (npoc;+ naew: npoanaew = I try, l13, V42)
 107

Fifteenth lesson (L1sJ

1. What do you want from me? Whatever you ask I will give it to you with pleasure (aro
owaw = a& ro owaw) . I hope that something will be done for (about) this subject
(mutter). Anything you need or you will need you should say it to me.
2. I have listened to many opinions and suggestions but I have not yet decided what I will
do (note that the plural of yvw~Tl is yvw~ec;, but the word un69EO'Tl which originally
was un69eO'lc; = hypothesis has preserved the ancient ending in -etc;: uno9£aetc;}. The
expositions (exhibitions) in the big cities have always success. In your own case you
did not have luck. You were unlucky. lt was a great bad luck.
3. These decisions I do not consider them correct. With as many forces as I have I will
continue my efforts and the struggles. I will not stop never (ever). I am decided
(determined) to find the truth in this case. She decides for everything (for all) [Ta
n6VTa is the neuter plural of the ancient adjective o nac;, 11 naoa, TO nav = everyone,
everything (see 4>, v11) . Ta n6VTa is used alternatively with 6Aa).
4. The words that you use have always importance. The movements that he made were
clever. I could not react neither I had time to prepare something new.
5. As much as (however much) you (might) insist whatever you (might) say she intends
to leave (Kat is added for emphasis). No one and nothing can not (can) keep her or
make her change her opinion (mind). She has decided it. She has intention to go away.
6. I can not wait more (OMo has the place of an adverb here) . I am forced to examine all
the circumstances in order to find the truth in this case. I am forced to do it.
7. Greece is a country with great interest. Its towns and villages, its land, the seas and its
mountains are all full with (of) natural beauties and historical recollections (memories).
lt is a place that all as many as (those that) have the same ideals with (as) the ancient
Greeks they feel it (as) theirs.
8. The attitude of the international common (public) opinion is different from that of ours.
Because of (A.6yw is the dative case of A.6yoc, meaning by reason of) his continuous
insistance he succeeded (achieved) his purpose (goal).

14. o aywvac; o ay6nas (agonist)= 1. struggle, 2. contest. Ot OM11J11taKo( aywvec:, = The Olympic games.
15. OTO~OTW stamat6 = stop (s.p. OTOI..UTrT)O-a)
16.. anocpaoto~tvoc;, -I"J, -o apofasismenos, -i, -o = decided, determined. The participle of the
passive voice of anocpaof~w = decide No 5
17. 11 KfVI"JOI"J i kfnissi, (telekinesis, kinesiotherapy, kinetic) = movement, motion
18.. t~unvoc;, -11. -o eksipnos, -i, -o = clever, witty. From e~ (out of) +unvoc:, = sleep (L12 , V 13)
19. aVTtlSpw anti~r6 = react. From avr( (against) +~pw (drastic) = act
20. &TOI~O~W etimazo (etymology) = prepare (s.p. €TO(IJOO'-a). See £TOIIJO<; L14o v4
21. Katvoupytoc;, -a , -o keno6ryos, -a, - o = new, modern
22. &m~tvw epimeno = insist (s.p. eneiJetv-a) From em (upon) + IJevw = stay. See prepositions p. 69
23. oKon&uw skopevo = 1. aim, take aim (s.p. oK6m:uo-a), 2. intend. See o oKon6c:, below
24. Kparw krat6 (democrat, aristocrat) = keep, hold (s.p. KPOTTlo-a). See KpaTLeiJOL (L13, V64)
25. o oKon6c; o skop6s (telescope, microscope, peri scope) = 1. purpose intention, 2. aim , goal,
target, scope
108

26. avayKo~w anangazo = force, compel (s.p. avayKaa-a) avayKo~OJ.IOI anangazome = be

forced (s.p. avayKOOTTJK-a).
27. £~tr6~w eksetazo = examine (s.p. e~&Taa-a)
28. avayKOOJJt voc;, -11. -o anangasmenos, -i, -o = forced, compelled. The participle
of avayKa~o~OL No 26
29. 11 xwpa i xora = 1. land, 2. country
30. TO £V~Iacptpov to en~uaferon = interest (ev+~la+cptpw = bring, bear) = £V~Iacptpw = I
interest. Ev~lacptpOJ.IOI = be interested (s.p. ev~laq>ep8-11KO)
31 . TO XWPI6 - pi. TO XWPIO to XOri6, ta xoria = Village(s)
32. 11 Yl1 i yi (apoge, geography) = 1. earth, 2. land
33. 11 86Aaooa I 8a1asa (thalassocracy, thalassanaemia) = sea
34. To pouv6 - pi. To pouvo to voon6, ta voond = mountain(s)
35. Y£J.IOToc;, -11. -o yematos, - , -o = full
36. cpuo1K6c;, -~ . -6 fisik6s, - , -o = (physical) = natural. From 11 cpua., = nature
37. 11 OJ.IOpcp•o i omorfya = beauty. 'OJ.Iopcpoc;, -11, -o = pretty, handsome. lt comes from the prefix
£U- = nice, good (L1, V11 ) +~opcp~ (morphology) = form (lit. of nice form)
=
38. 1arop1K6c;, -rt -6 rstorik6s, -1, -o historical, historic
39. 11 avoJ.IVI101'J i anamnissi (anamnesis) = recollection, memory. lt comes from 11 J.IVrlJ.II1
(mnemonic) = memory. The opposite of ~vtlWl is OJ.IVI"Jofa = amnesia
40. o xwpoc; o x6ros (choregraphic) = 1. place, area, 2. space, room. Do not confuse o xwpoc;
with o xop6c; = the dance (L12 , V23) which is stressed on the last syllable and is written with
an o (6~lKpov) . The English word borrowed from o xop6c; is choreography.The words 11
xwpa (No 29) and TO XWPI6 {No 31) come from o xwpoc;.
41 . TO I~OVIK6 - pi. TO I~OVIKO to 1~an k6 - ta iO. nika = ideal(s)
42. 11 aroa., 1stasr (ecstasy) = 1. attitude, 2. stop, 3. suspension, 4. pose
43. ~lacpoptTIK6c;, -r1. -6 ~iaforetik6s, -1, -o = different
44. 11 £niJ.IOV~ 1epimonl = insistance, persistence. From en(+ ~tvw = em~tvw. See No 22.
45. n£TUxafvw petixeno = succeed (s.p. ntTux-a)

Endings of the feminine nouns and adjectives

nouns and adjectives nouns and nouns adjectives
adjectives adjectives
in -a in -1a in -11 in -11 in -oc; in -l')c;
'1 ve-a xwp-a Y~UK-10 K~-~ cpwv-r1 eta-1') o~-6c; UYl·rlc;
TI'Jc; vt-ac; xwp-ac; y~uK-1oc; KQ~·rlc; <pwv-r1c; eta-11c; o~-ou uyl-rl
TI'JV ve-a xwp-a Y~UK-10 K~-rl <pWV-~ eta-1') o&-6 uyl-rl
01 vt-£c; xwp-£c; Y~UK-Itc; K~-tc; cpwv-t c; eea-£1c; o~-of UYl-£fc;
TWV ve-wv xwp-wv y~uK-WV K~-wv <pwv-wv et a-£wv o~-wv uyl-WV
Tic; ve-£c; xwp-£c; Y~UK-Itc; K~-tc; <pwv-t c; et a-£1c; o~ouc; uyt-dc;

Characteristics of the feminine nouns (except those ending in -oc;) are: a) the formation
of the genitive singular by adding an -c; to the nominative, b) the sam e form of the
nom inative, accusative and vocative, c) the end ing -wv is the genitive plural. Those ending
in -oc; are d eclined like the masc uline nouns ending in -oc;.
 109

Gr. 15
a. The majority of neuter nouns end in -o or -1 (Gr.1) and form the genitive singular with
the ending -ou (like the masculine nouns) and the nominative plural with the ending -a .
Those ending in -1 move the stress to the last syllable in the genitive case singular and
plural (natoi, nato1ou, natoui)V).
There are a few neuter nouns which have different endings in the nominative and
genitive singular and sometimes the nominative plural.
b. A category of neuter nouns end in -J,Ja. These have preserved the ancient way of
declension by adding a syllable in the genitive singular and in the plural. The additional
ending in the genitive singular is -Toe;, in the nominative and accusative plural -Ta, and in
the genitive -T(a)V:
TO 1J68T)J.IC, TOU 1J08r'JIJO·TO<;, TQ 1J08rl1JC·TO, TWV 1J08111..16-T(a)V (l 1, V2) = the lesson,
TO y p61JJ,JC, TOU yp61JIJC·TO<;, TQ yp61JIJC·TC, TWV YPCIJIJ6·T(a)V (L5 , V2) = the letter,
TO 6VOJ.IC, TOU OV61JO·TO<;, TQ OV61JO·TC, TWV OVOIJcl·T(a)V (l 7, V25) = the name,
TO nap6oe:tyJJa, Tou napaoe:ly1Ja-roc;, Ta n apaoe:ly1Ja-ra, Twv napaoe:ty1J6·T(a)V
= the example (L11. V23).
Note that in the genitive plural the accent moves from the third to the second syllable
from the end: Ta YPOIJIJCTa, Twv YPCIJIJOTwv.
The same additional syllable (-roe;, -ra, -rwv) is taken by a few neuter nouns ending
in -ov, -av, -&v, a small group ending in -oc;, -ac;, -we; after dropping the final -<;, and those
ending in -IJJO after changing the final -o to -a (-aroc;, -aTa, -arwv):
TO K09~K-OV n-av <pW~·I!V V£VOV·6~ Kpt-a~ <p-W~ VTUO'·IIJO
Tou Ka9r1Kov-Toc; nav-T6c; <pwvflev-Toc; yeyov6-Toc; Kpea-roc; <pw-r6c; VTUO'liJ· OTOc;
TO K08rlKOV·TO naV-TO <pwvflev-TO yeyov6-Ta Kpea-Ta <pW-TO VTUO'liJ· OTO
TWV K0811KOV-TWV naV-TWV <pWV'leV-TWV yeyoVO·TWV Kp€0-TWV <j)W·TWV VTUOliJ· OTWV

(Ka8f)Kov = duty, nav = everything (le. V11 ) , q>wvf)&v = vowel, ye:yov6c; = fact, Kpeac;
(pancreas) = meat, q>wc; = light (L2 , V6 ) , VTUOIJ.IO = dress).
c. A small number end in -oc; like the masculine nouns but they are declined differently.
They have the ending -ouc; in the genitive singular and the ending -11 in the nominative
plural:
TO A68-oc;, TOU A68-ouc;, TQ Acl8-I"J (Lg, v 23) = mistake,
TO TEA·O<;, TOU TEA·ouc;, Ta TEA· I"J (L12, V3a) = end.
The same ,endings occur in the neuter form of the masculine adjectives ending in ·I"J<;
(like o ote8v-~c;) which has preserved in the nominative singular the ancient ending -t<;:
TO ote:Sv-t c;. Tou ote:Sv-ouc;, To C5te8v-tc;, C5te8v-tc;,
TQ 01E8V-~, TWV Ol€8V-WV, TQ C5te8v-~, C5te8v-~.
110

,, Gr. 15
The remaining neuter adjectives have the ending -o or -1 and are declined like the
neuter nouns ending in -o or - 1. A few neuter adjectives that end in -u (o yXuKuc;, 11 yXuKt6,
To yXuKu), or -IKO (o ~11Xt6p-11c;, T') ~qXL6p-a, TO ~11Xt6p-1KO = jealous) have the same endings.
d. The mood of the verb expressing a condition or a possibility is formed in Greek with
the word ea and the imperfect or the pluperfect tense of the verb: ea f]eexa = I would like,
ea crou eAE.ya = I would tell you, ea crou elxa net = I would have told you, ea
mcreavOJ.lOUVa = I would feel, ea erxa mcreavee( = I would have felt.
e. Certain verbs are mainly used in the third person singular of the active or passive
voice. These verbs are called impersonal as they do not refer to a specific subject. When
needed, the subject is indicated by the ending of the second verb of the sentence. Such
verds are:
unapx&l iparxi = there is (un6pxw =exist, L1 1. VH)
nptntl va = must, should, it is necessary, it is fitting·
XPtiO~tTOI va xriazete =there is need to {Xpet6~0J.l0l = I need, L11 , V19 )
np6K&nm va pr6kite = is going to (happen)
np6KtiTOI VIO = it is about
ylviTal yinete = is going on, it happens (ylvoJ.Jat = become, take place, L9 , Vn)
OUIJ(Jaivtl va sinveni = it happens that (Note that the 1J before the 13 is pronounced n)
cpaiv&Tm 6TI fenete = it seems that (cpa(voj.lm = seem, look) (la, V6)
AtytTal 6TI leyete = it is said (M(y)w - MyoJ.lOL = say) ('-£, V1 8 )
apKti va arki = it suffices, provided that (apKw = I suffice)
q>9avtl va or q>TOV&I va f8ani or ftani = it is enough, provided that (cp86vw or qm:lvw =
arrive, reach) (IL12. V43)
anoKAti&Tal va apokliete = it is excluded to, it is out of the question that (anoKAE.Iw-
O!lOl = exclude, be excluded)
a~i~&l va aksizi = it is worthwhile to (at;l~w = be worth, deserve) (L11 , V 11 )
~tv n&lpa~tl 5en pirazi = it does not matter, it is of no importance (netp6~w = annoy)
aptotl va aresi with the personal pronouns 1Jt, ot, TOV etc. = lt pleases me, I like to
&mTptn&Tal epitrepete = it is permitted (emTpenw = I permit) (Lg, V 15)
anayoptu&TOI apayorevete = it is forbidden (anayopeuw = I forbid, I prohibit) (L8 , V4)
Here are some common phrases with the above impersonal verbs:
<1>9av&l, 5ev unapx&• OMT') AUO'T') (it is enough, there is no other solution) .
Ynapxtl A.uO'T') , cp9av&l va ~epetc; (there is solution, provided that you know).
nptntl va n pooexouJ.lE 6XOL J.JO<:; (we must all of us take care). Xp&IO~&Tal npocroxfl (there
is need (for) caution). XptiO~tTal va npocrexouJ.le (there is need that we take care) .
<l>aiv&Tal 6TI KOTL np6K&ITaJ va y(vet (it seems that something is going to happen). 'Onwc;
cpalv&Tm 5ev np6K&ITOI va p8et (as it seems he is not going to come). np6K&ITaJ y1a
creva (it is about you).
 111

lsa01~ ypappanK~ Gr. 1sl

IuJJpaiv£1 JlLO q>op6 116vo, ~£ ylvtTal ouxva (it happens only once, it does not happen
often). nwc; ouJJPalvt l va doat e~w ; (how does it happen that you are here?)
6.e ylvtTm aUT6 TO np6y11a (this thing does not happen (can't be done). 6.e yfvtTOIT(noTe
(nothing is being (can be) done (it is no use) .
At ytTal 6TI ~ev apKti va e(oat K<lA6c; <lAA6 npt ne1 Kat va q>alveoat (it is said that it does
not suffice to be good but you should and (also) look (good). ApKd va ~epetc; l'l Kavetc;.
(provided that you know what you do).
lltv nt1p6~£1 , apK£1 va e(om KaA6 (it is of no importance, it suffices that you are alright) .
llev ne1p6~1 nou ~ev ~p9ec; (it does not matter that you did not come) .
An oKAdtTal va e(vat aur6c; (it is out of the question that it is him). AnoKAEit Tal a~ 11
AUOTJ (this solution is excluded).
llev a~f~£1 va nac; Kat ecru (it is not worthwhile going you too) .
A~i~e1 va n611e apKEi va IJTlV anayopeueTat (it is worthwhile that we (to) go provided
that it is not forbidden).
cl>afvtTal 6TI o'aptoe1 6,1't ~ev tmTpt ntTal (it seems that it pleases you (you like) what is
not allowed) .

Endings of the neuter nouns and adjectives

adjectives and nouns nouns nouns adjectives

in -o in -1 in -u in -oc; in -£c;
Ka6f)Ko-v yeyov6-<;
(&vrp-o (nmO..Q (~ae-u) vtUO-IJ.IO (A6.9-oc;) (owex-tc;)
n6-v Kpea-c;
JJtydA-o) 6vo-J.IO
cpwvf)e-v cpw-<;

TO ·0 ·l ·U ·JJO ·V -~ ·lJJO -0~ -e~

TOU ·OU -tou ·lOU · JJOTO~ -vroc; -TO~ ·lJJOTO~ -ou~

TO -0 ·l ·U ·JJO ·V -~ ·lJJO -oc; -ec;
·0 -l -u ·JJO -V -<; -liJO -oc; -ec;
TO -a -to -JJOTO -VTO -TO -(JJOTQ ·T)
TWV ·WV -twv ·JJOTWV -vrwv ·TWV ·JJOTWV -wv
TO -a -to ·JJOTO ·VTO ·TO -(JJOTO ·T)
-a -to ·JJOTO -VTO ·TO ·lJJOTO ·T)

Characteristics of the neuter nouns are: a) the same form of the nominative, accusative and
vocative in both singular and plural, b) the ending -wv in the genitive plural, c) the move of the stress
to the last syllable in the genitive of those ending in -1 d) the move of the stress to the second
syllable from the end in the genitive plural in those taking an additional syllable in the plural (-To, -Twv).
112

1. ea crou £A£ya noMa IJUO'TLKa2 QV cre: 8e:wpoucra q>LAO IJOU. Av f)~e:pe:~ KCrn ea IJOU TO
ELXE~ nEl. 0a moeav61JOUVQ neptoo6repo3 EUTUXlOj.leV0~4 EQV tlOOUV KOVTQ IJOU (OV
cre: e:lxa 5(nA.a IJOU). Av IJ'ayanouoe:~ ea TO e:fxa moeavee:L
2. Mou E~tlY110E TO A.aen nou eKOVQ OTQ ypaj.lj.IOTQ nou TOU EOTEl.Aa5 . LTO TEAO~ TOU
IJOef)IJOTO~ ea OOU TO nw. ea OOU TO eA£ya X8E~ OTO Tl1Aeq>WVO aM6. 6EV ElXO KOlp6.
3. H 6uva1Jl1 TOU nVEUIJaTO~ (pnevmatos) KOl TOU VOU ELVOl IJEYaAUTEP11 an6 Tl1 6uva1Jl1
TOU OWIJOToc;B. To IJUaA6 (mial6) TOU E:LVOl e:6w aM6. ll 4JUXT'J1 TOU aMou8 (alo6). 'EXE:L
IJEYOAr) OWIJOTLK(J9 6uva1Jll aMa IJLKPrl 4JUXLKf) aVToxf1 10. Euxaptarr1811Ka (efxaristi8ika)
IJE: Tll ltJUxtl iJOU (IJ€ 6Al1 TOU Tl1 4Juxfl) .
4. Ot Apxafot (arxei) e"A.eyav: "Nouc; uvu1c; ev OWIJOTL uytec;". LWIJOTLe:(vm 'l 50TLKf] 11 TOU
crwiJaTo~. T11 5oTLKrl ot ApxaiOL Tl1 XP'lOLIJonotoucrav cre: an6VT'l0'112 Tl'l~ e:pWTI10'1~ 1 3
OE nOL6V. ITa vea EMnvtK6. ea XP'lOLIJOnOLOUOaiJE: (Xrisimopio6same) Tr)V QlTLaTLKf]14 :
oe: OWIJO uyt&c;.
s. To 56ooc;1s elvm ~wf) . n pene:t vo ayan61Je: To 6eVTpa16. /1e:v apKe:(17, 61Jwc;1s, 1-16vo va
TO ayan6.1JE:, XPE:la~E:TOL 1 9 VQ TO ne:ptnOLOUIJE:ea20 KOLVO TO npOOTOTE:UOUIJE:21.
6. Tt np6KE:LTm22 va K6.ve:t~ Twpa; /1e: <pa(ve:Tm va un6pxe:t23 A.u01124 . /1e:v l!.mapxe:t KaiJ(a
e:A.nf6a2s. 11e:v np6Ke:LTOL va <po~11ew Km va unoxwpflcrw2B. ea npoxwpt'lcrw27 KOL 6Tt
e:fvm va yfve:t2B a~ yfve:t28. Xwpfc; e:A.nfba o 6v8pwnoc; be: ~e:t.
7 . IuyvWIJ'l 29 (siyn6mi), eKava A.69o~. Ia~ ~TlTW ouyvWIJ'l yta To e6puJ3o. Me: ouyxwpe(Te:
(sinxorite) eeA.w VQ ne:paow. /1e: 9a OE OUYXWPrlOW noTe YL' OUTO nou EKOVE:<:;.
8. Tt OUIJJ3a(ve:L (sinveni) IJ€ oeva; rtaTI apye(~; /1e: ea 1-Jnopoucre:c:; va KOVetc; mo
ypf]yopa; 11e:v unapxe:LTp6noc; va TE:Ae:twoe:t auTf] n tarop(a; Nm, auTf) e(vm 11 apxfl
TOU T&A.ouc;. EmT&A.ou~. xacraiJE: T6oo XP6Vo. Kp(1Ja30. XaiJEVO~ XP6VO~.
9. ea IJnopoucra va efxa K6.ve:t aUT6 nou ee:~ (SeAe:t~) e:6v e:lxa ne:ptoo6n:po Katp6
(XP6vo) . /1e:v ne:tp6.~e:t3 1 apKe:f nou To crKe<p811KE~32. E6v e:fxa TO 86ppoc; ea crou
~l1Toucra IJ(a npoowmKfj x6.Pl1· n a(pvw TO eappoc;33 va oou ~nTflow IJ(a OUIJJ3ouA.f)34.

/\&~1A6y10
1. ~tKaToc; t KToc; Mkatos ektos = sixteenth. The number 16 is ~tKa £~1
2. TO J.IU<mK6 mistik6 (mystic) = secret
3. n &piC7C76T&po peris6tero = more
4. &urux•aJJt voc;, -11, -o eftixismenos, -i, -o = happy. From eu + TU)(Tl = luck {~, V7 )
5. CJTtAvw stelno (Anc. CJTt Uw stelo) ;;:: send. (s.p. t CJT&IAa). From em+crreMw comes 11
tmCJToAri epistoli {epistle) = letter, written message or communicatiQn and from
ano+crreMw comes 11 anoCJToArj apostolf= mission and o an6CJToAoc; (apostle) = the
missionary
6. TO C7WIJO s6ma (somatic, chromosome) = body
7. 'lliJUXrl psixr (psychiatrist, psychoanalysis) =soul
8. aUou aloe = elsewhere. From 6Moc; (allegory) {l1, V17 )
9. C7WIJOTIK6c;, -ri, -6 somatik6s, -i, -6 = physical. See OWIJO above
10. f'l aVToxri i antoxr ;;:: endurance. Fro m aVT(+exw = aVTexw
11. f'l ~OTJKrl i ~otikl = dative case
 113

Sixteenth lesson (L16)

1. I would tell you many secrets if I considered you my friend. If you knew something you
would have said it to me. I would feel more happy (happier) if you were near me (if I
had you beside me) . If you loved me I would have felt it.
2. He explained to me the mistakes I made in the letters that I sent him. At the end of the
lesson I will say them to you. I would have said them to you yesterday at the telephone
but I had no time.
3. The force of the spirit and the mind is greater than the force of the body. His brain
(mind) is here but his soul elsewhere. He (or she} has great physical force but small
psychical endurance. I was pleased with my soul (with all my soul) (an expression of
full con ten~.
4. The Ancients {01 Apxafm with a capital A is an expression referring to the ancient
Greeks) said: sound mind in sound body (meaning that a defective body may have an
impact on the soundness of the mind) . LWIJOTl is the dative of the {word) body. The
dative the Ancients they used it in answer to the question to whom. In modern Greek
we would use the accusative: in (a) sound body.
s. The forest is life. We must love the trees. lt is not sufficient, however, only to love them.
lt is necessary to take good care of them and protect them.
6. What are you going to do now? lt does not seem to exist (a) solution. There is not no
one (any) hope. I am not going to be frightened and to retreat. I will go forward
(proceed) and whatever is to be done let it be done. Without hope (the) man does not
live (= ~El, Lg, V 1g).
7. Pardon, I made (a) mistake. I ask (beg) you (your) pardon for the noise. Forgive
(excuse) me I want to pass. I wll not forgive you never (ever) for this that you did (what
you did). (Note: ouyvWIJ'l, oac:; ~'1TW ouyvww1 and IJE ouyxwpefTe (L9 , V19) are
expressions for apologizing).
8. What is the matter with you? Why are you slow? Couldn't you do more quickly? There
is no way that this story (matter) finishes? Yes, this is the beginning of the end. At last,
we lost so much time. Pity. Lost time.
9. I could have done that that you want (Sec; is the contracted form of 8eA£tc:;) if I had
more time. lt does not matter, it is sufficient that you thought (of) it. If I had the courage
(liberty) I would (have) ask you a personal favour. I take the courage to ask you an
advice.

12. rJ anDVTrJO'l i apantisi = answer. From the verb anaVTw = answer reply (Lg, V8)
13. rJ tpWTrJOrJ i er6tisi pi. 01 tp(I)T~attt; = question(s) . From the verb (t)pwrw (e)rot6 ;;;;;: ask
(Lg, Vy)
14. rJ amanK~ etiatiki = accusative case. From 11 aiTia (etiology) ;;;;;: the cause, the reason
15. ro ~aao<; Msos ;;;;;: forest
16. TO ~tVTpo 5endro (rhododendron, dendroid) ;;;;;: tree
17. apKti arkl ;;;;;: is sufficient, is enough, provided that. The third person of the verb apKw = suffice
18. 6~(1)<; 6mos = however
114

19. XP£IO~&Tal xriazete = is needed, t here is need. The third person of the verb XP£t6~0IJOl =
need (l 11 , V19)
20. n tpmoiOUIJOI peripio6me = 1. tak e good care of, 2. attend courteously, 3. treat kindly. From
ne:pt (about) + notOUIJOl, the passive voice of n01w = do, make (see the verb XP110l!JOnotw in
~. V:!l.)
21 . npoOTaT£uw prostatevo = protect. 0 npoOT61T)c; = the protector, he who stands before. The
prostate gland took this name because it is situated before the bladder.
22. np6 K£1TOI pr6kite = is going to
23. una pxe1 iparxi = it exists, there is. The third person of the verb un 6 pxw = exist (L,,, V17 )
24. 11 Auo11 llsi (dialysis, analysis) = so lution
25. 11 tAnl~a elpf5a = hope
=
26. unoxwpw ipoxor6 1. retreat, 2. withdraw, 3. yield. From un o (under) + xwpw = march, go
forward
27. npoxwpw proxor6 = 1. go forward , 2. advance, 3. proceed . From npo (in front of)+ x wpw
28. va y fv t 1, ac; y fvtl = let it be done, the subjunctive of y fVOIJOI = become (~. V17)
29. 11 ouyvWIJI1 i siyn6mi = pardon, excuse. From o uv (plus, with) +YVWIJ11 = opinion (~.Vv. The
final v of ouv becom es y before a y , x or K (see the preposition ouv p. 68)
30. KpfiJa krlma = pity
=
3 1. ne1p6~£1 pirazi = it matters. The third person of the verb ne1p6~w 1. tease, 2. annoy, 3. vex
(5 ev ne:tp6~e:t = it does not matter, it is of no importance).
32. oKtq>TOIJOI skeftome = 1. think, 2. reflect. H oKt tiJI1 (sceptical) = the thought (~. V21)
33. TO 86ppoc; earos = courage
34. 11 ouiJpouA~ simvooll = advice

The philosopher En(Koupo~ (Epic urus), born in Samos in 341 BC, taught that pleasure
is the supreme good and the basis of morality:

"Tqv ~oovqv 1 apxqv2 Ken ttA<M;S At yopev4 ia.va\ tOU paKap((a)c;5 ~ei'v6"
We say the pleasure is the beginning and the end of happily living.
but he specified that:

"•.• <itav 7Atyopev Jioovqv..• ou s tac; t(;)v ao(J)t6JV9 qoovac; Aeyopev ••. aAAa to
Jllin 10 aAye'iv ll K<na l2o(;)pa 15 pqte 10 tapuneo9al l4 K<na 1pUXJ1V 15 "
.... when we say pleasure ... we say not the pleasures of the prodigal ... but the neither feeling pain In
the body nor being disturbed In the soul .

1. 11115ovJ1 (hedonism) = pleasure, 2. 11 apxJ1 = L 10 , V5 , 3. TO TeAo~ = L12 , V'JJ, 4. M yw = Ls.

V 18, 5. IJOKap(w~ makarlos (macarism) = in a blessed and happy way, 6. ~e:tv = living, the
infinitive of ~w ~. V':!J, 7. 6Tav ~ when, 8. ou = not L2, V5 , 9. ot 6owTot, Twv aowTwv = the
pro digal, dissolute, 10. IJJlTE ... IJJlTe: = neither ... nor, 11 . OAye:(v = the infinitive of aAyw
(analgesic) = feel pain, 12. KaT6 = by, in, 13. To OWIJO = No 6, 14. Tap6TTe:o9at tarates9e
(ataraxia) = being disturbed, being upset, 15. 11 ~uxfl = No 7.
 115

"UEpi 1••• lOU Oc.JJlcnoc;2 EDlJlEAElav! 6lnac;4 E~pov 5 imlOlljJlac;6 oi aV9p6)DOl tljv
9
icnpuafv7 KO( tljV fUJlVOOllKJ}V S... ti;;v tijc; tpuxijc; app(OO'ti)Jlclt(I)V IOKa( ua96iv llq
cp1Aoaocpia 12J16VIJ cpappaKov15em( 14"
nAo(Jrapxoc:. Henca
Plutarch. Ethics
About •. the care of the body people found double sciences (the) medicine and (the) gymnastics ...
of (for) the diseases and sufferlngs of the soul philosophy alone Is the drug.

=
1. nep( about (prepositions p. 67), 2. TOU OWIJOTO~ genitive oho crwtJa= body, No 6, 3. ll
Ent1JeA€ta = care, 4. <5tTT6~ = double, 5. eupov = ~pf)Kav (p. 85), 6. emOT{)IJa~ =
sciences,
=
7. TT)V taTptKf)v (pediatrics) medicine (ace.) 8. TT)V YUIJVOOTLKf)v = gymnastics (ace.) 9. Tll~
tJJuxflc; = No 7, 10. TO appwatf)IJaTa, -wv (Anc.) = diseases (in modern Greek ot appwottec;),
=
11 . TO n68o~, TO n68T'], -WV (pathology) sutferings (in modern Greek n68o~ = passion), 12.
=
Tl cp!Aocrocp(a = philosophy, 13. TO cp6p1JOKov (pharmacology) drug , 14. eat( = dvat.

• , ..., '"- >-

~ ·~ ·.

-·... ~~~1
-~~U~/

Tu Acyalo eyeo (= Aegean sea) an6 Tov K. r paJ.1~aT6nouAo

116

H 0e6 (= godess. See o 0e:6~ Lg, V2) Yyda iyia hygiene (= health . L 14, V5 7)
 117

The continuity of the Greek language

lt is evident from the passages quoted in this method that the Greek language from
Homer and the philosophers of Classical times to the Evangelists and Byzantine literature,
and right down to the present day has been one language that has enjoyed a continuous
tradition.
In the course of its development the Greek language has certainly undergone many
phonological and morphological changes and much reorganization. However, as a
language it has remained essentially the same so that Greek of earlier stages has not only
been familiar to Greek-speakers of later stages but has offered them the choice of using a
larger stock of linguistic patterns. This is attested by the literary texts and written
documents of all periods, which are a mixture of the contemporary spoken language with
older forms. This tradition is particularly true for modern Greek which has such a long
and rich literary history behind it.
The student of modern Greek should, therefore, be aware of the main changes that
have occurred through the 3,500 years of its history. This will enable him to understand the
variability of forms and endings, and the flexibility of expression of modern Greek.
The greater changes that had a profound impact on the present form of the Greek
language took place during three periods:
1. The Hellenistic period
2. Early Byzantine times
3. The period following the liberation of Greece in 1821.

1. The Hellenistic period is marked by the prevalence of the Attic-based KOLvtl which
replaced the local dialects in Greece and became an international language.
After the Roman conquest of Greece the KOLvtl remained an international language
spoken throughout the Roman Empire and was the main language of the peoples of its
eastern part, that included Greece, the Middle East and Egypt, where the first Christian
centres were founded. lt is therefore natural that the earliest Christian literature, such as the
Gospels, the letters of St. Paul and the writings of the Fathers of the Church were written in
the KOLVf) .
To suit the great variety of peoples who had to learn and use it, the KOLvtl went through
a process of simplifications which affected not only the form of the words but also their
pronunciation. In the same period the Alexandrian grammarians introduced the accents to
indicate to foreign people learning Greek the correct pronunciation of the words.
Early Christian literature amply documents these changes, but more revealing of the
pronunciation of the Greek letters at that time are the documents and letters of ordinary
and presumably not well-schooled people. The spelling errors and the alternative use of
one vowel or combination of vowels instead of another leaves no doubt that both had the
same sound.
This is well illustrated in the following example taken from Professor Babiniotis
"XuvorrrtKrJ (= concise, synopt1c) taropfa TT7~ EMryvtKrJ~ yAwaaa~" (1986):
...

118

Letter of eep1Jouo6.c; to his mother (2nd century AD) : "8~ppou66c;... TTJ pf}rpt rrJ..iara
xtptv K~ 6ta rravrtc; uy~vtv. 'EAaf3a...(~UYTJ efKoat Kt KoMoupta 6tKa (~uyTJ... Kat rr6c; ~xt
pou o rrarf}p .. 11
eep1Jouo6.c; uses the simplest way of expressing the sound of the letters writing ~
instead of at, t instead of eLand o instead of w, rrMara instead of nA.Efata (= many, much),
xtptv instead of xa(petv, KC instead of Kat, uytvtv in the place of uyLa(veLv and rr6c; instead
of nwc;. Even the common verb txet is spelt ext.
So the student of modern Greek can be reassured that the way he pronounces the
Greek leters is no different from the sound these letters had at the time of Jesus Christ.
Besides the phonetical, many morphological changes of modern Greek have their
origin in the modifications that the Kotvf] brought to the Attic dialect.

2. The second important phase was Early Byzantine Times, during which the main
features of modern Greek had taken shape. Although the written documents of this period
are scarce it has been established that the fundamental changes in the structure of
modern Greek belong to the period of transition from the ancient world to the middle ages,
so that by AD 1,000 spoken Greek had already assumed most of the characteristics of
modern Greek.

3. The third period starts with the birth of the Greek state in 1827 and is marked by
a) the definition of an official language, b) the elimitation of a large number of Turkish and
other loan-words, and c) the immense lexical enrichment of the language necessitated by
scientific, social, political and cultural develpments. The new words were mainly formed
from the rich lexical stock of the Greek language of all times.
The definition of a national language for the new Greek state was not an easy task.
The language of the people, the majority of whom had remained illiterate during the
Turkish occupation, was considered insufficient for the needs of a modern state. The
Orthodox hierarchy communicated in the traditional learned Byzantine Greek and the
educated Greeks of the diaspora wrote in a language that was a mixture of learned and
spoken Greek of their choice and therefore by no means uniform. There was also a
tendency to restore the Attic dialect as the national language. Finally, a form of purified
language the Ka8apeuouaa was adopted as the official language of the state.
Ka8apeuaouaa was up to 1975 the language of education, of scientific and technical
writing and, in slightly modified form, of the newspapers.
However, alongside the Ka8apeucrouaa the spoken language 11 0111JOTtKft was used
in everyday speech and in the majority of literary texts, leading to a state of diglossy that
took serious political and social dimensions until 1975 when a form of 6111JOTtKft, ft
veoM11VtKft (modern Greek), was adopted as the national language.
A speaker of modern Greek, however, following a long tradition Is by no means
Impeded from making use of words or linguistic forms from earlier periods if he
considers them appropriate to his writing or speech.
 119

The main changes that took place over the centuries can be summarized as
follows:
1. The great majority of changes concern morphological and phonological
modifications of the word, the meaning of which remains identical with that of Classical
times. For instance, the child in Classical and hellenistic Greek is o na(~, accusative Tov
na(oa and the dimunitive TO nmo(ov and TO nmi56ptov (= small child) . In modern Greek
the child is TO nmi5( and the small child To nati56Kt.

2. Other common morphological changes of the words are:

a) the disappearance of initial and medial unaccented vowels: ru..1epa -)- J.ltpa, epum.{) -)o
pwTC.I>, eup(oKw ---+ [3p(oKw, eupr'}Ka (eureka) ---+ f3Pr1Ka, oui5ev (nothing) ---+ i5ev (not),
ohlyo~-)- Myo~ .
b) the elimination Of the final v: TllV XWPOV ---+ Tll XWPO and
c) the change of certain consonants to others, like the change of ~ to VT (i5evi5pov -)o

i5eVTpo) or of K to X (OKTW ---+ O)(TW) .

3. Another common change is the formation of a new nominative singular of the

nouns from the accusative singular of the ancient word. In ancient Greek since the
Homeric poems the father was o naTnp, TOV naTtpa, Tou naTp6c;. From Tov naTepa a
new nominative o naTtpac; was created by adding the characteristic ending "c;" of the
nominative singular of masculine nouns. Similarly, from 'li..1'1TrlP. TllV IJ11Ttpa, Tll<; J..1'1TP6<;
came the modern 11 IJI1Ttpa and from 11 EM6~, TI1V EMa~a. Tll<; EM6i5oc; was formed 11
EMa~a (however all Greek stamps bear the Ancient and Ka8apeuouoa form EMAL).

4. Another type of change is the maintenance of the form of the word, but the loss or
alteration of its original meaning. For instance the verb q>LAW in ancient meant I like, I love
(ov 8eo( cplAOUOl 8vf]oKeL veoc; = 6nOLOV Ol eeo( aya1110UV ne8a(vet (= dies) veoc;). In
modern Greek cptA.w has only one meaning = I kiss. The ancient word for "I marry" has
become a vulgar verb which creates a great embarassment to priests reading the Gospels
in which this verb is often mentioned with its ancient meaning of course! (lt would also be
catastrophic if someone said to a Greek girl/ want to marry you in ancient Greek).

5. A large series of new words have been formed from earlier existing words, roots or
stems by derivation or composition, a process that continues down to the present day. For
instance to form the word hotel the words ~evoc; (stranger, foreigner ~.V4 ) and i5oxeCo
(receptacle, pot, vase) were combined: ~evoi5oxefo. The word for football is noi56ocpmpo
= =
(from n6i5t foot (~. V10) and ocpa(pa ball, sphere). Airport is aepoi5p61JLO from aepa =
air and i5p61Jo<; = street(~. V14) .
A great many scientific terms were first formed from Greek roots in a language other
than Greek and then reintroduced into modern Greek such as T11Mcpwvo (telephone),
IJLKpooK6mo (microscope), Kapi5toA.oy(a (cardiology) etc.
120

In spite of the above changes a great part of the ancient Greek lexical stock has
remained unaltered in meaning and form. This is illustrated in the vocabulary of a method of
ancient Greek (A new introduction to Greek, Third Edition, by A. Hurd Chase, and H. Phi/lips,
Jr., Harvard University Press 1961) the first page of which is shown on the next page:
Of the 55 words on this page 5 are no longer in use in modern Greek (the words
6yav, ay&lpw, a&l, aA&KTpuwv and 6Mo9&v}.
The verbs 6yw and a1ptw are used only in combined forms: nap6yw (napa+ayw) =
I produce, &~ayw (e~+ayw) = I export, l5JaJpw (l>ta+OLpw) = I divide.
The stem -9u1J- of the words a9u1J&W and a9u1JrJTto~ is used in the words 9u1J6~ =
anger, np69u1Jo<; = eager, and others.
The words aywvJOIJO, aM6rp1o<;, aypoiKo<; and aya96~ have retained a specific or
distorted version of their original meaning: aywviOIJO now means the athletic game,
aM6rp1o<; other people's, aypoiKo<; (agriculture) means rude and aya96c;, which had the
meaning of noble, brave and good and was the epithet that enclosed the virtues admired
by ancient Greeks, means kind-hearted and sometimes simple-minded in modern Greek.
The remaining 41 words of this vocabulary of ancient Greek are identical in meaning
and form to the words used today, and many of them have already been presented in this
method and should be familiar to the reader such us al5&Acp6<; (lsV26) , 6l5JKO<; (L10V30) , aJo96-
VOIJOI (la.v,,), aKouw (~,V9 }, aA~9&Ja (la. V30) , aAAa (L,), 6Moc; (L, ,Vn}, 6MoT& (L) etc.
lt is therefore clear that an understanding of the processes of evolution of the
language mentioned above is necessary to the student in order to appreciate the great
and subtle range of registers and the remarkable flexibility of expression that are
provided by modern Greek.
lt is also clear that the student who has a good command of modern Greek can
appreciate without much effort the aesthetic qualities inherent in the original texts of
Greek letters of all time.
 121

GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

A lS>.o.,, -o11, 1"0, prize, reward

cl. Doric for Attic~ mlpcK(W, - , ;,lpowu, gather
'AfJ,OitO,ut.f. -ou, d, Abrocomaa
mlv,Uw, be diapirited
mlv~'f"COS', -a, •cw (verbal adj.}, not
~f• ....,, •011,good, noble, brave
a,...a., too much, in exceu to deapair, not to be de1paired of
~. ciyycN.U, w,.cM.r. w,\,co. Al,.oaw~JADl, -w11, ol. Aegoapotami
(river)
~. ~g,.,, announce
~. o,
-o11, meseenger Ail"""''S'• -o11, ..;. Egypt
«ycipw, collect "'A~r. -ou, d, Hadea; the under-
&tycwjdTP"JT''f, •o.,, ignorant of geom- world or Ita god
etry allrfp, -cpos, d, ether, upper air
O)'aG(w, reverence ":.,'YI'Ci• -CJ1'0S', TO, riddle, enigma
~~.-"r,~,anchor at,Hw, atp,fuw, .r>.o.,, 7iP'1K«, 7if't11'Ci'•
~w. not to know flplfr]v, take; middle, choote
O,.WUI""", •o.- (-oi'OS), seneelea1, alul&.oJUI', aluf,)uo""'• ituiO~Tf"· per-
thoughtleu ceive
U,.Op&, -<V, ~. market place aluxPck, -&, -011, disgraceful
a,.op&Cw, buy cUT/01, ask (a favor)
Uy~OS', -ol', unlettered, miter- alx~. •o11, o, captive
ate olnf~eoa,
cUcOWu, tZKOUoOJUI'1 ;ltOuau,
aypoucor, -ou, &, rustic ~Ko~"· hear; li1ten to ( + geni-
/ay,Or, -oO, &, field tive)
&,.. 01.,, ..Jyaycw• ..Yxa• .,Y,.IM"'• ..Jxfrl... up//h&a, -ar, ~. accuracy
drive, lead, manage OK~, acc:urately
~. -W..OS. o,conteat, atruggle .Lr~cM&r. -.cws, ..;, acropolis
~CoJUI', v, contest, atruggle cU.~CT~, -O..OS, d, cock
~1'4• -ros, TO, prize euay 'AMEcw8pos, -o11, d, Alexander
'A&c~, -cw, d, Adeimantua ~c&a, •ar, ..;. truth
(Plato'a brother) ~ca$c.u. speak truth, be true
0&~, -oO, d, brother cU?J"Jr, -Is (oGr), true
~. •ol', unknown, un~n cU~. truly, actually
Ot&uclw, be unjuat, do wrong '..4M&/1~r. -ou, d, Alciblades
U&~eiG, -<Ct, ,;, injuatice aM&, but, well (English colloquial)
&auros, -o11, unjuat ~w, ~w, ~a, alter,
a&iKOtS. unjuatly chanre
acl («l.{). alwaya, ever; from time to GAl~. eaeb other
time; 1ucceuive, aucceaaively; &.UoSo, from elsewhere
eternity «.Uos, 1• •o, another, elae, other
~ros. - . deathleaa, immortal &.U.on, at another time
'AI;poau, ..W.,, Athena cU.\M-JNOf, -a, -cw, another's
'A~r. -a, -o11, Athenian "'~w. -vor, cl, the Halys R iver
122

, 1 ,2 r\ t 3
H yuvaiKtla JJOP<PI'l OTf1V EMf1VIK. 1 T XV'l ava roue; a1wvtc;.
, 4 , 5

ApxaiKl'l ( = archaic) K6p11 (nep( To

490 n.X.). Mouo&io AKpon6~wc;.

T01xoypaq>!a (= fresco. o Tolxoc; = wall +

ypaq>(J = writing) , an6 TT) 0(Jpa (tavtop(Vll)
n&p(TO 1600 n .X. (= npo XptOTou) .

ruvau<efa IJOP<Pt'i a& v61JtUIJO (= coin,

numismatic) 336 n.X. N01JlOIJOTII<6 Mouoe(o
A9(Jva.

ruvatKcfo K&q>6N (= head). neplto 230 n .X. KunptaK6 Mouoe(o.

1. ruvan<£foc;, -o, ~ = feminine, see Tl ywafKa L1 , V9 2. 11 J.IOP<Prl (morphology) =form, face, figure
3. 11 Tt)(VIl ~echnical) = art, craft, skill, 4. av6 = through, 5. o a1wvcx; = age, see Dialogue 6, V18.
 123

EtK6va (icon) nep( TO 1650 IJ.X.

ruvatKE:(E:<; IJOp<.pec; an6 TOV navOEN')VO. n ep{
To 1290 IJ.X. (= IJ&Ta XptOT6). Aytov 'Opoc;
(= Mount Athos)

Ot Xou6~-tevec; (= bathing women)

an6 Tov K. napatvn (1931).

ruvmKefa IJOp<.pfJ an6 Tov I. M6paN') (1973) .

124

XptjoipOI ~u:lAoyo1

1
0&Aw tva ~WIJ6TIO •
1. ITO T11Atcpwvo: n apaKaAW ea fleeA.a va Kk(ow2 (tl KpaTf)ow) eva OWIJOTLO OTO
~evoooxe£o (ksenoooxio) aac;. nalpvw (or lTJAe<pwvw) an6 Aeflva.
3

2. ITO ~&VO~OX&io: n apaKaAW ea t1eeA.a tva OWIJOTLO. Mflnwc; exeTe OWIJOTLa

4

napaKC1Aw; n apaKC1Aw (1-lflnwc:;) un6pxouv OWIJOTta;

3. fla n6Te napaKC1Aw; fla n6oec:; IJEpe<; TO eeA.eTe; n6oo ea (tl eeA.ETe va) !JelVeTe;
n 6oo KOlp6 ea IJELVETe;
4 . An6 lTjV TeTOPTTJ (OTL<;) E~l TOU IJ'lV6<; 11EXPL TTJ{V} ileuTepa (OTL<;) evoeKa TOU IJ'lV6<;.
6 7 8

ea pew TTJV TeTOPTTJ Kal ea <puyw TTJV LleUTepa. na neVTe IJEpec; an6 TTJV TeTOPTTJ
8
IJEXPl Km lTJV KuptaKfl (fl IJEXPL TTJ ileUTepa To npwO. na IJ(a (e)f3oo1J6<5a. na eva
1-JtlVa.
5. Ll'lAO<Sft 6<pl~'l TeTOPTTJ OTl<; E~l TOU IJ'lV6<; Kal avaxwPl0'1 LlEUTepa OTlc:; evoeKa
10 11 12

TOU IJ'lV6<;. Tl <SWIJOTlO eeA.eTe n apaKaAW;

13 14 15 15 16
6 . 0 eA.w eva <5tKAlVO IJe <5tnA.6 Kpef3(36TL (ft eva IJOV6KAlVO ft TplKAlVO ) j.le j.lnOVlO
17 18
(l'J IJE VTOU<; ) KOl 11e eta OlTJ e6Maoa (l'J va f3AeneL OlTJ e6Aaooa). n6oo EXeLTO
OWIJOTLO; TLTl!Jtl EXEl TO OWIJOTlO;
1 . noA.u KC1Aa Kupte. M6Atma Kupte. ilum uxwc:; Kupte txou!Je 1J6vo 1JOv6KA.tvo IJe VTou~.
19

H TLIJtl TOU e(vat ..... OpOXIJE<;20 (l'J TO OWIJOTLO KOVEL..... OpaXIJe<;) xwp(<;21 TO npwtv62 .
23
Ta 1JnpOOTlV0 OWIJOTlQ nou f3Mnouv OTil e6Aaoaa exouv (ft KOVOUV) ...... opawec:;
4
en£nMoif (ft neptaa6Tepo). n apaKC1Aw nftTe (f] ntOTe) IJa<; To 6vo1-16 aac;. Ie noLo
6V01Ja napaKaAW KOl TO lTJAe<pWV6 oac;; A<pftOTe IJa<; KOl eva lTJAe<pWVO napaKaAW.
4>8CVOVTac; OTO ~&VO~OX&io:
8. KaA111JEpa aac;. n apaKaAW exw Kk(aet (ft Kpmftoet) eva OWIJOTLO.
25
- XafpeTe. To 6vo1J6 aac; napaKaA.w. iluOTu'fwc; oev f3Mnw KpOTTJ0'1 OTO 6vo1J6 oac:;.
2
Aunou!Jm noA.u Kupte, ef1.100Te nA.ftpetc; •
27
- n wc:; e(vat ouvaT6v. 'EKava T'lV KPOTTJOillTJAecpwvtKwc:; . TllAe<J>WV'laa eyw o (otoc:;.
- AI M6AtOTa. Me auyxwpe(Te noA.u. Eow e(vm 11 KpOT'laTJ oac:;. Iac; ~'lTW ouyvWIJ'l· Tt
OWIJOTlO eeA.eTe napaKaA.W;
9. To otaf3aTftpto (f] TTJV TaUT6lTjTa ~ aac; napaKaAW. Mou o(veTe TO OLOf3a:nplO (f] TTJV
28 2

TaUT6~Ta) aac; nag aKaAW (av exeTe lTJV KaAWOUV'1 ) . LUIJnA'lPWOTe3 OUT6 TO
29
3
oeA.T(o (f] eVTuno ) napaKC1Aw. B<lATe IJ(a unoypa<pf]33 (ft unoyp6lJJTe33) eow
2

napaKaA.w. EuxaptOTW.
- To OWIJC1Tl6 aac; e(vm TO TptaK6ma34 EVTeKa OTOV Tp(To 6po<po. OpfOTe35 TO KA.eto~ 6
aac:;.
 125

Useful (= XPTlOliJOc; Lg, V29) dialogues

I want a room
1 . At the telephone: I beg (please), I would like to close (or keep) a room (t<Aelvw = close
or KpaTw L15, V24 = keep, are used when one wants to book a room). I take (or
telephone) from Athens (na(pvw = take is used for telephone: n6pe 1-1e aupto
l"T"JM<pwvo = telephone me tomorrow).
2. At the hotel: Please, I would like a room. Do you have rooms please ? (IJr']nwc; = I
wonder if). Please, are there(= un6pxouv, see un6pxw L111 VH) rooms?
3. For when please? For how many days do you want it? How long you will (or you want
to) stay(= 1-1&vw L13 , V38)? How much time (long) you will stay?
4. From Wednesday on the sixth of the month until (to) Monday on the eleventh of the
month. I shall come on Wednesday and I shall leave on Monday. For five days from
Wednesday until also Sunday (or until Monday morning = npw( L10, V3). For one week
{= e~50IJ65a L7 , V7 ) . For one month.
5. That is arrival on Wednesday on the sixth of the month and departure on Monday on
the eleventh of the month. What (kind of) room you want please?
6. I want a double room with double bed (= Kpe~~6Tt l1 3 , V20) (or a single room or a
room with three beds) with bath (or with shower) and with view on the sea (or to look
at the sea = 96A.acrcra L15, V33). How much has (costs) the room? What price (= TliJrl
lg, V22) has the room ?
7. Very well Sir. Yes Sir. Unfortunately (= 5uOTuxwc; 4 . V7 ) Sir we have only (a) single
room with shower. Its price is ..... drachmas (or the room makes (costs) ..... drachmas)
without breakfast. The front rooms that look on the sea they have (or make) .... in
addition (or more = neptcrcr6Tepo L16, V3 ) drachmas. Please tell us your name(=
OVOIJO L7 , V25) . On which (what) name please and your telephone (number). Leave us
and (also) a telephone (number) please.
Arriving (= q>8dvw L 12, V2 a) at the hotel
8. Good morning to you. Please I have closed (or kept= booked) a room. Be glad
(XafpeTe = a greeting on arrival or departure. See xalpw L13 , V49) . Your name please.
Unfortunately I don't see (a) reservation in your name. I am very sorry (= A.un61JOl La.
V29) Sir, we are full. How is it possible. I made the reservation by telephone. I
telephoned myself (eyw is pleonasm but in put for emphasis).
- Ah yes. Excuse me very much. Here is your reservation. I ask (beg) you pardon (=
cruyvWIJll L10 , V22). What (kind of) room you want please?
9. Your passport (or your identity card) please. You give me (IJOU 6(veTe is a more polite
expression than the imperative form 6wOTe IJOU) your passport (or identity card)
please (or if you have the kindness) . Fill in this card (or printed form) please. Put a
signature ((or sign) here please. Thanks. Your room is 311 on the third floor. Here is
your key.
10. I would like to sit (the verb K690IJOl L13 , V52 has also the meaning of staying) (or stay)
some (or two, three ...) days yet (more). Very gladly (with great pleasure) the room is
126

10. ea neeA.a va Kaeflow (fl va 11efvw) IJeptK€<; (fl 6uo, Tpet~ ....) IJEpec; aK61lf"l·
37
38
- noA.u euxafslotwc; To 6w1Jano efvm eA.eueepo • Aun61JOL noA.u To 6w1J6Tto elvm
KA.eto1Jevo (Tl mao1Jevo ) . Mnopw 611w~ va oac; 6waw (fl va ~<lAw oe) 6Mo
9 40

6WIJOTIO.
11. npoc; TI"JV TI"JAEq>WVJlTpla4 1: n apaKaAW (fl IJnOpe(Te napOKaAW) auplO TO npw( va IJe
~unvfloeTe OTL~ €~1 TO npwl; n apaKaA.w eTOLIJOOTe TO A.oyaptOOIJ6 loyaryasm6 IJOU.
42 43

<l>euyw ae A.(yo (fl aiJEOW~, Jl ae Illa ci>pa).

ITI"JV E~OXJl rl OTI<; J.IIKptc; n6AEI<; 6nou unapxouv noMtc; Emypacptc;
44 45
ENOIKIAZO-
NTAI.MlMATIA KOI aK6J,~a nEplaa6TEpE<; ROOM TO LET (I)
12. Mflnw~ exeTe Kavtva 6w1JOTlO eA.eueepo38 ; Ynapxel 6WIJOTLO;
- n ooo exel (fl KOVeL Tl KOOT(~el) TO OWIJOTlO TllV lliJEpa (fl T1l ~paot6 ~;
4

- 'Exet ~eat6 vep6; 'Exet IJnavto; 'Exet vtouc;; Ynapxet oto an(TLTllMq>wvo; Mnopw va
47
6w TO Ow1J6TLo; Mnopw va To 6w; Mnopou11e va TO emoKeq>eou1Je ;.
- Evta~et, TO na(pvou1Je yta an6~e. Opa(a, To voLKt6~ou1Je (fl To KpaTOUIJe) yta Tpet~
IJEpe<; Kat QV ~Ja<; aptoel ea KaefloOUIJe (Tl ea 1Je(VOU1Je neplOOOTepo Tl
neptoo6Tepe~ t11Jepe~) .

AE~1A6y1o ~1aA6ywv (abbreviation = ll, V )

1. ~w~ano, TO ~omatio (domestic) = room. From the Anc. ~w~a which in Latin became domus
2. KAtfvw kllno = 1. close, shut (t-t<Aeto-a) , 2. turn off (switch, tap), 3. block (road, view), 4. book
(room, seats). IO.&IOTO<;, -~, -6 klist6s = closed
3. ~cvo~oxtfo, To ksenoooxro = hotel (~evoc:; (xenophobia)+ooxero = receptacle)
4. ~~nwc; mfpos (adv.) = I wonder if, is there a possibility that
5. TtTOpTJ'I, 11 tetarti = Wednesday. (lit. fourth day)
6. ~~vac;, o minas (menopause) (Anc . + K o ~11v (menses) = month
7. ~txp•(c;) mexri(s) = up to,until, as far as
8. lltuTt pa, 11 ~ettera = Monday. (lit. second day)
9. KuplaK~, 11 kiriakf = Sunday (day of the Lord = KUptoc:; ~V2)
10. ~11Aa~~ oilaor = that is, namely
11. 6cp1~11. 11 afixi = arrival
12. avaxwpf10f1, ., anax6risi = departure
13. ~fKAIVO, TO ofklino = two bed (Mo+KAlVTl (clinic)= bed in Anc. +K)
14. ~mA6c;, -~. -6 C5ipl6s = double
15. ~ov6KA1vo, TO mon6klino = one (single) bed (IJOVO+KA(VTl), TO TpfKA1vo, = three bed
(Tp(a + KAlVTl)
16. ~n6v1o, TO ban1o = bathroom
17. vrouc;, TO do6s = shower
18. et a, ., eea {theatre) = view
19. ~6A10Ta malista (adv.) = 1. yes, 2. indeed, of course, 3. especially, 4. even
20. ~pax~~. 11 oraxmr = drachma (the Greek currency)
21. xwpfc; xorls (adv.) = without, not counting
22. npw'iv6c;, -~, -6 proin6s = of the morning, rising early. To npw1v6 proin6 = breakfast. See TO
npw( L 10V3
 127

free. I am sorry (= Aun61JOl La. V24) the room is closed (booked) (or caught=
occupied). But I can give you (or put you in) another room.
11. To the operator: Please (or can you please) tomorrow (= aupto L 10, V16 ) morning wake
me up at six o' clock in the morning? Please prepare (= &TOliJ6~w L15 , V20} my bill. I
am leaving (= q>euyw L12 , V24) (checking out) in a short time (or immediately or in half
an hour(= wpa L1o. Vs).

At the resort or in the small towns where there are many signs rooms to let and even more
ROOM TO LET(!) (See La. V27) .
12. Have you (~~nwc; = has the meaning of I wonder if, is there a possibility that, is there
a chance that) any free room? Is there (a) room? How much has (or makes or costs)
the room the (by) day (or the (by) night)? Has it hot water? Has it bath? Has it shower?
Is there in the house (= on(n La. V28) (a) telephone (line)? Can I see it? Can we visit it?
All right, we take it for tonight. Good, we rent it (or keep it) for 3 days and if we like it
we will sit (or we will stay more or more days).

23. ~npoanv6c;, -r1, -6 brost1n6s = in front (from (t)~npoc; = ahead, in front (L 14 , V4)
24. nAtov pleon (adv.) = more. Enl nAtov = in addition
25. KPOT11al1, 11 kratisi = reservation (from KpCTw L 15.V2A)
26. nAr1PI1<;, -11<;, -£<; pllris = full, complete
27. TllAtcpwvrKwc; tilefonik6s (adv.) = by telephone. See 4;,V8
28. ~roPoTr1pro, To ~iavatlrio = passport (From ~to (through) + ~a(vw = go)
29. KoAoauv11, 11 kaloslni = kindness, goodness. See KaMc; L 1, V 10
30. au~nA11pwvw sinplir6no = 1. complete, 2. fill in (ouv+ rtMpnc; = full, see No 26)
31 . ~tATfo, To ~eltfo = 1. form , 2. bulletin, report (~tATfo tr~r1atwv = news bulletin), 3. card
(~tATfo TOUT6TI1TO«; = identity card)
32. tvruno, TO entipo = 1. form, 2. printed matter (ev+Tunoc; = type, print)
33. unoypocpr1, 11 ipoyrafi = signature. Ynoypacpw ipoyrafo = sign (uno (under)+ ypaq>w = write).
See 4;, V8 and p. 69
34. TproK6aro triak6sia = three hundred. See numbers p. 142
35. opfaTt orfste = imperative of op(~w (horizon) = fix, delimit, it has several meanings depending
on the context: a) here you are, b) yes sir, c) I beg you pardon
36. KAtr~f, TO kli~i = key. See I<Ae(vw No 2.
37. ~tprK6«;, -r1, -6 merik6s = an amount of, a part of, some. See pronouns p. 98
38. tAtuetpoc;, -11, -o elef9eros = free. H tAtuetpfa elef9erla = freedom
39. KAtra~tvoc;, -11, -o khsmenos = be closed (participle of passive voice of I<Ae(vw No 2)
40. nraa~tvoc;, -11, -o piasmenos = occupied (participle of passive voice of mavw = catch, hold of,
occupy)
41. T11Atcpwvr1Tpra, 11 tilefonltria = telephone operator. See TT)Mcpwvo 4; V8
42. ~unvw ksipn6 = wake up (~unvno-a) . From ~e+unvoc; (hypnosis) = sleep
43. Aoyapraa~6c;, o loyaryasm6s = 1. bill, 2. account
44. t~oxr1, 11 eksoxr = 1. countryside, 2.rural spot or resort. E~oxrK6<;, -r1, -6= of the country, rural
=
45. tnrypacpr1, 11 epiyrafl (epigraph) 1. inscription, 2. shop-sign, 3. heading
46. ppa~ra , 11 vra~ya = evening, night
47. tnraKtmo~or episkeptome =visit (emoKeq>9-nKa). H tnfaKtiJII1 eplskepsi = the visit
...

128

H KOTOIKlO 1
~ OIK6nE~0
2 3
Xwpo«;
u
~ J.IOVOKOTOIKIC
4 5
aniTI
~ noAUKOTOIKia ~ ~IOIJ£p10J.IO ~WIJOno
6 20
~
12

dao~oc;
7 13 21
Tap6Taa n 6 pTa
14 22
~~6~p01JO~
8
2oc; 6pocpoc; Tofxo•
8 23
1oc; 6pocpoc; K09IOTIKO ROTWJ.10
Tpant~aBfa
9 15
IOOV£10 nap68upo:M
10
un6y&lo KOU~VO aK6Aa25
yKap6~
11
unvo~WIJOTIO
18
19
KptPPaTOKOIJapa

1. KOTOIKfa , 11 = dwelling-place, home, (11 OIKfa (ecology) = house la, VZT), 2. XWpoc;, 0 = land,
space, area, L15 ,V,4(Jo 3. OIK6nt~o. TO = plot, building land, 4. anln , TO = house La. V-;p.,
5. J.IOVOKOTOIKfa , 11 = private (detached) house (~ovo = alone+KOTOIKta), 6. n oAuKaTOIKfa , 11 =
appartment building (noM=many), 7. Tap6Taa, 11 (Fr.) = flat roof, 8. 6 pocpoc;, o = floor, storey L13 ,
V-z3, 9. •a6y&Jo, TO = ground floor (too (= equal) + Y'l (geography) = earth), 10. un6yt 1o, TO =
basement (un6 (=under)+YI'l), 11. yKapa~, TO (Fr.)= garage, 12. ~laiJtplaJ.Ia , TO = appartment,
flat, 13. dao~oc;, 11 = entrance (L7, V15), 14. ~~6~po1Joc;, o = corridor L13 , V2JJ (~ta +~p6~oc;) , 15.
Ka8JanK6, TO = living-room (from K6.8o1JOL = sit L13 , V51.), 16. Tpam:~apia , 11 = diningroom (from
Tpant~L see ~. V9 , 17. Kou~va , 11 (Fr.) = kitchen, 18. unvo~wJJano, TO = bed-room (unvoc; =
sleep +5w~6.Tto) , 19. Kpt PPaTOKOIJOpa, 11 = bed-room (Kpe~~6.Tt (= bed L13 , V'l!J) + K6.~apa (lt.) =
room, 20. ~w1.16no, TO = room (.6,. V1), 21 . n6pTa , 11 (Fr.) = door, 22. Tofxoc;, o = wall, 23. naTWIJO,
TO = floor, L13, V22, 24. nap68upo, TO = window (.62 Vw . 25. aK6Aa, 11 = staircase, ladder (13, V26J.

TO NH!I = Island, (.62, V7)

KAMIEPrn kaliery6 = cultivate, plant,
0 riOKAL y6kas = sonny (diminutive of o yut6<; yes =
son. See 11 OIKoyeveta ikoylmia p. 156, No 9) .

(An6 TOV KYP)

 129

01 &nox&c; (= seasons) KOI 01 J.l~v&c; (= months) TOU &Touc; (=year)

H avo1~17 (spring) To KaAoKafpt (summer)

o Mapnoc; (f] o MapTllC:) 0 IOUVlOC:
o Anp(ALOC: (r'J o AnptA.llC:) 0 IOUALOC:
o Mcl'LOC: o Auyouomc;
To tp81V6rrlAJpo (autumn) 0 XEtJJciJva~ (winter)
o Le:meiJ~ptoc; (r'J o Le:meiJ~PllC:) 0 6.e:Kej..i~plOC: (r'J 0 6.EKEj..i~pqc;)
o Otcrw~pLOC: (rl o OKTW~PllC:) o lavouaplOC: (r'J o re:vclPllC:)
o NOEIJ~PLOC: (~ o NOEIJ~PllC:) o <l>e:~pouaptoc; (rl o <l>A£~6PllC:)

0 AnpfAT]c; Kt'av xwv[aet KQAOKa[pt ea J1Up(aet

Even if (Kt 'av = Kat av) April is snowing summer will be smelled sweetly
An6 Auyouaro xetf..JciJva Kt an6 MdpTTJ KaAoKafpt
Since August (the) winter and since March (the) summer

11 KuplaK~, ll fL&uTtpa , ll Tphf'J, 11 l&nlpTf'J, ll ntJ,~mf'J , ll napaOK&U~. TO IappaTO

When we want to refer to a time of the year we use the accusative of the definite
article o, f'J, TO and the name of the season, month or day of the week:
Tov XELIJWVa Kave:l Kpuo, TO KaAoKa(pL Kave:l ~eOTTl
TI"JV avoL~ll 6A.a e:(vm wpa(a, Sa pSw TOV Anp(A.to,
ea cre: i5w Tf'J 6.e:uTepa, TI"JV KupLaKf] 6A.a elVQL KAELO'Tcl
When we want to refer to the date of an event we form the phrase as follows:
a) I m:; ... and the number of the day as an adjective in the accusative of its feminine form
because 11 J,~tpa is a feminine noun,
b) The genitive of the month without the definite article,
c) rou .... and the number of the year (Tou (= of the) because TO tToc; is a neuter noun).
Examples:
am; <Suo lavouap(ou TOu 1996 anc; e:m6. <l>e:~pouap(ou TOu 1996
anc; Tp&lc; MapT(Ou TOU 1996 O'Tic; i5e:Katptic; AnplA.(ou TOU 1996
anc; ELKOOLTp&lc; Mai ou TOU ... O'Tic; iSe:KaTeOOEplc; IOUVlOU TOU ....
anc; ELKOOLTEOOEplc; IOUALOU TOU ... O'Tic; TpLaVTaJJiO LEmEj..i~p(ou TOU ...
For the first day of the month the feminine form of the adjective np~Toc; is used:
Tf'JV npWTf'J Maiou, Tf'JV npWTf'J AnplA.(ou, Tf'JV npWTf'J TOU 1JllV6c;
Tou J.lf'Jv6c; is the genitive of the Ancient and KaSapeuouaa word o JJI'JV = the month
(o JJ~vac; in modern Greek): Other expressions using this ancient form are:
ar•c; iSeKa.Tou J.lf'Jv6c; Sa naiJe OTo ....
n6oe:c; Tou J.lf'JV6c; exouj..ie:; how many (days) of the month do we have?
'Exouj..ie: ({) e:(vm) t ecrcreptc; Tou J.lf'Jv6c;.
130

Xprjo1p01 ~10Aoyo1

Ta~I~&UW (taxl~evo) EAA6~a

1 2
OTr)V
1. 'O.A.e~ Ol EAAT)VLKe~2 n6A.EL~ KQL Ol IJEYclAe~ nepLOXE~3 dvat yevou~ 811AUKOU 5 KQL
4

A.r'}youv6 oe -a r'J -11: 11 A8r1va , Tl KtpKupa, 11 MaK&~ovfa , 11 0&aaaAoviK'1, 11 KpflT'l r'J

OE -oc; 6nw~ TQ V110'L67 TOU Atya(ou (eyeoo) (11 P6~oc;, 11 MUKOVOt;, 11 napoc;), 11
Kunpoc;, T) n&Aon6vv.,aoc;, T) 'Hn&lpoc; (ipiros). E~OlP€0'11 8 anOTEAOUV 0 n&lpau]c;
(pireas) KOL o B6Aoc:; nou dvm yevou~ apcrevtKou 10•
ITO TO~I~IWTIK0 1 (taxl~yotik6) ypacp&lo (rl ypacp&fo TC~I~JWV rl OTO npCKTOp&fo11 ).
1

13
2. 0 eA.w EVQ ElO'LTf}pLO12(isitirio) OEpOnOplK0 (r'J IJE· TO TpOlVO 14 , IJE TO AeWq>OpElO 15
(leoforio) yta T11 eeooaAOVlK11 (r'J YLO TO B6A.o). n 6cro KOVEL napaKaA.w; n6cro KOVEL TO
ELOLTf}pLO YLO Tl1 ...;
3. 0a q>uyw (r'J Sa avaxwpf}ow 16) oTJIJEpa (r'J TO IJEO'l11JEPL17, TO an6yEUIJO 18 (ap6yevma),
TO l3p66u aupto) OTl~ TpEl~ 11 wpa. TL wpa q>EUYEL TO Tpa(vo (TO nA.o(o 19, TO
aeponA.avo 13) YLO Tl1 ... ; LTLe; IJLO KQL 5EKOnEVTE (r'J KQL TeTapTo20) OKpLI3wc;21 .
AvaxwPLO'l1 OTL~ neVTE napa ElKOO'l, 6cpL~11 OTl~ oeKa KQL IJloTJ. n60'11 wpa KOVEt;
16 22

4. Eyw Ta~t5euw n6VTOTE IJE nA.o(o (r'J IJE Tpa(vo r'J OL5T)poopOIJLKW~ , r'J IJE aeponA.6vo r'J
14

aeponoptKw~ . r'J IJE OUTOKLV11TO). To Ta~(5L dvm n6VTOTE wpa(o apKe( va IJT)V exet noA.u
K60'1l0 KOl VQ exel~ KaNl 8€011. ea r'}SeA.a IJLO 8€0'11 KOVTO OTO nap68upo • LlUOTUXW~
23

5ev unapxet 8€0'11. 'OA.e~ Ol SeOEL~ elVQL nLOO'IJEVE~ (pyasmenes) (r'J KQTElA111JIJ€VE~
24

katilimenes).
5. To nA.o(o avaxwpe[1 6 evt6~25 oA.(ywv A.emwv26. napaKaA.ouVTaL oL emcrKeme~27 va
e~eA.8ou~ . Avax<l>P110'11 16 OIJO~oOTotxfa~
8 29
(amaxostixias) EVT6~ ouo A.emwv.
napaKaA.ouVTOL ot emi36Te~ va napa1Je(vouv OTL~ Secret~ Tou~. Sa yfveL eA£yxo~32
30 31

(elenxos) ELO'LT11PLWV. Ta ELO'LTf}pt6 00~ napOKaAW. To ELO'LTf}pt6 IJOU elVQL yLa OUO
33
OTOIJ0 .
34
6. rtaT( apye( VQ cpuyEL TO nA.o(o; Yn6pXEL K08UOTEP110'11 ( ka8isteris~ A.6yw35 TOU
ea y(VEL KQVOVLK6. ; Eyw 5ev ~epw , pwTr'}OTE OTL~
36 37
Katpou. To 5pOIJOAOVL0
38
nA.11pOcpop(e~ . nou ElVQL Ol nAilpocpop(e~ napaKaA.w; K6.8e n6Te exel nA.o(o YLO Tl1 ... ;
K6.8e 1Jepa exet 5uo 5po1JoA.6yta OTL~ em6 TO npw( Kat OTl~ ouo TO IJEO'lliJEpt.
7. re napaKaA.w nou dvm 11 OT60'11 Tou A.ewcpopdou ( leoforioo) (r'J o OT081J6~39 TOU
Tpa(vou) ; E(vOLIJOKpt6.40 ; Not, npeneL va n6.peTe Ta~(41 (r'J To A.ewcpopdo 15). noLo~ e(vm
o en61Jevo~ OT081J6~ (r'J nma e(vm 11 en61JEVI1 OT6.0'11) napaKaA.w; n6cro IJOKpt6 dvm;
42

43
nep(nou neVTaK6ma IJETpa an6 e5w, nep(nou 5eKa A.em6 IJE Ta n65ta. ea npenet
VQ KQT£13etTE IJETO 5uo OTQO'ELc:;.

/\&~1A6y1o
1. Ta~ll>tuw taxi~evo = travel. To Ta~ll>l taxl~i = journey, voyage, trip. Ta~1l)1wnK6c;, -~. -6
taxi~yotik6s = of travel, travelling
 131

Useful dialogues
I travel in Greece
1. All Greek cities (= n 6Al1 L15 , V7) and great regions are of feminine gender and end in
-a or -rr
Athens, Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Crete, or in -oc:; like the Aegean islands
(Rhodes, Myconos, Paros), Cyprus, Peloponnese, Epirus. Exceptions are Piraeus and
Volos which are of masculine gender. (Note that the names of the cities or great
territorial regions are acompanied by the definite article).
At the travel agency (= ypa<pe(o L 10, V9) (or agency of travels or at the ticket agency)
2. 1 want an air ticket (or with (by) train, with (by) bus) for Thessaloniki (or for Volos) . How
much does it make (costs) please? How much makes (costs) the ticket for ... ?
3. I will leave (= <peuyw L12 , V24) (or will depart) today (= oillJepa Ls. V5) (or at noon, in the
afternoon, in the evening, tomorrow = auplo L10 , V6 ) at three o'clock (= wpa L10 , V5 ).
What hour (time) does the train (or boat or aeroplane) leave for ... ? At one (hour) and
fifteen (or and quarter = quarter past one). And what hour (time) does it arrive? Departure
at twenty to five arrival at ten and a half. How much hour (how long) does it make (take)?
4. I travel always with (by) boat (or with (by) train or by rail road or with (by) aeroplane, or
by air, or with (by) car = OUTOKLVTlTO Lg, V34) . The journey is always nice provided that
it has not (there is not) many people, and that you have a good place (seat) . I would
like a place near (== KOVT6) the window. Unfortunately (= ouOTuxw~ 4;, V7 ) there is no
place. All the places are caught (taken) (or occupied).
5. The ship departs in a few minutes. The visitors are requested to go out (leave).
Departure of the train in two minutes. The passengers are requested to remain in their
seats, there will be control (check) of the tickets. Your tickets please. My ticket is for
two persons.
6. Why the ship is late( = apyw L 10 , V8 ) to leave? There is a delay because of the weather
(= Kmp6c; L10 , V17) . The itinerary will be mad e (= y(VOIJOl Lg, Vd (carried out)
regularly? I don't know, ask (at) the informations. Where are the informations please?
Every when it has (there is) (a) ship for.. ? Every day it has (there are) two itineraries, at
7 in the morning and at 2 at noon.
7. Please where is the bus stop (or train station)? Is i t far? Yes you have to take (a) taxi
(or the bus) . Which is the next station (or which is the next bus stop) . (Note that for
OT081J6c; which is masculine the pronoun n016c; and the adjective e:n61Je:vo~ are in the
masculine form while for the crraCJll the same words are in the feminine form: nota,
e:n61Je:vn). How far is it? About 500 meters from here, about ten minutes with feet (on
foot) . You will have to get down (= KaTe~afvw L13 , V19) (off) after two stations.

2. EAAO~a, '1 elc!l5a = Greece, ('1 EAAa~ in Anc. +K). 0 'EM11vac:; elinas = Greek (man), '1
EMrwf~a elinl5a = Greek (woman). EM11VIK6c;, -1'\, -6 elinik6s = greek. Ta EAA11v1K6 elinika =
Greek language
3. m:p•oxr\, 11 perioxl = 1. region , 2. area, 3. district
4. yt voc;, TO yenos (genocide) = 1. gender, 2. genus
5. =
9'1AUKO<;, -~, -6 9ilik6s female, fem inine
132

'6. =
Ar1yw lryo 1. end (grammar) (e-Ar)~-a), 2. expire
7. V'laf, TO (pi. TO V'la•a) nisl-nisya (polynesia) = island(s)
8. &~afp&a'l, 11 ekseresi = exeption (e~+afpean = heresY)
9. =
anoT&Aw apote16 1. constitute (anoTtA£oiJ-a), 2. form
10. apa&v1K6<;, -r1, -6 arsenik6s = male, masculine, See Gr. 1a
11. npaKToptio, TO praktorio = 1. agency, 2. ticket-agency
12. £101TrlPIO, TO ISitfno = ticket
13. a&ponop1K6<;, -r1, -6 = aeroporik6s = pertaining to aviation. A&ponopiKwc; (adv.) = by air. To
=
atponA6vo aeroplane aeroplane
14. Tptvo, To treno = train. 0 a1~11P6~po~o<; si~ir6~romos = railway (of~'lPO = iron+~POIJO<: =
=
road) . I•~I"JPO~po~IKW<; sioirooromik6s by railway
15. Atwcpoptfo,To leoforio = bus
16. avaxwpw anaxor6 = depart, set out, leave (avaxwp'lo-a). H avaxwpi"JO'l anax6risl = departure
17. ~&a.,~&pi,TO mes1meri =noon (!Jean(= middle)+IJepa (=day)
18. an6y&u~a , To ap6yevma = afternoon (an6+yeu1Ja = luncheon)
19. nAofo, To plfo = ship
20. TtTapTo, TO tetarto = quarter (Lit. one fourth. See ~v 1)
21 . aKplpwc; akriv6s (adv.) = precisely. AKp•13r1<;,· -r1c;, -tc;, akrivls = precise, exact, punctual,
accurate, correct
22. 6cp1~11. 11 af1xi = arrival
23. nap69upo, TO para8iro = window (napa+8upa =door)
24. KOT&IAI'UJ~tvoc;, -11, -o katihmenos = occupied. (Anc. passive participle of KOTaAOIJ~6vw =
occupy)
25. &VT6c; end6s (adv.) = 1. within, 2. inside
26. Atm6c;, -r1, -6 lept6s = 1. thin, slim. To Atm6 lept6 = minute. To Atm6 lepta = 1. minutes, 2.
money (for money also Ta AtcpT6)
27. tmoK&m.,c;, o eplskeptis (f. 11 tmaKtmp1a episkeptria) = visitor. EmoKtmo~at episkeptome
=visit
28. &~tpxo~OI ekserxome (irr.) = go or come out (t~w (= out)+tpxo1Jm (= come)
29. a~a~oOTotxfa, 11 amaxostixia = train
30. &mJ36T'lc;, o epivatis = passenger
31 . napa~tvw parameno = remain or stay close to (nap6+1Jevw = stay)
32. tA&yxoc;, o elenxos = 1. control, 2. checking, 3. testing, 4. verification
33. OTO~O, TO atomo (atomiC) = 1. person, 2. atom
34. Ka9uOTtp'la'l, 11 ka8isterisi = 1. delay, 2. time-lag
35. A6yw 16yo = because of (Myw is the dative of o Myoc, Ls. V21)
36. ~po~oA6yto,To ~romol6yio = 1. itinerary, 2. time-table
37. KavovtK6c;, -r1, -6 kanonik6s (canonical) = 1. regular, 2. normal
38. nA11pocpopfa, 11 pliroforia = information
39. OTa9~6c;, o sta8m6s = 1. station, stopping-place, 2. landmark (in history etc)
40. ~aKp16 (and ~aKpu6) makria (adv.) = 1. far, 2. at a great distance
41. Ta~f, TO taxi = taxi
42. &m)~&vo<;, ·I"J, -o ep6menos = 1. next, 2. following, 3. forthcoming. H &no~tvi"J epomeni = the
next day
43. n£VTOK60IOI, ·£<;, ·0 pentak6Sil = five hundred. n&VTOK60t0 = 500
 133

H wpa (the time)

To find out the time one can ask:

TL wpa EXETE (or e:(vaL) napaKCIAw;
To answer one uses the feminine form of the number (because 11 wpa is a feminine
noun) and the word KOI (= and) for past and the word nap6 for minutes before the hour:
Quarter past is Kol TETCpTo, quarter to is nap6 TtTapTo.
The number for the minutes is in the neuter form because TO Aem6, To Aem6 =
minute(s) is a neuter noun .
For half hours one can say Kal 1.uo~ meaning and a half hour or use the alternative
form J.U61JIOI"J, 6U61JIOI"J, Tp&IO~IJIO'l , T&OOtptiO~IJIO'l or T&OOtpO~IJIO'l , ntVTEIJIO'l etc.
{Note thattpe:tcr~IJLOTl takes an 11 andte:crcre:paf]IJLOTl drops the -tl- for euphonia):
M(a Kat eva A€m6 = one minute past one M fa nap6 eva A€m6 = one minute to one
M(a Kat neVTe: = five past one .8uo nap6. oeKa = ten to two
Tpe:t<; Kat tpla = three past three Tpe:L<; napa tp(a = three to three
Tpe:t<; Kat oe:KaneVTe: = fifteen past three Tpe:t<; napa oe:KaneVTe: = fifteen to three
Tpe:tc; KOL tetapto = a quarter past three Tpe:t<; napa tetapto = a quarter to three
Tecrcre:pt<; Kat tpla = three past four Ttcrcre:ptc; napa tp(a = three to ·four
=
Tecrcre:pt<; Kat e:tKOcrttecrcre:pa twenty Tecrcre:ptc; nap6 e:tKocrttecrcre:pa = twenty
four past four four to four
Mfa Kat IJLaf] = half past one
M(a KOL TptOVTO = thirty past one
ML<l!JlOTl = half past one
Tpet<; KOL IJLaf] = half past three
Tpe:tc; KOL Tpt6VTa = thirty past three
Tpe:taf]IJLOTl = half past three
Tecrcre:pt<; KOL!Jtaf] = half past four
Tecroe:ptc; KOL tpLaVTa = thirty past four
Te:crcre:paft!JLOTl = half past four
When it happens to be exactly on the hour one· usually adds oKp1l3wc; (precisely)
after the hour: ntVTt oKp113wc:;.
The twenty-four hour clock is used in travel schedules, in announcing the hour on
radio or television etc. In this case 11 wpa IJ(a is announced as ~&KaTp&f<;, 11 wpa ouo as
~tKoTtoo&pl<; etc.
134

Xptja1po' L11aAoyo'
1
ITrJV ayopa •

1. KaA.r)l.lepa2 crac;, op(crre napaKaAW. Tt 6ef.£Te; 0a r')Se~a (tl 6e~w) jllO OOKO~OT03 ,
Tpetc; jlnupec; , eva (l.lnOUK~l5) y~a 6 , Tecrcreptc; jley~ec; VTOjlOTec; jl(a OWO€K0008
4 7

auy6 . Mou o(veTe (tl iSwcrre llou) jlta jlnupa, eva (tll.ltcr6 ) Kt~6 naT6Tec;12, jleptKec;
9 10 1 1

(tl Myec;) VTOjlOTec; KQl A(ya (flllePLKO) lltl~O13• Mflnwc; exeT€ (tl exeTe) auy6; ee~w an'
OUT6 TO Tupe 4 , an' OUTec; Ttc; VTOjlOTec;, an' OUTO TO <ppOLrrO15 . 'EXETE ljJOplO 16
<ppecrKa17 ; E(vat <ppEOKO TO ljJOpLa oac;;
2. n6oec; VTOjlOTec;; n6oa lltl~O; nooo 6E~T€; no~u euxap(crrwc; efxaristos. Op(crre TO
auya crac; KOl Ol naT6Tec; crac;. ~ucrruxwc; oistix6s oev exoul-1€. ea <pepOUI-lE (tl exoul-le)
OUPlO (fl TO an6yeUIJO). E(VOl 0~0 <ppecrKO, CJTll-l€PlV0 • ~taMyeTe KOl na(pveTe.
18 19

~taMt;Te 6Tt (tl 6n0lo, t1 6n0la) eet..eTe.

n apaKaAW n6oo KOVEl (tl KOCJT(~et '1 jlnupa ~tl Ol jlnupec;) TO TUp(; n ooo KOVOUV (tl
20
3. I

txouv) m naT6Tec; Kat Ta 1-lfl~a: Ot 1-1nav6vec; 1 efvat no~u aKpt~ec; 22 • la <ppouTa Ta

SeA.w WPll-10 23 . AUTO ELVOl 6youpa24. ea ELVOl 6vocrra25 • AUTO e(VOl wpafa, euxaptcrrw.
4. To OUK026 elVOl VOO'TljlOTOT027 . Efvat KOl <pTTlV628 • ~OKLI-lOCJTe 29 • No ~OAOU~€ eva Kl~6;
jllOO KL~6 ; eva TETOPTO ; npoooxfll-1'1 ~pw6e(Te • n apaKaAW '1 OOKOU~O crac; (tl TO
30 1

naKeTo32 crac;) .
5. n ocro KOvouv; Tt ocpe(~w33 ; napaKaAW KOVTe TO ~oyaptOOjlO. napaKaAW, xfA.tec;34 (ouo
x~t6oec; , otaK6atec; ) opaXIJec;36 . Eu~aptcrrw no~u. Ta cppouTa oac; oev efvat
34 35

Ka66~ou <pTllVO. ~ucrruxwc; oev exw t1J~6 . 'Exw Xl~t6ptK0 (r'J neVTOX~lapo38) . 'ExeTe
34

pecrra ; Be~afwc; exw. opfcrre Ta pecrra crac;. Euxaptcrrw no~u.

39

Eyw npoTLI-lW va ljJwvf~w OTTlV unepayop6 • Ta ~p(crKetc; 6~a eKe( mo <PTTlVO. nou
40 41
6.
elvm To KpeaTa napaKaA.w; LTO i5et;t6 otoopo1-1o crro ~oeoc;45 • ~et;to crro npwTo
42 43 44

p6.<pt . Aptcrrepa crro ~oeoc; e(vm To ljJuyefo • Tt wpa avofyeTe4 9 TO npw'l (tl TO
46 48

an6yeujla) ; Tt wpa KA.e(veTe; LTtc; OKTW KOljllcnl. LTl<"; ewea OKpl~Wc;. :re 1-llrnl wpa. :re
eva TETOPTO. :re ~(ya ~mo.
7. !fll..!epa eKQVQ noM6ljJWVl040 01:'1 A.a'iKr')50 ayop6. LTI') ~a'LKrl ayop6 ~p(oKetc; OTl eet..etc;
Kat cre <pTTlvec; Tll.lec;. Ta npo'(6VTa51 epxoVTat KoT'eu6e(ay52 an6 Tov napaywy653 crrov
KaTava~wTr') • Mnopdc; va ljJwvfoetc; yta 6~'1 TTl (v) (e) ~OOI.lOOa. Eyw ayop6~w To
54 1

noVTa ... an6 TTl ~a·(Kr') ayopa. Me et;unllPE:Tef (exipireti) ytaTf y(veTm O'TTl yetTovt656
5
57
I-IOU, KOVTO OTO ontTll.lOU. To KOUr3aAW 0€ EVO KaA06t58 (tl Ol.lOt;6Kt59) .

A&~1A6y10
1. ayopa, 11 ayora (agoraphobia) = 1. market. Ayopa~w = buy
2. KaArwtpa, '1 kalimera = good morning (KaM (= good)+1Jepa = day)
3. aoKoAOta, '1 sokolata = chocolate
4. IJnupa, 11 blra = beer
5. IJnOUKOAI , TO bookali = bottle
 135

Useful dialogues
At the market
1. Good morning to you, yes please (op(crre has several meanings depending on the
context. Here it means: yes sir). What do you want? I would like (or I want) one
chocolate, 3 beers, one (bottle) milk, 4 big tomatoes and a dozen eggs (note that the
gender of the numbers eva, Tp(a Tecrcrepa is the same as that of the noun they
accompany). You give me (or give me) one beer, one (or half a) kilo potatoes, a
number of (or a few) tomatoes and a few (or a number of) apples. I wonder if you have
(or do you have) eggs? I want from (of) this cheese, from (of) these tomatoes, from (of)
these fruits. Do you have fresh fishes (fish) ? Are your fishes (fish) fresh?
2. How many tomatoes? How many apples? How much (many) do you want? Very gladly
{= euxap(atwc; see Ls V7, Le V1 5 , Le V17) . Here are your eggs and your potatoes.
Unfortunately we don't have. We will bring {= cpepvw L10 , V27) (get) (or will have)
tomorrow (or in the afternoon). They are all fresh, today's. You choose and you take
(= na(pvw L12, V25) (buy) . Choose whatever (or that which) you like (onoto or 6nOLa
depending on the gender and number of the item in question).
3. Please, how much it makes (or has, or costs) the beer, (or the beers). the cheese ?
How much they make the potatoes and the apples? The bananas are very expensive.
The fruits I want them ripe. These are unripe. They will be not tasty. These are good
(ones) thank you.
4. The figs are most tasty. They are and (also) cheap. Taste. Shall we put one kilo? half a
kilo? a quarter(= TeTapTo 4. V1) ? Attention (be careful) not to get dirty. Please (here
is) your plastic bag (or your parcel).
5. How much do they make? What do I owe? Please, make the calculation (=
A.oyaptacr1J6<; 1::.1, V43} (bill). Please, one thousand (X(A.tec; is in the feminine plural form
because 11 6poX1Jft is a feminine noun) (two thousand, two hundred) drachmas. Thank
you very much. The fruits are not at all cheap. Unfortunately I have not small change. I
have a thousand-drachma note (or a five thousand-drachma note). Do you have
change? Of course I have, here are your change. Thank you very much.
6. I prefer (eyw is put for emphasis) to shop at the super market. You find them all there
more cheap. Where are the meats, please? (Ta Kpeata in the plural means the
different kinds of mea~. In the right corridor at the end. To the right on the first shelf.
To the left at the end is the refrigerator. At what time you open in the morning (or in the
afternoon)? At what time you close (= KA.dvw !::.1. V2)? At half past eight. At nine o'
clock precisely. In half an hour. In a quarter (of an hour). In a few minutes.
7. Today I made many purchases at the street-market. At the street-market you find
whatever you want and at cheap prices. The products come directly from the producer
to the consumer. You can buy for the whole week. I buy everything (= n6VTa Le. V11)
at (or from) the street-market. lt serves me because it takes place (= y(vOIJOl Lg, V17) in
my neighbourhood near my house {= an(Tt L8, V28). I carry the purchases in a basket
(or trailer).
136

6. yaAa, TO yala (galaxy) = milk

7. VTo~aTa , 11 domata =tomato
8. ~w~tKa~a, 11 i5oi5ekai5a = dozen (see L 12 , V 1)
9. auy6, TO (or apy6) avy6 = egg
10. ~.ua6~, -~ . -6 mis6s = half
11. =
KIM, TO kil6 (kilometre) kilo (From xO..tot see No 34)
12. =
naTaTa, 11 patata potato
13. ~r]Ao, TO mllo = apple
14. Tupf, TO tirl = cheese
15. =
cppOUTO, TO fro6to fruit
16. ~apt, To psari = fish
17. cppt aKoc;, -11, -o freskos = fresh
18. Ol')~tp1v6c;, -r], -6 simerin6s = to-day's, of today. See afJIJepa ~. V5
19. ~1aAtyw i5ialeyo = choose, select (i5t6A.e~-a) {i5ta+Myw = tell)
20. Komf~w kostlzo = cost {K6cmo-a)
21 . ~navava, 11 banana = banana
22. aKpiJl6c;, -r1, -6 akriv6s = costly, dear, expensive
23. wpl~oc;, -11. -o 6rimos = ripe, mature
24. ayoupoc:;, -11, -0 ayooros = unripe
25. avomoc:;, -11, -o anostos = 1. tasteless, insipid, 2. unattractive
26. auKo, TO slko (sycophant) = fig
27. vomi~6TaToc:;, -1') , -o nostim6tatos = most tasty. The superlative of v6cm~oc:;, -11, -o
n6stimos(nostalgia) = 1. tasty, 2. attractive
28. cpTI')v6c:;, -r], -6 ftin6s = cheap
29. ~OKIJ.IO~w i5okimazo = 1. taste (i5oK(j..IOO·a), 2. test, 3.attempt
30. Atpwvo~a• ler6nome = get oneself dirty (A.epw8r)K-a)
31. aaKouAa, 11 sako61a = plastic or paper bag, bag, sack
32. naKt To, To paketo = packet, package
33. ocpdAw ofilo = owe (6q>eiA-a)
34. xfA1o1, -tc:;, -a xllii (kilogramme) (adv.)= 1. thousand, 2. countless. XfA1a Xilia = one thousand.
H x•A•a~a xiliai5a (chiliad) = a thousand. To x•A•apiKO xiliariko = one thousand note
35. =
~laK60IOI , -tc:;, -a iS1ak6s1i (adj.) two hundred
36. ~pax~r1 . 11 i5raxmi = drachma (the Greek currency)
37. ~1M, Ta ps11a = small change. IP1A6c:;, -r1, -6 psil6s = thin, fine
38. ntVTOXIA~apo, TO pentoxlllaro = five thousand note (ntvre+xo..ta)
39. pt ma, Ta resta = change (money)
40. ~wvf~w psonlzo = 1. purchase (\jJwvto-a), 2. shop, 3. buy. Ta "'wv1a ps6nia = shopping,
purchases, provisions,
41 . untpayopa, 11 iperayora = supermarket
42. Kpt ac:;,To kreas (pancreas) = meat
43. =
~£~16c:; , -r1, -6 i5exi6s = 1. right, 2. right-wing. llt~16 i5exia (adv.) to the right, on the right
44. ~~a~po~oc:;, o i5iai5romos = 1. corridor, 2. passage (i5ta (= through) + i5p61JO~ = street)
45. Jla9oc:;, TO V380S = 1. depth, 2. far-end, 3. background
46. pacp1, To rati = shelf
47. aplmtpa aristera (adv.) = To the left,on the left. Ap1m t p6c:;, -r1, -6 arister6s =1.1eft, 2. left-wing
48. =
"'uyd o , TO ps1yio refrigerator
49. avofyw anlyo = open. AVOIKT6c;, -r1, -6 an1kt6s = open. Avo1KT6 anikta (adv .) = 1. open, 2.
openly
 137

50. AaiK6~, -~. -6 laik6s (laical) = of the people. 0 Aa6~ la6s = people
51 . npo'i 6v, TO proi6n = product
52. KaT' euedav kat' ef8fan (adv.) = directly, straight (KaT<i+eu9e(a ef9ia = straight line)
53. napaywy6<;, o parayoy6s = producer
54. Karava.A.wn\c;, o katanalotfs = consumer
55. t~unl")ptrw exipiret6 = serve, be of service to (e~um"}piTT)cr-a)
56. Y£1TOVIO, 11 yitonia = neighbourhood. See 0 y£1Tova~ L 14• v 46
57. Koupa.A.w kooval6 = carry (Kouf36A.11cr-a)
58. Ka.A.681, TO kala8i = basket
59. a~a~OKI, ro amaksaki = trailer

H XPUml (= golden, chrysanthemum) 8flK'l (= case) 11e TO 60Tpo (= star, astronomy) T'lc;
Bepy(vac;. E(Xe TQ OO'T<l (= bones, osteoporosis) TOU <bli.(nnou, nmepa (ls, V3 ) TOU
Mey6Aou (L,, Va) Me~av6pou . APXOlOAOYlK6 Mouoe(o eeoaaAOVlK'lc;.
138

01 api9J,Ioi (numbers)

Cardinal Ordinal number Cardinal Ordinal number

number number

tva = 1 npcino<;, -11. -o = first EV6tKO = 11 tV6EKOTO<;, -11, -0 = 11th

(EVTE:KO)
Mo =2 6e:ute:po<;, -11,-0 = second 6<i>6tKO = 12 6WMKOTO<;, -11, -0 = 12th
tp!a =3 Tp(TO<;, -11, -0 = third 6£KOTp(a = 13 MKOTO<;, -11, -0
tplm<;. -11. -o = 13th
Ttooepa =4 TETOPTO<;, -11, -0 = 4th 6£KO- MKOTO<;, -11, ·0
Tt ooepa = 14 TETOPTO<;, -11, ·0 = 14th
nt vte =5 nt~mo<;, -11. -o = 5th 6£KO- MKOTO<;, ·11, ·0
ntVT£ = 15 nt~mo<;, -11. -o = 15th
t~l =6 EKTO<;, -11, -0 = 6th 6tKO· MKOTO<;, -11, -0
t~l = 16 EKTO<;, ·11, -0 = 16th
ema =7 t~6o~o<;, -11. -o = 7th 6£KO- MKOTO<;, ·11, -0
ema = 17 tP6o~o<;, -11. -o = 17th
OKTW =8 6y6oo<;, -11. -o = 8th 6tKO· MKOTO<;, -11, ·0
(OXTW) OKTW = 18 6y6oo<;, -11. -o = 18th
evvt a =9 tVOTO<;, ·11, -0 = 9th 6tKO· 6tKOTO<;, -11, ·0
(EVVlO) evvta = 19 EVVOTO<;, -11, -0 = 19th
MKa = 10 6tKOTO<;, -11, -0 = 1Oth EIKOOl = 20 -n.
ttKoat6<;, -6 = twentieth

tlKOOlEVO = 21 £1KOOT6<;, -J1, -6 6lOKOOlO = 200 6lOKOOlOOT6<;, ·11, ·0 = 200th

npci>TO<;, -11, -0 = 21st
TPlOVTO = 30 .TPlOKOOT6<;, ·J1, -6 = 30th TplOK60lO = 300 tptaKoatOOT6<;, -11. -o = 300th
oapavta = 40 -n,
teooapaKoat6<;, -6 = 40th TtTpaK60lO = 400 T£TPOKOOlOOT6<;, ·11, -o = 400th
ntvflVTa = 50 ntVTllKOOT6<;, ·J1, -6 = 50tfl TI£VTOK60lO = 500 ntVTOKOOlOOT6<;, -11, ·0 = 500th
E~rlVTO = 60 £~11KOOT6<;, -J1, -6 = 60th E~OK60la = 600 £~QKOOlOOT6<;, ·11, ·0 = 600th
£~6o~J1vta = 70 £~60~11KOOT6<;, ·J1, -6 = 70th emaK6ata = 700 £mOKOOlOOT6<;, ·11, -0 = 700th
oyMVTa = 80 ey6011KOOT6<;, -J1, -6 = 80th OKTQKOOlQ = 800 OKTQKOOlOOT6<;, ·11, ·0 = BOOth
EVVEVJiVTO = 90 E:VVEV11KOOT6<;, ·J1,-6 = 90th tVVlOKOOlO = 900 £VVlQKOOIOOT6<;, ·11, ·0 = 900th
£KOT6 = 100 £KQTOOT6<;, -rJ, -6 = 1OOth XlAta = 1.000 x1Atoat6<;, -11. -o = 1.000th
6uo XV.lllocs = 2.000 6tOXlAlOOT6S. -11, -6 = 2.000th
11 ~ovMa = monad, unity tKQTO~~UplO = 1.000.000
116EK06a ... decade 6lO£KQTO~~UplO = 1.000 X1.000.000
116W6£K060 = dozen TPlOEKQTO~~UplO = 1.000.000 X 1.000.000
DXIAtMo = chiliad, one thousand
 139

The numbers as adjectives are Indeclinable except the number tva which has
different forms for each gender: tvac;, J,~la, tva and the numbers Tpla and Ttooepa which
become TP£1<; and Ttootpl<; in the masculine and feminine form .
The hundreds from 200 to 900 and the number xiA1a are also used as plural
adjectives: <StaK6mo• 6v9pwnm, <StaK6mec; <Spa)(J.lec;, <StaK6ma nm<Sl6 etc., XlALOI, xV..ttc;,
xwa.
The number 1, 3, 4, 200-900 and 1.000 that are declined as adjectives have a
genitive case to answer to questions like:
n 6owv fH..IEpwv ELVQL TO auya;
~.uac; ~epac;
n 6crwv XPQvwv (fl ETwv) e:(vm To nat<Si;
tv6<; eTouc;
<5EKOTplWV ETWV (fl XPOVWV)
<5EKOTEcrcrapwv XPOVWV (fl eTc.l>v)
or in phrases like:
Ta~(<St Tpt6VTa Tptwv 11~e:pwv
~apoc::; 5taKocriwv KLA.wv
9ep~oKpacr(a e~aKocr(wv f3a9~wv
a~(a XtAfwv 5pa)(J.lwv etc.

Prometheus, describing the gifts he had bestowed on mortals (men) in the tragedy
Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus (525-456 BC), says:

" •••Ka( apt9J16v 1 e~oxov Z OO<pl01'at(a)V 3 e~upov 4 exrvron OO"Ioic;5 ..."

"...and the number, the excellent of the devices, I invented for them..."

1. o apl91-l6~ (arithmetic) = number, 2. e~oxo~. -11. -o = excellent, eminent, 3. To o6<plOI-LO =

intelligent device, plan, stratagem, trick. From oo<p6~ (philosophy) =wise, 4. E~11upov = I found, I
invented. Past of e~eup(crKw exevrlsko an ancient form of ~p(crKw = find L 10 , V2B, 5. aUTo(~ aftfs = to
them, for them. The dative plural of the personal pronoun aUT6~ (see p. 93).
.....

140

Xprjotpot ~taAoyot

1
ITO &OTIOT6p10 •

1. An6~e ea q>OIJE e~w. ea n6~e oe eva KaA.6 ecrnaT6pto (estiat6rio). ea aa~ now oe
2

!JtO Ta(3epva nou txet KaA.6 Q>OY'1T6. I:mTtK6 q>OY'1T6 Km v6att!Jou~ 1-1e~e6e~ . ea
3 4 5

npOTliJOUOO VO n'1YOLVOIJE oe 1-JlO ~apoTa(3epva6 .

2. 'Exw !J(a ne(va7 • n ou ea n61-1e va q>O!Je an6l1Je; Na n61-1e K6nou Kovra OTI1 yetTovt6
IJO~. Tt 6pe~11 txet~ va q>6.1Je; Tt a' apeoet va q>O!Je; ett...w va euxaptOTTlee(~
8

(efxaristiels).
3. E(!Jaate Teooepetc;, nou !Jnopou!Je va Kaefloouj.le; 'ExeTe KpaTfloet Tpane~t9 ; 'Oxt, TO
11
anoq>ao(oai-Je TrlV TeA.eUTa(a OTLYI-Irl 10• 'Eva A.em6 napaKaA.w va 5w nou !Jnopw va
aa~ (36Aw. n epame napaKaA.w. Mou 5(veTe napaKaA.w Tov (f] evav) KOT6Aoyo.
Mnopw va txw TOV (rl evav) KOT6Aoyo napaKaA.w; AIJEOW~ KUple. Op(ate KUple.
4. ea n6pw (fJ ea f]eeA.a) !JlO ~WplOTlK'1 oaA.6Ta IJLO IJOKapov6oa (fl IJlO !JEf>lOO15
12 13 14
14 6
IJOKap6vta ) KOl EVQ q>tAETO (fl eva oou(3A.OKl 17
n eva KOT6nouA.o 18 ax6pa~ 1 j . ea
eeA.OTe en(OT')~ EVQ (f} KOtl) opeKTlK6 ;
20

5. llev Tpww Kpea~. npoTliJWTO A.aoep621 . Eyw ett...w KOTl eA.aq>pu22 KOl uytetv623 (iyiin6).
Mf]nw~ EXETOl ~apt; YnapxeL q>pEOKO liJclpt; Tl ~6.pl0 EXETe;
6. Ynapxet wpa(o ~apt aM6. efvm KOTa4Juy!Jevo24 (katapsiymeno). ea aa~ ouvtatouoa25
en£011~ TO ... nou e(vm 11 anemaA.tT€ IJO~. E(vm TO m6To27 T'1~ '11-JEpa~. Ynapxouv
26

en(OT')~ 5tclq>Op0l IJE~e5e~ KOl q>OY'1Tcl IJOYElpEUT0 KOl Trl~ wpa~ O,Tl eet...eTe.
28 29

n epame QV ett...eTe OTTlV KOU~(va va OlaM~eTe. <l>t pTe 1-10~ IJEPlKOU~ IJE~t5e~ KQl IJlO
30

1Jep(5a... KaA.f] oa~ 6pe~'1·

7. Tt ea mf}Te napaKaA.W; ea mf]Te KOTL; ea f]eet...a va 5oKL!J6ow To 5tK6 oa~ KpaoC
n poTliJW TO AeUK6 KpaoL ea f]eet...a EVQ AeUKO Kpao( yta TO ~apt. E!JEVQ IJ' aptoel
31
32
TO KOKKlV0 Kpaol. Eyw ett...w eva noTflpt33 !Jnupa. <l>epTe !JOU tva !JnOUKOAl !Jnupa
34
napaKaA.w. r Kapo6v , IJLO q>t6Ar)35 vep636 napaKaA.w. rKapo6v 1-1nopw va txw Myo
vep6 (f} A£yo ~W!Jf , eva KOUTOAl38, eva n11p0UVl39, EVO IJOXO(pt40 , TO aAOTl41 } KOl !JlO
7

42 43 44
OK01J'1 KapeKAa ; eet...eTe EVO E!JQ>laAWIJEV0 (emfialomemo) vep636;
8. rKapo6v TO A.oyaptOOIJO (loyaryasm6) napaKaAW.

/\£~1A6y1o

1. .:anaT6p1o, TO estiat6rio = restaurant

2. an6t1J£ ap6pse = this evening, to-night
3. yapt pva, '1 taverna = tavern
4. anmK6c;, -q, -6 spitik6s= of the house(= orrfn La.V28), home-made
5. J.IE~tc;, o mezes = appetizer, hors-d'oeuvre
6. tiJapoyapt pva, '1 psarotaverna = fish tavern
7. n Efya, '1 plna = hunger. n EIVW pin6 = be hungry (ne(vao-a)
8. 6p£~fl, '1 6rexi (anorexia) = appetite
 141

Useful dialogues
At the restaurant
1. This evening we will eat (= Tpww L13, V5) (dine) out (= t~w L7, V13). We will go to a
nice restaurant. I will take you to a tavern that (which) has nice food (= <payT'JT6 L13,
V6), home-made food and tasty(= v6atq..toc; ll;), Vd appetizers. I would prefer that we
would go to a fish-tavern.
2. I have a hunger! ('Exw ne(va is an expression meaning I am hungry). Where shall we
go to eat (dine) this evening? Let us go somewhere near our neighbourhood (=
yeLTOVl6 ll3, Vd . What would you like that we eat (txw 6pe~'l (= appetite) va ...
corresponds to I would like to ...). what do you like that we eat? I want that you are
pleased { = euxaplatlEIJOl L111 V39).
3. We are four where can we sit {= K68o~-tm L13, V52)? Have you kept (reserved) a table?
No, we decided (= ano<pao(~w L15, V5) the last (= TEAEUTa(oc; L13, V27) moment. One
minute please to see where I can put you. Pass please (nep6ate the imperative of
nepvw {L12 , V3), has the meaning of please come or go in). You give me please the (or
a) catalogue (menu) . Can I have the (or a) catalogue please? Immediately(= a~-ttowc; ,
L10 , V11) , sir. Here you are, sir.
4. I will take (have)(or I would want) a peasant's (Greek) salad, a plate of macaroni (or a
portion of macaroni) and a fillet steak (or a meat in skewer or a chicken on the grill).
Would you want also an (or something) appetizing {hors-d'oeuvres).
5. I don't eat meat (= Kptac; ll3, V42). I prefer food cooked in oil. I want something light
and healthy. Do you have fish (= lJj6pL!l3, V16)? Is there fresh fish? What (kind of) fish
do you have?
6. There is nice fish but it is frozen. I would recommend you also... which is our
speciality. lt is the dish of the day. There are also different appetizers and cooked food
and a la minute, whatever you want. Pass if you want to the kitchen to choose (=
6LaMyw ~. V19). Bring us a few appetizers and a portion (of) ... Good appetite.
7. What will you drink (= n(vw L12, Vn) please? Will you drink something? I would want
(like) to taste (= 6oKL~-t6~w ll3, V29) your own wine(= Kpao( L13, V45). I prefer the white
wine. I would want (like) a white wine for the fish. To me it pleases me the red wine.
Me, I want a glass of beer. Bring me a bottle (of) beer, please. Waiter, a bottle of water
please. Waiter, can I have a little water (or a little bread, a spoon, a fork, a knife, the
salt) and also a chair ? Do you want bottled (mineral) water?
8. Waiter, the bill please.

9. Tpant~•. TO trapezi (trapezium) = table

10. annu1, 11 stiymf = moment. See also D.2, V26
11. Atm6, TO lept6 = minute
12. xwplaTIKO<;, -11. -o xoryatikos = village, peasant. See xwpl6 L15t v 31
13. aaA6Ta, 11 salata = salad
14. ~aKapov6l>a, 11 makarona~a = a portion of macaroni (= 1JOKap6vl, TO)
15. ~tpfl>a, 11 merf~a= portion. See TO 1-1epoc; = part, L 13V:E
16. q)IAtTo, To fileto = fillet steak
-
142

17. aoupAOKI, TO soovlaki = meat on skewer

18. KOT6nou.Ao, TO kot6poolo =chicken. H K6Ta k6ta =hen
19. axapa, 11 sxara = grill
20. opt KTIK6<;, -r1, -6 orektik6s = appetizing. Ta opt KTIKa orektika = appetizers. See 6pe~11 No 8
21 . .Aa~ep6c;, -r1, -6 la~er6s = 1. cooked in oil, 2. oily. To A6~1 IMi = olive-oil
22. t.Aacpp6c;, or -uc;, -16, -u elafr6s = 1. light, 2. slight, 3. mild, 4. weak
23. uy1t 1v6c;, -r1, -6 iyiin6s (hygiene) = 1. healthy, 2. hygienic
24. KaTali'UYJ.IEVo<;, -11, -o katapsiymenos = frozen
25. auv1mw sinist6 or auOTJ1vw sistlno (irr.) = recommend, advice (ouOTTlo-a) (OUOTTIIJeV'l em01oM
tl OUOTT)IJeVO yp61JIJO = registered letter)
26. antaJa.AJT£ specialite = speciality
27. niOTO, TO pyato = plate
28. ~1acpopoc;, -11, -o ~iaforos = 1. different, 2. various
29. J.JaytlptuT6<;, -r1, -6 mayireft6s = cooked. Maytlptuw mayirevo = cook (1Jaye(pe4J-a). 0
,.u]yt•poc; mayiros = the cook
30. KOU~.Iva, 11 koozlna = kitchen
31 . At uK6<;, -r1, -6 lefk6s (leucocyte)= white
32. KOKKIVO<;, •11 1 • 0 k6kinos = red
33. noTr1p1, To potlri = glass
34. yKapa6v, To gars6n = waiter
35. cpu1AI1, 11 fiali = bottle
36. vtp6, TO ner6 = water
37. li'WJJI, TO psomf = bread
38. KOUTO.AI, To kootali = spoon
39. "11POUVI, TO piro6ni = fork
40. J.Jaxalpl, TO maxeri = Knife
41. aAOTI, To alati = salt
42. aK6J.111 ak6mi (adv.) = still, more
43. Kapt KAa, 11 karekla = chair
44. tJ.IcplaAwiJEVo<;, -11, -o emfialomlmos = bottled (ev+cpt<lA'l) &J.IcplaAwJ.Jt vo vtp6 = mineral water

TPO<t>IMA = foods $ POYfA = fruits MXANIKA = nOTA = drinks

vegetables

TO ljJWIJ( = bread TO l.lfJXo = apple OLVTOIJOT£<; = tomatoes TO KPOO( = wine

TO TUp( =cheese TO nopTOKOAL = orange Ol TlQTQT£<; =potatoes 111JTlUpa = beer
TO ydXa = milk TO AEIJ6VL = lemon TO IJOPOUAL = lettuce 11 TlOPTOKQAQ~Q = orange juice
TO YLOOUPTL = yoghurt TO IJOVTOpiVL = tangerine TO OTlOVOKL = spinach 11 XEIJOV66a =lemonade
TO ~OUTVPO = butter TO m:n6v1 = melon 111.1£Xrt~dva = egg-plant,
111JOKapova~a = macaroni TO KOPTlOU~l = watermelon aubergine
TO pu~L = rice TO OXMOL = pear TO KP£1JU~l = onion
TO MOL =olive oil TO OTO(j)UAL = grapes TO OK6plio = ga~ic
TO ~UOL =vinegar TO ~£pUKOKO = apricot To Mxavo = cabbage
11 ~OXOPI1 =sugar TO pOliOKLVO = peach TO KOp6TO = carrot
TO aAEUPL =flour TO KtpdOL = cherry
TO OUKO = fig

•
 143

A typical Greek restaurant or tavern menu

is composed of:

OPEK1'JKA - appetizers 'rii~ OPA~ - a la minu te

(hors-d'oouvrcs) 'I'YPIA - chcc cs
~AAA'l'El: - slLiu.ds <J>POY'I'A - fruits
AA~EPA - food cooked in oil lliA'l'O llMEPA~ rAYJ<A - desserts
lVAPIA - fishes (dish of the day) llO'l'A - drinks
KPEA~ - meat npVttK I oouP'An~
(lamb on spit)

An6 TO tpyo (ls, V26) 0 xop6c; (L,2, V23) TOU A.ciiKOU (= of the people, naive)
~wyp6.cpou (.ils, V32) ee6cplA.ou.
144

XpqaipOI ~10Aoyo1 lls

EnayytAJ,JaTa 1 •
1. 'Epxo1Jat yta npc.I>Til c.popa O'TTlV EM66a, 6e yvwp(~w Kaveva Kat etf-w va ouvavtflaw2
Kat va yvwp(ow K60IJO. No K<lvw c.pl'-ouc;. Kata npot(IJ'1CJ113 t ou enayyei-1Jat6c; IJOU.
4 5
2. BMnw 6tt IJtAOTe KaAQ (6pt<rra , 6.matata ) TO EM11VlKQ. l!.e ea 6UOKOAeUTe(te6
(6iskoleftite~ Kae61-ou. No oac; napoumaow tov Kupto .. No oac; ouo-nlow Tl1
7

6eonotv(6a ...
3. Xafpw noXu. ea xapw noXu va yvwpfow tov natepa (a6e!-c.p6, 6.v6pa, ou~uy6 ) oac;.
9

'Exw aKouoet noMa KaAa yt' aut6v Kat napaKol-ouew 1-1e 1-1ey6Ao ev6tac.pepov 11 Kat
10

yvwpf~w noXu KaA.6. ttc; epyaofec; tou.

12
13 14
4. 0 Kuptoc; ... efvat apxtteKTovac; , 11 Kupfa .... ytatp6c; • 0 Kuptoc; eKe( ato 136.9oc; elvat
15 16 1
6tK'1y6poc; Kat '1 KUp(a 6(nAO TOU nOAlTtK6<; • BA£nete Kat Ol yuvafKe<; exouv TO
18
J..ltKp613to TllC: nof-mKf]c;. An'e6w o Kuptoc;... Kat 11 Kupfa... e(vat Kat ot 6uo
ouva6ef-c.poe 9 oac;.
20 21
5. nof-(J KaAQ (fl eau1JCCJL0 eavmasia, unepoxa iperoxa). 'EXOUIJe KOLVQ ev6tac.pepovta
(en6iaferonta) KOl ea np6oee-ra22 Kat KOlVQ OUIJ<pepovta23 (simferonta) Kat etCJl
1Jnopou1Je va ouvewo11eou1Je24 (sinenoi9o6me) KaAUtepa.
25 26 27 28 2
6. El-ate to 1JeCJ111Jept (fl to an6yeu1-1a ap6yevma, to l3p66u , an6ljJe , aupto !) ato
on(TLIJOU ea ouvavtfloete Kt 6.Mouc; c.pl'-ouc;. ea e(vat o yt6c;30 IJOU 1-1e -roue; 6tKouc; tou
c.piAouc; ot onofot efvat 61-m KaAttexvec; ~wypac.pot , IJOUOlKof 3 , 11eonmof 4 (ieopiQ.
31 32

BMnete 6ev OKOAouelloe TO en6yyeA!Ja TOU natepa TOU, eytve '1eonot6c; (ieopi6s).
7. Ac; oxe6t600U1Je sxe6iasoome (fl opyavWOOU1Je o~an6soome) IJO~( 1'0 ~~-~eptv6
35 36
26
(fl anoyeUIJOTtv6 apoyevmatin6, anoljJtv6 , auptav6 9 avrian6) np6ypOIJIJO 7 IJO<;.
28

npwta38 ea emoKec.peou1Je (episkefeo6me) TllV eKeeCJ1139 nou 13pfoKeTat CJTO Kevtpo40

41 42
TllC: n6AI1c; (n6A&wc;). Met a (fl uatepa ) ea nepnatf]oOUIJe ALYOKl Kat ea 60U1Je TO
43 44 45
Mouoefo • E(vat 1-fya I3Tl1JOT0 (fl 1Jetpa ) mo K<ltw.
8. Aupto ea n61-1e 1-1e to autoKLVllTO (aftokinito) ata npo6ateta4 6 (proastia). EKei
47 48 49
KUKAoc.popou1Je (kikloforo6me) 6vet a • I:t o epyoat6mo ea IJOC: uno6exeef 0 o
51
6teueuvtf]c; (6iefeindis) Kat ot npo'iat61Jevm t wv TIJ'11JOtWv53 ot ono(m ea 1-10~
52
54 12
6woouv nAllfeoc.pop(ec; yta touc; unaMJi!-ouc; Kat touc; epyatec; • Tt npoowmK65
6 57
exete; navw (f) nept006tepa) an6 eKOt6 QTOIJO.

1. &nayy&AIJa, To eptmgelma = profession

2. OUVOVTW sinand6 = meet (OUVOVTT')O·a)
3. npoTiiJr,ar,, '1 protrmisi = preference. See npOTliJW L 14, V42
4. 6p1aroc;, -r,, -o aristos (aristocrat) = excellent, best. :Ap1ara arista (adv.) = excellently
5. amaiOTO«;, ·'1 1 · 0 aptestos = faultless. 1\mOIOTO aptesta (adv.) = faultlessly
 145

Useful dialogues
Professions
1. I come(= tpxoiJOL L 10 V10) for the first time to Greece, I don't know(= yvwpf~w ~. V8 )
nobody (anybody) and I want to meet and know people. To make friends. By
preference (preferably) of my profession.
2. I see that you speak well (excellently, fluently) Greek. You will not be found in difficulty
at all. Let me present you Mister... Let me introduce(= ouO"t'ftvw At V25) you Miss.....
3. I am very glad (Xa(pw noA.u corresponds to the English how do you do). I wiil be glad
to know (meet) your father (le, V3) (brother (L10, V26), man (~. V14) , husband), I have
heard (= aKouw, ~. V9 ) many good (things) for (about) him and I follow with great
interest and I know very well his works.
4. Mr... is an architect, Mrs.... is a doctor. The gentleman back there (~69o~ = depth, has
also the meaning of background, b.3 , V4 5) is a lawyer and the lady at his side is a
politician. You see that and (also) the women (L1 , V9) have the microbe of politics. In
here Mr ... and Mrs ... are (both) your colleagues (Kal Ol <Suo and the two means both).
5. Very well (wonderfully, superbly). We have common interests (= KOLv6~ L11 , V35) and I
would add and (also) common concerns (interests) and so we can understand each
other better.
6. Come at about noon (in the afternoon, in the evening, this evering, tomorrow) to my
house you will meet and (also) other friends. There wiil be and (also) my son with his
own friends who are all artists, painters, musicians, actors. You see, he did not follow
the profession of his father, he became (an) actor.
7. Let us plan (organize) together today's (= OT)1Jeptv6~. ~. V18) (the afternoon's, the
evening's, this evening's, tomorrow's) programme of ours. First we will visit the
exposition which is found in the centre of the city. After (or afterwards) we will walk a
little and we will see (visit) the Museum. lt is a few steps (metres) more (farther) down.
8. To-morrow we will go with (by) the car to the suburbs. There we (can) circulate easily.
At the factory will receive us the director and the superintendents of the sections who
will give us information (= nA.Ilpo<pop(a b.2 , V38) for (about) the employees and the
workers. What personnel do you have? Over (or more) than (a) hundred persons.

6. l5uuKoAtuOlJOI 5iskolevome = have difficulty (5uoKoA£LJ1'-11Ka). See MoKoAoc; L 11, V 10

7. napoua16~w paroosiazo = present (napouo(ao-a)
8. l5tano•vfl5a, 11 ~espinf~a = miss, young lady
9. au~uyoc;, ., sfziyos = wife
10. napaKoAouew parakoloo86 = follow (napaKoAoueno-a)
11. tvl5~acptpov, TO en<Siaferon = interest
12. tpyaafa, 11 eryasfa = work, job. 0 tpy6TI')c; eryatis, 11 tpy6Tpla = eryatria = worker (From TO
t pyo Ls. V:?a)
13. apXITtKTovac;, o arxitektonas = architect
14. y1aTp6c;, o yatr6s or IOTp6c; iatr6s (pediatrics) = doctor, physician
15. l51KI')y6poc;, o 5ikiy6ros = lawyer, solicitor (See ~(Kalo L 10, V~)
16. l51nAa ~I pia (adv.) = 1. by the side, 2. next to
146

17. noAmK6c;, o politik6s = politician. H noAITtKrl politiki = politics (From 11 noA.n = city L15 , V5)
18. ~1Kp6Jl•o, TO mikr6vio = microbe (IJlKpo (= small)+~(oc; (biography) = life)
19. ouv6~tAcpoc;, o sina~elfos =colleague (ouv+a~eA.cpoc; = brother L10, V213)
20. 8au~6o1a eavmasia (adv.) = wonderfully, marvellously. To 8au~a eavma = miracle, wonder.
0au~6~w eavmazo =admire, wonder at (9au1Jao-a)
21. untpoxoc;, -11, -o iperoxos = superb. Yntpoxa iperoxa =superbly. Yntptxw iperexo = excel,
exceed(untp (=hyper)+txw = have)
22. npoo8tTw proseeto (prosthetic) = add (np6o9eo-a) (npoc;+9eTw (epithet) = put)
23. ou~cptpov, To sinferon = interest, advantage, concern
24. ouvtvvoou~at sinenoo6me = 1. understand each other, 2. reach an understanding
(ouvewOT'l911K·a)
25. ~t011~tp1 , TO mesimeri = about noon, mid-day (12.00-15.00 hrs, 6 2 , V 17) (IJEOTl+iJepa).
Mtomn:ptav6c;, -~, -6 mesimerian6s = noon
26. an6ytu~a, TO ap6yevma = early afternoon {17.00-19.00 hrs, fl2,V18). Anoytu~anv6c;, -~, -6
apoyevmatin6s = afternoon
27. Jlp6~u, TO vrMi = evening(> 19.00 hrs). Bpa~uv6c;, -~, -6 vra~in6s =evening (L 10, V 15}
28. an6t1Jt ap6pse = this evening, tonight. Anot1Jtv6c;, -~, -6 apopsinos =this evening, tonight's
29. aup1o, TO avrio = tomorrow (L10 , V6). Aup1av6c;, -~. -6 avrian6s = tomorrow's,
30. y16c;, o yes = son
3 1. KaM1Tt xv11c;, o kalitexnis = artist (KaMn (= nice) + TE)(Vll (technology) = art)
32. ~wypacpoc;, o zoyrafos = painter (~w~ (=life)+yp6cpw = write))
33. ~oumK6c;, o moosik6s = musician. H ~ouoiKrl moosikl = music
34. 118ono16<;, o i9opi6s = actor (~9oc; (ethics)+notw = make) . See Lg, V-:r2.
35. O)(t~•a~w sxe~iazo = 1. plan, 2. design, 3. intend, 4. sketch , draw
36. opyavwvw oryan6no = organize
37. np6ypa~~a , TO pr6yrama = programme (npo+ypaiJIJO= Ietter)
38. npwTa pr6ta (adv.) = firstly. See npwTo<; L1, V1•
39. tK8tOI1, 11 ek9esi = exposition, exhibition (eK+9ton (thesis) = position)
40. KCVTpo, TO kendro = centre
41 . UOTtpa lstera = afterwards
42. ntpnaTw perpat6 = walk
43. ~ouotio, TO mooslo = museum
44. Jlr1~a , TO vlma = step
45. ~tTpo , TO metro = metre
46. npoaOTtlo, To proastio = suburb (npo + 60Tu = city)
47. KuKAocpopw kiklofor6 = circulate
48. 6vtTa aneta (adv.) = in comfort, comfortably, easily. ~vtToc;, -11, -o anetos = comfortable,
convenient
49. tpyoOT6o•o, TO eryostasio = factory
50. uno~txo~a• i po~exome = receive (unoMxe-nKa). H uno~oxr1 ipo~oxl = reception
51 . ~•tu8uVTr1c;,o ~ief9ind ls = director . .lutu8uvw ~ietelno = direct (~1eueuv-a)
52. npo"iOT6~tvoc; , o proistamenos = superintendent, foreman
53. ~r1~a, TO tmfma = 1. section, 2. portion, segment. To aOTuVOIJlKO TIJ~IJa = police station
54. un6M11Aoc;, o ipalilos = employee
55. npoowmK6, TO prosopik6 = personnel
56. n6vw pane = above, over, upstairs
57. tKaT6 ekat6 (hecatomb) = one hundred
 147

EnayytApara epangelmata (= professions) KOI ypa<p&ia (= offices) ~

KOTOOT~J.IOTO (= shops).

Higher Education Degree

0, TJ ytatp6 ~ yatr6s (or tatp6~ ) = physician. To tatp d o = doctor's surgery

0, TJ l!nxavtK6<; = engineer
0, TJ BtK T)y 6po ~ = lawyer, solicitor. To BtKIJYOPtK6 ypacpsio = lawyer's office
0 , 11 apxntKTovac; (o , TJ apxtttKTwv) = architect
0, 11 tpOPI!OKonot6~ farmakopi6s = pharmacist, chemist. To tp(lpi!OKtio =pharmacy, chemist's shop
0, TJ oaovtoytatp6~ (or oaovtiatpo<;) =dentist. To oBovnatpsio = dentist's office

nTuxio ErrayyEAIJOTIK~c; IxoA~c; KaMIT£XVIKa ErrayytAIJaTa

Professional School Diplomas Artistic Professions

0 TJAEKtpo).6yoc; = electrician 0 , n l.lOUO tK 6~ = musician

0 u~pau>. tK6~ il5ravlik6s =plumber 0 , n ~wypacpo<; =painter
0 l.lTJXOVlK6<; OUTOKlVi]TWV = car mechanic. 0 , n neonot6<; i9opi6s = actor
To ouvspysio sineryfo = car repair shop 0 KOAhlTEXVTJ~ . Tl KOAAlTEXVt6a = artist
0 tpayo u~toti] <;, n tpayou6iotpta =singer

'AM.a ErrayytAIJOTa Other Professions

0, n tl.lTlOpo<; =merchant, businessman H &Tatptia =company, firm, society

0 Kptonw.A.n<; = butcher. To Kptonw.A.sio kreopolio = butcher's shop
0 ~~~.A.tonw.A.n~ = bookseller. To ~~~.A.10nw.A.eio = bookshop
0 Koupta~ = barber. To Koupe!o koorlo = barber's shop
0 KOI.ll.lWTi] ~. 11 KOI.ll.l<ilTp ta = hairdresser. To KOI.ll.lWTi]p to =hairdresser's shop
0 paq>TT)<; , T) pdcptpta =tailor. To pacpeio = tailor's shop
0 l.lTIOKtUTJ<; , n IJITOKa.A.toa = grocer. To l.lT10Ka.A.tKO, to navtonw.A.elo =grocer's shop, general store
0 l.lOY£lpa<; , n I!OY£iptoa = cook
0 ayp6TTJ ~ . n ayp6noa = farmer, countryman, countrywoman
0 11ava~n~ . TJ 11ava~taa =greengrocer. To 1.10vaatKO = greengrocer's shop
0 IJlapac; =fishmonger. To IJiapa6tKO = fishmonger's shop
0 nw.A.11tiJ~ . 11 nw.A.i]tpta =seller, salesman, saleswoman
0 epyatn~ . n epyatpta = worker
0, n ~axapo n.A.aotn ~ confectioner. To ~axapon.A.aot eio zaxaroplastio = confectioner's pastry shop
0 Kacpet~i]~ kafetzls = cafe-keeper. To Kacpsvs!o = coffe shop
0 nepmtepa~ = kiosk-keeper. To neplmspo = kiosk
0 , 11 KQTQOTIJJlOTOPXTl~ = shop-keeper or owner. To KOTQOTT)IlO (shop), TO l.lOVO~i (shop) , 11
unspayopa (super market).

YrraM11Ao1 ipallili = employees

t.11116oto<; unaHT).A.o<; = civil servant
Tall&la<; = cashier. To TOI.l&lo = cash-desk
YnaHn.A.o<; = employee (business, office or shop)
Tpan&~lK6~ = bank employee
148

H eKnai~eUOI] 1 OTI] OUYXPOVI]2 EAA66cf

Ta nati5t6 O'TT]V EM6i5a ~e:Ktvouv4 111v e:Kna(i5e:uoi] Touc; O'TTJV 11AtK(a5 Twv t~t
ne:pfnou6 e:Twv7 . nptv8 an6 111v TlALK(a aun') ~-tnopouv va n6v(e:) aro V'lntaywye:(o9 . Ta
npwTa e:wta )(pOVlQ10 '1 e:Knafi5e:U011 ElVQl unO)(pEWTlK~ ra 6A.a TQ nati5t6. Ta npwTa
11

OXOM(Q 12 e:(vat TO ill"}IJOTlKO 13' 6nou 14 '1 e:Kna(i5e:U011 i5tapKe:l E~l )(pOVlQ KQl TO ru~-tv6ato
1 16

6Ma Tp(a XP6vta. Me:T6 TO ru~-tv6ow Ta nati5t6 1-1nopouv va n6v(e:) aro 1\uKe:to yta Tp(o
17

)(pOVlQ KOl uare:pa18 IJnopouv vo i5woouv e:~e:T6oe:tc; 19 yta TO AvwTe:pa20 EKnati5EUTlK621

li5pUIJOT0 22 (AEI): TO nove:m~IJl0 TO noAUTE)(Ve:(o
23 24 25
Kat TO TEI (Te:)(VOAOYtK6
26
Enayye:A.IJOTtK6 liSpUIJOTo).
Me:T6 TO muxfo27 on6 TO AEI, un6pxouv ot IJETomu~oKtc; 28 onoui5t c; yta 111v
29

OnOKT11011 e:v6c; EnlO'TT]IJOVlKOU TlTAOU ~ IJLOC: Eli5LK0111TOC: •

30 31 32 3

1. ttmal~tuon = ekpe~efsi = education, training, 2. cruvxpovoc;, -11, -o = srnxronos = contemporary,

modern, synchronous, simultaneous (L14, V~, 3. EAA6~a . 11 ela~a =Greece, 4. ~tKavw ksekin6 =
begin, 5. flAtKfa, f1 = age, 6. ntplnou = about, approximately, 7. troc;, TO = year, 8. np1v and np1v
an6 = before, 9. Yl1niOYWY£iO, TO = kindergarten, 10. XP6VIO, TO = years (l 10, V20). 11.
unoXPtWnK6c;, -~. -6 = obligatory, 12. axoAtfo, TO = sxolfo = school , 13. l1f1~0nK6, To = primary
school, 14. 6nou (adv.) = where, 15. ~aapKw = last, 16. ru~v6mo, TO = secondary school, 17.
1\uKtao, TO = higher secondary school , 18. uattpa = afterwards, after, then, 19. t~trao11, 11 =
examination, 20. avwnpoc;, -11, -o = higher, 21 . tKTTaa~tunK6c;, -~. -6 = ekpe~eftik6s = educational,
22. i~pu~a, TO = institution, 23. navtmarr1~10, TO = University , 24. noAun:xvtfo, TO = Polytechnic
School, 25. nxvoAoyaK6c;, -~ . -6 = technological , 26. tnayytA~OT1K6c;, -~. -6 = epangelmatik6s =
professio nal, 27. muxfo, To = high school diploma, 28. ~£TamuxJaK6c;, -~. -6 = postgraduate, 29.
OTTOU~tc;, 01 (pi.) = studies, 30. an6tm1011. 11 = the act of obtaining, 31. t niOTTUJOVIK6c;, -~. -6 =
=
scientific, 32. TiTAoc;, o = title, 33. ta~aK61TITO, '1 = (ti~IK6TI'J~ in K) speciality.

o ~60KaAoc;, f1 ~aOK6Aa = teacher of the ~T'll.lOTlK6 (L 13 , V40)

0 K08f1YI1nlc;, 11 K08f1YrlTPIO
o ~a811T~c;, '1 ~a8~Tpta
0 cpOITI'Jn}c;, 11 cpOITrlTPIO
0 O'TTOU~aaTr}c;, f1 O'TTOU~OOTpiO
= teacher of the other schools
= pupil of all schools except AEI (L13 , V51)
= students of AEI
 149

lsocrates (436-339 BC) in his panegyric states that the name of the Greeks is not a result of:

"'tou yt vou«; (= genus, race) alla tq«; lhavoia«; (= intellect)"

and he defined that:

"pallovl "Ellqve«; KaAei'o9al2 tou«;3 tij«; nal&uo£(&)«;4 t'ij«; qpntpa«;5 'i)

KolVIj«;6 cpuoe(&)f;7 pe"ttxovuc;3 ".

Greeks should be called those partaking our education rather than a common nature.

1. ~aMov = rather, 2. KaAcfoeaa = infinitive of KaAou~aa = be called, 3. Touc; ... ~atxoVTtc; = the
(those) partaking (ace. plural of the participle of ~atxw = partake, share in common with others
(JJ&Ta + txw), 4. fl naf~tuoac; pe~efsis TTJ«; naa~tuotwc; = education {In modern Greek the word
exists as fl tKnaf~tUOfl meaning education and training. Its etymology is the education of children
= naa~fa), 5. fl~tT&poc;, -a, -o = our own, 6. Koav6c;, -~, -6 = (coenobitic) = common (L 11 , V~). 7. 'l
cpuoac; (physiological) TTJ«; cpuo&wc; = nature ('l cpuofl in Modern Greek).

ZHTOYNTAI = are wanted (3rd

person pi. of the active voice of
~T"JTC.I> Lg, V 16) Y~PAY/\I KOI i~ravlik l
(hydraulic) = plumbers
(TOU KYP)
150

Xptjatpot .lltaAoyot lls

E n I OK£4J r) OTr)V n6Ar).

1. :Lfu1epa ano<pamoa va yvwp(ow TrJV n6Ar1. ea yupfow 6A.o To KeVTpo IJE Ta n6ota Kat
Sa Ent0KE<p8W (episkef86) Ta KUpt6Tepa 1-1VIli-1Ela KatiJEP'l T'l~· napaKaAW EXETE: eva
1 2
4
XOPTrJ3 Tll~ n6All~; ea now IJOVO~ OE XPElcl~OIJat oorw6 .
2. EUTuxw~ ettixos nou oev n~pa aUToKLVIlTO. 'Exet T6011 KtVIlO'l nou 11 KuKA.o<popla5 d vat
ouoKOA'l. Xpeta~eoat noM~ wpa yta va q>Taoet~ an6 To tva 0111-1Eio OTO 6Mo. To
6

AEW<pope(o ~TO Tp6A.eu 7 ElVat rno yp~yopa. AKOIJ'l KaAUTepa TO IJETp6 . nou e(vat '1
8

OTclO'l TOU AEW<pOpEtOU (leoforioo) (~ 0 OTa81-16~ TOU IJETp6) napaKaAW; n ooo EXELTO
EIO'lT~plO (isitirio)?
3. H npwTrJ en(oKeliJ'l a<pou tva yupo9 OTo KeVTpo ~Tav TO ap~atoA.oytK6 10 1Jouoe(o. EKe(
8aUIJaOa TO ~a81-16 nOAITIOIJOU 12 Kat TllV KaAAlTE)(VlK~ 3 TEAEIOTrJTa 14 nou e(xav
11

avamu~et ot apxa(ot 6xt 1-16vo Tll~ KA.aootK~~ nept6oou Tou ne1Jmou n po

15 16 17

XptOTou atwva18 aM6 Kat Twv npo'iOToptKwv19 XP6vwv IJEXPL Kat oeKantVTe atwve~
n.x. (npo XptOTou20) . Ta ay6A1JaTa Kat Ta 6Ma t pya TEXV11~ 21 f]Tav IJOvaotK622 •
4. na TrJV enOIJEVIl npoypa1JIJOTLOa23 en(OKEliJ'l OTO Bu~aVTLV624 Mouod o. H Bu~aVTI~
auToKpaTop(a yta xrAta XP6vta Kuptapxouoe26 OTrJV voTtoavaToAtKf] Eu~wn11 28 , TTl
25 27
29
M€011 AvaTOA~ KQL TTl Meo6yeto (mes6yio). noA.ue8VIK~ OTrJ ouv8e011 2 IJE KUPIQ
30 31

Kat KOL~ yA.wooa TrJV EMllVLKrl

33 34
e8vtK6TrJTa TrJV EMllVLKrl Kat ent0111-111
0'11JLOupy~oE aptOToupyfJIJaTa TEXVIl~ nou ~p(oKOVTat OTa Bu~aVTtv6 IJOuoe(a.
35

lota(Tepo3 evota<pepov t xouv (napouma~ouv) ot etK6ve~37 m ono(e~ anoTeA.ouv t va

untpoxo IJELYIJ0 uliJ'1A~~ KaAAtTE)(VLK~~ tKav6TrJT0~ ° Kat ~a8et6~ euA.6~tac;
38 39 4 41 42

(evlavias) Tou ~wyp6<pou .

5. KoupaOIJEVO~ an6 TllV en(OKEliJI1 OTQIJclTrJ0043 OE EVQ Ka<peve(o44 OTrJV nAOTe(a45 VQ
mw tva Ka<p€ . H OKL646 KclTW an6 Ta otvopa ~TQV EUXOPlOTrJ. 'YOTEpa an6 A.(yo
44

011KW8'1K0 Kat nf]ya OTO TQ~UOPOIJEL0 va p(~w tva YPcliJIJO. rpaiJIJaTOOll1J0 yta
47 48 4 50

eva ypOIJIJO yta TO E~WTeptK6 napaKOAW. nota xwpa napaKaAw; AnA.6 rl OUOTlliJEVO;
1

AnA.6 aM6 ene(yov52 (epfyon) napaKaAW. Kat yta TO EOWTEptK653 Tl YPOIJIJaTOOlliJO

XPELcl~OVTat;
6. :LTrJ ouvexeta 54 (sinexia) 8u1JfJ8'1Ka 6Tt tnpene va nepaow an6 IJ(a Tp6ne~a55 va
aMa~w Ta ~tva VOIJLOIJOTa56 nou efxa. EuTuxwc; noA.u KoVT6 ~pf]Ka 1Jta Tpane~a.
7. nooo EXEI orliJEpa napaKaAW 1'0 ooM6pto ('1 AyyA.tK~ hlpa , TO <pp6yKo , TO
57 58 59
61
1JOpKo ) . Mnope(Te va IJOU aM6~eTe eKOT6 ooM6pta. OptOTe Ta XPrliJOT6 oa~
60

Kuptec;. EKa1'6 i5oM6pLa npo~ .. .. opawe~ TO eva KQVOUV ..... opawt~. EuxaptOTW,
IJnOpe(Te va IJOU XaAOOETE62 napaKaAW eva XlAlclPLKO; Euxap(OTw~. op(OTe 1'Q AE<pT6
oa~ . xapTovo1JtOIJaTa Kat Kep1JaTa .
63 64

8. EUTuxw~ nou 6Ma~a Ta A.E<pi6 IJOU Kat x6Aaoa yta va txw liJ!Aa. Ato86vo1Jat mo
6veTa ytai( 1-1nopw va lJ)wv(ow euKoA.a Kat 1JLKponp6y1JOTa65 IJE Ta liJtA.6. Na tva
nep(mepo66 . ea ayopaow IJ(a e<p'liJEp(oa Kat t va neptootK667 •
 151

Useful dialogues
Visit (Ll 1, V47) to the city (L 15, Vs)
1. Today I decided (= anocpao(~w. L15 , V5 ) to get aquainted with the city. I will go around
{= yup(~w Ls, V8) all the (in the entire) centre and I shall visit its main monuments and
places{= 1-1tpoc; L13• V38) . I shall go alone, I don't need (= )(Pet6.~0IJOl L11 , V19) a guide.
Please do you have a plan of the city?
2. Luckily that I did not get a car. lt has (there is) such a traffic-flow (= K(V110Tl L15 , Vp)
that the circulation (circulating) is difficult. You need much time to arrive (= cp86.vw L, 2 ,
V43) from one point (place) to another. The bus or the trolley are quicker {= ypf)yopoc;
L10 , V12) . Still better the subway. Where is the bus-stop (or the station of the subway)
please? How much it has (costs) the ticket?
3. The first visit after I made a round in the centre was the archaeological museum. There
I admired {= 8au1-16.~w ~. V20) the level of civilization and of artistic perfection that they
had developed the Ancients (Greeks) of not only the classical period of the fifth
century before Christ but also of the prehistoric times up to15 centuries BC (before
Christ) . The statues and the other works of art were unique.
4. The next (= en61-1evoc; ll2 , V4 ) day I planned (a) visit to the Byzantine museum. The
Byzantine Empire for (a) thousand years(= )(P6vta L10, V20) dominated in southeastern
Europe, the Middle East and the Mediterranean. International in composition with the
main nationality the Greeks and official and common language the Greek, it created
masterpieces of art that are found in the Byzantine museums. Special interest have
(present) the icons which consitute (are) a superb mixture of high artistic competence
and profound reverence of the painter.
s. Tired (= Koupao1Jevoc; L12 , V14) from the visit I stopped at a coffee-shop in the square
to drink a coffee. The shade under the trees (= 6evrpo L, ,, V29) was pleasant. After a
little (time) I got up and went to the post-office to throw (post) a letter. Stamps for a
letter for abroad (foreign country) please. Which country please? Simple or registered
(= OUOTTliJEVO ~ . V25)? Simple but urgent please. And for domestic (destination) what
stamps are needed?
6. Then (OTTl ouvexeta, lit. in the continuation, is an expression meaning then, after that) I
remembered (= 8u1J6.1Jat L11 , V29) that I should pass from (by) a bank to change (=
aM6.~w L12 V3 ,) the foreign money that I had. Luckily very near I found a bank.
7. How much has (is) today please the dollar (the English pound, the franc, the mark)?
Can you change me (a) hundred dollars? Here is your money, sir. One hundred
dollars at ..... drachmas the one (each) make .... drachmas. Thank you, can you
change me a thousand drachmas note? (X<lAw also has the meaning of change
money into smaller change)? With pleasure, here is your money, banknotes and coins.
8. Luckily that I changed my money and changed into small change to have small
change (= 4JtA.6. ~. V37). I feel more comfortable (= 6.veTa ll5 , V48) because I can buy
easily small things with the small change. Here is a kiosk. I shall buy a newspaper (=
ecprwep(6a Ls. V4) and a magazine.
152

1. KUpl6n:poc:, -11, -o kiri6teros = main, principal

2. IJVfUJ&fo, TO mnimfo = monument
3. XOP1'flC:, o xtutis (chart) = map
4. oi511Y6c:, o o~iy6s = guide (o~oc; (exodus) = street+ 6yw = lead)
5. KuKAocpopia , 11 kikloforfa = circulation, flow of traffic
6. OI11Jdo, TO simfo (semeiology) = point (of place, degree)
7. Tp6A&u, TO tr61ey = trolley
8. J.I&Tp6, TO metr6 = subway, underground
9. yupoc:, o yfros (gyroscope) = 1. stroll, walk around, circle, 3. turn. See also yup(~w L 10 , V7 and
yupw L,1. v48·
10. apxa1oAoy1K6c:, -r1, -6 arxeoloyik6s = archaeological. See also ot apxa(ot L 11 , V43
11. pa81J6~, o va9m6s = degree, grade
12. noAma1J6~, o politism6s = civilization, culture
13. KOAAIT&XVIK6C:, -r1. -6 kalitexnik6s = artistic. See~ v 31
14. T&Ati6T11TO, 11 teli6tita = perfection. See TeM:toc; L12 , V46
15. avamuaw anaptrso = develop (avemu~-a. txw avamu~-et)
16. KAaaaJK6c;, -r1, -6 klasik6s = classical
17. n&pioi5oc:, 11 perfo~os = period
18. mwvac:, o e6nas (mwv e6n (aeon) in Anc. and K) = century
19. npo'iOTOpiK6~, -r1, -6 proistorik6s = prehistoric
20. ayaAIJa, TO ayalma = statue
21 . Tt xv11, 11 texni (technical) = 1. art, 2. skill, 3. craft
22. 1JOVai5JK6c;, -r1, -6 mona~ik6s = unique (from 11 IJOV6i5a (monad) = unity)
23. npoypOIJIJOTi~w proyramatlzo (programme) = make a programme, plan (npoypaf.Jf.J6Tto-a)
24. Bu~aVTJv6~, · r1, -6 vizantin6s = Byzantine
25. auTOKpaTopia, 11 aftokratoria = empire. 0 auToKpaTwp aftokrator = emperor (aUTo (=self) +
Kp6Twp = holder, ruler)
26. KUplapxw kiriarx6 = dominate (Kupt6pmo-a) (Kuptoc; L3 , V~ + apxfl (monarchy) = authority)
27. VOTIOOVOTOAIK6c;, ·rl, -6 notioanatolik6S = SOUtheastern (VOTIO<;, -a , -0 = SOUth + OVOTOAIKO<;,-
f), -6 = eastern)
28. Eupwn11, 11 evr6pi = Europe
29. AvaToAr1, 11 anatolf = East
30. Mta6ytiOC:, 11 mes6yios = Mediterranean (f.JE<rrl (middle)+Yil (geography) = land)
31. noAut8VIK6c:, -r1, -6 polieenik6s = multinational (noA.u +eevoc; L14 , V58)
32. auv8&al1, 11 sfn6esi = composit ion (ouv+9ecrTl (thesis)
33. &8VIK6T11TO, ., eenik6tita = nationality (e8vtK6c; ~. Vsa)
34. &nfalliJOC:, · 11, -o epfsimos = official, formal
35. i511J.IIOUpyw oimioory6 = create (~rH..tiOUPY'lO-a)
36. li51afT&poc;, -11, -o i~ieteros = special, particular
37. &IK6va, 11 ik6na (icon) = 1. picture, 2. icon
38. IJdYIJO, TO mfyma = mixture
39. Utii11A6c:, -r1, -6 ipsil6s = high
40. IKOVOTilTO, 11 ikan6tita = capability, competence, ability
41. paeu~, -u], -u vaers (bathyscaph)= deep
42. tuA6Pt la, 11 evlabia :;;;; reverence
43. OTOIJOTW stamat6 :;;;; stop (OTai-(6TrlO-a)
44. Kacptv&lo, TO kafenfo = cafe, coffee-shop. 0 Kacpt~ kafes = coffee
45. nAaT&Ia, 11 platra = square
 153

46. oK16, 11 skia = shade

47. 011KWVO~OI sik6nome = get up, rise (OTlKW8-f'lKO).
48. TaxulSpo~tfo, TO taxi~romlo = post office. 0 Taxul5p6~oc; taxi~r6mos = postman (TOXU<:;
(tachymeter, tachycardia)) = rapid+~p6~oc; (hippodrome) = street)
49. pfxvw rtxno = throw (tp1~-a)
50. ypa~~OT6ar)~o, To yramat6simo = stamp (ypaJ.l~a (telegram) = letter + ot11-1a (semantics)=mark}
51. &~WT&p1K6c;, -~, -6 exoterik6s (exoteric) = 1. external, exterior, 2. foreign. To &~WT&PIK6
exoterik6 = abroad, foreign countries
52. tn&fyov,To epfyon = urgent
53. &OWT&p1K6c;, -~, -6 esoterik6s (esoteric) = 1. internal, interior, 2. domestic, 3 . esoteric
54. ouvtxt•a, 11 sinexia = continuation, continuity. !11') ouvexe1a = after that. See ouvexflc; L 14 , V54
55. Tp6nt(a, 11 trapeza =bank
56. v6~1a~a, TO n6misma (numtsmatic) = currency, coin
=
57. lSoAA6p1o, To ~olario dollar
58. Aipa, 11 lira = pound sterling
=
59. cpp6yKo, TO frango French franc
=
60. ~apKo, TO marko German mark
61. XP~~a, To xrrma = money
62. xaAw xal6 = 1. put out of order, break off, 2. spoil, 3. change into small change or spend money
63. xapTov6~10JJO, TO xarton6misma = banknote, paper currency (XapT( (= paper) +v6~1o~a)
64. Ktp~a. TO kerma = small coin
65. ~IKponpay~aTa, TO mikropraymata = small things
66. ntpfmtpo, To perfptero = kiosk
=
67. ntpiOlSIK6, TO perio~ik6 (periodical) magazine

TOlxoypacp(a (=fresco, o To(xo~ =wall + ypacpf) = writing) an6 T11 9f)pa (Iavrop(VTJ)
16°<: atwva~ (see N° 18) n .X. (= npo XptOTou)
154

2 3
11 v•ayla 0 nannouc;
8 4
11 8£fa 11 IJI1Ttpa o naTt pac;5 o 8tfoc;
7

10 8 8 11
11 avtqm1 11 K6P11 o v•6c; 0 OVttJII6<;
11 a~tAcp~ TO a~tAcp1a
12 14
11 t~a~tAcpl1
15
o a~tAcp6c;
13
o t~a~tAcpoc;
18
17
11 t yyovr1 o t yyov6c; 18
TO na1~f
111 21
TO 1JWp6

1. OIKoyt vt la, 11 ikoyen1a = fami ly (ofKoc; (ecology= house)+yt voc; = genus), 2. v•ay16, 11 yaya =
grand-mother, 3. nannouc;, o papo6s = grand-father, 4. IJI1Ttpa, 11 = mother (le, V4 ), 5. naTt pac;, o
= father (le, V;J, 6. 8£fa , 11 era = aunt, 7. 8£foc;, 0 eros =
uncle, 8. K6pl1, 11 = daughter (the
dimunitive of K6PI1 is TO KopfTal =
the girl), 9. y16c;, o yos =
son (u•6c; i6s in Anc. and K), 10.
avtl&ua, 11 anepsia = niece, 11. avt tJu6c;, o, anepsi6s = nephew, 12. a~tAcp~, 11 = sister (L 10, V'lfj).
13. a~tAcp6c;, o = brother (L 10 , V2fj), 14. Ta a~tAq>1a a<Selfia (Philadelphia) = brothers, brethnen, L 14 ,
V33 , 15. t~a~tAcp11, 11 = cousin (f.), 16. t~a~tAcpoc;, o =cousin (m.), 17. t yyovr1, 11 engonl = grand-
daughter, 18. t yyov6c;, o engon6s = grand-son, 19. na1~f, TO = child (L1, V4) , 20. nai~OKI , TO =
little child, 21 . 1JWp6, TO = baby (sophomore).

Map~6plva (= marble) £l<5W~la 1<S6fia (= figurines. From TO e(<SwA.o = idol ) 2,800 -2,300 n .X.
Mouoe(o KuKA.a<SlKtl<; Texv11c;, A8f)va
 155

0 :t\yto~ (= saint hagiography) IJE Ta nat~t6 (L11 V14} . MwocitK6 (= mosaic) (7o~ atci>va~
IJ.X.). EKKAllO(a (= church ecclesiastical) (~. V1 8) Ay(ou llll!JllTPfou 9eooaA.ov(K11~·
156

XpciJIJOTO

XpWJ.IOTa XpwJ.Ia J.IOAAIWV XpWJ.IO J.IOTIWV

Colours Colour of hair Colour of eyes

aonpo =white IJOUpa = black IJOupa =black

A&UK6 KOOTOVO = brown KOOTOVO = brown
K6KKIVO =red ~avea =blond yaAava = blue
KiTpiVO =yellow yKpi~a = grey npOOIVO =green
npaOIVO =green aonpa = white
ya.\6~10
yaAav6 = blue
tJnA&
Kacpt =brown
Kaarav6
yKpi~o = grey
IJOUpo =black
aKoupo =dark
OVOI)(T6 = light (lit. open)

The Greek word for hair of the head is the plural of the word TO IJOMf meaning wool.
Accordingly, the adjective denoting the colour of IJOMia as well as of IJOTIO is put in the
plural of the neuter form.

An6 TO IJOTlO nlOV&TOl OTO ~e!Ata KOT&~O(V&l

1 2 3 4

KL'on6 TO X&lAL0 CTTllV KOp~lQ pl~WV&L KOI ~e ~yo(vet •

3 6 7

By the eyes it is captivated, to the lips it descends,

and from the lips into the heart becomes rooted,
and does not go out.

1. To IJCITI, TO IJOTLO matya = eye-s L,b V~ and N° 6 next page, 2. mavw - maVOIJOl pyanome =
catch - be caught, be caught hold of, be captivated, 3. TO xefAo~. TO xe!An or To xelA.to xflia = lip-s,
see N° 10 next page, 4. KOTe~o(vw =descend, go or get down, see Gr. 12c and L13, V19, 5. 11
Kop~t6 kardya = heart, L13, V47 and N° 25 next page, 6. pt~wvw = become rooted, grounded, fixed.
From 11 p(~a = root, 7. ~ya(vw, vyeno = go out, come out, Gr 12c and L13 , V25.

A demotic(= of the people) verse referring to L 14 , V00•

 157

1
To uwpa
2
KECI»AAI

4
~trwno
5
cppu~1a

11
~ana
11
aun6
~UTfl
7

I
~6youAa
10
xtiAia
~6vna
12
yAwaaa 13
11
ar6~a
A
A
I 14
M
0
I

Ini8oc: - ~tan - KOIAI6

111 17 18
KOPMOrs
AKPA19 Xtp1a:ld - n6~1a~ 1 - ~6KTUAa 22
Kap~16 - nv£u~ov£c;
25 218
EinTEPIKA23 OPrANA:M
ITo~6XJ - tvT£pa - auKwn29
27 218

1. aw~a, TO = body (L 16, V~. 2. K£cp6AI, To = head, 3. ~aAA16, Ta = hair (of head), ro ~aAAf = wool,
4. ~trwno, TO = forehead, 5. cppu~•. TO = eyebrow, 6. ~6n, TO = eye (L 11, V~. 7. ~UTI'), 11 =nose, 8.
~ayouAo, TO = cheek, 9. aun, TO =ear (l 11 , Voo), 10. X£1Aoc;, TO = lip, 11. ar61Ja, TO = mouth, 12.
~6vn , TO = tooth, 13. yAwaoa, 11 = tongue (L11 , V4 ) , 14. A01~6c;, o = neck, 15. Kop~6c;, o = trunc,
16. an;eoc;, TO (stethoscope) = chest, 17. ~tO'I'l, 11 (mesozoic) = waist, middle, 18. Ko1A16, 11 = belly,
abdomen, 19. 6Kpo, TO (acrobat) =extremity, 20. xtpl, TO = hand (l3, Vg), 21. n~l, TO = foot (l3. V1o).
22. ~aKTUAo, TO = finger, 23. £aWT£PIK6c;, -~. -6 (esoteric) = internal (~. V~ . 24. 6pyavo, TO =
organ, 25. Kap~t6, 11 (cardiology) = heart, L 13, V47, 26. nv£u~ovac;, o (pneumonia) = lung, 27.
OTO~ax•, TO = stomach, 28. tVT£po, TO (dysentery) = intestine, 29. auKwn, TO = liver
-
158

Ev~upaTcl
1
Pouxa -

KOnt Ao3
4
naAT6 K01Jnapvrlva5
7 8
KOOTOUIJI cp6p&1J0
1Jn.\ou~a
10
OOKOKI9
nOUKOIJIOO11 cpouma 12
navT&A6vl 13

14
&owpouxa
KOAT0£<;15
yOVTI0 16
IJOVT~.\1
17

nanOUTOIO 18
navrcScpA&c;19

VTUVOIJOI = get dressed, (vru9-11KO, imp. vruoou, VTU8dn:)

~£VTUVOIJOI ksendlnome = undress, (~&vru6-11KO, imp. ~&vruoou, ~£VTU6£fT£)
papw = sew, make or have made clothes, (t-pa'IJ-a), paP-oiJOI = have made clothes (pacpT-11Ka)
n
p61TT11<; p6cp111c;, o = tailor, p6mp1a r1 pacpTpla, 11 = dress-maker

UcpOOIJO, TO = cloth, material

IJOAAivoc;, -11, -a = woollen
PaiJPOKtp6c;, -r1, -6 = cotton
IJ&TO~WT6<;, ·rl, -6 = silk

KOVT6c;, -~, 6 = short IJOKpuc;, -16, -u = long

OT£v6c;, -r1, 6 = narrow, tight-fitting cpapl5uc;, -16, -u = wide, broad

1. pouxo, TO = cloth, garment, L13 , V48 2. t vl5u1Ja, TO = dress, garment. H &vl5u1Jaofa = suit, dress,
3. Kant Ao, TO = hat, 4. naAT6, TO = overcoat, 5. KOIJnapvrlva, 11 = gabardine, 6. alS16ppoxo, TO =
raincoat, 7. KOOTOUIJI, To =man's suit, 8. cpouOTav•, TO =woman's dress, 9. oaK6KI, TO =jacket,
10. JJn.\ou~a , 11 =blouse, 11. nouK61JIOo, To = shirt, 12. cpouOTa, '1 =skirt, 13. navrt A6v1, To =
trousers, 14. &owpouxo, To = underclothes (eow + pouxo), 15. KOAToa, '1 = sock, stocking,
16. y6vn, TO = glove, 17. IJOvnlAI, TO = handkerchief, 18. nanouTol, TO = shoe, 19. navr6cpAa, '1
=slipper.
 159

OL AyLOl ayii rewpytoc; KQl Ll'liJtlTPlOc;. EKKA'lOlQ ecclesiastical (= church) Ay(wv

Avapyupwv, Kamopt6, LluTLKtl {= western, seep. 154, N° 20) MaKe?5ov(a.
{nep( TO 1,100 IJ.X. = IJ€T6 XptOT6)
160

Good wishes

KaAI')tJtpa (oac;) = good morning (to you)

KaAI')ontpa (oac;) = good evening (to you)
KaAI')VU)(TO (oac;) = good night (to you)
KaA6 ppaliu = (have a) good evening
KaA~ li•aoKtliaol') = (have a) good recreation (time)
KaA~ 6p£~'1 = good appetite
KaA~ pliotJalia = (have a) good week
KaA6 fJ~va = (have a) good month
KaA6 KaAoKaip• = (have a) good summer
KaA6 X£1f.IWVO = (have a) good w inter
KaA~ xpov16 = (have a) good year
Xp6v1a nolle = (may you live) many years
KaA6 Xplarouy&wa = good (Merry) Christmas
KaA6 naoxa = good (Happy) Easter
ITI')V uy£16 lya oac; (oou, Tl')c;, TOU, Touc;) = to your {her, his, their) health

A general response to many of these w ishes is: &uxap•arw, £nfol')c; = thanks, like-
wise (same to you).
 161

0 IJOp1J6.ptvo~ (= marble) 8p6vo~ (= thron) OTov T6.q>o (= tomb epitaph) TT')~ EuptOtKT')~
evrioikis, IJ'lTepa~ (le. V4 ) Tou n aTepa (le. V3) Tou Mey6.Aou (L 1, V8 ) AAE~avopou ,
<l>tAfnnou . Bepy(va, MaKeoov(a.
162

X8&c:; = yesterday
npoxe£c:; = the day before
n£pual = last year
np•v = before
npoTOU = before (an event)
:AMoT& = formally, in the past,
another time
KanoT& =sometimes
T6T& =then
NwpiT&pa = earlier

AJJtawc:; = immediately, at once

Twpa = now
M6A1c:;Twpa = just now
I~JJ&pa =today
To npwf = in the morning
To JJ&arwtp• = at noon
To an6y&UJJO = in the afternoon
To ppa~u = in the evening
An6"'t = tonight, this evening
Ecptroc:; = this year
noT£ =never

Apy6Ttpa = later
Mno = after
'YaT&pa an6 = after (en event)
'0TOV = when
Aup10 = tomorrow
Mteaup•o = the day after tomorrow
Tou xp6vou = next year

nouo;
=> K6~mooo4 => p£pJK65 => apKn66 => ooo~~noTe
1 2 3
Ka86Aou => £A6XJOT0 => Aiyo
=> noAu8 => napa noAu8

1. Ka86Aou = at all, not at all, 2. £A6XJaToc:;, -11, -o = minimal, 3. Alyoc:;, -11, o = few Lt. V3 (Aiyo = a
few, a little), 4. KOJJnoaoc:;, ·I"J, -o = quite a number or amount of. See p. 97, 5. JJ&PIKOI, -&c:;, -a = a
certain number (or quantity or amount) of, some, certain. See p. 98, 6. apKn6c:;, -11, -o = sufficient,
see apKw and apKd L16 , V17 and p. 110, 7. oaoalS~noT&, oa.,lS~noT&, oaolS~noT& = however
much, greater or many. See Table p. 98, 8. noAu = much L1, V7 , 9. napa noAu = very much.
 163

. nou;
BOPEIA17
B
A
'
avw
(t)navw 11
!
E&i)1 ~ ~ EK

(thmp6c; 3 ~ ~ nfaw4
~npoar6 3 ~&aa 9
A 19
ll20
ap1ar£p6 6
~
A N
y ~ Z5~J6 5
A
T
T d 0
I
K
A
Kovr6 7 ~ ~~ "I
K
an&va A
nA6J,4
~ ~ .
Z5in Aa 13 OVTIKP

y
K6Tw12
~w1o
'
2
'
N
NOTIA
18

KQnOU \ 6nou 22 , OnouZS~nOT£ 23, navrou , nou8&v6

24 25

1. ezsw = here, 14. nA61 = by the side,

2. &Ktf = there, 15. avriKpU = face to face,
3. (t)~np6<; or 1JnpoaT6 = in front of, 16. ant vaVTI = opposite,
4. n(aw = behind, 17 . p6p£10 = north,
5. Z5t~l6 = to the right, 18. v6Tia = south,
6. ap10Ttp6 = to the left, 19. avaTOA.IKO = east,
7. KOVTO = near, 20. ~Un K6 = west,
8. IJOKpiO = far, 21. K6nou = somewhere,
9. IJCOa = in, inside, 22. 6nou = wherever,
10. t~w = out, outside, 23. onouZS~nOTt = anywhere,
11. (&)navw or 6vw = up, above, upstairs, 24 . naVTOU = everywhere,
12. KOTW = down, below, downstairs, 2 5. noue&v6 = nowhere
13. ZSinAa = next to,

•
 165

Commented References

For the reader who wishes to find out more about the Greek language or to have a deeper insight
into its history, grammar and stucture, the following list of books is given with a brief comment on
their contents.

GREEK LA GUAGE AND PEOPLE •

1. Hardy D.A: Greek language and People, BBC books, London 1991, pp. 287.
The BBC language series book and its audio cassettes. lt contains 20 chapters of dialogues on a
variety of topics of everyday life. Each chapter is accompanied by photographs and a text
describing the way of life in Greece and the customs of the Greek people. lt is designed to be used
as an introduction to Greek for complete beginners. For a student of the present method only the
audio cassettes, if they are available, would be of help in pronouncing correct ly the Greek words he
is already familiar with.

2. MrrapmvuiJ7qc; r. EAAqvtKry rAciJoua, Erxetp/610 6t6aCTKaAfac; TflC: EMf1VIKt1c; CciC: 6er!T&pf1c;

(~tv,c;) yAciJuuac;. '16pupa peAeTwv Aaprrp6Kf1, 1993, pp. 374.

This manual of modern Greek, written by the Professor of Linguistics at the University of Athens,
G. Babiniotis and his team, is mainly intended for Greeks of the diaspora who have an elementary
knowledge of Greek and speak it as a second language. lt serves also as a guide to those teaching
Greek to such persons. lt comprises 20 chapters with texts, dialogues, exercises, grammatical notes
and a rich vocabulary on topics covering all aspects of modern life. Because of its didactic value it is
recommended as a complement to the present method.
166

3. Mackrldge P. The modern Greek language. Oxford University Press, 1987, pp.387.
An excellent analysis of the modern Greek language describing systematically its stucture and
every other aspect of its present-day usage with a great variety of examples drawn from spoken,
written and literary sources. lt is a comprehensive survey intended for scholars or those who wish to
study in depth modern Greek. Mackridge states "lt is quite astounding not only how little
the spoken Greek language had altered from Classical to modern times but that it
should have survived despite ... incursions .. and conquests".

4. Moleas W. The development of the Greek language. Bristol Classical Press, 1991, pp. 118.
Wendy Moleas, a teacher of Classics, describes in a simple, concise but full way the historical
development of the Greek language from its origin in the Bronze Age to its present form. Her book is
recommended as an introductory guide to those seeking an understanding of the structure of
modern Greek. Moleas is of the opinion that "... modern Greek is accessible and rewarding
to classicists ... whom she wan ts to encourage to study the modern language .. "

5. Browning R. Medieval and modern Greek, Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 158.
This outstanding book, written by an eminent scholar, traces comprehensively the history and
development of the Greek language from the Hellenistic period to the present time. lt is an
invaluable source of information for those wishing to have an authoritative view on the subject.
Professor Browning believes that "Greek is one lang uage .. that has enjoyed a continuous
tradition fro m the Homeric poems down to the present day .. " and that "it is this
in tellectual con t inuity which makes the study of Greek both rewardin g and
difficult".

6. Prlng J. T. The Oxford dictionary of modern Greek. Oxford University Press, 1986, pp.380.
A compact and up-to-date Greek-English and English-Greek dictionary containing 66,500 words
and 82,000 translations. Its great value for an English-speaking reader is that it gives all the
meanings of Greek words as well as many examples of their idiomatic uses. An essential companion
for every student of modern Greek.

7. KCAJvuravrtvf61] A. 01 EAAI]VIKi l; At{&tl; OTI]V AyyAtKtf yAcJaaa, 1991, pp.398.

In a meticulous study Constantinidis has counted 35,136 words of Greek origin in Webster's
International Dictionary containing 166,724 words, and 20,346 Greek words in medical dictionaries
containing 43,716 terms, making a total of 45,729 Greek words in the English language. Of these he
presents in his book all the words of every-day speech and certain scientific terms, amounting to
20,500 words.
 167

8. T£p{tmouA~-4Jurp6K'It;. EAA'7VIK6 A£~1K6. EK~6U£1t; Appovfa A.E., 1989, pp. 1003.

A monumental thesaurus of the Greek language containing all the Greek words used in modern
Greek. Each word is grammatically characterized and then its etymology is given, followed by a
clear and concise but full explanation of its common or more usual meaning, as well as of any other
meanings it might have. Extracts from literature or common speech in which the word is used are
often quoted. The idiomatic use, the synonyms and antonyms of the word are also given. This
dictionary should be in the library of all Greek-speaking persons.
168

EM'lVlOTlK6 avriypacpo (= copy, avri + ypacpw. Seep. 72) tpyou (4, V26) Tou
n oA.ui<AE(TOU. ApxmoA.oylKO Mouoeio, AS~va
 169

The vocabulary Is designed to be a didactic complement to this method. Its aim is to give the student
the principal and the secondary meaning of the more common Greek words, their idiomatic use or expressions
and at the same time to be a guide to pronunciation and grammar (the pronunciation of y, ~. 8 and x is
indicated by these letters).
In the case of adjectives (adj.) the feminine (f) and neuter (n) endings are indicated after the masculine (m)
form. The verbs are listed In the first person singular of the present tense. To indicate the second stem with
which certain tenses and cases are formed the first person singular of the active and the passive voice aorist
(simple past s.p.) is given. The future of the verbs combined with prepositions and the participle of the active
voice are also listed.
The etymology of combined words is given to furnish the key to understanding and memorizing them from
the meaning of the combining forms, which is often familiar to the reader.
On many occasions the derivatives of a word (adjectives, verbs, nouns) are grouped together to help the
reader remember their meaning from the phonological resemblance to the word from which they have originated.
Finally, to remind the Engl/s h-speaklng reader once again of how familiar Greek should be to him, an
English word deri ved from or that has Its roots In the corresponding Greek word Is added In red.

The abbreviations used in the vocabulary are the following:

K = KaBapcuouoa Adj. =adjective ace. = accusative

Anc. = ancient Adv. =adverb gen. = genitive
a- (or av-) = the privative prefix f = feminine s.p. = simple past (aorist)
Opp. = the opposite m = masculine fut. =future
Expr. = expression, idiom n = neuter imp. = Imperative
Pron. = pronoun pi = plural lit. = literally
irr. = irregular

A a
apao•~oc;, -11. -o avasimos = groundless (a + ~6011
= base). Opp. of pao• ~oc; vasimos = well-founded,
sound.
apy6 (or auy6), TO avy6 = egg, (nwavtt6 a~y6 = fried
eggs). From the ancient 'TO w6v (o6n) double o, oocyte)
6yaA~a . TO llyalma = statue.
aya96c;, -~. -6 aya96s = kind·hearted, kind, naive.
=
To aya96 aya9a the possessions.
aya~oc; , -11. ayamos = unmarried (a + y6J.Io<;
(bigamous): marriage)
ayavaKTw ayanakt6 = be exasperated (ayav6trn10·a,
ayavatmof.1tvoc;)
ayan11, 11 ayllpi = love. Ayanw ayap6 = love
(ay6nno-a, ayam'l9·nKa, ayannf.ltvoc;) . Ayan11~tvoc;,
=
-11. -o ayapimenos loved, beloved, favourite
=
ayan11T6c;, -~ . -6 ayapit6s dear
ayyeAia, 11 angelia = announcement (f.IIKpt<; ayy£·
~fee; = advertisements). AyytAw angelo (Anc.) =
announce. From ayyt~w comes o ayy&Aoc; angelos
= angel, messenger.
ayyAIK6c;, -r\, -6 anglik6s = English. Ta AyyAIKO
anglika = the English language.
'AyyAoc;, o angles = Englishman. H AyyAf~a angli6a
= Englishwoman.
ay&vr\c;, -~c;. -tc; ayenls = impolite. Opp. c:uyc:vr\C:
=
efyenls (eugenic) polite. H aytvc1a ayenia impo- =
liteness, rudeness.
av•oc;, -a, -o ayios (hagiography) = saint, holy, sac-
red (Ayfa rpa<pr'J = Holy Bible).
ayKaAia~w angaliazo = embrace (ayK~tao-a, ayKa-
170
AI60T·llKO, ayKC1AtaO~J€voc;) . H ayKaA16 angalia
lap, arms.
6yKupa, '1 angira = anchor.
=
6yvola, '1 aynia ignorance (see ayvow)
ayv6c;, -~. -6 ayn6s = pure, chaste.
ayvow ayno6 = ignore, do not know (ayv611o-a,
ayvo(J9·1'JKa, ayvonllevoc;) (see vow) . :4yvwaroc;, -11,
-o, aynostos, (agnostic) = unknown (a + YVWOT6<;:
known)
ayop6, 11 ayora (agoraphobia) = 1.market, 2.buying,
3.purchase. Ayop6~c..> ayorazo = buy (ay6pao-a,
ayopam·nKa, ayopaollevoc;). 0 ayopaar~c;,
ayorastls (f. 11 ayop6arp1a ayorflstria) = the buyer.
ay6p1, TO ay 6ri = boy.
ayp61J1Jaroc;, -11, -o ayramatos = illiterate [a + YPOil-
lla (grammar):letter]
6yp•oc; -a, -0 ayrios = wild
=
6vxoc;, To anxos anxiety
6yc..> ayo (Anc.) = lead, bring (used In combined
forms: e~6yc..> = export (t~w + ayw). 0 aywy6c;
ayoy6s (demagogue) = conductor, conduit.
aywvac;, o ay6nas = 1.struggle, 2.exertion, 3.contest
(ae>..nnKo( aywvtc; = athletic games). Ayc..>vl~oiJal
ayonlzome = 1. struggle (aywv(or-nKa) 2. try hard
From aywvac; comes o ayc..>v1~c; ayonistis
(agonistic), 11 ayc..>vlarp1a ayonistria (f.) = contender,
fighter, o avraywv•arr\c; andayonistls. 11
avrayc..>vlarp1a andayonistria (f.) = antagonist and o
npwTayc..>vl~<; protayonistls. 11 npwTaywvlarp•a
protayonlstria (f.) = protagonist.
aywvra, 11 ayonla = agony. anguish, anxiety.
6 6&1a, '1 al5ia = 1.permission, permit, 2.1icence,
3.1eave (of absence).
66&1oc;, -a, -o ai5yos = empty, vacant, A6tl6~w
al5yazo = 1.empty (66ttao-a , al5tt6m·nKa, al5tta·
OIJEvoc;) 2.have time to spare (IS&v al5tt6~w = I have
no time to spare)
a6tAqua, TO aMifia (Philadelphia) = brothers, bro-
thers and sisters. A6d.cp6c;, o al5elf6s = brother, 11
a6tAcpl\ al5elfi = sister. A6d cp1 K6 c;, -1\, -6 al5elflk6s =
brotherly.
a~oc;. -a al5exios = clumsy, maladroit (a + ~6<:; =
right).
a6tanoToc;, -11, -o al5espotos = without owner or mas·
ter [a + 15ton61Tl<: (despoU = ruler] .
a616Ppoxoc;, -11, -o al5iavroxos = water proof, water·
tight. To a616Ppoxo al5iavroxo = the raincoat.
a6168a oc;, -11, -o al5ta9etos = 1.indisposed (in
health), 2.not disposed of [a + 15t69t011 (dlathests) =
disposition, mood].
a616cpopoc;, -11, -o al5iaforos = Indifferent, without in-
terest. H a61acpopla al5iaforia = indifference.
a6u~~o6oc;, 11 al5iexol5os = having no outlet, blind
road [a + 15ta + e~ol5oc; (exodus) = exit]. To
ai5Jt~o6o = impasse.
a61Kia, 11 al5ikia = injustice, wrong. A61KW al5ik6 =
do wrong, treat unjustly (aiS(KilO·O, al5tK(J9-nKa,
aiStKllllEVO<;). :46JKoc;, -11, -o al5ikos = unjust, wrong
(eX£1<; 61S1K0 = you are wrong). :461Ka (adv.) =
wrongly, in vain (61S1Ka ntpllJEV£1<; = you wait in vain).
a6uva1Jia, 11 al5inamfa = 1.weakness, 2.1eanness [a
+ IStiValJll (dynamite) = strength, force]. A&Jvaroc;, -11,
-o al5lnatos = 1.weak, 2.1ean, 3.impossible (a +
15uvm6c; = strong). Elvm al5uvmov = it's impos-
sible). A6uvaTI~w al5inatfzo = 1.1ose weight (al5u·
v<lnlo-a, al5uvanolltvoc;), 2.make thin. .
a t pac;, o aeras = air, wind ( Expr. m')pav TO IJUC1A6
TOU atpa = he has got above himself).
a £p10, TO aerio = gas
aeplw9ou1J&voc;, -11, -o aeno9o6menos = jet-propel-
led.
=
atpol5p61JIO, TO aerol5r6mio airport, aerodrome.
atpanA6vo, To aeroplane = aeroplane
aeponop1K6c;, -1\, -6 aeroporik6s = pertaining to
aviation. Aepanop1Kwc; (Adv.) = by air.
0'16la, 11 ail5ia = disgust, anything disgusting
69da a9ela (adv.) = unwillingly, unintentionally (a +
et>..w =want)
a9A'1TI\c;, o a91it is. 11 a9AI\Tpla a91itria (f) = athlete.
a9A11nK6c;, -1\. -6, a91itik6s = athletic. o a9AI1TIC7}.16c;
=
a91itism6s athletics
a9c.IJoc;, -a, -o a96os = innocent, not guilty. H
a9w6TI1TO a9o6tita = innocence. H a8wwo11 a96osi
= aquittal
areouoa, 11 eeoosa = large room, hall
al}.la, TO ema (haematology) = blood
alv•y!Ja, TO eniyma = enigma
alo96vo1Jal eseanome = 1. feel (well, fear, cold etc)
(alo9av9-nKa), 2. sense. H a lo811011 es9isi = 1.
sense (anaesthesia), 2. perception. (Expr. npoKC1Aw
a(o911011 = I make an impression). AI0911TIK6c;, -~. -6
es9itik6s = aesthetic. To a lo8111Ja es9ima = feeling,
sensation
a1o166o~oc;, -11, -o esi615oxos = optimistic . H
a1o1o6o~la, esiol5oxfa = optimism
aiT'lOI1, 11 etisi = application, request

=
a•Tfa, 11 etia (aetiology) cause, reason
atwvac;, o e6nas (Anc. + K atwv, e6n) = 1. century, 2.
age, 3. era. Atwvtoc;, -a, -o e6nios (eonian) = eternal
aKa6111.1fa, 11 akai5imia = academy. AKa6rUJa'iK6c;, •
~. -6 akai5imaik6s = academic
aKaTallrJAoc;, -:1') , •o akatallilos = unsuitable (a +
KaT6MrtXoc:; = suitable)
OKOTOV61'JTOc;, · I'J, -o akatan6itos = incomprehensible
(opp. KOTQVOrtT6<;)
aKMSuvac;, ·11, -o akini5inos = not dangerous,
without danger (a + K(v6uvoc; = danger)
aKiVI1Toc;, ·11, -o akinitos = immovable (a + KlVrtT6c:;
(kinetics) = movable). To aKiVI)TO, aklnito = 1. item
of real estate, 2. building, 3. property
aKoAouew akoloo86 follow (aKoAoue.,a-a ,
aKOAOU9~9-11Ka}, (expr. aKOAOU9E( = to be
continued)
aK61.10 ak6ma or a1<61.111. ak6mi (adv.) still, yet,
more (aK6~a eva = one more). AK61Ja Kat = even
aKouw ako6o (acoustics) = 1. hear, listen (to),
(6Koucr-a}, 2. obey. AKOUOIJOI ako6ome = be heard
(aKOUOT·I'jKO)
al<pl), 11 akri (acropolis) = 1. end, edge, 2. tip,
summit, 3. corner. To aKpov akron (acrobat) = end,
extremity. To clKpO akra = 1. limits, 2. extremes
aKpipr:ta, 11 akrivia = 1. exactness, precision, 2.
constliness, high price(s), expense
OKPIP~c;, -ljc;, -tc;, akrivis = exact correct, punctual,
AKptpwc; akriv6s (adv.) = exactly, precisely
aKptp6c;, -1\, -6 akriv6s = 1. expensive, 2. dear. loved
aKTrl, 11 akti= coast
aKupwvw akir6no = cancel, nullify (aKupwcr-a).
'AKupoc;, ·11, · 0 akiros = invalid, void
aAcln, TO alati (K = ro 6Aac; alas) = salt.
AAaTia!Jtvoc;, -11. -o alatismenos = salted
6.\yoc;, TO alyos (analgesic) = pain, grief
aAr:nou, 11 alepo6 = fox
aAr:upt, TO alevri = flour
aA~8r:1a, 11 ali9ia = 1. truth, 2. (adv.) really, indeed,
by the way. .AAI)9~c;. -~c;. -tc; ali8is = true, real.
=
.AAI'J9•v6c;, -1\, -6 ali9in6s genuine, true
a.Ua, ala = but
allal;w alazo (Anc. and K aM6crw, alaso) = change
(6Aha~-a. aM6)(T-11Ka, aMa-yj.ltvoc;). H a.Uay~ alay l
= the change
a.U11Aoypacpfa, 'l aliloy rafia = correspondence
(aMflAO (parallel) = each other + ypacpw (telegraph)
= write
171
a.UI\Aou·c; allloos (pron. ace. pi.) = one another, each
other (Ayan6TE aM~Xouc; = love each other)
a.U•wc; ali6s (adv.) = otherwise, differently
6.Uoc;, ·I\, -o alos (allochromatic) = 1. other (6Xt
aUT6, TO 6Aho = not this, the other), 2. else (T(not&
6Mo; = any1hing else?, Tt 6Mo; = what else?), 3.
next (o 6.Moc; napaKaAW = the next please, TllV 6M11
cpop6 = next time), 4. different (aUT6 Elv01 6Mo
npayj.la = this is a different thing), 5. more (6M&c;
25uo 1Jnup&c:; = two more beers, Kl 6Mo = some
more)
allOT& alate (adv.) = formerly, at another time
a.Uou alo6 (adv.) = elsewhere (expr. aMou aUTo =
don't tell me that)
6.Uwar& aloste (adv.) = besides
aAIJup6c;, -r1. -6 almir6s = salted
aAuaf6a, I\ alisii5a = chain
aAcp6PI1TO, To alfavito = alphabet
OIJO ama (adv.) = 1. as soon as, when (OIJO q>96cre•c;
= as soon as you arrive), 2. if (61Ja 9tA&tc; &cru = if
you want)
OJ.IO~I, To amaxi = 1. horse-cab, 2. motor car
aJ.Ia~oarotxfa, 11 amaxostixla = train
CJ.IapTia, 'l amartia = sin
AJ.ItptKav6c;, -1\ amerikan6s or AIJ&ptKavoc;, -a
amerikanos = American (m. or f.) . AJ.I&p1KCVIK6c;, -1\,
-6 amerikanik6s or OI.I£PtK6VtKoc; = american,
AJ.ItpiKI\, 11 ameriki = America
Ol.l&aoc;, ·I\, -o amesos = direct, immediate. A11tawc;
amesos (adv.) = immediately, at once
OJ.II09oc;, -11, -o amls9os = unpaid (a + ~tcr96<; =
wages, salary)
OI.IIJOc;, 11 amos = sand. AI.IIJOUlila, 11 am oo~ya =
sandy beach
CJ.IVI1afa, 11 amnisia (amnesia) = loss of memory,
amnesia
OIJVI\OTfa, 11 amnistla = amnesty
=
OIJOtJ31\, 11 amlvi 1. reward, 2. recompense
OJ.16pcp(I)Toc;, ·11, -o am6rfotos = uneducated (the
opposite of IJOP<PW!Jtvoc;) (from a + ~opq>!l
(morphology) = form)
oJ.Icpl· amfi· ;;::; prefix denoting both, on both skies, of
both kinds
aJJcptpa.Uw amfivalo (irr.) = doubt, (aiJq>eJ3aX-a, &xw
a1Jcp•J36X-Et, ea a1Jq>tJ36A-w) H OIJcptpoAfa amfivolla =
doubt (a~q>t + J36Mw (ballistics) = throw
a1Jcpl9tarpo, To amfi8eatro = amphitheater
OJ.IcplaJ311TW amfisvit6 ;;::; dispute, call in question
172
(a~-tq>toj3frn1o-a, a~-tq>tol3rrnl9-nKa)
OJ.upoT£pot, -tc;, -a amf6teri = both (exists only in
plural)
av- an- (the privative prefix a before a vowel) = un-,
in-, -less
av or tav elm = if
ava- ana- = prefix, denoting upon, up, backwards,
again, Intensification
ava ana (Anc. + K) (prep.) = along, over,
throughout, across (ava ~(wpo = every two hours)
avapallw anavalo (irr.) = postpone, put off (avej3a'A.-
a, txw avaj36A-et, ea avaj36A-w) (ava + j36Aw
(ballistics) = throw, strike). H avapo,\r\, anavoli =
postponement
avapw anavo = 1. light (fire etc.) (6valjJ-a), 2. turn on
(light etc), 3. inflame, provoke, 4. take fire
avayytAw anangelo = announce (av6yyeiA-a) (av6
+ ayyt'A.w (angel)= anounce)
avayKa~w anangazo = compel, oblige, force
(avayKao-a). H avayK11 anangi = need, necessity.
AvayKa<7TIKoc;, -~. -6 anangastik6s = compulsory,
obligatory
ava10811ola, 11 aneseisla = 1. anaesthesia,
unconsciousness, 2. insensibility, heartlessness.
Avafa911TO<;, · 11. -a aneseitos (anaesthetic). 1'
unconcious, 2. indifferent, without feelings
avaKaAumw anakalipto = discover (avaK6AuljJ-a)
(ova + KC1At.irnw = cover). H avaKaAu\1111 anakalipsi
(apocalypse) = discovery
avaKOivwvw anakin6no = announce (avaKo{vwa-a).
H avaKofvwo11 anaklnosi = announcement. To
avaKolvwetv anakinoeen = communique
avaAuOI'), 11 analisi = analysis
av6JJtoa anamesa (adv.) = in between. Av61Jtoa o&
(prep.) = among, between, avaJJ&oa ano = from
between
avaJJtvw anameno (Anc. + K irr.) = wait for, expect
(ave~-te:tv-a, ea OVO~-t&fv-w) (ava + I-IEVW = stay). H
avaiJovf\ anamoni = waiting, expectation, Al9ouoa
avaiJovf\c; = waiting room
ava~toc;, -a , -o anaxios = unworthy, unfit,
Incompetent (av + 6~10<; (axiom)= worthy)
avanauoJJal anapavome = rest (avanaliT-IlKO)
avanvtw anapneo (or avaoalvw anaseno) = breathe
(av6nveuo-a or avaoaw-a) (ava + nvtw (pneumatic)
= blow). H avanvol\ anapnol =breath, breathing
avano~c;. ..,, -o anapo~os = 1. the wrong way
round, 2. difficult, perverse
avartllw anatelo (irr.) = rise (of sun) (avtre:IA-a, exw
avme!A-et, ea avme!A-w). H avaroA~ anatoli = 1.
rising (of sun etc.), 2. east, orient (Mt o11 AvaroA~ =
Middle East) AvaroAIKoc;, -1\, -6 anatolik6s ;:;;; eastern,
AvaroAtKwc; anatollk6s (adv.) = to the east
avaxwpw anaxor6 = depart (ova + xwpw =
advance). H avaxwPI1011 anax6risi = departure
avcpa~w anevazo = 1. carry or lift up (avtj3ao-a), 2.
put up (price), 3. put on (play)
avt!Jalvw anevlmo = 1. come or go up (avtl3-f1Ka,
avej3a-o1-1evoc;), 2. ascend, mount, rise (in level)
avtJJOc;, o anemos (anemone) wind =
6vtpyoc;, ~'1, -a aneryos = out of work, unemployed
(av + tpyo = work). H avtpyfa aneryia =
unemployment
avtor'l, '1 anesi = relaxation, comfort, ease. :c\vtroc;, -
11. -o, anetos = comfortable, convenient. :c\vtro aneta
or avtrwc; anetos (adv.) = easilly, without constraint,
in comfort
av&u anef (Anc. + K) = without (prep. with gen.)
OV&U opwv = unconditionally
avt1Jn6c;, o anepsi6s = nephew. H avtljJta anepsia
=niece
avf\Kw aniko = belong (avflK-a)
avr'lauxw anisix6 = be worried, disquiet (OV110U)(T10-
a). H av11auxfa anisixia = uneasiness, worry (the
opposite of 11ouxfa). Avf\auxoc;, -'1, -o anisixos =
uneasy, restless, worried, anxious
6v9oc;, TO aneos (anthology) = flower. 0 av8onwA11c;
= flower-seller, florist. To av9onwA&Io(v) = florist's
shop
avepwnoc;, o aneropos (philanthropy)= 1. man, 2.
person, 3. human being. Av9pwmvoc;, -'1, -o
aner6pinos = human (av9pwmva ~IKOIWJJaTa =
human rights). H av9pwnOTI"JTa anerop6tita =
mankind. 0 av9pwmoJJ6c; aneropism6s humanism =
avfKavoc;, -11, -o anikanos = 1. incapable,
incompetent, unfit. 2. impotent (a(v) + tKav6c; =
capable)
6vo~c;. '1 anooos = 1. ascent, 2. anode
avor(ola, 11 anoisla = nonsence, foolishness.
=
AVOflTOc;, ·11, -o an6itos foolish, silly
avolyw aniyo = 1. open (6vot~-a. avofxr·flKO,
avotv~-tevoc;) , cut open, 2. turn on (light, tap), 3. cut,
dig (road, well etc.) (Expr. avo(yw TO ~p61-1o = clear
the way)
avotKT6c;, -1\, -6 anikt6s = 1. open, 2. light in colour,
3. affable, open-handed

6VOI~, I"J anixi = Spring
avrtxw andexo = resist, endure, hold firm (avrerxa.
6vt£~-a. or 6vee~-a) (avrC + txw = have)
ovrf andi prep. (with gen. or ace.) = instead of, in
return for, ovrf y1a, ovrf va = instead of
avr1- in compound words denotes opposition,
opposite situation, replacement, reciprocation,
equivalence, negation
ovrfypacpo, TO andiyrafo (autograph) = copy, transcript,
=
avnvp6«PW andiyrafo 1. copy, copy out (declined like
yp6cpw), 2.immitate (avti + yp6cpw = write)
avriooTo(v), TO andi6oto = antidote (avtC + 6Cvw =
give)
ovrfl5paoi"J, 11 andi6rasi = reaction (the opposite of 11
l5p6al1. 6rasi, (drastic) =action). Avrll5pw andi6r6 =
react, be opposed (avrt6pao-a, ea avt16p6o-w)
ovrf8&ol1, 11 andieesi = contrast, antithesis.
Avrf8&To<;, -11, -o andi9etos = contrary, opposite,
reverse
avnKdJ.I&VO, TO andikimeno = 1. object AVT1K&IJ.I&VIK6<;,
-~. -6 andikimenik6s = objective
ovrfKpu andlkri (adv.) = opposite
OVTIAOJ.IJ36vo1Jol andilamvanome (irr.) = perceive,
understand, notice (avnAdcpe-nKa). H avriAI1~11
andilipsi = 1. perception, understanding, 2. opinion,
3. quickness of mind
avrfo adio (ltal.) = good-bye
avrmaew andipa96 = dislike (avrm6e11o-a). H
avnn68&IO = dislike, antipathy, aversion. Avnna9~c;.
-~<;, -t<; andipa9is or avnno91"JTIK6<;, -~. -6
andipa8itik6s (antipathetic) • provoking dislike (the
opposite of au1.ma8~c; . simpaels = sympathetic)
=
avrfnoAoc;, ·I"J, -o andipalos rival, adversary
6vrpac;, o andras (andrology) = man, husband
avrwvuJ.Ifa, 11 andonimia =pronoun (avr( + 6vo~a =
name)
avunOJ.IOVW anipomon6 = be impatient (avuno~6VIlo-a)
6vw ano (anode) (adv.) = up, above (Expr. 6vw-K6tw
= upset, in confusion)
avw.,.aMa, 11 anomalia = anomaly, irregularity,
unevenness. AVWJ.IoAoc;, -11, -o an6malos =
anomalous, irregular, uneven
avwvuJJoc;, -11, -o an6nimos =
anonymous (a(v) +
6vo~a = name}
=
ovwnpoc;, -11. -o an6teros superior, higher, senior
(In rank) (Expr. avwttpa ~ia = force majeure, Kal a'
avwttpa = to a higher... (wishing a higher position or
continued success))
173
o~f~w axlso = 1. be worth, be of worth, 2. cost, 3.
deserve (Expr. a~fl;tl tov K6no = it is worth the
trouble), H o~o axla = value, worth, merit. :.\~10<;, -o,
-o axios (axiom) = 1. worthy, 2. reserving, 3. capable.
6~10- llxio- = in compound words denotes worthy of
a~6Aoyoc;, -11, -o axi61oyos = worthy of note,
remarkable, distinguished (a~10 + Myoc; = speech)
a~6TIIJO<;, -11, -o axi6timos = estimable, honourable,
(a~10 + Tl~(] = honour)
a~1onptn~c;, -~. -tc; axioprepis = dignified, correct,
seemly (a~IO + nptntl = must) H a~onptntla
axioprepia = dignity, correctness
a~IWJ.IOTIK6<;, o axiomatik6s =officer
anayop&uw apayorevo = forbid, prohibit
(anay6ptuo-a, anayoptlir·nKa, anayoptU·fJtvoc;). H
anay6p&ucri"J apay6refsi = prohibition
onavrw apand6 = answer, reply (an6vnw-a.
anavn1e-11Ka). H an6VTflOI1 apandisi = the answer
(o)n6vw (a)pano (adv.) = up, above, upstairs, on
top, upper (Expr. n6vw-K6tw n6oa; approximately
how much?)
=
onopoiT'lToc;, -11, -o aparetitos indispensable
onoaxoAw apasxol6 = 1. occupy (anaax6M!o-a), 2.
distract attention of. AnaaxoAouJ.Ia• apasxolo6me =
be occupied (anaaxoMe·nKa). AnoaxoArwtvoc;, · I"J,
-o apasxolimenos = occupied, busy
=
ontvavrt apenandi (adv.) 1. opposite, 2. in relation
to, compared with
ontpyw apery6 (irr.) = go on strike (an(]py11o-a, ea
am:py(]o-w). H am:pyfa aperyia = the strike. 0
=
ontpy6c; apery6s striker
onA6<;, -11, -o apl6s = simple, single. AnA6 apla or
onAwc; apl6s (adv.) = simply, merely. AnAono•w
aplopi6 = simplify (anAonolllo-a) (anAo + no1w =
make). AnAoi K6c;, -~. -6 aploik6s = naive
an6 ap6 (prep.) = 1. from (source: an6 fJtva = from
me) , 2. since (origin: an6 nw apxfl = from the
beginning), 3. by, from, on, of (cause: n6CJX£1 an6 =
he suffers from), (means: ~w an6 = live on),
(materiat. an6 xaptl = of paper), 4. than
(comparison: KaAAittpoc; an6 otva = better than
you), 5. of, from (distribution: n6p£ an' avt6 = take
(one or some) of these), 6. of, about (content Y£f.16TO
=
an6 full of) (need: txw av6yKI1 an6 = I am in need
of (knowledge, capacity. ~tpw an6 = I am
knowledgeable about) , 7. along, through, via, past,
(route, direction: na1pvw an6 TllV nhattta = 1pass by
the square)
174
ano also forms adverbial phrases: ono ~taa = from
inside, ano ~w = over here, an' &~w Kt' e~np6c; =
from now on
ano- apo- = in combined words denotes source,
restoration, completion, separation, cessation, the
countrary
anoy&u;,vo~a• apoyi6nome = take off (anoyetwe-
llKO). H anoytiwo11 apoylosi = take off (ono + Yll
(geology) = earth)
anoy&UIJO, TO ap6yevma = afternoon (ono + Y£U~JO
= dinner). Anoycu~artv6c;, -1\, -6 apoyevmatin6s =
of the afternoon
=
an6l5t t~l"' . 11 ap6~h<i 1. proof, 2. receipt (ono +
o££xvw = show)
ano91\t<rl, 11 apoeiki = a place for storage,
warehouse, store house (ono + e~Kil = case)
anoi<A&Iw apokllo = exclude, cut off (antKM:to-o, ea
anoKM:io-w, anoKM:{OT-IlKO) . AnoKA&ftrat apokliete
= it is an impossibility, it is out of the question
an6Aauafl, 11 ap61afsi = enjoyment
an6Auroc;, -11, -o ap61itos = absolute. AnoAurwc;
apolitos (adv.) =absolutely
anoAuw apolio = 1. release (antXuo-o , ea anoMo-w),
2. let loose, 3. dismiss (ono + Mw = untie, set free).
AnoAuo~a• apollome = be dismissed (onoMe-llKO,
anoXu- ~tvoc;)
anopw apor6 = 1. wonder, 2. be at a loss (an6p11o-a
(ano + opc.i> = see). H anopia aporia = 1. doubt,
uncertainty or perplexity about, 2. indigence
anoaraa.,, '1 ap6stasi = distance (ono+ ara011 =
stopping place)
an6aroAoc;, o ap6stolos = apostle (CD'lo + O"lt)..w = send)
anor&Aw apotel6 = form , constitute (anor tAE:o-a).
AnoT£AOu1Jal apotelo6me (irr.) = consist (anor&Mor-
11KO, anOTEAOU·IJ&VO<:;)
anoro~oc;, -11. -o ap6tomos = 1. sudden, abrupt, 2.
=
steep, sheer. Anoro~a ap6toma (adv.) suddenly
anoruxfa, 11 apotixia = failure, lack of success (ono
+ tu)(ll = luck) the opposite of 11 tmruxfa (em +
tU)(Il = success
=
anocpaofl;w apofasizo 1. decide on (onocpamo-o),
2. make up my mind (of the passive voice the 3rd
person and the participle are in use: anocpaail;trat =
is decided, anocpaafarJlK& = it was decided etc.,
anocpootO'}.Itvoc;, -Jl, -o apofasismenos = determined
an6cpo0fl, 11 ap6fasi = 1. decision, resolve, 2. verdict
(Expr. to naipvw an6cpaOTJ = I accept the inevitable, I
make up my mind)
anocpcuyw apofevyo (irr.) = avoid, (ant q>Uy-a, ea
anocpuy-w) (ono+ cpeuyw = go away)
anoxa•ptrw apoxeret6 = say goodbye to
(anoxatptTno-a) (ano + xatp&Tc.i> = salute, greet)
ano"'t ap6pse (adv.) = this evening, to-night
AnpfAtoc;, o aprilios or AnpfAJlc;, o aprilis = April
apa ara (conj.) = consequently, so
apyw ary6 = 1. be late (6PY'10-a), 2. loose time, 3.
not to be working, be closed. H apyfa aryia =
holiday, closing day. Apy6c;, -1\, -6 ary6s = slow, idle.
Apya arya (adv.) = slowly, late. Apyorcpa ary6tera
(adv.) = later on
aptow areso = 1. please (6peo-o), 2. give pleasure
(Expr. trot 1,1' apto&t = so I like it, that's the way I
want it)
6p9po(v), TO arero = 1. article, 2. clause
=
ap191J6c;, o ari9m6s (arithmetic) number
apt91JI"'TIKI\, 11 ariemitiki = arithmetic
aptaroc;, -Jl, -o aristos (aristocracy) = best, excellent
(the supperlative of good). :Aptara arista (adv.) =
excellently
=
aptarcp6c;, -1\, -6 arister6s 1. left, 2. left-handed, 3.
left-wing follower. H ap1artp6 arlstera = left-wing.
Aptartpa aristera (adv.) = to the left, on the left
(optOT£p6 napoKaAc.i> = to the left please)
aptaroKparfa, 11 aristokratia = aristocracy (6ptOTo +
Kpotc.i> = rule, hold, keep)
aptoroupyru..ta, ro aristo6ryima = masterpiece
(aptOTO + t pyo = piece of work)
apKw ark6 :::: suffice, be enough (apK£( va :::: it
suffices that, provided that). ApKOUIJOI arko6me 1. =
be content (opKEOT-IlKO), 2. confine oneself
apvou~a• arno6me = refuse, deny (apvf)9-11Ka). H
6pVf10Jl arnisi = refusal, denial
apnal;w arpazo = 1. seize, snatch, carry off (6pna~­
a), 2. catch (cold, fire)
appajJwvtal;oiJal aravoniazome = get engaged
(appo~wvt60T-I1KO) AppajJwvtaOTtK-6c;, -16 (f)
aravoniastikos = fiance
=
appwaralvw arosteno fall ill, make ill (appc.i>O'Tilo-
o). H appwarta ar6stya = illness, disease.
=
:c\ppworoc;, •fl, -o arostos ill
apa&vtK6c;, -1\, -6 arsenik6s (arsenic) = male,
masculine (gender)
=
apTflpla, 11 artiria artery
=
aproc;, o artos (Anc. + K) bread. To apronOitio(v)
artopilo(n) = bakery. To apronwA&io(v) artopolio(n)
= baker-shop

apxaioc:;, -a , -o arxeos (archeology) = ancient, old.
Ta apxafa arxea = antiquities. Apxa•6rtpoc:;, -11, -o
arxe6teros = senior, older (chronologically). H
apxm6T'1Ta arxe6tita = 1. antiquity, 2. seniority.
Apxa•oA6yoc:;, o arxeol6yos = archaelogist
apx~. 11 arxi (anarchy) = 1. beginning, origin, 2 .
principle, 3. authority. 01 apxt c:; = the autorities.
ApXIK6<;, r\, -6 al')(ik6s = initial, first. Apxll;w arxizo =
begin, start (6p)(Tlo-a) apx•- = in combined words
denotes first, chief, master (architect)
apx11v6c:;, o arxiy6s = commander, leader, chief
(apxfl + ayw = lead)
apxu:n loKonoc:;, o arxieplskopos = archbishop
apx•orp6T'1YO<;, o arxistratiyos = commander-in-
chief (OPXI + OTpcrrny6c; (strategic) = general)
apxrrtKTovac:;, 0 arxitektonas or OPXITtKTWV
arxitekton (K) = architect (apxt + TtKTwv macon) =
6pw1Ja, TO aroma = 1. aroma, scent, 2. flavour (of)
(icecream etc)
ac:;, as = 1. let, may (introducing wishes, suppositions
= =
etc. ac; tfiJaOTt KaM may we be well), 2. allow, let
= =
(alone), leave (imperative ac; tp9ouv let them come)
aopcoroc:;, -11, -o asvestos (asbestos) or aopuoroc:;, -
11. -o asvistos = that is not or can not be erased or
extinguished (a + ol3uvw = erase, extinguish), (Expr.
6ol3tO't11 txepa = inextinguishable enmity, 6oj3tOTo
n69oc; == inextinguishable passion)
ao~IJaVToc:;, -11, -o asimantos = insignificant (the
opposite of 0'11JaVTJK6<; simandik6s (semantics) =
significant)
aaet vtiO, 11 as9enia = illness, disease. Ao9tV~C:, -
r\c:;, -tc:; aseenis 1. ill, 2. weak (a + oetvoc; = force).
0 aaetvr\c:; aseenis = the patient
6oK11011, 11 askisi = 1. exercise, 2. practice
=
aonpoc:;, •.,, -o aspros white
=
6aaoc:;, o asos ace
aordoc:;, -a, -o astros = 1. funny, amusing, 2. trifling
(of things) (Expr. aO'Tt{o np6y1Ja = a trifling thing, a
matter of no importance or difficulty). To aordo astio
= the joke
aort p1, To asteri or TO aorpo astro (astrology) or o
aortpac:; asteras or o aorr\p astir (Anc + K) = 1. star,
2. movie-star. AorpoAoyfa, 11 astroloyia = astrology
=
aorpanr\, 11 astrapi lightning
aaru, To (Anc. + K) asti = city
aoruvoJJia, 11 astinomla = police (aOTu + v61-1oc;
(autonomy = low). AOTUVOIJIK6c:;, -r\, -6 astinomik6s
= of the police, a member of the police force,
175
Aoruv6JJO<;, o astin6mos = police officer.
AarucpuAaKac:;,o astifilakas = police constable
aocp6At1a, 11 asfalia = 1. safety, sureness, security, 2.
insurance, 3. security police, 3. fuse, 4. safety-catch
aocpaAfl;w asfalizo = secure, insure (aoq><lAI'}o-a). H
=
aocp6A1o11 asU.tliSI insurance, assurance. AocpaMc:;,
-~c:;. -tc:; asfalfs = safe, sure, secure. AocpaAwc:;
=
asfal6s (adv.) 1. certainly, 2. safely
aoxrwoc:;, •.,, -o asximos = ugly, bad (a + oxfl~-ta.
=
(scheme) shape)
aTtAtla, 11 atelia = defect (a + TtXoc; = end).
ATtAr\c:;, -r\c:;, -tc:; atelfs = incomplete, defective
=
OTIIJO<;, • .,, •0 atimos dishonourable, disgraceful (a
+ TIIJri = honour) (the opposite of TliJIO<; = honest)
mp6c:;, o atm6s (atmosphere) = 1. vapour, 2. steam
ar~J6ocpmpa , 11 atm6sfera = atmosphere
OTOIJO(V), TO atomo = 1. individual, person, 2. atom.
ATOIJIK6c:;, -1\, -6 atomik6s = 1. individual, personal,
2. atomic
aruxfa, 11 atYXia = bad luck, ill fortune (a + TU)(Tl=
fortune) . 'Aruxoc:;, -11. -o atixos or aruxr\c:;, -r\c:;, -tc:;
atixis (K) = unlucky, unfortunate
auy6, TO or apy6, ro avy6 egg =
Auyouoroc:;, o avyoostos = August
au9tVTIK6c:;, -1\, -6 af9entik6s = authentic
au~avw atxano = increase (au~l'}o-a) . Au~avopa1
=
afxanome increase (au~f)9-I'}Ka) . H OU~I1011 afxisi =
increase, 2. growth
aunvia, '1 a'ipnia = insomnia (a + unvoc; (hypnosis)
=sleep)
aup10 avrio = tomorrow. Aup1av6c:;, -r\, -6 avrian6s =
of tomorrow
OUOTI"Jp6c:;, -r\, -6 afstir6s = 1. austere, 2. strict.
AUOJ11PWC: afstir6s (adv.) = strictly (anayoptutTat
=
aUO'tTlPWc; strictly forbiden)
auTI, To afti = ear
aur6- aft6- = in combined words denotes self, by
one's self, one's own, independently
auT6ypacpo, To aft6yrafo = autograph (aUT6 +
yp6q>w = write)
aUTo~f~aKToc:;, o aftoofl5aktos (autodidact) = self-
taught, autodidact (aUTo + 15JI560Kw = teach) .
auTo9uola, 11 afto9isia = self-sacrifice
auroKfVI1TO, ro aftokfnito = motor-car, automobile
(aUTo + K(V11C71'J = movement, motion)
auroKp{rrwp, o aftokrator, 11 OUTOKpCrrtlpa, aftokrfltira
(f) = emperor, emperess (a1Jt6 .+ KPOTW (democrat)=
hold, rule). H OUTOKPQTOpta aftokratorla = empire
176
auToKTovw aftokton6 = commit suicide (auro +
KT£(VW (Anc.) = kill). H OUTOKTOvfa aftoktonla =
suicide
auTOIJOToc;, -11, -o aft6matos = automatic. To
aUTOIJOTO = the automate
aurov6'1TO<;, -11, -o afton6itos = self-understood
(aur6 + vow (paranoic) = think)
auroVOIJfa, 11 attonomla = autonomy (aur6 + v6 ~o~oc;
= law)
auTo<;, -~ . -6 att6s (pron.) = he, this. 0 auTo<; = the
same, o &auTo<; IJOU, eaft6s = myself
auTou afto6 = there
acpatpw afer6 = 1. substruct (aq>Ofpeo-a). 2. take
away. H acpafptOTI aferesi = substraction, abstraction
acptAtta, 11 afelia = simplicity, na'fvete. AcptA~c;, -~c;.
-tc; afelis = simple, naive
acptVTIKcS, TO afentik6 = boss, governor
acp~ , 11 afi = touch
acp~vw affno = 1. let (acp.,o-a), 2. allow (ll' acp()vtl<;
va now; you allow me to go?), 3. let alone, let go, 4.
leave, abandon
acp'1P'11J06a, 11 afirima6a = absendmindedness.
Acpllprwtvoc;, -11, -o afirimenos = 1. absendminded,
2. abstract
6cp9ovoc;, -11, -o ateonos = abundant, plenty of. H
acpeovfa ateonla = abundance
acpttpwvw afier6no = dedicate, devote (acplepwo-a)
6cp1~111'1 . or 6cpt~tc; (K) afixi(s) = arrival
6cpopoc;, -'1. -o afovos = fearless (a + cp613cx;
(phobia) = fear)
acpopiJ~, 11 aformi = occasion
acp6Tou af6too = since (time)
acpp6c;, o afr6s (Aphrodite) = foam, froth. Acpp6Toc;, -
J'l, -o afratos = 1. p uffed, billowy, 2. light and soft or
crisp (bread) , 3. plump and white (flesh)
acpri, afti or auTi afti = ear
acpuatKoc;, -11. -o aphisikos = unnatural, abnormal (a
+ cpuotK6c; (physica~ = natural)
OXOPIOTO<;, •11, -o axaristOS = ungrateful (a + XOPl<;
(charismatic) = grace)
OXPJ'lOTO<;, -11. -o axristos = 1. useless, 2. not used (a
=
+ XPflOTJ use)
a!lluxoAcSyllTOc;, -11. -o apsiXol6yitos = without
psychological consideration or insight (comes from
!lluxoAoyw psixoloy6 = read mind, soul or intentions
of. H llluxoAoyfa psixologla = psychology
6!11uxoc;, -11, -o apsixos = lifeless (a + ljJuxft
(psychiatry) = soul)
8, /J
J3ay6v1, TO vay6ni = coach, truck (railway)
j3aar~w va6izo = walk, march (l36611o-a)
J36~o, TO vazo = vase
J36~w vazo (irr.) = 1. put, place in position, apply (e-
J3a)..-a), 2. put on (clothes, radio), 3. get (person to do
something), (Expr.: l36~w Tpane~l = lay table, l36~w
Ka)..6 j3a 9(J6 = give good marks, l36~w OTO(XIli.IO =
wager, l36~w cpwvec; = start shouting, 136~w TO
<SuvaTa fJOU = do my best, l36~w (Jnpoc; = start off)
paeuc;, -16, -u vaeis (bathyscaph) = deep, profound.
Ba9tr6 vaeya (adv.) = deeply (J3a9eta (Jeo' T11
Kap6ta f..lOU = deep in my heart). To poeoc; = depth,
far end, background (OTO 1369oc; K(Jnoc; = garden in
the backyard)
pa81J6c;, o va8m6s = 1. degree, 2. rank, 3. mark
(award) (Tl j3a9(J6 nriptc;; what mark did you get?)
paAiraa, 11 valltsa = suitcase
p6Mw valo (ballistics) = shoot, strike, throw, fire (e-
J3a)..-a). BOMw with prepositions forms many
combined verbs (see E.\AI"JVlKec; npoeeotl<;)
J)OIJJJOKI, TO (or IJOOIJOOKI) vamvaki = COtton.
BaiJJ)aKtpcSc;, -~ . -6 vamvaker6s = of cotton
pan6p1, TO vap6ri = steamer
pamf~w vaptizo = baptize, cristen, (136nT'lo-a)
=
poppapoc;, ·11, -o varvaros barbarian
papuc;, -16, -u varis (baritone) = 1. heavy, 2. hard, 3.
serere, 4. deep (in pitc h) To popoc; = varos
(barometer) = 1. weight, 2. heaviness, 3. burden
papltiJal varieme = be bored, be tired (of), not want
(to). (J3ape9-I"JKa) (Expr. (3apl&~-tm va now = I don't
want, I am not in mood to go, 6£ j3apteoat = never
mind about that)
p6pKa, 11 varka = small boat, rowing - boat
pamAtac;, o vasilias (Anc. 13am)..euc; vasilefs) = king,
11 paaiAraaa vasilisa = queen. BaarAtK6c;, -~ . -6 =
vasilik6s (basilical) = royal, royalist
poa.,, 11 vasi (Anc. pootc; vasis) = basis, foundation,
paarK6c;, -~. -6 vasik6s = basic, basal, j3aoi~w
vaslzo = base (136mo-a) , j3aoi~OIJOI = rely, (13aolo9-
11KO)
J)aOTw vast6 = 1. hold, 2. carry, 3. past, hold out,
endure (1360Til~-a), J)aOTttiJOI vastieme = 1. control
oneself, 2. maintain one position or condition
(J3aOT(J9-J1KO), (Expr. 6t j3aOTfJ911KO, TO t (na 6Xa = I
could not control myself, I said everything, j3aOTteoat
=
Ka)..6 you are well (or well off)
 177

py6~w vyazo (irr.) = 1. get or drow out (e-j3yaA.-a), 2. j36~r. TO v615i = ox

take or get off, 3. remove, extract, 4. diduct (ej3yaA.a TO po~9tra , '1 voi8ia = help. Boi'J9W voi86 help =
ou~-tnepoo1Jo: , I arrived at the conclusion), 5. give forth, (j3ofl8'1o-a , 13o'18fl8-'1KO)
produce (13Y6.~w Myo = make a speech, j3y6.~w A.tcpT6 j3op&r6c;, o voryas = north. B6p&roc;, -a , -o v6rios =
= make money), 6. work out, make out (~ev To ej3yaA£ northern, north. Bopd wc; vorlos (adv.) = northwards,
=
ntpa he (she) did not manage, succed, nou j3y6~£l to the north (oQ
aut6~ o ~p61Jcx; ; where does this road lead to?) , =
j3oot<6c;, o vosk6s shepherd
pyaApt voc;, -11, -o (adj.), taken off or out, extracted j3ouM, 11 vooli = parliament , chamber, 0 j3ouA&uTric;
=
pyarvw vyeno (irr.) 1. go or come out, {j3y-f1Ka, exw vooleftls = member of parliament, deputy
j3yet, 8a j3yw, j3ye~ -j3y£!T£) 2. appear, be produced j3ouv6, TO voon6 = mountain
(j3y~K£ 1JnpoOT6 IJOU = he appeared in front of m e), j3ouTUpo, TO vo6tiro butter=
3. turn out (1Tl~ 13YflK£ O£ KaM = it turned out well for j3paj3&1o, TO vravio = prize, award
her), 4. result (from) (j3yflK£ np<.i>To~ = was elected j3p6~u , TO vra<Si = 1. evening, 2. (adv.) in the evening
first) Bpa~rv6c;, -1\, -6 = pertaining to the evening
=
pt paroc;, -11. -o veveos sure, certain. B t para vevea ppa~w vrazo = boil (e-j3pao-a) ppaar6c;, -11. -6 =
or p&paiwc; veveos = certainly. B &parwvw veve6no boiled
= assure, contirn, affirm (j3ej3afwo-a, 13tJ3arw8-11KO) ppaxoc;, o vraxos rock =
jl&v~iVI'J , 11 venzini = petrol ppt xw vrexo = 1. wet, moisten (e-J3pe~-a). Bpt x£r
p~pa , TO vlma = 1. step, pace, 2. rostrum (Ayto J3fllla vrexi =it rains (ej3pe~-e . txer J3pe~-£t, ea j3pt~-e:r) . H
= sanctuary) PPDXrl vroxi = rain
praroc;, -11. -o vieos = violent, forcible. H pro via = 1. ppiot<w (irr.) vrisko = find (j3pf]K-a (eurika), txw J3p-e(,
violence, force, 2. haste ea J3p-w). Bpio Kopar vriskome = be, find oneself
praartK6c;, -~. -6 viastik6s = 1. in a hurry, pressing, (j3pt8-'1KO) (nou j3p(OK£Oat t <.i>pa; where are you
2. urgent. BraarrK6 viastika (adv.) = hurriedly now?)
prpAio, To vivlio {bibliophile) = book. BrPArK6c;, -~ . -6 Jlpwpr6, '1 vromya =
filth, dirt. BpwprKoc;, · I'J , -o
vivlik6s = biblical. H Bi j3Aoc; vlvlos = Bible. To vr6mikos (bromine) = dirty, filthy
PtPAt6 pro vivliario = card (insurance, bank, ect.) To Jlu~aVTrv6c;, -~ . -6 vizantin6s = byzantlne
prpAronwAd o vivliopollo = book store. H pue6c;, o vi96s (bythoscapth = bottom, bed (of sea
=
prpAroypacpla , 11 vivlioyrafla bibliography. etc.)
j3r j3Aro8~KI'J , 11 vivlio9iki = 1. library, 2. bookcase pwp6c;, o vom6s = altar
=
proA6yoc;, o or 11 viol6yos biologist
prOIJI1XOVfa, 11 viomixanla = industry, manufacture
(From j3(o~ (biology) = life + lll1xavfl (mechanics) = r,y
machine). 0 prop~xavoc; viomlxanos = industrialist.
BtOIJI1XOVtK6 c;, -~ . -6 viomixanlk6s = Industrial yar~apoc;, o yal~aros or To ya·iooupr, yai~o6ri =
proc;, o vios (biography) = life donkey
proT&XVIa , 11 viotekhnla = handicraft, light y6Aa, TO yala (galaxy) = milk - To yaAaKTonwAd o
manufacture (Form j3to~ + Te)(Vll (technology) = art, yalaktopolio = milk shop
craftsmanship) yaA6~roc;, -a, -o yalazios = blue, azure (also
IJtOXI'JIJda, 11 vioximia = biochemistry yaAav6c;, - ~. -6)
jlJTpiva, 11 vitrina = 1. shop-window, 2. show-case raAAoc;, o yalos = Frenchman. H ra.Uf~a yaii<Sa =
PA6j31'J , 11 vlavi = damage, harm, detriment Frenchwoman. raAArK6c;, · rl, -6 yalik6s = French. To
j3A6 Kac;, o vlakas = idiot, fool. H j3AaK&fa vlakia = f aAArK6 yalika = the French language.
nonsence, stupidity yapoc;, o yamos (bigamous) = marriage
=
j3A6mw vlapto harm, hurt, injure (e-j3A.alJI-a) y6VTr, To yanti = glove
PAt ppa, TO vlema = 1. glance, 2. look, 3. expression =
yara , 11 yata cat
pAt nw (lrr.) vh~po = see, look (£!<Sa, exw 15et, ea 15w, y&lvw y~lno = undress (t-yl5uo-a), yoovopar yl5lnome
imp. ~£~. MOT£ or ~t(Tt} = get undressed (yM8-11Ka imp. yMoou, y<Su8£(T£)

...
178
ytyov6c;, TO yeyon6s = event, fact
yt16, 11 ya = health. Comes from 11 uytfa iyia
(hygiene)= health, and is used only in certain
expressions: re16 oac; = hallo (greating), l.l& ye16 oou
= good wish to a friend having something new (suit
etc.)
ydTovac;, o yitonas = neighbour. H y&ITOVI6 yitonia
= neighbourhood. rtiTOVIK6c;, -~. -6 = neighbouring
y&A6l5a , 11 yeiMa = cow
ycA1o, TO yelio = laughter, laugh. r&Aw yel6 = 1.
laugh, 2. cheat, take in (ytXao-a) ytA•t~al yelieme =
be mistaken, be deceived (ye:MOT-IlKO)
y&Aoioc;, -a, -o yellos = ridiculous
y&Ao•oypacpia, 11 yelioyrafia = cartoon, caricature
(from yeXoloc; + ypacpw = write)
yt1Ji~w yemizo = 1. fill, 2. cover (with), 3. make or
become full (with) 4. fill out (ye~ouo-a , Y£1.l(OT-I1KO)
(Expr. YEI.liOS TO = fill it up (motor)). rt~6Toc;, •.,, · 0
yematos = full, covered (with), loaded
=
ytvl6, 11 yenia (or ytvt6 yenea) generation, race
yt v&la, TO yenia = beard (acpr')vw ytve1a = grow a
beard)
y&VIK6c;, -" · -6 yenik6s :;:: general
ytvvafoc;, -a, -o yeneos = brave
ytvvw yen6 (genesis) = 1. give birth (to) , bear, lay
eggs, 2. cause, engender (YEVVIlO-a). ytv1t~a1
yenieme = be born (yevvf)S-nKa)
ytvoc;, To yenos = gender, race, genus. (Expr. ev
ytve1 = in genenal)
y&p6c;, -"· -6 yer6s = 1. strong, sturdy, 2. healthy,
hale, 3. undamaged, whole. rcp6 yera (adv.) =
strongly, hard, steadily (Kp6Ta yepa = hold steadily)
ytpoc;, o yeros (gerontology) = old man. H yp16 yria
= old woman. rcpvw yern6 :;:: grow old (ytpao-a),
(Expr. CS& ea yep6oe1 noTt = he (she, it) will never
grow old)
y£u~a. To yevma = meal, luncheon. H ytuo11 yefsi :;::
taste, flavour. tasting
=
ytcpupa, 11 yefira bridge
ytwypacpia, 11 yeoyrafia = geography. (From Yl'l
(earth) + ypacpw = write)
ytw~apia , I"J yeometria = geometry. (From Yl1 +
l.l&TPW = measure)
Y'l. 11 yi (geography, apogee) = earth. r"1voc;, -11. -o
yiinos= terrestrial
v•a ya = for
v•ayl6, '1 yaya = grandmother
YIOOUpTI, TO yao6rti = yogurt
y1aTi yati = why (adv.), because (y1a (= for) + 11 (=
what)
y1aTp6c;, o yatr6s (pediatrics) = doctor, physician
(also laTp6c; iatros)
yiyac;, 0 yiyas = giant. rlyOVTIOc;, · 0 , -o = gigantic
yivoiJOI (lrr.) yinome = 1. become, (t-y1v-a) 2. be
done or produced, 3. be finished or ready. (Expr. T1
yiv£aa•; how are you? (lit. what you become). ' Ey1vt
= consider it done (lit. it became).
YIOPT~, '1 yorti (or &opT" eorti) = 1. festival, holiday,
2. name-day
y16c;, o y6s (or u16c; i6s) son =
yu.;,Ta, ro y6ta = the letter I, 1
yKapo~, To garaz = garage
yKapa6v, TO gars6n = waiter
=
yKocpa, 11 gafa blunder
yKpf~oc;, -a , -o grizos =grey
=
yAtvr1, TO ylendi 1. party, 2. merry making, rA£vrw
ylend6 = make merry (YMVII10·a). have a good lime,
enjoy or amuse oneself with food, music, dance
yAuK6c;, -16, -6 (or -u) ylik6s (glucose) = sweet. To
yAuK6 ylika = pastries, confenctionary
yAum11c;, o yliptis =sculptor. H yAumiK~ yliptiki =
sculpture
yAwaaa, 11 yl6sa (glossary) = 1. tongue, 2. language,
3. sole (fish)
yvw~11 . 11 yn6mi (physiognomy)= 1. opinion, 2. view
yvwpi~w ynorizo = 1. know (yvwpLa-a), 2. recognize,
3. be or get acquainted with, 4. make known, 5.
Introduce (Na aac; yvwp(ow TTJV Kupla... let me
introduce you Mrs...) H yvwo11 yn6si = knowledge,
learning. H yvwpiiJiO, ynorimia = acquaintance.
yvwar6c;, -" , -6 ynost6s (agnostic) = 1. known, 2. an
acquaintance
YOI1T£UTIK6c;, -"· -6 yoiteftik6s = charming. H
=
YOilT&ia, yoitia charm
youva, 11 yo6na = fur
=
youaro, To yo6sto 1. taste, 2. fun
ypo~~a . TO yrama (grammatical) = letter. To
ypa~IJOTOKIIJWTIO yrammatokiv6tio = letter box. H
ypa~IJOTIK~ yrammatiki = grammar
ypa1J~OT60I"JIJO, TO yrammat6simo = stamp (YPOI.ll.lO
=
+ ofu.la (semantics) sign)
ypa~~aTtac;, o and 11 yrammateas = secretary. H
ypa~~an:ia yrammatla = secretariat
ypaiJ~"· 11 yrammi (grammophone) = line
ypocpw yrafo, (graph) = write (t-ypa~J.r- a) . rpacpo~a•
yrafome = be written (yp6cpT-11KO). rpa~~tvoc;, -11, -o
 179

yramenos = written. H ypacp~ yrafi = writting. Ayia = identity card), 3. bulletin, report (i5tA.t(o £ti5f)oewv
rpacp~ = Holy Bible. To ypacptlo yrafio = 1. bureau, = news bulletin)
office, 2. desk, 3. study ~t._.a , TO i5ema = 1. parcel, 2. bundle
ypacptiOKpaT(a, 11 yrafiokratia = burocracy, red tape ~tv~po, TO Mn<Sro (or ~tvrpo, i5endro
(ypa<ptlo + Kpatw (beurocrat) = hold) (rhododendron) = tree
ypacpo._.11xav~, 11 yrafomlxani = typerwriter (ypaq>w =
~tvw i5eno tie (up), bind, bandage (e-i5eo-a)
=
+ llllXOVI'l, (mechanics) machine) ~t~a... tvrj, 11 i5exameni = reservoir
ypqyopac;, -11, -o yriyoros (Gregorius) = quick. 6&~•6<:, -6 , -6 i5exi6s (dexter) = 1. right, 2. right-wing.
=
rpqyapa yrlyora (adv.) quickly H ~t~16 i5exia = the right-wing. At~la i5exia (adv.) =
=
yp16, '1 (or yp116) yria old woman to the right, on the right (i5t~l6 napaKaA.w = to the
yuaM, TO yalf = glass. Ta yuaA16 yalia = glasses, right please)
spectacles 6t~lci)OI1, 11 i5exiosi = reception
yu ...voc;, -~. ·6 yimn6s (gymnasium) = naked, bare. ~tp._.a, TO 6erma (dermatology) = 1. skin, 2. leather.
H yu... vaOTIK~ yimnastiki = gymnastics Atp._.6Tivoc;, ·fJ, -o i5ermatinos = of leather
yuvaiKa, '1 yineka (gynaecology) ;;:: 1. woman, 2. wife ~tpvw i5erno = beat (t-i5etp-a)
yupiz;w yirizo (gyrate) ;;:: 1. turn (yupto-a), 2. return, ~tano1vf~a. '1 i5espinii5a (or ~tano1vic; i5espinls) =
take back, 3. take or escort around (9a at yuplow Miss, young lady
0111 n6A.11 ;;:: I will take you around the city). 0 yupoc; ~tanOTFJc;, o i5esp6tis (despot) = 1. ruler. 2. bishop.
yiros (gyroscope) = 1. circle, circuit, circumference, ~tuT&poc;, ·11. ·O Mfteros (deuterium) ;;:: second. H
2. turn, 3. walk, stroll around AtuTtpa ISeftera = Monday (lit. the second). To
ywvia, '1 yonia (trigonometry) ;;:: 1. angle, 2. corner ~tuTtp6Atmo i5efter6iepto ;;:: second (of time)
~txo~o~a• Mxome = 1. receive, 2. accept (<SExr-'lKO)
~q9tv i519en (adv.) = 1. as if, 2. supposedly, 3. so-
called
~11Aa~q i5ilai5i = 1. that is, 2. namely
MKTuAo, To Mktilo (or MxruAo M)(tilo) ;;:: finger. ~FJAFJrqp•o, TO i5ilitirio (deleterious) = poison
AaKTuAoyp6cpoc; 6aktiloyrafos = typist (MKTuA.o + ~11Awvw i5i16no (or li11Aw) = declare (61'1Awo-a). H
yp6q>w = write) ~qAwofJ i5ilosi = 1. statement, 2. declaration
~avtlz;w 6anizo ;;:: lent (Mvtto-a). To Mvtlo 6fmio ;;:: ~r;...oc;, o <Simos (democracy) = municipality (in Anc.
loan. Aav1K6c;, - ~. -6 6anik6s (adj.) = lent. Ta = the people) . 0 ~q...apxoc: i5fmarxos = mayor. From
~avtiK6 6anika ;;:: money borrowed 6rn..toc; + apxl'l (monarchy) = authority. To i511...0PXtlo
~6oKaAoc;, o i5askalos = 1. teacher, 2. schoolmaster i5imarxio = town hall. AI1...0TIKOC:, -r;, -6 i5imotik6s =
(primary). H ~aoK6Aa i5askala = schoolm1lstress municipal. H ~111JOTIK~ i5imotiki = spoken language.
~6ooc;, ro i5asos = 1. forest, 2. wood. AaoiKOc;, -q, - A11._.6o1oc;, -a , -o i5im6sios = public (pertaining to
=
6 i5asik6s pertaining to the forest 61'1J..IO<;). A11._.6o1oc; un6AA11Aoc; = civil servant. To
~tfy._.a, TO i5iyma (paradigm) = 1. sample, specimen, ~'1._.6o1o(v) i5im6sio == the state, the public.
2. token, proof A•wooiwc; <Simosios or i5rw6ola ~im6sia (adv.) = in
=
~t1A6c;, -ri, -6 6il6s coward public
~tfnvo, TO i5ipno =dinner, super 611._.001tuw ~imosilwo = publish (i511J..IOO(t uo-a). H
~tfxvw <Sixno (Anc. ~tiKvuw <Siknio) = 1. show (t- ~rwooltuofJ i5imosiefsi = publication. 0
6tt~-a. 2. indicate, show how to do (with va) , point 611._.0o1oyp6cpoc; 6imosioyrafos = journalist
(at), 3. seem, appear (i5'1~J6oto<; + ypacpw = write)
~tKa 6eka (decade) = ten, (num.) H 6tKatTfa ~•wocp•Ar\c;, -~<:. -tc; ISimofilfs = popular (i5l'JJ..IOC: +
=
<Sekaetla decade. AtKaToc;, -11, -o i5ekatos tenth = <p(l.oc; (bibliophile) ;;:: friend)
AtKtiJJlp•oc;, o i5ekemvrios (or AtKt._.llP11c; ~16 ~la = 1. for (i5ta l3fou = for life), 2. because of, by
=
6ekemvris) December means of (i5ta TllC: l3fac:; = by force) . ~•a- = in
6t Ara, To 6elta (delta of Nile) = the letter A, 6 combined words denotes passing through (diagonal),
15tATio, To 6eltio =1.form, card (6tA:r(o TOUT6tT)ta<; separation (diaspora), intensification
180

~1al36~w i5iavazo = 1. read (i5ui~ao-a), 2. study 6taAt yw i5ialeyo = choose, select (i5t6At~·a)
~16j3ao11, 11 <Siavasi = 1. passage, 2. crossing, 3. pass 6t6At~'l. '1 i5ialexi = lecture (l5ta + M~11 (lexicon) =
(l5ta + ~6on = base). 0 ~taj36TrJ<; i5iavatis = passer- word)
by 6t6AtKToc;, 11 <Sialekt6s = dialect
~taj3~TI1<;. o i51avitis = diabetes lMAoyoc;, o i51c~loyos = dialogue (i5ta + Myoc:; =
~16j3oAoc;, o l5iavolos = devil. .tuapoAtK6<;, -~. -6 speech)
i5iavolik6s = diabolic, devilish 6taAuw i5ialio = 1. dissolve (i5ttAuo-a, ea i5taMo-w),
~t6yvworJ , '1 <Siaynosi = diagnosis (i5ta + yvwon = 2. break off, disband, liguidate (i5ta + Mw = loose).
knowledge) H 6t6Auo11 i5ialisi = 1. solution, 2. dissolution, 3.
~1ayp6cpw i5iay rafo = 1. trace, outline, describe dialysis
(l5teypaljl-a, ea l5tayp6ljl-w), 2. erase, cross out or off =
6ta1J6vn, To i5iamanti diamont
(l5ta + yp6q>w (graph) = write). To 6t6ypo1JIJO l5to1Jt pto1Ja, TO i5iamerisma = 1. appartment, flat, 2.
i5iayrama = diagram, plan region
~IOVWVIOIJO , TO i5iay6nisma (Or lSIOVWVIOIJO<;, 0 6to1JOV~ , '1 <Siamoni = 1. residence (place of), 2.
i5iayonism6s) = 1. competition (for award), 2. sojourn (i5ta + ~tvw = stay)
examination 6taVOJUJ, 11 i5ianoml = distribution
6ta~~AworJ , '1 i5ial511osl = demonstration (public) (i5ta 6tavvoou~o~tvoc;, o i5ianoo6menos = Intellectual (15ta
+ l5~AWOTJ = declaration) + vouc:; = mind, intellect)
6ta~f6w i5iai5115o = 1. spread a rumour (~ilei5wo-a, ea ~tavuKT&upeuol1 , 11 i5ianikterefsi = 1. spending the
l5ta<Swo-w). l1tal5f~trat OTt, l5ial5il5ete 6ti = it is night (at hotel etc.), 2. staying up or open all night
rumoured that. H l5t6l5oorJ i5iai5osi = rumour. (Expr. ~tantaTwvw l5iapist6no = 1. note {i5tanfOTwo-a), 2.
~11v aKolh&, &lv01 i5tai56o&t<; = don't listen, it's confirm. H 6tani<7TW<7rJ i5iapfstosi = confirmation
rumours) 6tapKw i5iark6 = last {l5t~PK'lO· a, ea l5tapKto-w) . H
~~a~uyto, To l5iaziyio = divorce 6t6pKtta <Siarkia = duration. l1tapK~c; . -r]c;, -t c;
6ta8t Tw i5iaeeto = 1. dispose, 2. have at one's i5iarkis = continuous permanent. l1tapKwc; l5iark6s
disposal (<Steeeo-a, ea l5taeeo-w) (1510 + 9CTW = put). (adv.) =continually, always
H l5t68t<711 l5iaeesi (diathesis) = 1. disposition, 6t6<7'11JOC:, -11, -o i5iasimos = famous (l5ta + ~~a
disposal, 2. mood, humour, 3. intension (Semantics) = sign)
6ta8~K11, 11 l5iaeiki =will (l5ta + e~K'l = receptable, 6taoKt6a~w l5iaskei5azo = amuse, entertain
box) (i5taoKt6ao-a), 2. enjoy oneself. H 6taoKt 6a<7rJ
=
6tatpw i5ier6 divide (i5ta(peo-a). H 6taipeo11 i5ieresi i5iaskel5asi = entertaiment, amusement
(diaeresiS) = division 6t6<7Tr11Ja, To i5iastlma = 1. space, 2. interval, 3.
6tafo811<711, 11 i5ieseisi = intuition (l5ta + a£oe110l1 distance
(anaesthesia) = sense) 6taT6~w i5iatazo = order, order about (l5ttTa~·a, ea
=
6iatTa, 11 i5feta diet i5taT6~-w) . IH lStaTay~ l5iatayf =order, command
6tatTI1T~<;. o i5ietitfs = 1. referee, 2. arbitrator 6tOTI1PW i5iatir6 = 1. keep, maintain, preserve
6taK6mw l5iak6pto = 1. interrupt, cut or break off, 3. (l5tcrrrlPllO·a), 6taTrJpoUIJOI l5iatiro6me = be kept,
suspend (i5ta + K6mw = cut) . H 6taKon~ <Siakopl remain intact {i5tOTTJp~e-.,Ka). lllOTTJPE:(TOL &KT6<;
(syncope) = interruption. Ot lStaKontc; l5iakopes = ljluye:iou psiyloo = is kept (remains intact) outside the
holidays, vacation. 0 6taK6mrJc; i5iak6ptis = refrigerator)
stopcock, switch, main tap 6taTI i5iati (or ytaTf yat~ = why (l5ta (= for) + Tt (=
=
6taK6ata <Siak6sia two hundred what)
6taKOOIJI10il, '1 i5iak6smlsi = decoration 6taTptl3r1, rJ l5iatrivf = thesis, treatise, diatribe
i5taKpfVW i5iakrino = 1. distinguish (i5leKplV·a, ea 6tacpav~c;. -~c; . -t c; l5iafanis = transparent, clear {i5ta
i5taKp(v-w), 2. make out, 3. see clearly (610 + Kp(vw = + q>a(vo~OL (phenomenon) = look, appear)
judge). H 6t6Kpt<7rJ i5iakrisi = distinction, 6tacpt pw <Siafero = be different (i5ta + q>epw = bear,
differentiation, discrimination. l1taKp1TtK6c;, -1], -6 bring) (i5e: i5taq>tpe:t oe: T(noTe: = is not different in
=
i5iakritik6s discreet any1hing). H 6tacpop6 i5iafora = difference.
 181

.tu6cpopoc;, •.,, -o ~iaforos = 1. different, 2. dissimilar, lSi vw 6ino = 1. give (e6wo-o) grant, 2. offer (price), 3.
3. various, mixed (~16q>opa np6ytJaTa = various (or yield, produce
mixed) things). lleacpoptTIK6c;, -~ . -6 ~iaforetik6s = 1. 6foooc;, ll 6io<5os = 1. passage, 2. pass, 3. crossing
different, 2. dissimilar. fleacpoptTIK6 ~iaforetika (adv.) (610 + oMc; (eXodus) = street)
= otherwise, differently lSIOIKw 6iik6 = 1. administer (61oiK'lO-o), 2. govern, 3.
lSeacpruei~w ~iafimizo = advertize (~la<PtliJIO·a) (~la + command. H lSioiKilOil ~iikisi "" 1. administration, 2.
<PtliJ'l = fame). H lSeacp~IJIOil ~iafimisi = command, 3. governing body. 0 6IOIKI1T~<; ~iikitls =
advertizement- 1. commandant, 2. governor
l51acpwvw 6iafon6 = disagree (6taq>wvno-a) (6ta + 616Aou ~i61oo (adv.) = not at all {6ev exe:1 ~16Xou
q>wvt'J (symphony) = voice) tJuaM = he (she) has no brains) 6Awc; 616Aou =
l5el56oKaAoc; 6iMskalos (or l56oKaAoc; 6askalos) = completely
teacher lS1opyavwvw ~ioryan6no = organize. H 6eopy6vwo11
lS166oKw 6i6asko = teach (6i6a~-a) . H l51l5aoKaAia 6ioryimosi = the act of organizing
~i~askalia = teaching. llel5aKTtK6<;, -~ . -6 6i~aktik6s 6eop9wvw ~ior86no = 1. correct (~16p8wo-o,
= teaching, didactic. educative ~lopewe-nKo), 2. put right or straight. H l516p9wo.,
l5il5w 6i~o = see 6ivw =
6i6r8osi correcion, repair
61t8v~c;, -~c;. -tc; 6ie8nls = international (61a + 61opi~w 6iorlzo = appoint (~IWPTJO-a, ~top(OT-'lKa) .
=
tevoc; (ethnic) nation) 0 l5eopiOIJ6<; 6iorism6s = appointment
l5•t~ol5oc;, 11 6iexo6os = way out, issue, outlet (6ta + =
616T1 15i6ti because
t~o6oc; (exodus) = exit) 6inAa 15ipla (adv.) = by the side, near, next door.
6•tPIJI1Vt ac;, o 6iermineas (K = l>•tPIJilVtuc; =
llmAav6c;, -~. -6 15iplan6s near-by, next-door
6ierminefs) = interpreter 6mAa 6ipla (adv.) = twice as much. flmA6c;, -~ . -6
61tTfa, 11 6ietla = period of two years (<Suo + &Toe; = 15ipl6s = double. flmAOmoc;, -a, -o ~iplasios =
year) double, twice as big
61tU9uvw 6ieteino = 1. direct (<51'lU8'lV·a , 8a 6inAWIJO, TO <5iploma = 1. diploma. degree, 2.
61eueuv-w) , 2. administer, 3. stear, drive, pilot, 4. document certifying capacity, specially (~lnAWIJO
direct, address (letter, glance etc.) H l51tu9uvoll =
o6rw ou driving card)
6ieteinsi = 1. address (11 61eueuvcn1 oac;: your lSmAWIJOTfa, 11 <5iplomatla = 1. diplomacy, 2.
address?), 2. direction (n 61eueuv011: what artfulness (fam)
direction?), 3. managment, manager's office (nou lSmAWIJOTI'!<;. o 6iplomatis = 1. diplomat. 2. artful
dvm 11 61eueuv011: where is the manager's office?). 0 person
61tu8uvr~c; 6ieteintis = director, principal, manager. 6IO£KOTOIJIJUPIO, To <5isekatomirio = thousand
H lS1t u8uvrp1a 6ieteintria = lady director etc millions
l5111VOUIJOI 6iiyo6me = relate, tell (6111Ytl8·11KO). H lSioKo<;, o <Siskos = 1. disk, 2. tray, 3. gramophone-
lSI~YilOil 6iiyisi = narration, narrative. To lSI~VIliJO record
6ilyima = story, tale lSIOTOl;W 6istazo = hesitate (6(0TOO-O). 0 6IOTDVJ.16<;
61Ka~w ~ikazo = judge, try (~IK-ooo) . H 6iKrJ ~iki = 6istaym6s = hesitation
trial. H lSIKOIOOUVIl ~ikeoslni = justice. fliKalo<;, -11, - lSi)(TU, TO 6ixtY = net
o 61keos = 1. just, 2. right, 3. fair. To 6iKalo(v) =
lSixwc; <5ixos (prep.) = without. flixwc; aAAo without
<5ikeo(n) = justice, law, right. To lSiKeo 6ikio = right fail
(eXtl<; 61Klo = you are right) . 0 61 KOOT~<; 6ikastls = lSu"w <5ips6 = 1. be thirsty (6iq,ao-a), 2. thirst for. H
judge. To lSIKOOT~p•o <5ikastlrio = low-court. 0 lSf"'a ~ipsa = thirst
l5u<llv6poc; ~ikiy6ros = lawyer, solicitor, barister 6•wxvw 6i6xno = 1. send away (e~~w~-a. ~16X01K-a) ,
61KaeoAoyia,., ~ikeoloyla = 1. justification, 2. excuse 2. dismiss
(6tV &Xtl KatJ(O ~IKQIOAOy(o = he has no excuse) 66y1Ja, To 156yma = 1. dogma. 2. principle
61K6<;, -11, -6 ~ik6s (with the personal pronoun IJOU, OOKIIJO~w <5okimazo = 1. test, try on (6oK(IJOO-a,
oou etc.) = my, mine, my own 150KIIJ60T-T)KO), 2. taste, 3. attempt. H OOKIIJ~ 6okiml
lSiArJIJIJO , TO 611ima = dilemma = 1. trial, testing, 2. rehearsal, 3. fitting (of clothes)
182
C5oAocpovw ~olofon6 = murder (6ohocp6vr,o-a,
~OAO<pOvf]9-l'lKO). 0 C5oAocp6voc; oolof6nos = murderer
C56vrr, TO Mnti (dental)= tooth
C5o~6~w ~oxazo = glorify, praise (i56~ao-a , 6o~6ot­
T1KO). H C56~a Mxa (orthodox) = glory
Mo11, 11 Msi = dose
C5oTrK~, 11 ~otiki = dative
C5ouA&uw ~oolevo = 1. work (~ouAe4J-a) (nou
~o uhtutrc;; where do you work?), 2. function (nwc;
6ouAtUtl aUT6; how does this function?), 3. pull leg of
C5ouA&r6, 11 ~oolia = 1. work, job, 2. business (Tl
6ouA£r6 KOVttc;; what's your job?)
C5ouAd a, 11 6oolia = slavery, bondage. 0 oouAoc;
6o61os = slave
C5oxdo, TO 6oxio = receptable, vessel
C5p6JJa, TO 6rama = drama. .l!.pa1JaTrK6c;, -~ . -6
6ramatik6s = dramatic
lSp6o11, 11 c5rasl = action, activity. .ll.paarrKoc;, -~ . -6
c5rastik6s = drastic, efficacious
lSpaxiJ~, 11 c5raxmi = drachma (the Greek currency)
C5po1JoA6yro, TO c5romol6yio = itinerary, route
C5p61Joc;, o 6r6mos (aerodrome) = road, street
C5poof~w ~rosizo = cool, refresh, (6p6mo-a).
.ll.poaf~oiJar ~rosizome = cool down (6poofot-T1KO)
lSpw 6ro = 1. act, 2. be active (&-6pao-a)
lSuvOIJI1, 11 ~inami (dinamite) = 1. power, 2. strength
l5uvaiJIK6c;, -~. -6 6inamik6s = dynamic, energetic.
.li.UVOIJwvw ~i nam6no = strengthen, itensity, gain
force or strength (6uv61Jwo-a)
C5uvaT6c;, -~ . -6 ~inat6s = 1. strong, powerful, 2. loud,
3. possible (t!vat 6uvm6v; is it possible?) . .ll.uvm6
c5inata (adv.) = 1. strongly, hard, 2. loudly, aloud
(IJ!AO 6uvat6 = speak loudly)
lSuo 6io (duo) = two K01 Ta lSuo = both
C5uaap&OTw 6isarest6 = displease (6uoap&otno-a) .
.l!.uaap&OTOuiJOI c5isaresto6me = 1. be displeased
(6uoapto-nl8-1']Ka), 2. grow cool towards
C5ua6p&aroc;, ·11, -o c5isarestos = unpleasant (the
opposite of &ux6pratoc;, etxaristos = pleasant)
lSua&vr&pfa, 11 6isenteria = dysentery
lSua11, 11 6isi = 1. west, 2. setting (of sun etc), 3. (fig)
decline
C5uC7KoA&uw c5iskolevo = 1. make difficult (c5uoK6A£1).J-a),
2. impede. .ll.uC7KoAtuOIJOI <Siskolevome = have difficulty
(<5UOKOA£Ut·I']KO)
C5uaKoAfa, 11 6iskolia = difficulty (the opposite of
&uKoAfa efcolia = ease) . .ll.uaKoAoc;, · 11, -o c5iskolos
= diffucult
C5UOTUXI11JO, TO c5istixima = 1. accident, 2. misfortune.
H C5uatuxfa 15istlxla = 1. unhappiness, 2. misfortune,
3. poverty (6uo + tum = luck) . .ll.uaruxoc;, -11, -o
<Sistixos (or C5uarux~c;. -~c;. -tc; c5istixis) = 1.
unhappy, 2. unfortunate. .ll.uaruxwc; (adv.) 6istix6s =
unfortunatelly
C5wl5tKa 666eka = twelve. H C5wl5t K6C5a c5o6ekMa =
dozen. .ll.wlSt KaToc;, -11, -o <SoMkatos = twelfth
l5w1J6Tro, TO c5omatio = room
lSwpo, To ~6 ro (pandora) = gift, present. ii.(A)pi~(A)
~orizo = 1. give as present (<Swpto-a), 2. donate. H
l5wpt6 c5orea = 1. bequest, 2. donation. .ll.wpt6v
c5orean (adv.) = 1. free, freely, 2. for nothing, gratis
E, £
&auToc;, o eaft6s (autograph) == (one) self. Is always
accompanied with the genitive of the personal pronoun
IJOU, OOU, TOU, Tl"'C: etc- 0 £0UTOC: IJOU == my self
&IJC5o1J6l5a, 11 evc5oma6a (hebdomadal) = week.
·EIJC5o1Joc;, ·11, -o evc5omos == seventh
EJJpafoc;, -a evreos = Jew. EIJpoi'Koc;, -~. -6 evraik6s
= hebrew. jewish
EyyAt~oc; englezos = Englishman. H EyyAt~a
engleza == Englishwoman. EyyAt~r Koc; , ·11, · O
englezikos (or AyyAIK6c;, -r}, -6 anglik6s) = English .
To AyyArK6 anglika (or EyyAt~rKa englezika) =
English language
tyyov6c;, o engon6s = grandson. H &yyov~ engoni
= granddaughter
&VYU110I1, 11 englisi = 1. guarantee, 2. bail, security,
deposit
&yKt cpaAoc;, o engefalos = brain (tv + Kt<PaArl =
head) = brain. EyK&cpaArK6c;, -~. -6 engefalik6s = 1.
cerebral, encefalic
t yKAI11JO, TO englima = crime
t yKpfv(A) engrino = approve (of) (tv·&Kplv-a, ea
&yKp(v-w, tyKp!S-nKa), (tv + Kp!vw = judge). H
t yKp1<1f1 engrisi = approval
t yKuKAonaflStra, 11 engiklope<Sia = encyclopedia (tv
+ KUKAO (= cycle) + nar6tfa - education)
t yKupoc;, "Iilo · 0 engiros = 1.valid, 2. authoritative (&V
+ Kupoc; = .authority)
£YXtip11011, 11 enxirisi = operation (med.)
t vxp(A)IJOC:, - 11. -o enxromos = coloured (tv + XPWIJO
(chromatic) = colour)
t yw ey6 = I. 0 tywr~c; eyoistis = egorst. H

&ywiarp•a eyolstna = egoist (f). 0 &ywla1J6c;
eyoism6s = egoism, pride, conceit
tlSOfPO«;, TO e6afOS = 1. ground, SOil, 2. territory
tlSpa, 'l e6ra (tetrah edraO = 1. seat, chair, 2.
headquarters, 3. facet
tl5w eM (adv.) = here
tevoc;, To eenos = nation. E9viK6c;, -rj,, -6 eenik6s
(ethnic) = national. H t9VIK6TI')TO eenik6tita =
nationality
&ll5t1Jr1 i~e m i {adv.) = If not. otheiWise
&ilSI')OI'), 'l l~isi = 1. notice, information, 2. news. 01
&ll5rja&•c; 1151sis = the news
tll51K6c;, -rj, -6 i~ik6s = special, specific. 0 ti61K6c;
i~ik6s = specialist
t16ono1w i~op l6 = notify, intorm (t1~ono!rw-a,
&l~onoul6-llKO) . H te6onofi')O'l ibopiisi = notification,
notice
&i6oc;, TO l~os = 1. sort, kind {Tl t i6oc; = what kind
of, an' 6Aa TO &(61') or 6Awv Twv t ll5wv = all kinds of),
2. article, commodities, 3. species
teM.V.eo, TO i~ilio = idylle, 2. romance
tf6wAo, TO l~olo = idol, 2. image
teK6va, 'l ik6na (Icon) = 1. picture, image, 2. icon
tiKoae ikosi = twenty
tiAIKpevrjc;, -rjc;, -tc; ilikrinis = sincere, frank. H
tiAIKpfvtla illkrlnia = sincerity, frankness
t•prjvl'), 'l irlni (lrene) = peace. Eepi')VIK6c;, -rj, -6
irinik6s = peaceful, pacific (ElPilVlK6c; WKtav6c; =
pacific ocean)
tepwvtfa, 'l ironla = Irony. E•pwvtuOIJCI ironevome
... speak ironically to (tlpwvtUT-IlKO)
tee; is (Anc + K prep.) = to, at. in (see also the
modern equivalent at), (tlc; uyefa(v) = to your health)
tea6yw isayo = 1. put in, 2. import, 3. introduce, 4.
bring in (t laf]yaya), (&le; + 6yw = lead). H t1aaywyrj
isayoyl = 1. introduction, admission, 2. Import (ation)
&1aJJ6Aw isvalo = invade, burst in (t la-ef3aA-a) (tlc; +
I36Mw (balliStic) = throw)
&IOITrjpiO, TO isitlrio = ticket
tfaol5oc;, 'l iso~os (episode) = 1. entrance, entry, 2.
admission (t lc; + oMc; (exodus) = street)
t eanp6KTopac;, o ispraktoras = 1.collector (of
moneys), 2. conductor (of vehicle)
tfTt ite (adv.) = either ... or, whether .. or
tK ek (t~ ex before vowels) prep. 1. from (origin), 2.
of (composition), 3 out of, among, 4. denotes
manner, cause (tK vt ou =a new, t~ (aou = equally)
tKOaTO«;, -1'), -o ekaS10S = each (one)
183
&KaT6(v) ekat6(n) (hecatomb) = hundred. To1c; t KOT6
= per cent (&KOT6 Tote; tKOT6 = hundred per cent).
EKOTOIJIJUPIO(V) ekatomlrio(n) = million (tKOTO +
llUPlO (myriad) = 10,000)
tKl5fKI')OI1, 'l ek~lkisi = revenge, vengeance
tK6f6w ok~i~o = issue, publish (t~-t~wo-a) (tK +
~(~w = give). 0 tKMTI')c; ek<56tis = publisher
&K6po1Jrj, 'l ek6roml =excursion, outing
&Ktf ekl (adv.) = there
tKtfvoc;, -1'), -o eklnos = that {one), he
tK9tal'), 'l ek9esl = 1. exhibition, 2. report,
statement, 3. essay, 4. putting out, exposure (tK +
ee011 (thesis) = position)
&KK&VTpiK6c;, -r1, -6 ekentrik6s = eccentric (tK +
KtvtptK6c; = centraD
&KKAI')afa, 'l ekllsia = church. EKKAI')OIOaTIK6c;, -r1, -6
eklisiastik6s = 1. ecclesiastical, 2. religious
cKAtyw ekleyo (eclectic) = 1. choose, select (t~-e­
A£~-a . ea tKAey-w), 2. elect (tK + Myw = say). H
tKAoyr1 ekloyi = selection, choice. 01 tKAoytc;
ekloyes = election(s). EKAtKT6c;, -r1, -6 eklekt6s =
=
exceptional, select. EKA&KTIK6c;, -11, -6 eklektik6s 1.
eclectic. 2. he who chooses only the best
tKnal6tuw ekpe~evo = 1. educate, 2. train
(& Knai~euo-a , tKnOl6t UT-I1KO). H £Knai6tual')
ekpe6efsi = education, training
=
&KntiJnw ekpembo 1. emit, send out (t~-e-ntlli!J-a,
ea tKne ~-tl!J- w) , 2. broadcast (tK + nt~-tnw = send). H
&KnOIJnr1 ekpombi = broadcast, 2. emission
tKnAI')I;I'), 'l ekplixi = surprise
= =
tKmwal'), 'l ekptosi (tK + m w011 fall) reduction,
rebate, discounts. 01 tKmwatl«; ekpt6sis = sales
tKpl')l;l'), 'l ekrixi = 1. explosion, 2. out break, out
burst
=
tKTOKTO<;, · 1') , -0 ektaktos 1. temporary, not regular,
2. exceptional, special, 3. ecxellent (tK + TOKTtK6c;
=
(tactical) regular)
tKTtAw ektel6 = 1. execute, 2. perform, carry out. H
&KTtAtall ektelesi = 1. execution, 2. performance, 3.
fulfilment
tKTIIJW ektim6 = 1. esteem, value (tKTfllllO-a), 2.
appraise, estimate (tK + TliJW (Timothy) = honour). H
tKTiiJ'lO'l ektimisl = 1. esteem, 2. valuation, estimate
tKTO<; ekt6s (adv. and prep.) = 1. except, (tKT6c;
aUTT')v = except her), 2. outside, out of (tKT6c;
KtvMvou = out of danger), tKT6c; av = unless
tKTOTt ektote = from that time
tAaariKoc;, -rj, -6 elastik6s = elastic, flexible
184

&A6nw~a. ro elatoma = defect, fault t~npoo9tv embroseen = in front of

&Aa<Pp6c;, -.;, -6 elafr6s (or &Aacppuc;, -16, -u) = 1. t~<P6vaort , 11 emfanisi = 1. appearance, 2.
light, slight, 2. mild, 3. trilling, 4. weak (tea, coffee) presentation. From cpafvo~Ol (phenomenon) =
&A6xaOToc;, · rt. -o elaxistos = 1. least, very small. appear
TouAaxaOTov toolaxiston = at least (To et.llXLOTov = tvavrfov enandion = against
TouM.xun:ov) tvap~rt enarxi = beginning, opening
EAJ3&T6c;, o elvet6s = Swiss. H EAJ3tri~a elvetli5a = tvac; enas "' one, a, an. 'Eva~ tva~ = one by one
Swiss (f) tv~aa(j)tpoiJOI en<Siaferome = be interested
&Atvxw elenxo = 1. inspect, examine (t>..ey~-a. (tvi5aacptp9-11KO). To cv~aa(j)tpov eni5iaferon =
eMyx9-T)Ka), 2. censure, 3. control. 0 tAcvxoc; interest, concern
elenxos = 1. inspection, examination, 2. control tvao~oc;, -11. -o en15oxos = glorious, renowned (ev +
(e>..evxo~ etOlTilPiwv = tickets control), 3. censure, M~a (orthodox) = glory)
critisism tvtpyt:aa, I) eneryia "' 1. energy. 2. activity, effort.
tAtu9&pia, 11 eleteeria = liberty, freedom. Evtpyw enery6 = 1. act, take steps (evl')py11o-a , exw
EA&u9tpoc;, -11. -o = free evepyl')o-&t). Evt:PY'1TIK6c;, -.;, -6 eneryitik6s =
tAt<Pac;, o elefas = elephant energetic, active
eAu), 11 elia = olive tree tv&ort, 11 enesl = injection
tAaKac;, o elikas (Anc + K tAt~ elix (helicopter) = 1. &v9ouoaao1J6c;, o en9oosiasm6s = enthusiasm.
propeller, 2. coil, spiral Ev9ouoaa(o1Jal eneoosiazome = become
&AaK6m&po, TO elik6ptero = helicopter (tXLKa~ + enthusiastic (eveouoL60T-llKO)
mep6 = wing) tvaK6c;, o enik6s = singular (gram.)
'EMrtvac;, o elinas (Anc + K 'EMrtv elin) = Greek. H tvaoxuw enisxio = strengthen, reinforce (&v(oxuo-a,
EMrtvf~a elinii5a = Greek (f). EMrtviK6<;, ·rl, -6 = &VIO)(U9-11KO)
Greek. Ta EMrtVtK6 Elinika = Greek language &vvow eno6 = 1. mean (oev evvow aur6 = I don't
&Ani(w elpizo = hope, expect (1')->..mo-a , txw e>..nfo- mean that) (ev + vow = think), 2. understand, 3.
&1). H &Ani~a elpli5a = hope, expectation =
intend, expect (evvow va TO K6vw I intend to do it).
t~I3Art~a, TO emvlima = 1. emblem, 2. badge Evvot:rTat enoite = it is understood, naturally.
t~~&aoc;, -11, -o emeses = indirect tvOIKia(w enikiazo = let, rent, hire (evoaKfao-a,
&pncapia, 11 embiria (empirical) = experience, evotKt60T-llKa). EvoaKaa(traa enikiazete = "to let" (cv
practice. 'E~ntapoc;, · rt, -o embiros = experienced, + o(Ko~ (ecology) = house)
skilled. E~nt:tptK6c;, -.;, -6 embirik6s = 1. empirical, =
t:voxAw enoxl6 1. annoy, trouble, disturb (ev6xt..llo-
empiric a). EvoxArtraK6c;, -.;, -6 enoxlitik6s = annoying,
&~naOT&uo~aa embistevome = entrust, trust, confide toublesome
(t~mmelir-llKO) . H &~naOToouvrt embistosini = tvoxoc;, o enoxos = guilty, culpable
confidence, trust. E~naOT&unK6c;, -.;, -6 embisteftik6s tvraort, 11 entasi = 1. strain, 2. intensity, 3.
= confidential intensification. EvraraK6c;, -.;, -6 endatik6s =
&~no~i(w embooizo = prevent, hinder, obstruct intensive, strong. H &VTOTIKrl endatikl = intensive
(t~n615Lo-a) . To t:~n6~ao embMio = obstracle, care unit
hindrance. tvrauea endatea = 1. here, 2. local (in postal
t~n6pao(v), ro emb6rio(n) (emporium) = commerce, address)
trade. E~nopaK6c;, -.;, -6 emborik6s = commercial, tVTI~Oc;, · 1)1 · 0 endimOS = honest (&V + 111-irl
mercantile (a:~nopaK6 Ktvrpo = shaping center). To (Timothy)"' honour)
&1Jn6ptu~a emb6revma = merchandise. 0 t~nopoc; tVTO~O, TO endomo (entomologist) = insect
emboros = merchant, tradesman t:vroc; endos (adv. and prep.) = inside, 2. within.
t~np6c; embr6s (or ~npoc; bras) = forward, ahead, in Evr6c; oAfyou = shortly
front (Expr. ~6~w ~npo~ = start, set in motion, TO t:vrunwort endiposi = 1. impression, 2. sensation.
poA61 n6e1 ~npo~ = the clock is fast), 2. hallo(on EvrunwoaaK6<;, ·1\, -6 endiposiak6s = impressive
telephone) , 3. come in cvw en6 = 1. while, 2. although
 185

&vwvw en6no = unite, join. H tvwo11 enosi = union &~w<pp&VIK6c;, -11, -6 exofrenik6s = 1. maddening,
&~6yw exay o = 1. take or bring out (irr. e~f]yay-a, ea mad, 2. incoceivable
&~ay-w), 2. export(£~+ ayw = lead) &opT~, 11 eorti = festival, holiday
&~6~&.\cpoc; exaiSelfos = cousin. H &~a~tAcpll exa<Selfi &n6yy&A1Ja, TO epangelma = profession, trade, calling
= counin (f) =
tna1voc;, o epenos 1. praise, 2. honourable mention
&~aip&a'l exeresi = 1. exception, 2. exemption, 3. &navaAa1JJl6vw epanalamvano 1. repeat
extraction. E~a•p&TIK6c; , -~ ,-6 exeretik6s (or (enavtAa~a. 9a enavaM~- w), 2. resume (em + av6
&~alp&Toc; , -11, -o exeretos) = exceptional, excellent + Ao~~6.vw = take). H &nav6AI1"''1 epanalipsi == 1.
&~aKoAouBw exakoloo96 = continue (e:~aKOAOU9J10· repetition, 2. resumption. Enav&IMI11Jtvwc;
a), (t~ + aKOAOU9W = follow) epanilimenos (adv.) = repeatedly
&~anaTw exapat6 = cheat, deceive (e~anem,o-a) &navaOTao.,, 11 epanastasi = revolution
&~apTWIJOI exart6me (v.i.) = depend (t~apT1')9·J1KO) . &n6vo~oc;, 11 epanoiSos = return (em + av6. + oi56c;
E~apT6Tal exartate == it depends (exodus) = street)
&~aocpaAil;w exasfalizo = assure, make certain of &navw epano = see anavw
(e:~ao<paAlO·a) , (&~ + ao<paAt~w = secure) &nopxio, 11 eparxia = 1. the provinces, 2.
&~acpavf~w exafanizo = make sidappear, (e~acpavlO· administrative region of Greece
a), 2. wipe out, eliminate. E~acpavf~OIJOI exafanizome tnauA11, 11 epavli = villa
= disappear (e:~acpav(OT-J1Ka) =
&naq>~\ , 11 epafi 1. touch, 2. contact
t~acpva exafna (adv.) = suddenly =
&n&fyov, TO epiy on urgent. Ent1y6VTwc; epiy6ndos
=
&~tA•~'l. 11 exelixi evolution, development = urgently
&~&Mnvi~w exelinizo = 1. hellenize, 2. transtorm or &n&l~~ epiiSi (conj) = because, since
translate into Greek • &n&IOOl510, TO episMio = 1. episode, 2. incedent, 3.
&~&Ta~w exetazo = examine, interrogate (e~ttao-a). scene, row
=
H &~tToon exetasi examination, interrogation tn&ITO epita (adv.) = 1. then, next, 2. after
&~rww exiy6 = explain, interpret (E~TJYJ10·a) cntre•oc;, 11 epetios =anniversary (en(+ ttoc; = year)
&~~C: exis (adv.) = we; &~~C: = as follows, &IC: TO &~~C: &nllp&6~w epireazo = 1. influence, 2. have (bad)
= from now on, Ta &~~C: = the following effect on (&nJ1peao-a)
t~o~oc;, 11 exoiSos (exodus) = 1. exit, way out, 2. &nf epi (prep.) = 1. towards, for (duration) (en( Mo
going out (&~ + oM<; = street) t'fll = for two years) , 2. on (with gen.), (en( tou
&~opKi~w exorkizo = 1. exorcise, (&~6pKto-a), 2. 9ej.iatoc; = on the subject), in the time of (en(
conjure i51']1JOKpo1'1oc; = in the time of democracy), 3. on the
&~ouofa, f1 exousla = power, authority occasion of (with dative) (tn( 1'11 &UKolp&(a = on the
&~ocpAw exofl6 = pay off (t~6cp>.J1o-a) occasion of)
&~ox~ . 11 exoxi = 1. cou ntry (side), 2. rural spot or cmp6Mw epivalo = inpose, inflict, dictate (tnt~aA-a,
resort. To &~OXIK6 exoxik6 = a house in the country =
Sa em~6A-W) (en( + 136Mw (ballistics) throw)
side (e~w + txw = have) &niy&loc;, -a, -o epiyios = earthly (en( + Yll
t~oxoc;, -11, -o exoxos = eminent, excellent. H (geography) = earth)
&~OXOTflTO exox6tita (or &~OXOT'lC: exox6tis) = &niypa~IJO epiyrama = epigram (en ( + yp6~1.Jo =
excellence. H auTou &~OX6T'1C: = his excellence letter)
t~unvoc;, •.,, -o exipnos = intelligent, smart (£!; + &mypacp~ epiyrafi (epigraphy) = 1. inscription , 2.
unvoc; (hypnosis) = sleep) . H &~unva~a exipna15a = shop-sign, 3. heading, title (of book) (enl + ypacpn =
cleverness writting)
t~w exo (exotic)= out, outside. an' t!;w = 1. from tnf~£1~'1. 11 epiiSixi = 1. display, 2. showing off
outside, 2. by heart. M(o Kl' e~w = in one go tnl6pao11, 11 epi6rasi = 1. effect, 2. influence (enl +
&~CtJT&piK6c;, -~. -6 exoterik6s = 1. exterior, 2. 6p601'] (drastic) = action, activity)
external, 3. foreign. To &~CtJT&piK6 = 1. abroad, 2. &nfB&OI'J, 11 epi9esi = attack (em + eto11 (thesis) :;;;;
foreign countries position). Em9&TIK6c;, -11. -6 epi9etik6s = aggressive,
&~CtJTIK6c;, -~. -6 exotik6s = exotic offensive
186
t n feao, To epieeto = 1. epithet, 2. surname
tm8twp'lO'l, 'l epi9e6risi = 1. inspection, 2. review
(&n( + eewpw (theory} = consider}
cm eu~w epi9im6 = desire, wish for (emeu~no-a} .
(Expr. oac: emeu~noa = 1 missed you). H cmeu~ ia
epi9imia = desire
tniKalpo~. -11, -o eptkeros = 1. timely, 2. well-placed
(&n( + Katp6c: = time}
tmKfv~uvo~, -11, -o epikln~inos = dangerous (en! +
K(V~UVOC: = danger}
t m KOIVWvia, 11 epikinonia = 1. communication,
contact (&ni + KOlvwv(a =society, community}
tniKpaTw eptkrat6 = prevail, predominate
(&mKp6tr)o-a}, (&n( + Kpmw (democrat) = hold}
cn(Aoyo~, o epiloyos = 1. epilogue, 2. conclusion
(&n( + Myoc: =speech}
&m~ tvw epimeno ;;; insist, persist (&ne~&lV-a, ea
&m~dv-w) , (En( + ~tvw = stay}. H tmpov~ epimoni
= insistence, persistence
t mnAo, TO epiplo = piece of furniture. To t mnAa
epipla = furniture
tmn6Aa1o~, -a, -o eptp61eos = superficial
tmppo~, 'l epiroi = influence
t n fo'lc; episis (adv.) = likewise, too, also
tnfoK&q,'l, 'l episkepsi = visit
tmOT~J.I'l, 11 epistimi = science. EmOT'l~OVIK6~, -~ . -6
epistimonik6s = scientific
t moroAr\, 11 epistoli (epistle) = letter
cmorpt cpw epistrefo = 1. come back (&ntOTp&ljJ-a,
ea EnlOTpeljJ-W), 2. give back (&n( + OTptcpw = turn).
H tmorpocpr\ epistrofi = return (&n ( + OTpocpfl
(apostrophe) = turning)
tn rray~, 'l epitayl = 1. cheque, 2. order
=
tmTtAouc; epiteloos at last (&n( + Tt;>..oc: = end)
tniT'l6tc; epiti~es (adv.) = on purpose
tmrpt nw epitrepo = permit (EntTpEijJ-a, ea
EmTpeljJ-w} (&mTptnETE; do you permit? may 1?).
EmTpt n &TOI epitrepete = is allowed
t mrpon!l, 11 epitrop = 1. committee, 2. commission
t mruxia, 11 epitixla = success (Eni + TU)(Tl =
luck} . Emrux~c;. -~c;. -t c; epttixis = successful
=
tmcp6vtla, 'l epifania (epiphany) surface
cmxtfprn•a, TO epixlrima =argument
tntXdP'lO'l, 'l epixirisi = 1. enterprise, 2. operation (mil.)
tn6~tvoc;, -11. -o ep6menos = next, following. T11v
cnopt v11 epomlmi = on the next day. Eno~ tvwc;
epomenos (adv.) = consequently
t noc;, TO epos = eptC poem
tnoxr\, 11 epoxr = 1. epoch, era, age, 2. season, time
(expr. Acpflvw &noxn = leave one's mark, cause a stir)
tnwVUIJO, TO ep6nimo = surname (En( + 6vo~a
(anonymous) = name
t pyo(v}, TO eryo(n) (erg unit of work, energy) = 1.
piece of work, thing done, 2. book, play, film. To
t pya erya = operations (l>1']~60la epya = public
works) . Epy6~opa1 eryazome = 1. work (EpyaOT-
llKa), 2. function. H t pyaoia eryasfa = 1. work,
employment. 0 &pyOT'l<; eryatis = worker, workman,
labourer. To cpyaA&io eryalio = lool, Implement.
EpyaTIK6c;, -~ . -6 eryattk6s = 1. industrious, 2. of or
for workers (11 &pyOTIKfl TO~ll = working class). To
cpyoor601o eryostasio = factory. To tpyaor~p10
eryastfrio = 1. workshop, 2. laboratory
tpt8i~w ereelzo = irritate, excite (Ep£9lo-a)
t p&uva, 'l erevna = research, investigation
tpi1J.IO<;, ., erlmos = 1. deserted, desolate, lonely
&PIJ'lVtuw erminevo = interpret, expound (EP~nv&uo-a) .
H &PIJ11Vtla erminia = interpretation, expounding
cpuep6c;, -r\, -6 eri9r6s = red (Epu9p6c: l:Taup6<; =
red cross)
=
t pxoiJOI erxome (irr.) come (flp9a, ea &pew) (expr.
=
Mou t pxETal va ... I feel a desire to ... )
t pwc;, 0 eras = love, passion. EpWTIK6c;, -~. -6
erotik6s = erotic. EpwT&UOIJOI erotevome = fall in
love with (&pWT&U9-llKO)
(&)pcarrciJ (e}rot6 = 1. ask, question ((E)p<.lrrno-a), 2. ask a
question, 3. inquire. H ~ er6tisi = question, inquiry
&OTIOT6plo(v), ro estiat6rio(n} = restaurant
tmw esto =SO be it. 'Eorw KOI = even
t aw eso (adv.} = inside within. Eowrtpu~6c;, -r\, -6
esoterik6s (esoteric} = 1. interior, Internal, 2. intrinsic,
3. domestic (not foreign)
tra1ptfa , 'l eterla =company, firm, society
t rtpo- etero- = denotes other, different
&Ttpoytv~c;, -~c;. -t~ eterogenis = heterogeneous
&Tolpa~w etimazo = prepare (ETo!~ao-a) .
ETOIIJO~OIJOI etimazome = get ready (ETOl~OOT-I1KO) .
' ETolpoc;, ·IJ, -o etimos (etymology} = ready. H
&TOIIJOAoyfa ettmologia = etymology, (tTOl~o +
Myoc: = speech}
tro~. TO etos = year. ET~OIO<; , -a, -o etlsios = 1.
annual, 2. lasting one year
=
tro1 etsi (adv.) so (tl'Ol et;>..w = so I want), this, like
this (CTO\ TO 9£;>,.w = I want it like this) . 'ETO'l KOl £Ten
=so and so. 'ETOl Kt' aAAl~ = in any case, one way
or the other)

&U· ev- or et- = denotes well, pleasant, abundant,
happiness
&UOI09110fa, ., eveseisla (anaesthesia)
sensitiveness. EualoBI"'TOc;, ·1"1, -o eves9itos =
sensitive
a:uytvt1a, 11 evyenia = 1. politeness, courtesy, 2.
nobility. Euy&VIK6c;, ·r\, -6 evyenik6s (eugenic) or
wvtvr\c;, -tlc;. -tc; evyenls = 1. polite, courteous, 2. noble
tuliaiJ.IOvfa, 11 ev6emonla = 1. eudemonism, 2.
felicity, 3. prosperity
=
&utpytr.,c;, o everyetis benefactor
&u9u1Joc;, • .,, -o ef9imos = merry, gay
tu9uv.,, 11 eteini = responsibility
tueuc; eteis (adv.) = immediately
tupfoKw evrisko (see f3pfoKw) = find (&up.,Ka evrika
= eurica)
tupuc;, -tfa, -u evris = wide, broad, extended
Eupwn11, 11 evr6pi = Europe. Eupwnai"K6c;, -r\, -6
evropaik6s = European
&uruxfa, 11 eftixia = 1. happiness, 2. good furtune (Eu
+ iU)(I1 = fortune). Euruxr\c;, -r\c;, -tc; ettixis = 1.
happy, 2. fortunate, 3. lucky. (EUiuxtc; ;o vto tioc; = (1\TW zito = long live, hurrah for (~rlTW is the Anc.
happy New Year}
tucpopfa, 11 eforia = 1. euphoria, 2. fruitfluness
tucpur\c;, -r\c;, -tc; efiis = 1. intelligent, 2. witty. H
tucpufa efiia = intelligence
tuxaptorw etxarist6 ( Eucharist} = 1. thank
(EUXQP(OiT)o-a), 2. please gratify. EuxapiOTitJJOI
efxaristieme = be pleased, enjoy oneself (£U)(apton'J9·
nKa}. Eux6peoroc;, •.,, -o etxaristos = pleasant.
Euxapiarwc; efxaristos (adv.) = with pleasure. H
wxapi<mJOJ1 etxaristisi = pleasure, satisfaction
cuxr\, 11 efxi = 1. wish, prayer, 2. blessing
tcpapJ.IOYr\. 11 efarmoyl = 1. fit, fitting, 2.
application,carrying out. Ecpap1J6(w efarm6zo = fit,
apply, put into effect (tq>ap ~oo-a)
(a:)cptroc; (e}fetos (adv.) = this year. (E)cp&Ttev6c;, ·r\,
=
-6 (e)fetin6s this year's
=
tcptupcuo.,, 11 efevresi invention
tq>'lJ.I&pflia, 11 efimeri6a (ephemeraO = newspaper
=
tcponAeorr\c;, o efoplistis ship-owner
tcpopda, 11 or ccpopfa eforla = 1. tax-office, 2. board
of governors
(t)xatc;, To (e}xees (adv.) = yesterday
txep6c;, o exer6s = enemy. Ex9p1K6c;, ·r\, -6
ex9nk6s = 1. hostile, 2. of the enemy
txw exo = have (Ei)(O, ea txw} (Expr. 1\ £xt;lc;; what is the
matter with yoU? n6oo t)(£l Clllt6; hem much does this cost?)
187
twc; eos (prep.) = until, up to, as far as, (time and place}
=
Z, {
~axap., , 11 zaxari = sugar. To ~axaponAaordo(v)
zaxaroplastio(n) = confectioner's
~tOT.,, '1 zesti = heat (Expr. KOV£1 ~EOTil = it is hot}.
Z&orafvw zesteno = heat, warm, (~eOTav-a) .
Z&orafvo~Ja• zestenome = feel or g et hot (~tOT69-
=
11KO). Ztor6c;, · r\, -6 zest6s hot, w arm
(tuy6pe,. To zevyari (Anc + K (cuyoc; zevyos} = pair,
couple
(r\A&ea, 11 zilia (jealous) = jealousy. ZI'JAtuw zilevo =
1. be jealous of (~r'JM:ljJ·a) , 2. envie
=
(r\Aoc;, o zilos zeal
('liJia, 11 zimya = damage, loss
(r\TiliJO, TO zltima = matter, problem, question, issue
(Exp r. Efvm ~rli1"J ~O £6v .. = it is doubtful whether .. )
('lTW zit6 = demand (~rli1"JO-a} , 2. ask for, seek, look
=
for. H (r\TilOil zltisi demand (for commodity)
imperative of the verb ~w = live)
(ouyKAa, 11 zo6ngla = jungle
(OUJ.If, TO zoomi = 1. broth, 2. juice
(uyf(w ziylzo = 1.weigh (~uyto·a), 2. balance
(uy6c;, ·r\, -6 ziy6s = even (Expr. ~ova ~uya = odd or
even)
(w zo = 1. live (e·~J1 0·a), 2. live through, experience
(wypacpf(w zoyrafizo = paint, draw (~wyp6q>no·a), (~wn
"" life + yp6<pW (graph) • write}. H (wypacpiKr\ zoyrafiki
= painting (art of). 0 (wyp6cpoc; zoyrflfos = painter
(wr\, '1 zol (azote} = 1. life, 2. livelihood, 3. vitality.
Zwvrav6c;, ·r\, -6 zondan6s= 1. living, alive, 2. vivid.
ZWTIK6c,, ·r\, -6 zotik6s = vital. Zw11p6c;, -r\, -6 zoir6s
= 1. energetic, lively, 2. bright (of colour).
(wv.,, '1 z6ni = 1. zone, 2. belt, girdle
(wo, TO z6o (zoology) = animal. ZwoAoyeK6c;, ·r\, ·6
zooloyik6s = zoological {~wohoytK6<; Kr'Jno~ = zoo).
0 ~w6cpeAoc; zo6filos = fond of animals (~c.i>o + q>fAo~
(bibliophile} = friend)
H, 17
llY&J.16vac;, o iyem6nas (Anc + K llV&J.IWV iyem6n) =
sovereign, prince. H 'lYCJ.IOVfa iyemonia (hegemony}
= sovereignty
188
llvtrnc;, o ryetis =leader (from &:yw (demagogue)= lead)
~611 i6i (adv.) = already
I191KI'I, 11 i9ikl = 1. ethics, morals, 2. morality. H91K6c;,
-~ . -6 i9ik6s = 1. ethical, moral, 2. virtuous. 'Heoc;, TO
i9os "" 1. behavioural qualities, 2. character, nature,
3. air, manner. To r\911 = habits, manners (Ta fl9ll Kat
TO t9qJa ev6c; kaou = the habits and the customs of
a people). H8ono16c;, o (or 11) i8opi6s = actor,
actress (1'19oc; + n 01w = make)
=
11Aa::KTp1ap6c;, o ilektrism6s electricity. HAt:KTPIK6c;,
=
·r\, -6 electric. To I1A&KTPIK6 ilektrik6 = electricity
supply. 0 11Aa::KTpoA6yoc; ilektrol6yos = electrician
11Aa::KTpoV1K6c;, -~. -6 ilektronik6s = electronic
11Aie•oc;, o ili8ios = 1. idiotic, 2. an idiot
11AIKia, 11 llikia = age {length of life)
f1A•oc;, o llios (helium) = sun. HAiaK6c;, ·r\, -6 = solar.
H I'JAio9a::pana::ia ilio9erapia = sunbathing ((Jk1oc; +
=
8epan£Ca therapy)
(11)J.Itpa, 11 imera (ephemeral) = day. HIJ&p!la•oc;, -a,
-o imerisios = daily. To 11fJt:poA6ylo imerol6yio = 1.
calendar, almanac, 2. diary
11J.1t:poJ.111Via, 11 imerominla = date (lli.JEpa + 1.1r1vac;
=
(menopause) month)
f1ptpoc;, -11, -o imeros = 1. tame, gentile, peaceable,
2. domisticated
=
111.1•· imi- denotes half
l1fJ1Kpavfa, 11 imikrania = migraine (lli.JL+ KPQvio = skuiQ
11fJiacpafplo, TO imisferio = hemisphere
111J•xp6v•o(v), TO imixr6nio(n) = half time (in games)
(111-lf + )(P6voc; (chronology) = time)
=
'Hnt•poc;, 11 lpiros 1. mainland, 2. continent
flpqJia, 11 iremia = calm, quiet. 'Hpqx>c;, -rJ, -o lremos =
calm, quiet. ' Hpa::(Ja (adv.) lrema = calmly, quitly
f1pwac;, o iroas (Anc. + K rlPWC: iros) = hero.
Hpw1K6c;, -~. -6 iroik6s = heroic
11auxa~w isixazo = 1. make or g row calm or quiet
(llouxao-a), 2. rest, sleep, 3. be reassured. 'Hauxoc;,
·11. -o isixos = quiet, peaceful, free from worry (1.1e:fve:
fJouxoc: = do not worry). H I"JJllxJO is(Xia = state of
quietness and calm. (HOU)((a napaKaAci> = quiet please)
l'lxoc;, o ixos = sound. H 11XW 1x6 = echo. Hx11p6c;, -
~ . -6 ixir6s= loud, resonant
e, e
ea ea = particle introducing the future and the
conditional form of verbs
eaAOIJI1Y6C:, 11 9alamiy6s = yacht
=
96Aa(Joc;, o 9alamos room, chamber, ward
eaAaaaa, 11 8alasa (thalassocrat) = sea
eavaToc;, 0 9anatos (thanatophobia) = death.
0av60IIJOC:, -11, -o 9anasimos (euthanasia) = deadly
9appoc;, TO 9aros = 1. courage, boldness, 2. liberty
(na(pvw TO 86ppoc; = I take the liberty)
eauiJa, To eavma = miracle, marvel, wonder.
0aupa~w eavmazo = admire, wander at (80u1JOO-a).
0 eaupaap6c; eavmasm6s = admiration.
00UJ.ICOIOC:, -a, -o 9avmasios = wonderful!,
marvellous.
eta, 11 eea (theology) = goddess (the feminine of
ee:6c; = god}
eta, 11 Sea (theater) = view, sight. To et apa 9eama
= spectacle, show. 0 ea::aT~c; 9eatis = spectator. To
etaTpo 9eatro = theatre. <;)~QTI)!!<6c;, ·r\, -6 8eatrik6s
= theatrical
=
9tloc;, o Bios = uncle. H ea::ra eta aunt
etAw 9elo = want, require, need (8£X11o-a). H
etA'la'l 9e lisi = 1. will, volition, 2. will-power
etpa, TO 8ema = 1. theme, subject, topic (To 8£1-10
e:fva1 = the thing is)
ea::6- 9e6- = in combined word denotes of God
0t6c;, o 9e6s (theology, apotheosis) = god. 0t'i K6c;,
-r\, -6 9eik6s = divine. 0a::oAoyiK6c;, -1'1, -6 eeologik6s
= theological
0£0fJ!lTwp, 11 eeomltor = Mother o f God (9e:o +
=
llllTWP mother)
0&oT6Koc;, 11 eeot6kos = bearer of God (8e:o +
=
T6KOC: birth)
9a::panda, 11 eerapla = therapy, cure, treatment,
remedy
etpp6c;, -r\, -6 9erm6s (thermometer) = 1. hot, warm,
2. warm, ardent. H etpfJOKpaafa 9ermokrasia =
temperature. H 9tppaval') 9ermansi = heating. 0
etp(Joar6T'l«; 9ermostatis = thermostat. To
etpp6fJ£TPO 8erm6metro = thermometer
=
eta'l, 11 eesi (thesis) 1. position, place, situation,
(6ev e:(vm oe 9£011 va... = he is not in a position to... ),
2. post, employement (tX£1 Kak(J 8£011 = he has a
good post), 3. seat (oou Kpm6w 8£011 = I keep a
seat for you) , 4. room (available space) (EX£18£011 KOI
y1a otva = there Is room for you too), 5. class (of
travel) (np<iml 9£011 napaKakw = first class please),
6. thesis
9t Tw 9eto (epithet) = 1. put, set (t-9e:o-a), 2. impose
submit. 0£TIK6c;, ·r\, -6 9etik6s = positive
 189

9&Wptfo, TO 9eorio = 1. gallery (press etc), 2. theatre J61aiTcpoc;, -1'), -o i61eteros = special, particular. 0
box 161ainpoc;, 11 161a1Ttpa = private secretary.
9&wpw 9eor6 = 1. consider, regard (9&<i.>pT)o-a), 2. l61a1T£pwc; i6ieteros (adv.) = 1. especially, 2.
submit for visa. H 9cwpda 9eoria = theory. privately
0&Wp'lnK6c;, -~. -6 9eoritik6s = theoretical. To f6ro i6io = prefix denoting one's own, self
9&WP'li.ID 9e6rima = theorem •lS•oKTf\TI"Jc;, -Tpla, ibioktit-is, -tria (f.) = 1. owner,
9~K'l, '1 9iki (thecal)= box, case, receptacle proprietor
9r\Au, TO 9ili = female. 011AuK6c;, -r\, -6 9ilik6s = 1. f6roc;, -a, -o 16ios = 1. one self, (&yw o f61o<; = I
feminine, 2. female myself), 2. same (f6to<; f..l& ... = the same as...)
811pfo, TO 9irio (panther) = wild beast. 01')plw6'1<;, - 161oouyKpaoia, 11 i6iosinkrasia = idiosyncrasy,
r\c;, -cc; 9iriMis = ferocious temperament
=
9'1oaup6c;, o 9isavr6s (thesaurus) treasure 1616T'1TO, '1 i6i6tita = 1. property, quality, peculiarity,
elaooc;, o 9iasos = theatrical company 2. capacity (function)
96puJ3oc;, o 96rivos = 1. noise, row, 2. sensation, llSfwJ.Ia, TO i<Sioma = idiom
fuss rl5fwc; i<Sios (adv.) = particularly, above all
eptcpw erefo (or Tptcpw trefo) (trophic) = nourish (t- Jl5JWTI')c;, o i6r6tis (idiot) = private citizen. ll5JWTIK6c;, -
9pt4J-a). H Tpocp~ trophi (atrophy) = food, =
r\, -6 i6iotik6s = private (l6lWTlK6 O)(Oll.tro private
nourishment. 0pcmJK6c;, - ~. -6 9reptik6s = school)
nourishing =
il5puJ.Ia, TO I<Srima institution, foundation
ep'loKda, '1 9riskia = religion rl5pwvw i6r6no = sweat (f6pwo-a). 0 16pwrac; i6r6tas
9piaJ.IJ3oc;, o 9riamvos = triumph. 0ploJ.IJ3&uw = sweat
=
9riamvevo triumph (9pt61JI3&uo-a) 1cp6c;, -r\, -6 ier6s (hieroglyphics) = holy, sacred. 0
9p6voc;, o 9r6nos = throne L&ptac; iereas (Anc. 1cpcuc; ierefs) = priest
euyaTtpa, '1 9iyatera = daughter l&poyAucplt<6, ra 1eroylifika = hieroglyphics
9UJ.1o, TO 91ma = victim 18aycvqc;, o i9ayenls = native. H •9aytv&lo i9ayenia
9UJ.If~w 9imizo = remind {SUIJLO-a) = nationality (by birth)
9UJ.161Jar 9imame (or 9u1JOUIJal 9imo6me) = JKov6c;, -r\, -6 ikan6s = 1. capable, competent , 2.
remember, recall (9u1Jfl9·T)Ka) sufficient, a fair amount of .. H 1Kov6T'1To ikan6tita =
9u1Jwvw 9im6no = make or get angry (9u1JWO·a). 0 competence, capability
9UJ.16c; 9im6s = anger 1Kavono1w ikanopi6 = satisfy, please (lKavonofT)o-a)
eupa, '1 9ira = door. 0 9upwp6c; 9iror6s = door (lKOV6<; + nOIW = make). H IKOVOnOf'lO'l ikanopiisi
keeper, hall-porter = satisfaction
euoia, '1 9isia = sacrifice fva ina (Anc.) = in order to (the ancient form of v•a va)
9wpaKac;, o 96rakas (Anc + K 9wpa~ thorax) = 1. lnnoc;, o ipos (Anc.) {hippopotamus) = horse. To
thorax, 2. breast-plate mmK6 ipik6 = cavalry. To mnol5p6J.IIO, ipo6r6mio =
hippodrome {fnnoc; + <Sp61JO<: = street). 01
mno6po1Ji&c; ipo<Sromies = horse race. 0
I, I mnon6To1Joc;, ipop6tamos = hippopotamus (fnnoc;
=
+ noTOIJ6<: river) . 0 mn6T'lc; ip6tis knight=
=
lavou6proc;, o ianooarros January 100- iso = prefix denoting equality, level, having the
laTp&io, TO iatrio = consulting room, surgery, same number of parts
doctor's office 106~•oc;, -a, -o isaxios = equal in worth or ability (lOO
IOTp6c;, o iatr6s (pediatrlcs) or y1aTp6c; yatr6s = + 6~10<; (axiom) = worthy)
doctor. H IOTPIKr\, iatriki = science of medicine. •o6p19J.Ioc;, ·'1, -o isarithmos = equal in number (foo<;
=
laTplt<6c;, -r\, -6 iatrik6s medical + apL91..16<; (arithmetic) = number)
=
16av1K6c;, -r\, -6 i6anik6s ideal I09J.16c;, o is9m6s = isthmus
=
16ta, '1 iMa idea io•oc;, -a, -o isios = 1. straight, 2. upright, 3. level, 4,
16fa 16ia (adv. K) = particularly, above all equal (to)
190

fooc;, -I"J, -o isos (Isotope) = 1. equal (to), 2. the same =

Ka81opa, To ka9isma 1. seat, 2. manner of sitting
(as). E~ ioou exisoo = equally. H IOOTI"JTa is6tita = te69o6oc;, 'I ka9o6os = 1. descent, 2. cathode
equality K090AIKOC:, -1\, -6 ka9olik6s = 1. universal, general,
Joootet:A~c;, -~c;. -tc; isoskelis = 1. balanced, 2. =
2. catholic (K69e + oAIKO<; total)
Isosceles (geom.) K096Aou ka961oo (adv.) = (not) at all
lanavoc;, o lspan6s = Spaniard (male). H lanavi6a te68opa1 kaeome = 1. sit (down), be seated, 2.
lspani6a = Spaniard (female) spend time (K68eoa1 KOl M:c:; = spend your time
1aropia, 11 istoria = history. laropJK6c;, -~. -o saying), 3. be without work (Twpa K6eOJ.lOl = now I
istorik6s = historical, historic. 0 laTOpiKO<; = am not working)
historian Ka9ptnTrJc:, o ka9reptis (or Ka9ptcpTrJc; ka9rettis) =
=
•axup6c;, -1\, -6 isxir6s 1. strong, 2. intense, 3. loud mirror
fowc; isos (adv.) = perhaps, maybe tea9uart:pw ka9ister6 = 1. delay, withhold, 2. be
lraAoc;, o italos = Italian (male). H ITaAf6a itali6a behind or late (Ka9uartpno-a). H Ka9uartprJO'r'J
Italian (female) ka9isterisi = delay, retardation
•xeuc;, o i)(9is (Anc.) = fish. To •xeuonwAdo(v), Ka9wc; ka96s (adv.) =as, such as, Ka9wc; nptn£1 =
iXSiopolio(n) = fishmonger's proper, respectable
fxvoc;, To rxnos Qchnography) = 1. trace, 2. footprint, KOI ke (K' before vowels) = 1. and, 2. also, too (K' eou
track = you too?). Km .... KOl = both ... and ...
KaJvoupy•oc;, -a, -o keno6ryos (K. Kmvoupy~c:;
kenooryis) = new (Anc. Ko1v6c:;, ·n. -6v ken6s = new).
K, K =
KmVI'lllloSI'JKil New Testament
KOipOc;, o ker6s = 1. time, 2. period, 3. wheather
Kauy6c;, o kavyas = 1. quarrel, 2. row KOfTOI keti = although
Karwtvoc;, ·r'J, -o kaimenos = poor, unfortunate (lit. Kafw keo (irr.) = 1. burn, (t-Ka!IJ-a) 2. be hot.
burnt) Kaf(y)OIJOI ke(y)ome = 1. be on fire (K611K·O, Sa KO·
tea9apt:uouoa, 'I kaearevoosa = purified (or w), 2. get burned
purifying) language KOKo- kako- = prefix denoting bad, difficult
Ka9ap6c;, -1\, -6 ka9ar6s = 1. clean, c lear, 2. pure (caco phony)
unmixed, net (Ka9ap6 J.lUaA6 = lucid mind). KaKOKOipfa, 'I kakokeria = bad weather (KaK6<; +
Ka9apf~w ka9arizo (catharsis) = 1. clean, clear, 2. Ko1p6<; = weather)
clean out, polish off, 3. peel. H Ka9apiOTr'JTO KOKOIJOipoc;, -11, -o kak6miros = umfortunate, poor
ka9ari6tita = cleanliness, cleanness. H tea8apfarp1a (commiserative) (KaKo + J.lO{pa = fortune)
ka9aristria = charwoman. H K69apai"J kaearsi = KaKono•w kakopi6 = ill-treat (KaKono1no-a), (KoKo +
purification, catharsis no1w = make). 0 KaKono•oc: kakopi6s = a malefactor
K69t: kaee = every, each, K09£ 6Mo = every other, KOK6c;, -r\ (or -16), -6 kak6s (cacophony) = bad, evil,
far from it ill-natured. KaKwc; kak6s (adv.) = badly, wrongly
Ka9tvac; ka9Emas (Anc. Ka9£fc;, ka9is) Ka9t:pfa KOKoupyoc;, o kako6ryos = 1. criminal, 2. cruel
kaeemia, Ka9tva ka9ena = every one, each one, person (KaK6 + tpyo = deed)
anyone KaA69J, TO kala9i (Anc. K6Aa9oc; kala9os) = basket.
Ka9rJYr'JT·r\c;, -p1a, o ka9iyitis, -ria = professor, KOAt:optvoc;, -11, -o kalesmenos = 1. invited, 2. a
teacher guest (see KaAw)
Ka9r\KOV, TO ka9ikon = duty. Ta K09r\KOVTO KaAo- kalo- = prefix denoting good, well (calligraphy)
ka9ikonta = functions KOAI"Jptpa, 'I kalimera = good-morning (KaA.I'J +
Ka9rJp£plv6c;, -1\, -6 ka9imerin6s =daily, every day JJtpa (ephemeral) = day)
(K6et + nJJtpa (ephemeral) =day). H K091"Jpt:plvr\ KOAI"JVU)(Ta, 11 kalinixta = good-night (KaA.I'J + vuxra
=
ka9imerini working day = night)
K091"Jauxa~w ka9isixazo = 1. calm, (Ka9nouxao-a) 2. KOAI"Jantpo, 11 kahspera = good-afternoon, good
become calm or quiet, 3. reassure evening (KaA.ft + eontpa = evening)

KOMitpy&la, 11 kalieryia = 1. cultivation, 2. culture
=
{KC1A6 + tpyo work)
KOMITtXVf'J«;, 0 kalitexnis = artist {KaAO + -rt)(VIl
(technology) = art). 0 KOMIT&XVIKOC:, -~ , -6
kalitexnik6s = 1. artistic, 2. of art or of fantasy
KaMov~, 11 kaloni = beauty
KaMUVTIK6, Ta kalindik~ = cosmetics
KaA6ycpoc;, o kal6yeros = monk (KC1A6 + ytpo~ =
old man). H KaA6yp1a kal6yria = nun {KC1A6 + yp16 =
old woman)
KaAoKafp•, To kalokM = summer (KC1A6 + Kalp6~ =
time, weather)
KaAontpaof'J, 11 kaloperasi = well-being, comfort
KaAopuptp, To kalorifer = 1. central heating, 2.
radiator
KaA6c;, -~. -6 kal6s (calligraphy) = good, fine. KaAtc:
Ttxvcc; = fine arts. (Expr. -ro KaA6 = so long, y1a t o
KC1A6 oou = for your own good (benefit). Ka.\6 {adv.)
= 1. well, all right (tf~al KaA6 = I am all right), 2.
properly (~!Aa KaA6 = speak properly). KaAwc; (Anc.
adv.) = well, all right. (tXtl KO)..<ix; = good, agreed,
KaAW<; op(oa-rt = welcome). H KaAoouvf'J kalosini =
goodness, kindness
K6AToa, 11 k~ltsa = sock, stocking
KaAumw kalipto = cover, conceal. To KaAuJ.Ia kalima
= 1. cover, covering, 2. headgear
KaAur&poc;, • .,, -o kaliteros = better. KaAun:pa
kalltera (adv.) = better
KaAw kal6 = 1. call , name (KCW:o-a), 2. summon,
invite
KOJ.Iapa, 11 kamara = room. H KOJ.Iap•tpa kamariera
= chamber-maid
KOIJ~Aa, 11 kamila = camel
KCIJ(JJ)•6 kamia =see Kavtva~
K61Jvw kamno = see K6vw
KalmapVTfva, 11 kambardina = cabardine
KOIJnfva, 11 kambina = cabin
K61Jnoc:, o kambos = 1. plain, open country
K61Jnoooc;, • .,, -o kambosos (pron.) = some, a fair
number (of)
Kav kan = at least. OuT& Kav = not even
Kavantc;, o kanapes = sofa
Kavtvac; kanenas {Anc. Kav&lc; kanis), KCJ.Ipfa kamia,
Kavtva kanena (pron.) = 1. any, anyone, one, 2. no
one, no body (in a negative phrase). Ka~J~ou6 <pop6 =
sometime, sometimes)
Kav6vac;, o kan6nas (canon) {Anc. Kavwv kan6n) =
rule. Kavovf~w kanonizo = arrange, regulate, settle.
191
0 KavovloJJ6c; kanonism6s = regulation(s),
settlement. Kavov1K6c;, -~ . -6 kanonik6s {canomcal)
= regular, ordinary, usual
K6vw kano = 1. do, make, perform, {t-Ka-va) 2. have
done or made, (K6vw ~n6v1o = have a bath, bathe,
K6vw ~6erwa = have or give lesson, K6vw KaA6 =
cure, K6vw n(ow = move back, K6vt (imp.) uno~ovf)
= have patience). The third person KOV&I, tKav&, ea
KOV&I has many uses: K6Vtl KaA6 Ka1p6 = it Is a nice
weather, tou KOV£1 KaM = it is good for him, KOV£1 va
15w = may I see? llev K6V&I va Kanv(~&l«; = it is not
proper to smoke. t:.&v K6ve• y1a otva = it is not
suitable for you. t:£ ~ou K6V&I = it does not suit me.
To (1510 ~ou KOV£1 = it is all the same to me), 3.
behave, {K6V£1 oav -rptM6~ = he behaves like a
madman, he is madly keen (on}, K6V&I -rov -rpeM6 =
he pretends to be mad), 4. spend or take time {tKavt
Katp6 va ~ac; yp6llJ£1 = he took a long time to write to
us, tKavt XPOVIO oto e~w-rtp1K6 = he has been for
years abroad, K6ve ypf)yopa = make fast, hurry up),
4. produce {tKave 15uo nm1S16 = he had two children,
K6ve1 KaA6 Kpao( =he produces good wine), 5. other
expressions with K6vw: a) Tl K6vete; how are you? f3)
n6oo K6Vtl; how much does it cost?, 6. K6vw nw~ =
pretend (K6V&I n~ 15ev IJO~ ~tpe1 = he pretends that
he does not know us).
KantAo, To kapelo = hat
Kan&T{JVIoc:, o kapetanios = captain (of ship)
Kanvf~w kapnizo = smoke (K6nv1o-a) . To KanviOJ.IC
kapmisma = smoking. 0 Kanv6c; kapn6s
{capnomancy) = smoke,
KanoT& kapote (adv.) = sometimes, some time, once
K6nou kapoo (adv.) = somewhere. K6nou, K6nou =
now and then
K6nwc: kapos {adv.) = somewhat
Kap6JJ•, TO kar~vi = ship
KapayKI6~f'JC: , o karagi6zis = shadow theater (chief
character of)
K6ppouvo, TO karvoono = charcoal, coal
Kapl516, 11 karl5ia {cardiology) = heart
KaptKAa, 11 karekla = chair
KapKfvoc;, o karkinos = cancer
Kapn6c;;, o karp6s = fruit (Anc.) ~I'Jpof Kapnof =
dried fruits and nuts
Kapnou~• . TO karpo6zi = watermelon
K6pra, I'J karta = postcard, greeting-card, visiting-card
Kapcpwvw karf6no = nail (K6pq>wo-a). To Kapcpf karfl
= nail
192
Kapxaprac;, o karxarias shark=
=
K6aravo, ro kastano chestnut
Koro- kata- = prefix denoting down, against, very,
completely
Kon1 kata (prep.) = 1. towards, by, in the direction of,
2. when it denotes time = at about, during (KOT6 TO
IJ&OT]IJ£Pt= at about noon), 3. when it denotes
relation = according to {KOT6 TT) yvWIJ'l IJOU =
according to my opinion, KaT6 TU)(ll = by chance). 4.
w hen it denotes distribution = every, per (KaT' £To<; = (telescope) = aim)
every year, KaT' 6TOIJO = per person), 5. when it
denotes opposition (with gen.) = against (t<OT6 Tou
=
Kp6Tou<; against the state)
KoroJ!aAAw (katavalo) = 1. lay down exhaust
(KOT£f3C1A·a , ea KaTaf36A-w), 2. put down (money)
(KOT6 + I36.Mw (ballistics) =
throw, shoot)
KoTa6f6w kata61<5o (irr.) = betray, give away
(KOT£i5wo-a, ea KaTaC5wo-w), (KOTO + i5(i5w (dose) =
give)
Koral51K6~w katai5ikazo = condemne, sentence
(KOTai5(Kao-a) (KOTO + C51KO~W = judge)
Karaetrw kataeeto = 1. lay (down), 2. deposit, 3.
give evidence (KaTteeo-a, eo KOTaeto-w) (KaT6 +
etrw (epithet) = put). H KOT69&0I'J kataeesi =
deposition, deposit (KaT6 + thesis)
KOTOKpfVW katakrino = blame (KaT-£KpLV-a, ea
KOTaKpfv-w), (KaT6 + Kplvw (critic) = deem)
KOTOKTW katakt6 = conquer, win (KOTtKTT)0-0, ea
KaTaKTf)o-w) (KaT6 + KTW = obtain). H KOTOKTilOI'J
kataktisi = conquest
t<araAopafvw katalaveno (irr.) = understand
(KOTOAOf3-a)
KoraMvw kataliyo = 1. end up (in, as), 2. lead to
(KOT-tA.,t,-a , ea KaTaAr']t,-w) (KOT6 + Mvw =
terminate). H t<oTOAfl~'l katalixi = termination, ending
t<or6AA11Aoc;, •.,, -o katalilos = suitable (KaTa +
6MI1ACX: (parallel) = one another)
t<or6Aoyoc;, o kataloyos = 1. catalogue, list, 2. menu,
3. directory (TT)A&q>wvLK6c; KaT6Aoyoc; = telephone
directory)
t<orov6Awo11, 11 katanalosi = consumption
Korovow katano6 = fully understand (KaTav6no-a )
(KOTa + vow (paranoic) (see word) = perceive. H
t<orav61'JO'l katan6isi = understanding
Korovrw katant6 = 1. end up (in, as, by), 2. be
reduced (to), bring (to), (KoT6VTI'lo-a)
Koronivw katapino (irr.) = swallow (KOT6m-a), (KaT6
+ nfvw = drink)
Kor6nAI'J~I'J , 11 kataplixi = amazement, astonishment
KoranAI'JKTIK6c;, -~ , -6 katapliktik6s = amazing,
wonderful
Korapyw katary6 = abolish, abrogate (KoT6pyr')O-a)
= (KoT6 + apyw = not being working)
KoraoKtua~w kataskevazo = 1. make, manufacture
(KOTOOK&uao-a), 2. construct
KarooK~VWOI'J , 11 kataskinosi = camp
KOTOOKOnoc;, 0 katflskopos = spy (KaTa + OKOn6<;
Kor6arooi'J, 11 katastasi = 1. situation, condition, 2.
status, state of affairs, 3. list, register (KaT6 + OT60T]
=
(stasis) attitude)
KOTOaTI'J~O, ro katastima = shop, office.
establishment
t<OToarptcpw katastreto = destroy, spoil, ruin, (KOT-
tarptltJ·O, ea KoTaOTp£ttJ-W} (KOT6 + OTpeq>w
(apostrophe) = turn). H Koroarpocp~ katastrofi =
catastrophe, destruction, damage
Kororon r~w katatopizo = brief, give guidance to,
direct (KOTOT6mo-a) (KOT6 + T6no<; (topography)
place). Koraroni~o~o• katatoplzome = be briefed,
get one's bearings (KoToToniOT-IlKO)
Koracpt pvw kataferno = manage (KaT6cpep-a), (Kcrr6
+ cpep(v)w (sematophore) = bring)
KOTt136~w katevazo = 1. let or bring or take or carry
dow n (KOTel3ao-a), 2. lower (KaT6 + l36~w (base) =
put)
Kar&J)aivw kateveno (irr.) = come or go or get down,
descent (KaTtl3nK-a)
Kor&u9uvw katefelno = d irect, turn (KoTeueuv-a)
(KoTa + eueeia = straight line). H KOT£U9UVOI'J
kateteinsi = direction, course
KOTI'JVOPW katiyor6 = accuse, charge, criticize
(Karny6pr')O-o). H KOTI'Jyopla katiyoria = 1.
accusation, 2. category
KOT~cpopoc; , o katiforos = 1. downward slope,
declivity
KOTI kfltl (pron.) = something, some, certain
KOTOIKW katik6 = live, dwell (in), inhabit (KOTO(KilO·O
(Kcrro + OIKW (ecology) = dwell). H KOTOIKIO katikia
= residence, habitation. 0 KOTOIKOC: katikos =
resident, Inhabitant
Korom(v) kat6pi (n) = 1. afterwards, 2. behind, 3.
=
KoT6mv an6 after
Karop9wvw katore6no = succeed in, accomplish
(KOT6pewo-a)
Koroxoc;, o katoxos = possessor

K6Tw kato (cathode) (adv.) = 1. down, below,
underneath, 2. on the ground (Expr. enavw KCrrW =
approximately, avw KOTW = upside down, upset,
KOTW TO x&pta = hands off, KOTW 0 n6Aei.IOC: = down
with the war, KOTW TOU IJ'10tv6c; = below zero) .
KaThm:poc;, - 11, -o = lower, inferior. Karwr aroc;, -11, -
o = lowest, minimum
KOUT6<;, -~ , -6 kaft6s = burning, hot. KaUOTIK6<;, ·r\, •
6 kafstik6s = caustic. KaUTI1PI6~w kaftiriazo = 1.
cauterize, 2. reprobate
Kacpt c;, o kafes = coffee. To Kacptvtlo kafenlo =
coffee-house, cafe
t<tv6c;, -r\, -6 ken6s (cenotaph)= empty, vacant. To
t<tv6(v) ken6 (n) = vacuum, gap, empty place
t<tVTpo(v) kentro(n) = 1. centre (TTlh£cpwvtK6 Kevrpo
= telephone exchange), 2. place of entertaiment or
refreshment. KtVTplt<6c;, -~. -6 kentrik6s :;::; central
K&pafa , 11 kerea = antenna
t<tp6o1, TO kerasi = cherry
t<tpauv6c;, o keravn6s = thunderbolt
t<&pl51~w kerolzo = earn, gain, win (Ktpoto-a). To
t<&pl5oc; keroos = gain, profit
Ktpf, TO kerl = wax, candle
K&pvw kern6 = treat (Kepao-a)
t<tcp6Aa1o, ro kefaleo = 1. capital, 2 . fund, 3. chapter.
H K&cpaAmoKpaTfa kefalokratia = capitalism
K&cpaAafo, To kefaleo = capital letter
K&cp6A•, TO kefali (Anc. 11 t<tcpoM kefali) = head. Enf
K&cpaA~c; = in charge
Ktqu, To kefi = good mood, gaiety (Expr. Kavtt TO
Kt <pl tou = he does as he pleases)
KI1Zi&la, 11 kioia = funeral
K~noc;, o kipos = garden
=
K16A1o, To kialia binoculars
=
t<IPWTIO, TO kiv6tio large box (Ktf3c.imo TOXIJT11Twv =
gear box)
=
KIA6, TO kil6 = kilogram. From XfAIO thousand
t<lvl5uvcuw kinoinevo = be in danger, risk, endager
(Ktv6Uvtljl-a or Ktvouvtuo-a) . 0 Kfvl5uvoc; kinoinos
danger, risk. Emt<fvl5uvoc;, • .,, -o epikinoinos
dangerous, risky
K1vt~oc;, o kinezos (f. 11 K1v&~o kineza) = Chinese
K1vt~1KO kinll?ika = Chinese language (Expr. aUTa
&(vat Ktv&~t Ka yta 1.1&va = this is unintelligible to me.
The Greek expression for "it's all Greek to me")
t<IVI')IJOToyp6cpoc;, o kini matoyrafos = cinema
t<IVw kin6 = set in movem ent, move {tdv11cr-a). H
t<fvi')Oil kinisi (kinesitherapy) = 1. movement, motion.
193
2. flow of traffic, 3 . activity (social, business etc).
K1VI1T6c;, -r\, -6 kinitos {kinetic) = movable, mobile
=
(aUToK(VT')TO car, automobile). To t<fVI')Tpo kinitro =
motive
KI6Aoc; ki61as (adv.) = already, as well
t<fTpJVoc;, -11, -o kltrinos = yellow, pale
KAol5f, To klaoi = branch of tree
KAolw kleo (irr.) = 1. weep, 2. lament (t-t<Aaljl-a, ea
KM\ji-W)
t<Aacro1K6c;, -r\, -6 klasik6s = classical
t<Atpw klevo = 1. steal, rob (e-Kll.tljl-a, ea t<Aeljl-w) , 2.
cheat
I<A&Il5f, TO klioi = key
t<A&fvw klino = 1. close, shut (e-t<Attcr-a, ea t<At(cr-w),
2. turn off (t<At(ot TO cpwc; = turn off the light, 3. stop
up, block (t<At(vttc; Tl1 eta = you block the view), 4.
book, be concluded or reached (et<Attoa et011 = I
booked a seat, et<Atto& 11ia ou1Jcpwvia = he reached
an agreement). KA&IOT6c;, -r\, -6 klist6s = closed,
shut
t<AtcpT11<;, o kleftis (f. 11 t<At<pTpa kleftra) = thief. See
t<Atf3w
KAI1POVOj.IW klironom6 = inherit (KA'lPOV61J'lO-a). H
KAI1POV01.116 klironomia = inheritance, heritage. 0
t<A11pov61.1oc; kliron6mos = heir. 0 KAr\poc; kliros =
(clerical) 1. lot, portion, 2. fate, destiny, 3. clergy
t<AfiJO, To klima = climate. 0 KAII.IOTIO'IJ6c;
klimatism6s = air-conditioning
t<Afvl'), 11 klini (clinic) = bed. KAIVIK6c;, -r\, -6 klinikos
= clinical. H t<AIVII<~ kliniki = clinic, nursing house
t<Afvw klino = 1. lean, bend, bow, 2. tend (towards),
3. inflect (gram.). H t<AfcrfJ klisi = 1. bending,
inclination, slope, 2. tendency, 3 . declension (gram).
t<Aonr\, 11 klopi = theft. See KAti3w
t<AwOTr\, 11 klosli = thread
K6pw k6vo = 1. cut (up or out) (t-Koljl-a , ea K61jJ-w),
2. pick (flower), 3. break off (relations), 4. bar (way,
view), 5. take away (appetite), 6. give up (smoking
= etc), 7. turn (direction). (Expr. K6(3w To 1JaAt6 1.10u =
= get my hair cut, K6(3w ttorn'lpto = issue or take ticket,
IJOU K6n'lKOV TO y6VOTO = I felt stunned, TOU K6(3tl l'O
=
Kt<p6At TOU he iS intelligent, OSV TOU KO\jlt = it did
not occur to him) .
Ko1A16, 11 kilia (coeliac) = belly
t<ofAoc;, -11, -o kilos = hollow, concave. H KOIA6TI}TO
=
kil6tita hollowness
t<OIIJ6I.IOI kimame or KOIIJOUIJOI kimo6me (cemetary)
= sleep, go to bed
194
Kotv6c;, -r1, -6 kin6s (cenobite) = 1. common, 2.
ordinary, commonplace. H KOIVrl yvw~11 = public
opinion. H KOIVrl ~t6AtKToc; = common dialect (the
Greek language in the Hellenistic period)
K01voj3ouA1o, TO kinovo61io = parliament,
KotvopouAtUTIK6c;, -11, -6 kinovooleftik6s
parliamentary
KOivono•w kinopi6 = make known, give notice (of)
(KOIVOnOir10·0) (KOIVO + nOIW = make)
KOIV6TI1TO, 11 kin6tita =community. Eupwna"iKrl
=
KOIV6TilTO European community
Ko1vwvia, 11 kinonia = society, social community.
KotvwvtK6c;, -r1, -6 = social, sociable
KOIT6~w kitazo = 1. look at (KoiTa~-a) , 2. examine (1-1£
Koha~t o ytaTp6c; = the doctor examined me), 3.
mind, see that (Ko(Ta~t va nac; = see that you go), 4.
look after (va KOtT6~t tc; TO nm15( = look after the child)
K6KKaAo, TO k6kalo = bone (CIJtlV£ K6KKaAO = he
was thunderstruck)
K6KKIKoc;, -11, -o k6kinos = red
KoAaKtuw kolakevo = flatter (KoMKwo-a). H KoAaKtia
=
kolakla flattery
K6Aao11, 11 k61asi = hell
KOAIK6c;, o kolik6s = colic
KoMw kol6 (collo id)= 1. g lue, stick, attach, fix
(K6M11o-a). 2. catch or give (malady). H K6Mo kola
(collagen)= 1. glue, paste, 2. sheet of paper
KoAooo6c;, o kolos6s = colossus
K6Ano, TO k61po = trick, ruse
K6Anoc;, o k61pos = gulf, bay
KoAu~nw kolimb6 {K KoAu~pw kolimv6) = swim
{KOM ~-tnrw· a) . o KoAupJ3'1T-r1c;, -p•a kolimvit-is, -ria =
swimmer
KO~JlT'lc;, o komitis = comet
KOIJIJO, TO k6ma = 1. political party, 2. comma
Kopp{m, TO komati = 1. piece, bit (tva KOIJIJ6Tt ljJWIJ[
= a piece of bread), 2. a little, a bit {adv.) (K6vt
KOIJIJ6Tl unOIJOVf] = have a little patience) (Expr.
KOIJIJ6Tta va y(v£1 = never mind about it)
KO~IJtvoc;, -11, -o komenos = cut
KOIJIJWTJlPIO, TO komotirio = hairdresser's
K61Jnoc;, o k6mbos = knot
=
Kopn60Ta, 11 komb6sta stewed fruit
K01JijJ6c;, -r1. -6 komps6s = elegant
Kovotppa, 11 konserva = tinned food
=
KOVTo- kondo prefix denoting near, short
=
KoVT6c;, -r1, -6 kond6s short
KOVTtuw kondevo = 1. be almost finished or ready or
completed {K6vn:lJl·O) {KOVT£UW va TtAE:lWO'W = I
have almost finished), 2. draw near, be about {to)
(K6VT£lJl£ va nvty£( = he nearly got drowned).
KoVT1v6c;, -r1, -6 kondin6s = 1. near-by, close, near,
2. direct (route)
= =
KontAo, 11 kopela girl, young woman
K6noc;, o k6pos = 1. toil, laborious effort (llt no!..u K6no
= with much effort), 2. pains, trouble (K6v£ TOV K6no va...
=take the trouble to ... ). H K6nWO'Il k6posi =fatigue
K6p11, 11 k6ri = 1. maiden, girl, 2. daughter, 3. pupil of
eye. To KopfTOI korltsi = girl (diminutive of K6P11). To
Kop1T06KI koritsaki = little girl
Kop~f. TO kormi = body. 0 KOp1J6c; kormos = trunk
Kopo'i~&uw koroiMvo = 1. make fun of, mock
(Kop6t15£lJl-a), 2. fool. To Kop6•~o kor6i15o =
laughing-stock, dupe
Kopulflr1, 11 korifi = top, summit, peak
K0op111JO, TO k6smima {cosmetics) = ornament, jewel
KOO'IJIK6c;, - r1, -6 kosmik6s (cosmopolitan) = 1.
society man or woman or event (KOOIJlKf] K(VTJO"l =
social activity)
K6o1Joc;, o k6smos (cosmonaut) = 1. world, 2.
people {611.oc; o KOOIJO<; = every body).
KoaponoAinKoc;, -11, -o kosmopolitikos = cosmopolitan
KoOTi~w kostizo = 1. cost (K60'Tto-a), 2. (fig.) be a
grievous blow (Tou K60'TtO£ no!..u = it was a blow to
him). To K60Toc; k6stos = cost, cost price
=
KOOToupl, TO kosto6mi man's suit
K6Ta, 11 k6ta (or K6na) = hen, chicken. To
KOT(T)6nouAo kot6poolo = pullet, chicken
Kouj3aAw kooval6 =carry, bring (Koui36Ailo-a)
Kouj3tVTa, 11 kooventa = talk, conversation.
Kouj3tVTI6~w kooventyazo = converse, discuss
(KOUI3CVTIOO'·O)
KouptpTa, 11 kooverta = blanket
Kou~iva, 11 koozina = 1. kitchen, 2. style of cooking
KouKAa, 11 ko6kla ;;; 1. doll, 2. beatiful girl or woman (fig)
KOU1Jn6poc;, o koombaros = (f. 11 KOUIJnapa
koombt~ra) = best man
KOUIJni, TO koombi = 1. button, 2. sw itch
Kouv16~oc; , ·a kooniMos, -a ;;; brother (sister)-in-law
Kouvoun•, To koono6pi = mosquito
Kouvw koon6 ;:;;; move, shake, swing (KOlNrJO·O)
Kounf, TO koopl = oar
Koup6~w koorazo = tire, weary (Koupao-a).
Koupa~o~a• koorazome = (Koup60HJKO) = become
tired. KoupaoiJtvoc;, -11, -o = tired. H Koupaol']
ko6rasi = fatigue
 195

Kouptoc;, o kooreas = barber. To Koupdo koorio = t<u(Jtpvw kivern6 (cybernetics) = 1. govern, 2.

=
barber's shop. Koupa:Uw koorevo cut hair of (Koupc\jl-o) command (Ku~epvrw-o) . H KUIJt pvf'JOI'J kivernisi = 1.
KouTaAr, To kootali = spoon goverment, 2. command. 0 KUIJtpv~TI'JC: kivernltis =
KOUTf, TO kooti = bOX 1. commander, pilot, 2. governor. Ku1JtPV'lTIK6c;, -1\,
KOUT6c;, -~ , -6 koot6s = stupid, silly. H KOUTO~Opo -6 kivernitik6s = of or by the goverment
kootamara = stupidity KuKAoc;, o kiklos = 1. cycle, circle. 2. circuit (Exp.
Kouro6c;, -r1, -6 koots6s = lame KOOIJlKO( KUKAOl = society people). Kui<ArK6c;, ·1\, -6
=
Koucp6c;, -1\, -6 koof6s deaf =
kiklik6s cyclic, circular
Kpaof, TO krasl = wine Kui<Aocpopw kiklofor6 = circulate (KuKA.ocp6p11o-a). H
KpaTw krat6 (democrat) = 1. hold, keep, rule Kui<Aocpopfa kikloforla = 1. circulation (Kui<Aocpop(a
(Kp6'rrlo-o) (KpOTT)Oe IJC = hold me, Kp6TT)oe TO = Tou o(IJOTO~ = blood circulation), 2. flow of traffic or
keep it) , 2. book, reserve (KPOnlOTC IJOU ISUo 8eoe1c; passers -by
= reserve two seats for me). To Kparoc; kratos = 1. KUArv6poc;, o kilin~ros = cylinder
the state, 2. power =
KUIJO, TO kima wave
Kptoc;,ro kreas (pancreas) = meat, flesh. 0 KUVI'JYw k1niy6 = 1. chase,pursue, h unt (KuvJivno-a)
KptonwA'lc; kreop61is = butcher. To KptonwAtfo =
2. go shooting. 0 KUV'ly6c; kiniy6s hunter
kreopollo = butcher's shop KUVIK6c;, -~. -6 kinik6s = 1. cynical, 2. cynic
Kpt(J6rr, TO krevati = bed =
KupraKI\, 11 kiriakl Sunday
Kpt(JaroK6~opo , '1 krevatokamara = bedroom Kuproc;, -a , -o klrios = main, principal, c hief. Kuplwc;
Kpt~w krem6 = 1. hang up (Kpe!JOO-o), 2. hung kirios (adv.) = chiefly, above all. Kuprwnpoc;, · '1· -o
(execute). Kpt~o~ar kremome = 1. be suspended =
kiri6teros the principal, the main
(Kpe1J60T-T]Ka), 2. lean for support (on6 oeva Kuproc;, o kirios = gentleman, mister, master, lord
Kpe!JOIJOl = I depend on you) (Kuple... Sir... ). H Kupla kiria = lady, madam, Mrs
Kpf~a krlma = a pity Kunapo, ro kitaro (cyto logy) = cell
Kpivw krino = deem, consider, judge (eKplv-o) . H Kw6rKac;, o kMikas (Anc. Kw6r~ codex) = 1. codex,
Kpio'l krlsi (crisis) = 1. judjement, opinion, 2. critical 2. code
faculty, 3. crisis, difficult situation. Kpfor~oc;, -'1, -o Kw~rK6c;, -1\, -6 komik6s = 1. comic , 2. funny, 3. a
krlsimos = decisive, serious (Kp(OliJTl KOT60TOOl'J = commedian
serious situation). To t<prTI\pro kritirio = criterion. H KW~w6ia , '1 komo~la =comedy
KpiTIK~ kritiki = criticism (KplTlK(J ~~~Afou = book
review). 0 KpiTIK6c; knt1k6s = critic.
KpoK6~trAoc;, o krok6~ilos = crocodile A, A
KpOTO«;, 0 kr6tos = loud noise. (Expr. et<OVC Kp6TO =
made an impression) =
Aapafvw laveno see AOIJ~6vw
Kpu(Jw krivo (Anc. Kpumw krlpto, crypt) = 1. hide Aay6c;, o lay6s = hare
(tKpu\jJ-a), 2. put away. Kpu(JOIJOI krlvome = hide A66r, TO la~i = 1. olive-oil, 2. oil. l\a6tp6c;, -1\, -6
(KpucpT-T]KO). Kpu~~tvoc;, · '1, -o = hiden. Kpucp6c;, - la~er6s = oily. l\a6tp6, Ta = vegetable dish cooked
~ . -6 krif6s = secret. Kpumoypacpfa kriptoyrafia = with oil
cryptography (Kpumo + yp6cpw = write) A69oc;, To la8os = mistake, error
Kpuoc;, -a, -o krios (cryogen) = cold. To t<puo krlo = Aar~6c; , o lem6s = neck, throat (Expr. TOV no{pvw
the cold. Kpuwvw kri6no = feel or make cold, get OTO AOl1J6 IJOU = I am responsible for his ill fortune)
cold (Kpuwo-o) AaKKoc;, o lakos = 1. hole (in ground), 2. grave, 3.
KpuaroAAo, TO kristalo = crystal den
KT~~a. TO ktima = land property, estate AoKWVtt<6c;, -~ . -6 lakonik6s = laconic
KT~voc;, To ktlnos = 1. beast, 2. brute. 0 KTI')vlarpoc; Aa~(Javw lamvano = take, receive, get (t-Aa~·a)
ktiniatros = veterinary surgeon (Expr. A01Jj36vw TT)V Tl!Jf! = I have the honour,
KTi~w ktizo = 1. build (t-tmo-a), 2. wall up. To KTipto A01Jj36vw !Jtpo~ = take part, A01Jj36Vtl xwpa = take
=
ktino building place)
196
A6~nw lambo = shine (e-AOI-IliJ-o). H Aa~na lamba =
lamp. 1\a~npoc;, -~ . -6 lambr6s = bright, brilliant.
l\a~np6 lambra (adv.) (or Aa!Jnpwc;) = admirably,
brilliantly, splendidly
Aa6c;, o la6s (laic) = 1. people (nation, body of
citizen), 2. common people, populace. l\a'i K6<;, -~. -6
laik6s = of the people, popular. H Aaoypacpfa
=
laoyrafia = folklore. l\aoypacp1K6<;, -~. -6 folkloric
A6puyyac;, o laringas (Anc + K Aapuy~ larinx)
larynx, throat
'-601111, 11 1aspi = mud
A6anxo, TO lastixo (elastic) = 1. rubber, rubber band,
2. tyre, 3 . elastic, 4. hose
AoTpt uw latrevo = adore, worship (MTptljJ-o). H
AaTptla latria = adoration, worship. l\aTptuT6c;, -~ . -
6 latreft6s = adored
Mxavo, TO laxano = cabbage. 1\oxovonwAdo, TO
laxanopolio = greengrocer's
Aoxtfo, To laxio = 1. lottery, 2. (fig) stroke of luck
At(y)w le(y)o (irr) (lecture) = 1. say, tell (E:ln o, exw ntt,
ea nw, imp. nee:;, neOT£ or n£1T£). 1\t yoJJa• leyome =
be called (Expr. Tt A£<; (or Ttlli&) = fancy that, nou A£<;
= well (resumptive), A£<; Kat = as if, A£<; vo.. = could it
=
be that, Mw vo ... I have in mind to, 6£ Mtt va ... it
shows no sign of , 6t I-IOU MTt = a phrase indroducing
inquiry something like the English tell me, ~£ My£Tot
Is beyond description, Tl ea net aUTo; = what does that
mean? No oou nw = let me tell you. listen, look here,
nwc:; ot Mve; = what do they call you?)
Atfoc;, -o , -o lios = smooth
Ad nw lipo = 1. be absent or away (e-AttljJ-o), 2. be
missing or lacking, 3. run out, be short (Expr. 1-10<;
Adntt<; = we missed you, 1-10<; tAttljJ£ vep6 = we
were short of water)
At iToupyw litoory6 (liturgy) = function, work
(AtlTOUPYllO·O). H A&ITOUpyia litooryia = 1. function ,
functioning, 2. liturgy
Atlwvw li6no = 1. melt, dissolve, 2. wear out, exhaust
A&K6VI1, 11 lekani = 1. basin, 2. lavaroty-pan
A&IJOVI, TO lem6ni = lemon. H At~ov6 6o lemonal5a =
lemonade
At~11 . 11 h~xi (Anc + K 11 At~•c; lexis) Qexicon) = word .
To At~IKO lexik6 = lexicon , dictionary. To Ac~1A6y1o
lex1l6yio = vocabulary
Atm6, To lepta (or A&cpTa letta) money =
A&m 6, TO lept6 = minute
A&mOIJCP&•a, 11 leptomena = detail. 1\cmo~&p~c;. -
~c;, -tc; leptomeris = detailed
A&m6c;, -~ . -6 lept6s (leptosome) = 1. thin, slim,
lean, 2. fine, 3. delicate, fragile, 4. refined, well-
mattered, 5. subtle
Atpwvw ler6no = make dirty (Mpwo-o). 1\tpwVOJ.IOI
ler6nome = get oneself dirty ()..epwe-'lKO)
=
At ax11. 11 1esxi club (institution)
A&uK6c;, -~. -6 lefk6s (leucocyte) = 1. white, 2. pure
(fig)
= AwT&pla , 11 1etterya (Anc + K £A&u9tpfo elef9eria) =
freedom
A&cpT6, To letta (or A&m6 1epta) = money
A&wcpop&io, TO leoforio = bus. H Atwcp6poc; leof6ros
= avenue, boulevard
A~~11 . 11 lixi (Anc + K A~~·c; lixis) = 1. cessation, 2.end
(of an event) , 3. expiry
AI10"T~<;. o listis = robber, brigand. H AI10"Td o listia =
robbery
A~liJI1, 11 lipsi (Anc + K MliJ•c; lipsis) = 1. receipt
(act), 2 reception
=
AloK66a, 11 1iakal5a sunshining wheather
=
Alav lian (adv.) very, too
Aiyo liyo (adv.) (Anc + K oAfyov oliyon) = little, M.yo-
Aiyo = little by little, Afyo noM = more or less, ot
= Aiyo = shortly, nop6 M.yo nearly =
Alyoc;, -11, -o liyos (Anc + K oAfyoc; oligarchy) = 1.
= small in amount, 2. little, 3. Few. Aly6T&poc;, -11, -o
=
liy6teros less, least (the comparative of )..(yoc:;)
Af9oc;, o 11eos Qithograph) = stone. 1\fB•voc;, -11, -o
li9inos = of stone. H A1Boypacpfa li9oyrafia = lithography
AIIJclVI, TO limani (Anc + K AIIJ ~V, 0 limin) = port,
=
harbour. I\IIJ£VIK6c;, -~. -6 of port or harbour
=
AIIJVI"J, 11 limni lake
A1oVT6p1, TO liondari (Anc + K At wv, o lean) lion =
Alnoc;, TO Hpos (lipase) = 1. fat, grease, 2. lard.
l\mop6c;, -1\, -6 lipar6s = greasy
Aipa, 11 lira = sovereign, pound
AIT6c;, -1\, -6 lit6s = 1. frugal, 2. plain, simple. H
AIT6TI1TO lit6tita = 1. flugality, 2. simplicity
Aoyop16~w loyaryazo = 1.count up ()..oy6ptao-a), 2.
regard
AoyopiOOJ.16c;, o loyaryasm6s = 1. bill, 2. calculation,
3. account
AoyiKr\, 11 loy ikl = 1. logic, 2. w ay of thinking.
l\oy1K6<;, -1\, -6 1oy ik6s = 1. logical, 2. reasonable, 3.
rational
AoyiOTIKr\, 11 1oyistiki Qogistics) = accounlancy, book
keeping. 0 AoyiOT-1\c;, -p1o loyist-is, -ria = 1.
accountant, book-keeper, 2. purser
 197

A6yo~ , o 16yos (dialogue, logorrhoea) = 1. word, 2. ~6yKac;, o mangas = 1. clever fellow, 2. sharper, spir
speech, 3. reason, (Expr. Myw Tlf.ltlC: = word of JJOVV~TI'Jc;, o maynltis = magnet. Mayvi'JT6cpwvo, TO
honour, 6~toc; M you = worthy of note, Myou x6p1v maynit6fono = tape-recorder (From f.IOYVJiTI'JC: +
= for example, n ou Me1 o Myoc; = In a manner of <pwvn (microphone) = voice)
speaking). To A6y1o 16ya (exists only in plural) = ~o~tuw mazevo = 1. gather, collect (1J6~elJI -a) , 2.
words, sayings pick up, 3. shrink (of cloth) . Ma~tuo~OI mazcvomc =
AoyoTi XVrJc;, o loyotexnis = 1. man of letters, 2. writer 1. assemble (IJO~E:UT·llKO), 2. crouch, nestle, 3. seltle
(from Myoc; + Ttxvn = art). H Aoyon:xvio loyotexnia down, (Expr. IJO~eueTat vwplc; = he goes home early)
= literature JJa~r mazi = 1. together, 2. with, dva t IJO~( f.IOC:= he
Aomov lip6n = well, so is with us (on our side), f.IO~( f.IE: =with
Ao~6c; , -~ . -6 lox6s = oblique, at an angle JJO~a. 11 maza = mass. Ma~tKoc;, -~. -6 = of the
Aou~w lo6zo (Anc + K Aouw lo6o) = wash (body, hair) masses, in mass (IJO~tKJi n apaywyr1 = mass
(t-Xouo-a) . .1\ou~o~a• lo6zome = have a bath, wash production)
one's hair (XouO'T-llKO). To Aourp6 lootr6 = 1. bath, 2. JJ081'JJJO, TO ma9ima (mathematics) = lesson. 0
bathroom, To Aourp6 lootra =spa, mineral springs JJ081'JT~c; ma9itis, 11 1J08~rp•a ma9itna (f) = 1. pupil,
Aoxoc;, o 16xos = company (military unit). 0 Aoxoyoc; schoolboy, 2. disciple. Ma8afvw ma9eno = 1. learn,
loxay6s = captain (military). 0 Aoxlac; loxias = (i· f.I09-a), 2. become aware, 3. teach
sergeant JJ081'JIJOTIK6, Ta ma9imatika = mathematics.
Auyf~w liyizo = bend (Myto-a) Mo81'J~OTIK6c;, -~ . -6 ma9imatik6s = mathematical. 0
AuKtto, TO likio (lyceum) = secondary school ~08rJ~OTIK6c; ma9imatik6s = a mathematician
AuKoc;, o likos = wolf. To AuK6aKuAo lik6skilo = M61oc;, o maios (or M611<; mais) May =
german shepard (XuKoc; + OKuXoc; = dog) JJOK6plo<; -a, -o makanos (macarism) = 1. blessed,
Auvw lino (Anc + K Auw lio) = 1. untie, set free (t- 2. blissful, serene. MaKap• makari = would that
Xuo-a), 2. solve, dissolve, terminate. H AuarJ list (Anc ~aKap6v1a , TO makar6nia = macaroni
+ K Aua1c; lisis (lysis, analysis) = 1. solution, answer ~aKpo- makro- = denotes length
2. solving, settling, 3. termination, dissolution (of ~aKpolvw makreno (or ~aKpuvw makrino) = 1.
partnership) lengthen, extend, 2. grow longer or taller, 3. drag on
Auni'J, 11 lipi = sorrow, regret, grief. .l\un6~o1 lipame ~aKpl6 makria = far, afar. MaKp1v6c;, -~. -6 makrin6s
(or Aunou~t lipo6me) = regret, be sorry (for) (Xun(J9- = distant, far-off (IJOKptv6c; ouyyev!lc; = distant
11KO), (Expr. Xun61JOl noM = I am very sorry) . relative)
.1\un.,~tvoc;, ·I'J, -o lipimenos = being in sorrow, sad =
IJ6Kpoc;, TO makros langth. MaKp6c;, -6, -6 makr6s
Auwvw li6no = see X1wvw (or ~aKpuc; , -16, -u makris) = long
~aAaK6<;, -~ . (or -16), -6 malak6s = 1. soft, 2. mild
~6A1ara malista = 1. indeed, 2. yes, 3. even, 4.
M, ll especially
~alll, To mall = wool. M6A1voc;, -11, -o malinos =
~a ma = 1. by (particle with ace, IJO TO 9e6 =by woolen
God), 2. but (f.IO 6ev txw AE:qn6 = but i have no ~oll16 , TO malia = hair (of head)
money) ~6llov malon = 1. rather, 2. to some extent
~oyo~f, TO mayazi = shop ~o~6 , 11 mama = mother
~oyttptuw mayirevo = cook, prepare food ~ova, 11 mana = mother
(IJayeCpelJI-a} . 0 ~6yt1poc; mayiros or ~6yttpac; ~ov6j31"Jc:;, 0 manavis = green grocer
mayiras, 11 J,Jaytip•ao mayirisa (f) = cook IJOVia, 11 mania (clepto mania) = 1. passion (txet
Moy1K6c;, -~. -6 = magic, magical. Maytuw mayevo = IJOV(a f.IE:... = he is mad on .. ), 2. mania. 3. rage.
enchant, charm, bewitch (1J6yelJI-a). 0 ~6yoc; mayos, MavlaK6<;, -~. -6 maniak6s = maniac. Mav1 W61'J~, -
11 JJOVIOOO mayisa (f) = magician. Moy&UTIK6c;, -~, -6 1')<;, -tc:; mani66is = passionately addicted
mayeftik6s = enchanting, delightful =
IJOVIKI, TO maniki sleeve
JJOVIO, TO may6 = bathing-dress JJOvrapfvl, TO mandanni = tangerine
198

~avT£uw mantevo = guess, divine (~6VTEljJ- a) . H large, big, 3 . long (duration), 4. grown-up, elder.
~avrtla =
mandia 1. prophecy, oracle, 2. divination Mtytaroc;, -11, -o meyistos = greatest, largest
~avr~A1, To mandlli = handkerchief (superlative of 1Jtyoc;). MtyaAwvw meyal6no = 1.
~6vrpa , ., mandra =fence, wall enlarge, make biger (lltY6Awo-o), 2. bring up
~a~•Aap1 , TO maxilari = pillow, cushion (Children), 3. grow in size, 4. grow-up
=
IJOpayK6c;, o marang6s carpenter =
1Jty6cpwvo meyafono megaphone
~apyap1Tap1 , TO maryaritari =
pearl JJtyt9oc;, TO meye80S = size, extent
~6pK0 1 1l marka = brand, trade-mark IJt~tc;, o mezes = 1. bit of food as appetizer, 2. hors-
~apJJapo, To marmaro = marble d 'oeuvre
JJOPIJtA6~a. 11 marmelaiSa =
jam, marmalade 1Jt9aup10, TO me8avrio = the day after tomorrow
M6pT1oc;, o martios (or M6pr11c; martis) March = JJt9o~oc;, 11 me8ol5os = 1. method, 2. hand-book.
IJOprupw martir6 (martyrdom) = 1. indicate Mt9o~IK6c;, -~. -6 = 1. methodical, 2. orderly
(~opTupTJo-o) , 2. inform against, 3. give evidence, =
1Jt6w me66 get drunk (1Jt8uo-o). Mt9uaJJt voc;, -11,
testify, 4. suffer martyrdom. 0 IJOpTuc; martts = 1. -a = drunk
martyr, 2. witness. To IJOpruplo martlno = 1. JJ£fov mion (adv.) = 1. minus, 2. less. Mt1wvw mi6no
martryrdom, 2. torment, 3. token = reduce, lessen, downgrade (J.J.t(wo-a). To
IJOOKa, 11 maska = mask =
IJ&IovtKTI')IJO m1onektima disantvantage, draw back
=
1J00')(6Ail, 11 masxali armpit, arm-hole IJ&AavxoAia, 11 melanxolla (melancholy) sadness=
IJOOW mas6 = 1. chew (IJCOTJO-o), 2. eat IJ&Aaxpo•v6c;, -~ . -6 melaxrin6s = 1. dark-
IJOTOIO<;, •.,, -o mateos = vain, fruitless. MaTOIWVW complexioned, 2. brunette
mateono = 1. cancel, (IJOTOiwo-o). 2. prevent. tJtAtl meli (inpersonal verb accomraried by the J.J.t,
MaTOIWVOIJOI mate6nome =be canceled, be ot, Tov, etc) = care about it, mind (15£ ).Jt J.JtA.tt = I
prevented (IJOTOIW6-TJKO) (11 mf}OT] IJOTOlWSr)K£ the = don't care about it)
flight was canceled) IJtAtrw melet6 = 1. study (!ltMTTJo-a) , 2.
=
IJOTI, TO mati = eye (Expr. auy6 IJCTIO fried eggs, contemplate, have in mind. H IJtAt T'l meleti ;;;;: 1.
l36~w OTO IJCTt = set one's heart on, KAtfvw TO IJCTl = study, 2. plan, design (for building etc), 3. treatise
wink, K6vw OTpo~6 IJ6Tta =
pretend not to see, y to =
tJtAI, TO meli honey
TO IJCTto TOU K60IJOU =
for appearance's sake, TO f.I£AIT~6va , 11 melitzana = egg-plant , anbergine
IJCTlo oou Ttootpo = keep your eyes skinned). tJtAAov, TO melon = future. MtAAOVTIK6c;, -~. -6
=
MaTJ6, 11 matia glance, look =
melondik6s of the future
1Joupoc;, • .,, -a mavros = 1. black, 2. dark, 3. negro. 1JtA6~pOIJO , ro mel6drama = melodrama, opera
Maupl~w mavrizo =1. darken (IJOUpto-a), 2. become =
IJt.\Oc;, TO melos 1. member, 2. limb
brown or dark, 3. vote against IJtAw~fa , 11 meloiSia = 1. melody, 2. tune
IJOXOipl, TO maxeri = knife =
pt1JPp6vl1, 11 memvrani membrane
=
IJOXfl, 11 maxi battle ptv men (coni) = on the one hand
IJt me = 1. with (in company of), 2. with, by (means, ptvw meno = 1. stay, remain (t-IJttv-o), 2. live,
instrument, method: IJE 15UVOIJI1 = by force, IJE reside (nou J.JtVttt; = where do you live?)
aUToKiVr)TO = by car), 3. with, by, at (manner, rate, 1Jtpa, 11 mera (Anc + K I")IJtpa imera (ephemeral) =
measure, price: IJE n Tp6no; = by which manner?, ).Jt day
TTJV wpa = by the hour, ).J£ Tl TliJ~ = at what price, IJE ~J tpoc;, TO meros (polymerism) = 1. part (t va J.J.tpoc;
Tl TOXUTTJTO = at what speed). 4. in (time: IJE Mo TOu ~~~Mou = a part of the book), 2. place (T)ouxo
XP6vta = in two years, iJ£ TTJ oetp6 = In turn) , 5. in IJtpoc; = quite place) . Mtp1K6c;, -~ . · 6 merik6s "" 1.
regard to (oxtnK6 IJE = regarding, OU!Jcpwvo ).Jt = partial, not complete, 2. particular (not general). In the
according to, ytA.w J.J.' oUT6 =
I laugh at it, (15to ).Jt To plural (J.JtptKo(, -tc;, -6) it has the meaning of some, a
6Mo = same as the other) certain number of, certain (IJtptKtc; cpoptc; = some
1Jty6Ao- meyalcr = denotes great, large time). H IJ&pf~a meriiSa = 1. portion, 2. ration
1Jty6Aoc;, -11, -a meyalos (megalomania) (Anc + K J.~taa mesa = 1. inside, within, 2. indoors. Mtaa at
JJtyac; meyas (megaphone) =
1. great, grand, 2. = in, into,inside
 199

~.u:aafwva<;, 0 meseonas (Anc + K IJ&Oafwv) = phrase) . 0 (Jtracppaar~c; metafrastis, 11

middle ages (From j.ttooc; (= middle) + mwv (= IJ&Tacpp6arp•a metafrastria (f.) = translator.
age). Ma:omwv1K6<;, -~ , -6 meseonik6s = medieval M&Taq>pa~w metafrazo = translate (1-l&"t'-e-q>pao-a, ea
IJ&OOVU)(TO, TO mesimi)(ta = midnight. (From IJEOOC: 1J&"t'Oq>p6o-w) .
(=middle) + vuxra (= night) IJ&raxt•pf~OIJDI metaxirlzome = 1. use
IJ&OIUH~p•, To mesimeri = midday, noon, (From (IJ&"t'OXEtp(OTT)K-a), 2. treat, behave to {person).
j.leooc; (= m iddle) + 1-1epa (= day) Mtraxc•p•oiJtvoc;, • .,, · o metaxirismenos = 1. used,
IJ&o6yc•oc;, 11 mes6yios = the Mediterranean (From 2. worn (not new), 3. second hand
IJEooc; (= m iddle) + yt'J (geography) = earth) IJETtxw metexo = take part in (IJ&T&fxa) (1Je:T6 +
IJ&ooAa(Jw mesolav6 = 1. intervene, mediate txw). H IJETOX~ metoxi share =
(IJEooM~T)o-a) , 2. come between (in space or time) IJ&Ttwpoc;, • .,, -o meteoros (meteor) = 1. in
1Jlao<;, ·I"J, -o mesas (mesozoic) = 1. middle, 2. suspense, 2.not decided, 3. hanging in the air
medium, 3. average. H IJEOI"J mesi =1. middle (CTtTJ JJtTpo, ro metro = 1. metre, 2. measure, 3.
IJtOT) TOu op61JOU = in the middle of the street), 2. moderation. MtTplo<;, -a , -o metrios = 1. moderate,
waist. To JJt oo(v) meso(n) = way, means. Ta (Jtaa = 2. mediocre, indiffirent
1. means, 2. resources. Mtaw mesa (adv. with gen.) = Ta J.IETpa metra = 1. measurements, 2. measure,
through, via. Mtaafoc;, -a, -o meseos = in between steps. MtTpw metr6 = count, measure (IJe"t'pllo-a)
IJ&T6 meta (metamorphosis, meta-analysis) = 1. after, =
ptTWnO, TO metopo 1. forehead, 2. front (mil.)
2. afterwards (adv.), 3 . with (with gen.) (1-l&"t'a "t'll.l~C: = J.IEXPI(c;} mexri(s) = 1. as far as, up to, 2. until ((.ltXPtC:
with honour, 1J&T6. xopac; = with pleasure) aupto = until tomorrow)
=
1JtTa(J6AAw metavalo change, alter (IJ&n~- ~a>-.-a, ea IJI'I mi = 1. not, 2. don't (1-lll Kanvtatec; = non-
IJ&"t'a~<.lA-w) (IJ&"t'a + 136Mw (ballistics) = throw) . H smackers)
IJ&Ta(JoAr) metavoli = 1. change, 2. about turn. 0 IJI')lStv mioen = 1. zero, 2. nothing, 3. nought
=
1J&Ta(JoAIO(J6<; metavolism6s metabolism IJ~Koc;, TO mikos = 1. length, 2. longitude
IJ&TalSflSW metaOiOO = 1. transmit (IJ&T-eOWO-a , ea IJ~Ao, To milo = apple
1J&Ta<5WO·W), 2. spread (infection etc) (JJ&"t'Q + O(OW IJ~vac;, o minas (menopause) (Anc + K IJilV min
give). H IJET6lSoo., metaoosi = 1. transmission, (menses) = month
=
2.spreading (IJ&"t'cl + o6o11 dose) IJ~VUIJO , TO minima = message
IJ&Ta9tTw meta9eto = 1. transpose (IJ&"t'·t -e&o-a , ea IJ~nwc; mlpos = 1. I wonder if, is there a possibility
IJ&"t'a9£o-w) , 2. transfer (employee) (1.1&1'0 + et"t'W that, 2. lest
=
(epithet) = put. H 1J&T69tOI1 metaeesi transposition, IJI"'Ttpa, 11 mltera (maternal) = mother. MI1TPIK6c;, -~ .
transfer (1J&T6 + e&OTJ (thesis) = position) -6 mitrik6s - maternal. H IJrtTp6noAI1 mitr6poli = 1.
j.ltTaAAo, TO metalo = metal. Ma:TOAAIK6<;, -~. -6 = 1. metropolis (IJI1T£pa + n6>..11 = town) , 2. capital, 3 .
like metal, 2. mineral, 3. metallic cathedral. MllTponoAITilC: mitropolitis = metropolitan
IJ&Ta1J6pcpwo.,, q metam6rfosi = metamorphosis bishop
J.l&Tavo•wvw metani6no (Anc + K IJETavow metano6) IJI"JXOV~, 11 mixani (mechanic) = 1. machine,
= 1. repent (l.l&T6votwo-a), 2. change one's mind machinery, 2. engine (q>wToypaq>tKt't 1-!T)Xavt'J =
(IJ&T6 +vow (paranoic) = think). H IJ&Tavo•a metania camera)
= 1. repentance, 2. change of mind IJI1XOVIK6<;, o mixanik6s = 1. mechanic,engineer, 2.
IJ&Ta~• . To metaxi (Anc. 11 J.ltra~a metaxa) = silk. mechanical
Mtra~wr6c;, -~. -6 metaxot6s = silky IJI1XOVIOJ.16<;, o mixanism6s = mechanism
IJ&Ta~u metaxi = between, among. Ev TW J.l&Ta~u = IJIO mia (or ~o~ia mia) = 1. one, 2. a, an (the feminine
in the mean time indefinite article) (Expr. (.Ita yta n6.VTa = once and for
H IJ&Tacpop6 metafora (metaphor) = 1. transport, 2. all, I-IlO Kat = or j.lta nou = since, seeing that, IJ(O eow
removal, 3. metaphor. M&Tacptpw metafero = 1. carry, IJ(O BK&( = now here now there)
transport, convrey (1-t&"t'-e-q>ep-a, ea (.lcraq>tp-w), 2. IJ(VIJO, TO or IJ&fVIJO mlyma = 1. mixture, blend, 2.
transfer, 3. move house (IJ&"t'cl + q>epw = bring). alloy, amalgam
H IJ&T6cppaon metafrasi = translation (IJ&"t'6. + q>p6.0T) IJIKp6- mikrc>- = denotes small
200
~tKp6jJro, To mikr6vio = microbe (1JtKp6 + 13foc:
(biog raphy) = life)
1JtKp6c;, -~ . -6 mikr6s (microphone) = 1. small, little,
2. short (duration), 3. young, younger. MtKpalvw
mikreno or ~tKpuvw mlkrlno = diminish, make or
become shorter or smaller (IJ(Kpuv-o)
~tKpoaK6nro, TO mikrosk6pio = microscope (1JtKp6
+ OKOn6c; = target). MtKpoOKOntK6c;, -~ , -6
=
mikroskopik6s mim ute, microscopic
~tKp6cpwvo, To mikr6fono = microphone (1JlKp6 +
<pwvt'! = voice)
~tKT6c;, -~ . -6 mikt6s = mixed
~fA.t(ov) , TO mili(on) = mile
1.11.\w mil6 (Anc + K o~rAw omil6) = speak (t.~rArw-o) .
H o~rA.ia omilia = 1. speech, 2. faculty or manner of
speech, 3. talk. H ~tA.t6 milia = manner of speech
~~~oc;, o mimos = mimic. H 1J(IJI1011 mlmisr =
immitation. MtiJOUIJOt mimo6me = 1. immitate
(IJ11Jtl9-f1KO), 2. copy.
~to86c; , o mis96s = wages, salary. 0 1JI08ocp6poc;
mis9of6ros = mercenary (1Jl096c; + <ptpw = bring)
~106- mis{). = denotes half
~1o6c; , -~ . -6 mis6s = 1. half, 2. uncompleted. ITa
IJI06 misa = 1. In the middle, 2. half-way
~1aw mis6 (misanthropic) = hate (IJ(Of1o-a). To ~ fooc:
misos = hate , hatred. 0 ~1a6v8pwnoc; misaneropos
= misanthropic
IJV~IJO , TO mnima = grave, tomb
1JVI11Jdo(v), TO mnimio( n) = 1. monument
IJV~IJI1 , 11 mnlmt (mnemonic) = 1. memory, 2.
remembrance
IJVI10T~, 11 mnisti = fiancee
IJVI10T~pac;, o mnrstiras (Anc + K IJVI10T~p mnisti~
= 1. fiance, 2. suitor, pretender
1J6~a . 11 m6~a = fashion. H IJO~ Iorpa moC51stra =
dressmaker
IJOta~w miazo (Anc + K o~ou]~w omiazo) = look
like, resemble (&-t.~otoa-a) (From 61JOlOC:
(homoeopathy) = alike, similar, same)
~oipa , '1 mlra = 1. fate, lot, 2. degree (geom.), 3.
squadron (milit.) . Motpaloc;, -a , -o mireos = 1. fatal,
2. preordained, 3. inevitable (IJOlpo(o yuvo(Ko =
femme fatale) . Motpafwc; mireos = inevitably
1JOtp6~w mirazo = 1. share out, distribute (IJO(poo-o),
2. deal cards
1J6A.tc; m61is = 1. just now, only just, {1J6A.tc; f)p8e: = he
(she) just arrived), 2. as soon as (IJ6AtC: tp6e:tc: = as
soon as you will arrive), 3. hardly, scarcely (t.~6A.tc;
xwp6c; = there is hardly room for you)
=
IJOA.ov6Tt molon6ti although
1J6A.upooc;, o m61ivC5os = lead (metal). AIJ6A.ui3C5'1
j3e:v~(Vf1 = unleaded petrol. To IJOAUJ!t, molivt =
pencil
~oA.Uvw molino = infect, contaminate. H 1J6A.uvo11
m61insi = infection, contamination
~ovMa, 11 monae5a (Anc. + K IJOv6c; monas) = 1.
unit, 2. monad
IJOV6PXI1C:. o monarxis = monarch (IJOVO + apxtl
authority). H ~ovopxio monarxia = monarchy
1Jov6xoc;, ·11, -o monaxos (or 1JOvax6c; monax6s) =
1. alone, 2. only. 0 1JOvax6c; monax6s = monk
IJOVOXtK6c;, -~ . -6 monaxik6s = 1. monastic, 2.
standing alone, isolated, 3. to oneself (unshared)
(IJOVOXtK6 ~WIJOTIO = a room of one's own)
IJOVOOT~pl, TO monastiri (or 11 IJOV~ mono =
monastery
1J6Vt~oc; , ·11, -o m6nimos = permanent
=
IJOVO· mono- prefix denoting alone, single
1J6vo m6no (adv.) = only. M6vo nou = except that,
~6vo va .. = provided that...
1JOV6ypa1JIJO, TO mon6yrama = monogram (IJOVO +
YPOIJIJO = letter)
~ovoypacpfa, '1 monografia = monograph (llOVO +
ypo<pt'! = writting)
1JOV6~po1Joc;, o mon6c5romos = one-way street
(llovo + C5p61lOC: (aerodrome) = street)
IJOVOKOTOtKia, 11 monokatikia = private house (IJOVO
+ KOTOIK(Q = dwelling)
1JOV6A.oyoc;, o mon61oyos = monologue (IJOVO +
Myoc;)
=
IJOV01Jt6c; monomias at once
IJOVOnOTI, TO monopati = footpath (IJOVO + nOTW =
step)
IJOvonwAtlo(v), TO monop61io( n) = monopoly (1J6vo
+ nwA.w =sell)
~6voc;, ·11, -o m6nos = 1. alone, 2. only (with the
genitive of the personal pronouns IJOU, crou, TOU, TllC:
etc ~6voc; ~ou = by myself, of my own accord).
1JOv6c;, -~ . -6 mon6s = 1. sing le (not double), 2. odd
(not even)
IJOV6Tovoc;, · 11, -o mon6tonos = monotonous (IJOvo
+ T6voc: = tone). H IJOVOTovfa monotonla =
monotony
IJOVTt A.o, TO mondelo = model
~oVTtpvoc;, -a, -o modernos = modern
IJOVwvw mon6no = 1. isolate (IJ6vwo-o) , 2. insulate.
 201

H 1J6vwol') m6nosi = insulation !Jnopw bor6 = can, be able (f.1n6pto-a). Mnop£1 bori
IJOpq>~, ll morphi (morphology) = 1. form, 2. face, 3. = it may be, perhaps
appearance, 4. aspect. H IJOpq>oAoyia morfoloyia = IJnOUKOAI, TO bookali = bottle
morphology. Mopq>wvw morf6no = 1. educate, train l.lnOUTI, TO bo6ti = thigh
(f.16pq>wo-a). 2. form. Mopq>wVOIJOI morf6nome = be J!n poc; bros (or 1Jnpoor6 brosta) = 1. in front, 2.
educated, be trained (f.lOp<p<il9!1K·O). H 1J6pq>WOJl ahead, forward(s)
m6rfosi = education, culture JJUOA6, TO mial6 = 1. brain(s), 2. mind, sense. (Expr.
J.IOO)(Opl, TO mosxari = veal, calf txtt f.1UaA6 = he (she) is wise, prudent, :xptt6~£Tat
J.IOToouKAtTa , ll motosikleta = motor-bicycle f.IUCM = brain (wisdom) is required (to cope with the
JJOuA6p•, To moolari = mule situation)
J!Ouoa, ll mo6sa = muse puya, ll miya = fly
IJOUOOK6<;, o moosakas = dish of minced meat and pueoc;, o m f9os = 1. myth, 2. fable. Mu81K6<;, -~. -6
egg-p lant mi9ik6s = 1. mythical, 2. legendary, fabulous. H
JJOuodo, TO moosio = museum pueoAoyia mi9oloyfa = mythology. To pu9Jor6pf11JO
JJOUOIK~, ll moosikl = 1. music. 2. band. MouoiK6<;, - mi9ist6rima = 1. novel, 2. fiction (f.lu9oc; + tot6Pllf.IC
~. -6 moosik6s = musical = story)
J.IOUOTOKI1 TO moostaki {Anc. 0 f.IUOTO~, TOU =
JJU'iK6<;, -~. -6 miik6s muscular
IJUOTOKoc;) = moustache JJuAoc;, o mHos = mill
J.IOUTpo, TO mo6tro = face J!Upi~w mirizo = smell (f.lupto-a). Mupfl;oiJOI
IJna ba = interjection expressing surprise, rejection mirizome = 1. get wind of, suspect (f.IUPLOTT]K-a). H
negation or assent =
J!Upwl5•6 miro6ia 1. flavour, 2. smell
IJnOfVW benO = enter, go in (IJnfJ·KO, 80 IJn· W, imp. puorf\p•o, TO mistirio = mystery
f.1ntc;, ~-tndTt) JJUOT1K6, TO mislik6 (mystic) = secret. Muor1K6<;, -~.
IJn aK6AJl<;, o bakalis = grocer. To 1JnaK6AIKo -6 mistik6s = 1. secret, 2. discreet, 3. mystical (0
bakaliko = grocer's shop IJUOTLK6c; 6e(nvoc; = the last supper)
J!noKAapac;, o baklavas = cake of walnuts and honey IJUTJl, ll m iti = 1. nose, 2. tip, point, 3. beak.
1JnoAK6vl, TO balk6ni = balcony MUTtp6~, -r\, -6 miter6s = pointed, sharp
=
1Jn6AAa , ll bala ball 1JWp6c;, -r\, -6 mor6s (sopho more) = foolish, silly. To
!JnOJ!It <;, 01 bamies= lady's fingers (vegetable) pwp6 mor6 = baby
=
1Jn01JnaKI, TO bambaki cotton pwoa'i K6 , TO mosaik6 = mosaic
l.lnOIJnac;, o babas = papa
=
1Jnav6va , ll banana banana
1Jn6v1o, TO banio = 1. bath, bathe, 2. bath tub, 3. N, V
bathroom
IJnaouAo, TO bao61o = trunk, chest va na = 1. to, (ett..w va <.paw = I want to eat). 2. in
IJnaorouv•, TO basto6ni = 1. stick, 2. club (cards) order to (yta va <pOT£ KaA6 = in order to eat well) , 3.
IJn aTapla , ll bataria = battery (electric) let, (va n6f.l£ 6.A.ot = let us all go), 4. if (va dxa ?l.tqn6
1Jnt pl5tuw ber6evo = 1. entangle (~-tn£:p6t'IJ-a) , 2. = if I had money), 5. there, there is, here is (v6Toc; =
confuse, 3. embroil, involve. Mm:pl5&UOJ.IOI there he is, va TO f.ICXa[pt = here is the knife)
berMvome = 1. get entangled (f.1ntp6tLJT·I')KO vaf ne = yes
beri5eftika) , 2. get involved, 3. get confused va6c;, o na6s = temple, church
JJnfpa, ll bfra = beer H v6pKW0'1 narkosi = narcosis. To vapKwTIK6
JJnA& ble = blue narkotika = narcotics. H vapKfl narki = 1. torpor,
JJnAiKw bleko = 1. entangle (£- f.lnM:~-a), 2. get numbness, 2. mine (weapon). NapKwvw nark6no
entangled or involved (narcotics) = 1. make torpid, anaesthetize, make numb.
~o~nA6q>a, ll bl6fa = bluff vauc;, '1 nafs (nautical) (Anc + K) = ship. 0 vauapxoc;
1Jn6AI KO<;, · fl, -o b61ikos = plenty of navarxos = admiral (vau + apm (mon archy) =
1Jn61Jna, ll b6mba = bomb authority) . H vau!Jaxia navmaxia = sea-battle (vau +
202
~6)(11 = battle}. 0 vaUTI1C: naftiS = sailor, seeman. To
VOUTIK6(v) naftik6(n} = navy. NOUTIK6c;, -~ , -6
naftik6s = 1. nautical, naval, 2. maritime, seafaring
man
vea, Ta nea .. the news
V£Kp6c;, -~ (or -6}, -6 nekr6s (necrosis) = dead
(VEKPO q>UOTI = still life) . 0 V£Kp6c; nekr6s = dead
person
vto- neo- = prefix denoting new, young
vt6nAouToc;, o ne6ploutos = newly rich (vto +
nXol1toc: (plutocracy) = wealth)
vtoc;, -a, -a neos (neol~hic} = 1. new, modem, 2. young
vtp6, TO ner6 = water
vcupo, TO nevro (neurology) = nerve (Expr. exw to
vtupa ~ou = I am in irritable mood}. Ntup1K6c;, -~. -6
nevrik6s = 1. nervous, 2. highly strung, 3. irritable. H
vcupwa'l nevrosi = neurosis. NtupwnK6c;, -~, -6
nevrotik6s = neurotic. H vcupoAoyla nevroloyia =
neurology
v£q>oc;, TO nefos = ClOUd
vcq>p6c;, o nefr6s (nephrology} = kidney
vtwTtpoc;, ·11, -o ne6teros = 1. newer, 2. younger
Vf'JOI, TO n1sl (Anc + K 11 v~aoc; nisos) (polynisia) =
Island
VI10Tda, 11 nistia = 1. fasting, 2. lack of food.
NI10TIK6c;, -~ (or -16), -6 nistik6s = not having eaten
VfK11, 11 nlki = ViCtOry. 0 VIK'lT~<; nikitiS, I"J VIK~TpiO
nikitria (f) = victor, winner. NIKW nik6 = 1. defeat,
beat (viKr,o-a), 2. winn. NIKitiJOI nikieme = be
defeated (vtKr'}8·11KO}
NotJJPp•oc;, o noemvrios = November
voe6~£1 niazi (impersonal verb) with the personal
pronoun ~£. a£, tov, T11V etc = I (you, he, she, etc)
care, mind (~£ ~£ vota~Et = I don't mind, I don't care)
vofKI, TO mk1 (Anc + K TO cvoiKIO enikio) = rent.
(E)voiKIO~w (e} nikrazo = let, rent (vofKtaa-a).
EVOIKI6~£Tae enik1azete = to let
vo1w8w ni68o = 1. feel (e-vtwa-a). 2. understand
V01JalieK6c;, -~. -6 noma~ik6s = nomadic
VOIJ I~w nomizo = think, consider (v6~ta-a}
0 v6JJoc; n6mos (autonomy} = law. NOIJIK6c;, -~ . -6
nomik6s = legal. No!JtKf) IxoXf) =school of Law.
v6JJIOJ.Ia, TO (numismatic) n6misma = 1. coin, 2.
currency, money
vo1.16c;, o nom6s = department, prefecture
vov6c;, o non6s (or vouv6c; noon6s} = godfather. H
vova nona (or vouva noona) = godmother
v6aoc;, 11 n6sos (nosology} = illness, malady. To
VOOOKOIJ£10 nOSOkOmiO = hospital. 0 VOOOK6JJO«;
nosok6mos = male nurse. H voaoK61Ja nosok6ma =
female nurse
voaraAyla, 11 nostalyia = nostalgia
v60TIJ.IOC:, · I"J, -o n6stimos = 1. tasty, 2. attractive,
piquant
v6Toc;, o n6tos = 1. south, 2. south wind. N6T1oc;, -a,
-o n6tios = south, southern
VOUJ.!tpo, TO no6mero = number
vouc;, o no6s = 1. mind, intellect, 2. sense, wit (Expr.
CStv To l36~£t o vouc: aou = you cannot imagine it, to
vou aou = keep an eye open, take care). Now no6
(noetic) = 1. think (v611a-a}, 2. perceive 3.
understand. To v6rwa n6ima (noimatlc} = 1.
meaning, sense, point, 2. thought, 3. nod, sign
VTIP6vl, TO divani = divan
VTOJ.16Ta, 11 domata = tomato
VT6moc;, -1a, -o d6pyos = local, native (From Ev ( =
in} + t6noc; (topic, topography} = place}
VTouA6na, '1 doolapa = wardrobe. To VTouA6m
doolapi = cupboad
VTouc; doos = 1. shower, 2. showerbath
VTptnoJ.IOI drepome (irr.) = 1. be ashamed (vtp6n-
11KO}, 2. be shy. H VTpon~ dropl = 1. shame, 2.
shyness
vruvw dlno = dress (e-vtua-a}. NTUVOJ.IOI dinome =
get dressed (vn)8-11KO}. NruJJtvoc;, · I"J, -o dimenos =
dressed
vuar6~w nistazo = feel sleepy. H vuara nista =
sleepiness
vuq>rt, 11 mf1 (Anc + K VU!Jq>I"J nimfi (nymph) = 1.
bride, 2. daughter-in-low, 3. sister-in-law. Nuq>IK6c;, -
~. -6 mfik6s = bridal
VUXI, TO niXi = nail
vuxra, 11 nixta = night. Nuxrcpev6c;, -~. -6 nixterin6s
or vuKTtplv6c; niktenn6s = of the night, nocturnal.
Nuxrwvte ni)(t6ni (impersonal verb} = the night falls
(VU)(TWO·£}
vwpfc; nons = early
~6litpq>oc;, o ksa6erfos (K = t~6li£Aq>oc; eksaiSelfos}
= cousin. H ~alitpq>rt ksaMrfi (K = ~aliiAq>I"J eksac5elfi}
= cousin (f) (From £~ + a&:Aq>6c; (philadelphla) =
brother)
~ova- ksana- = prefix denoting again, back
 203

~av6 ksana (adv.) = again ::exwp1ar6c;, -1\, -6 ksexorist6s = 1. separate, 2.

~avayupf~w ksanayirizo = 1. return back (~avayupta­ =
special, 3. exceptional (~e + xwp(~w separate)
a), 2. give back (~av6 + yup(~w turn) = ~rJAwvw ksil6no = 1. unmake, unstitch (~~A.wa-a), 2.
~avaK6vw ksanakano = do or make again (~av6Kav-a) take apart
(~ova + K6vw) ~I'JIJ&pwvtl ksimer6ni (impersonal verb) = the day
~avaAtw ksanaleo= say again, repeat (~avae(n-a, ea breaks (~n~epwa-e) (~e + n~tpa = day)
~avan-w (~ova+ Mw) ~I'JPO<;, ·1\, -6 ksir6s = dry, dried, (~T)po( Kapnor =
~av6pxo1Jol ksanarxome = come again or back dried fruits (nuts, almonds etc)
(~ava~pe-a. ea ~avape-w) (~ova + tpxo~at = come) ~1v6c;, -1\, -6 ksin6s = acid, sour
~av96~, -1\, -6 ksan96s (xanthic)= blond, fair ~fq>o~, TO ksifos = sword
~anAwvw ksapl6no (~6nA.wa-a) and ~anAwvoiJal ~o6t:uw ksol5evo = 1. spend, consume (~6~£\jJ-a), 2.
ksapl6nome = lie down (~anA.w9-T)Ko) use up
~acpv1K6c;, -1\, -6 ksafnik6s = sudden, unexpected. ~u61 , TO ksll5i= vinegar
::acpv1K6 ksafnika (adv.) = suddenly ~uAo, TO ksilo (xylophone) = piece of wood. Ta ~uAa
~&- kse- = prefix denoting out, off, completely (it =
ksila = firewood (Expr. ea <POC:: ~uA.o you will get a
comes from the ancient preposition &~) =
beating). :uA1voc;, · 11, -o ksilinos wooden
~t~aq>w ksevato = loose colour, fade (~e~aljJ-a) (~e ~uvw ksino = 1. scratch, scrape, grate (t-~ua-a), 2.
=
+ l36q>w paint) sharpen (pencil)
~tytAw kseyel6 = 1. deceive, gull, 2. seduce ~unvw ksipn6 = wake up (~unvna-a) (~e + unvoc:;
(~eyeA.aa-a) (~e + yeA.w =
laugh) =
(hypnosis) sleep). To ~unv11Trjp1 ksipnitiri = alarm-
~t6u"w kse6ips6 = quench one's thirst (~e6(1jJaa-a) clock
(~e + ~t!J.Iw = be thirsty) ~upll;w ksirizo = shave (~upto-a) . ::upil;OIJOI
~&KIVW ksekin6 (Anc + K &KKIVW ekin6) =
start off, ksirizome = get shaved, shave (~upiOTT)K-a). To
set out (~&Kivno-a) (~e + Ktvw move) = ~UPIOIJa ksirisma = shaving. To ~up6<P• ksirafi =
~&Koup6~w ksekoorazo =rest, relieve (~eKoupaa-a). razor
=:tKoupal;OIJOI ksekoorazome =
repose, rest
(~&Koup60T-l')KO) (~e + KOup6~0IJOt =
become tired)
~tvo<; ·I'J, -o ksenos (xenophobia) =
1. foreign, 2. O,o
strange, 3. somebody else's, 4. not concerned with. H
~tvoq>a~la ksenofovia ;;::; xenophobia. To ~tvoooxtio 6aorJ, 6asi = oasis
ksenodoxio = hotel (~evo + 15oxelo = receptacle). 0 6yoooc;, •I"J, -o 6yl5oos = eighth
~tvoMxoc; ksenoMxos = hotel keeper 6yKo<;, o 6ngos (oncology) = 1. mass, bulk, great
~tVTuvw ksendino = undress (~evrua-a) (~e + vruvw quantity, 2. volume, 3. tumour, swelling (med.)
= dress) o611yw ol5iy6 = 1. guide, direct, lead (ol5flYilO·a), 2.
~&vuxrw ksenixt6 = stay up late or all night instruct, show how to, 3. drive, steer (vehicle). (From
(~&VU)(tll0-0) oMc; (exodus)= street + ayw (pedagogue) = lead).
~tntpvw ksepern6 = surpass (senepaa-a) (~e + 0 o6rJy6c; o6iy6s = 1. guide, 2. driver, 3. guide-book,
nepvw =pass) 4. directory (111Ae<PWVtK6c; o~ny6c; = directory). H
~tp6c;, -1\, -6 kser6s (xerograph) = dry, dried. o611yia o6iyia = direction, instruction, guidance
::epafvw ksereno = dry up (~epav-a) , ~&pofVOIJOI o6oVTiarpoc;, o oi5ondlatros (or oooVTOVIOTp6~
kserenome = 1. dry up (~£p69-l')KO) , 2. die (of plants) oi5ondoyatr6s) = dentist. H oooVT6~oupTaa
=
(Expr. ~epael')K£ OTa yeA.ta he died of laughing) o6ond6voortsa = toothbrush. H o6oVToyAucpU5a
~tpw ksero (irr.) = know (f)-~ep-a) oi5ondoylifii5a = toothpick. H o6oVT6naara
~tq>tuyw ksefevyo = 1. escape (~eq>uy-a) , 2. avoid, =
oi5ont6pasta toothpaste
=
3. slip out (~£ + <P£Uyw go away) oU~, 11 oMs (exodus) = 1. street, way
~txvw ksexn6 = forget (~exaa-a) =
o86v11,11 o96ni screen
~txwpll;w ksexorlzo =2. single out (~exwpna-a), 2. OIKia, 11 ikia = house. 0 ofKoc; (Anc + K) ikos
set apart, 3. distinguish, 4. be different, stand out. (ecology) = 1. house, 2.business-house. (/\EuK6c;
204
o(Koc; = White house). 01Ktioc;, -a, -o ikfos ;;;: 1.
familiar, intimate, 2. own, proper. 0 OIKO~£on6TI'Jc;
iko6esp6tis = 1. host, 2. landlord, 3. master of house
(OIKO + 6e:an6TT\c; = despot). H OIKOl5tonOIVa
iko6espina ;;;: 1. hostess, 2. mistress of house. H
= =
o1Koytvt1a ikoy enia family (o1Ko + yevcx; genus)
otKOVOJJia, 11 ikonomia = economy (otKo + v6~oc;
(anti nomy)= low). 01KOVOJ.IIK6c;, -~. -6 ikonomik6s = omiopa9itiki =
1. economic. financial, 2. not expensive. 0
otKovoJJoA6yoc; ikonomol6yos ;;;: economist
otK6ntl5o, TO ik6pe6o = building-plot (OlKO + m:~lo
;;;: ground)
OIKOUJJtVIK6c;, -~. -6 ikoomenik6s = oecumenical. H ·
otKOUIJi VI'J, ikoomeni = universe, world.
oivoc;, o lnos = wine. To o•v6nv&uJJa, To in6pnevma
= =
alcool (oivoc; wine + nve:u~a (pneumatic) = spirit)
ot oaCS~non: ios/Sipote, o1aZi~noTt ia/Sipote (f),
ot ovCS~noT£ ionoipote (n) = 1. anybody, any, 2.
whoever, whichever
OKTW okt6 (or o)(Tw o)(t6) (octopus) = eight (num).
OyCS6vra oyl56nda =eighty 0 KTOK6alol, ·£<;, -a = OI.Joq>wvla, 11 omofonia =
eight hundred. To oKTan6l5• oktap6oi (or xran6 Zi1
)(tap6di) ;;;: octopus (oKTw + n66t (chiropodist) ;;;:
foot)
=
OKTwiJptoc; okt6vrios October
oA1y- oliy- = prefix denoting little, few
oA1yapxfa, 11 oliyarxia = oligarchy (oA.ty + apxfl
(monarchy) ;;;: authority)
oAiyoc;, -11, -o oliyos or Aiyoc;, -11. -o ;;;: 1. small in
amount, (a) little, (a) few (Expr. nap' o'Aiyov = nearly,
&vr6c; o'A(you = soon)
oAo- olo- = prefix denoting a//, completely
6Aoc;, -11, -o 61os (holograph) =
all, the whole. 'OAol
61i = everybody. 'OAa 61a = everything. 0Awal516Aou
olosoi61oo = completely. OA6KAI'Jpoc;, · I'J, -o ol6kliros
= whole, entire
oAoKauTWIJa, TO olokaftoma = 1. holocaust. 2. thing
completely burnt (From 6'Ao + Kafw = burn), 2.
sacrifice
=
oAoTaxwc; olotaxos (adv.) at full speed
oAu~JntOK6c;, -~. -6 olimbiak6s = olympic.
=
OAuJJmaKoi aywvtc; Olympic games
=
o1J6CSa, 11 oma~a 1. group, body, 2. team
OI.JaA6c;, -~ . -6 omal6s (anomalous) = 1. smooth,
level, even, 2. normal, usual
(O)IJIAW (o)mil6 = speak (~lAilO· O). H OIJIAia omilia =
1. speech, 2. manner of speech. 0 o~HAilT~<; omilitis
::speaker
=
oi.JfXAI'J, 11 omixli fog, mist
OIJOIO- omio- and OIJO· omo = prefix denoting
similarity, likeness, sameness
61.1o•oc;, -a, -o 6mios (homoeopathy) = similar, alike,
same. OI.IOIOV&V~<;. -~c;, -tc; omioyen is =
homogeneous. 01JOt61Jopcpoc;, · Jl, -o oml6morfos =
uniform (6~oto + ~opq>r'J = form). H OI.Jotona91'JTIK~
homoeopahty. (0)1Jol6~w (o)miazo =
resemble, look like (e-llo•ocr-o).
OI.JoAoyw omoloy6 ;;;: confess (OIJOAOYilO-a). H
OI.JoAoyia omoloyia = confession, admission
OIJ6Vola, 11 om6nia = 1. concord, 2. harmony
(between persons, people)
61Jopcpoc;, -11, -o 6morfos = handsome, good-
looking. attractive (From e:u + ~opq>i) (morphology)=
form, appearance). H o i.Jopq>t6 omorfya = beauty,
good looks
OIJOq>uA6q>tAoc;, o omofil6filos = homosexual (From
o~o (homologous) = same) + q>u'Ao (phylogeny) =
=
sex) + q>O..oc; (philosoph) friend)
unanimity (o~o + q>wvi)
(telephone) = voice)
OI.Jnpt Aa, 11 ombrela :: unbrella, sunshade
ov, To on = being, creature
6vttpo, To 6niro = dream. Ovt lptuoiJal onirevome
=dream (ove:tpe:UT-IlKO) . Ovt lponoAw oniropol6 = 1.
day-dream (ove:1pon6A.11cr-a), 2. dream of, desire
6vo1Ja, To 6noma (anonymous) = name. To
ovoiJaTt nwvui.Jo onomatep6nimo ;;;: Chirstian name
and surname. Ovoi.JO~w onomazo = 1. name, call
(ov61Jocr-a), 2. nominate, appoint. Ovoi.Jaar6c;, -~. ·6
onomast6s ;;;: renowned
o~u , TO oxi (oxygen) = acid
o~uy6vo, TO oxiy6no ;;;: oxygen
ona~6c;, o opao6s = follower, adherent
6maetv 6pis9en (adv.) ;;;: behind, backwards. H
6maet v 6pis9en ;;;: the backward gear
6nAo, TO oplo (panoply);;;: 1. weapon, 2. rifle
6noto c;, -a, -o 6pios (pron.) ;;;: whoever, whichever.
Onotoal5~noTt opiosoipote, ono•a~l)noT& oplaoipote
(~ . onoto6~noT& opioolpote (n) = 1. whosoever,
whatsoever, 2. any... , at all,
6noTt 6pote (adv.) = whenever
on6Tt op6te (adv.) = 1. when (at which time), 2. in
which case
6nou 6poo (adv.) = where, wherever. 'Onou va 'vm
(contracted form of va e:iva1) ;;;: at any moment.
Onou6~noT£ opool5ipote (adv.) :: wheresoever

omiK6c;, -" , -6 optik6s = optic, optical. 0 omiK6c;
=
optik6s an optician
onwponwA£io(v), TO oporopolio(n) = fruiterer's
6nwc; 6pos (adv.) = 1, as, like 2. in order to (conj.).
'Onwc;, 6nwc; 6pos 6pos = somehow or other, by
hook or by crook, Onwall~noT£ opos~ipote (adv.) =
in any case , definitely
=
6pa1Ja, TO 6rama (panorama) vision. H 6paOI"J 6rasi =
sense of sight, vision. Opm6c;, ·" · -6 oratos = visible
opyavwal'), 11 oryanosi = organization. Opyavwvw
organ6no = organize (opyavwo-a). 0 opyav•a~J6c;
oryanism6s = 1. organism, 2. system, constitution. To
6pyavo 6ryano = 1. instrument, 2. agent, 3. organ.
OpyaVIK6c;, -~. -6 oryanik6s = organic, Instrumental
opyaaiJ6c;, o oryasm6s = 1. orgasm, 2. feverish
activity
opy~ , 11 oryi = rage (Expr. va nap&l 11 opyf] ;;; damn it)
6py1a, TO 6ryia = 1. orgies, 2. corrupt practices.
Opy16~w oryiazo = 1. run riot
6pt~l'), 11 6rexi (anorexia) = 1. appetite, 2. desire. To
optKTIK6 orektik6 = appetizer
op96c;, -~. -6 or96s (orthodox) = 1. right, correct. 2.
strait, 3. upright, erect (ope~ ywv(a = right angle).
Opewc; or96s (adv.) ;;; 1. correctly, right. H
op9oypa~pia = 1. orthography, 2. spelling (opeo +
ypa<pw = write). H op9ol)o~fa oreo~oxia = (= one)
orthodoxy (opeo + M~a = glory, belief). 'Op9eoc;, -a,
-o, 6r9ios = 1. standing, 2. upright, erect
opf~w orizo (horizon) = 1. fix, define (6pto-a), 2.
bound, delimit, 3. rule, control, 4. give orders to. The
imperative opioT£ is used as an invitation to do, say
or accept something (op(crn: ~Jtoa = come in, op(OT&
Tl ee1-.&T&; = I am listening, what do you want ?
op(OT& eva IJ~Ao = here is an apple, take an apple,
OpfOTe; = as an interrogation has the meaning of I
beg your pardon? (Expr. KaA<.ix; op(oOT& = welcome).
0 opf~oVTac; orizondas (Anc + K opf~wv orlzon) =
horizon. Op1~6VT1oc;, -a, -o, oriz6ndios = horizontal
6p1o, TO 6rio = limit, boundary. OpiOIJt voc;, -1'), -o =
1. fixed, appointed, 2. certain (uspecified). 0 op•a1J6c;
orism6s = 1. definition, 2. fixing, appointment.
Op10TIK6c;, -~ . -6 oristik6s = definite, decisive
opKf~w orkizo (exorcize) = put on oath, (6pKlo-a)
opKf~OIJOI orkizome = swear (opK(OTTlK-a). 0 6pKoc;
6rkos = oath
Of.IJW orm6 (hormone) = rush. H OPIJ~ ormi = 1.
onrush, violence, 2. impetuousness, passion. H
op1J6VI'J orm6ni = hormone
205
6pv1ea, 11 6rni9a (ornithology) = hen
6poc;, o 6ros = 1. term, 2. condition, stipulation (aveu
6pwv = unconditionally, &q>' 6pou ~w~~ = for life,
~.~too~ 6po~ = average)
6poc;, TO 6ros = mountain
opp6c;, o or6s = serum
opo~p", 11 orofi = ceiling, roof
6po~poc;, o 6rofos = floor, storey
op~pavoc;, -1\, -6 orfan6s = orphan
opx"mpa, 11 orxistra = orchestra
Oa!Jt\, 11 osmi = odor
6aoc;, •.,, -o 6sos = as much as, as many as, all. 'Oao(v)
6so(n) (adv.) = as much as, as long as. 'Ooo TO 15uvar6
= as... as possible, 6oo va = until, 6oo Kol va =
however much it may, 6ao yta = as for, 6oov acpop6 =
as regards, &q>' 6oov = in as much as, as long as
6acppi'JOI'J, 11 6sfrisi = sense of smell
6Tav 6tan = when
OTI 6ti (conj.) ;;; that
6,TI 6ti (pron.) = what, whatever. OTil)~noT& oti~ipote
= 1. whatsoever, 2. anything at all
6Tou 6too (pron.) With twc; or 1-1txp• = twc; 6Tou,
1-1txp•c; 6Tou ;;; until. with an6 (which becomes a~p')
acp'6Tou = since
oulltic; oo~is (pron.) = nobody (oul5& (= not) = et~
=
oulltnoT& ool5epote (adv.) never
oulltT&poc;, ·I'J, -o ooMteros = 1. neutral, 2. neuter
(gram.)
ou~o, To o6zo = spirit flavoured with aniseed
OUK ook (Anc.) (adv.) = not (the ancient word ou (""
not) before a consonant becomes OUK or ouX)
oupa, 11 oora = 1. tail, 2. queue
oupav6c;, o ooran6s (uranium) = sky, heaven. 0
oupavo~UOTI'J<; ooranoxistls = skyscraper
ouafa, 1J oosia = 1. substance, 2. essence
ouTt o6te (adv. and conj.) = not even, ouT&... OUT& =
neither.. nor
ouTonia, 11 ootopia = utopia (ou (= not) + 16no~
~opo graphy) = place)
ouTwc; o6tos (adv.) = so, thus. OuTwc; wm& = in
such a way as to
oux oox = not (The word ou before certain
consonants) ouxi ooxi = not
ocp&fAw ofilo = owe (6q>tt1-.-a)
6cpeAoc;, TO 6felos = profit
ocpeaA~6c; , o otealm6s (opthalmology) = eye. 0
ocpeaA~iaTpac; ofealmiatros = eye specialist
206
6xru.1a, To 6xima = vehicle
6xe11, '1 6X9i =shore (of lake), bank (of river)
6x• 6xi = no, not
611111. 11 6psi (synopsis) = 1. appearance, look, 2.
face, 3. sight (&v 6'11&1 = in view, ?..a~J36vw un' 6'111v
=
= take into consideration, t~ 6!11twc; by sight)
n, rr
n6yoc;, o payos = Ice. To naywT6 payot6 ice-
cream
na~6p1 , TO pazari = 1. market, 2. bargaining
naeafvw pa9eno (pathology) = suffer (e-na9-a)
(Expr. KaA6 va n69£t = it serves him right. Tnv
tna9£~ = you got caught out). H n6811011 pa9isl =
malady. To n68oc; pa9os = 1. passion, 2.
animosity, 3. vice. na8'1TIK6c;, -1\, -6 pa9itik6s
(pathetic) = passive. H na8oAoyfa pa9oloyia =
pathology
na16f, TO pe~i (pediatrlcs) = child, boy. To na166K1
pe~aki = little child. na•l5•K6c;, -1\, -6 pe~ik6s
child's, of children. na16aywy6c; pe~ayoy6s =
paedagogue
na16&1a, 11 pe~ia = education, learning. na16.:uw
peMvo = torment (naf6£1jJ-a)
naf~w pezo = 1. play, 2. gamble. To na•xvfl51 pexnl6i
= 1. game, sport, 2. toy, play-thing, 3. gambling. 0
nafKT'lc; pektis = 1. player, 2. gambler
naipvw perno (irr.) = 1. take, 2. get, receive, 3.
contain, hold (Expr. nalpvw IJnp~ = start (of motor),
6£ IJO~ na(pV£1 11 wpa = We have no time, 6£V nafpV£l
an6 Myta = he does not listen to reason)
naKil'o, To paketo = packet, package
naAaTI, To palc~ti = palace
n6A1 pall (adv.) = 1. again, once more, 2. on the
=
other hand (Expr. n6At KaM not too bad)
naA116c;, -6, -6 or naA16c; palios (Anc. + K. naAa16c;
pale6s) (palaeontology) = 1. old (not new), 2. former.
0 naA16v8pwnoc; palitmeropos = rascal, scoundrel
(nC1At6~+6v9pwn~=man). To naA16na16o
pali6pe~o = bad boy, naughty boy
naA(A)11K6pl, TO palikari = 1. brave person, 2. young
man
naAT6, TO palt6 = overcoat
nav- pan- = prefix denoting a//, very, universal
nav, TO pan (pi. TO n6VTa panda) (panamerican) =
everything, the whole world
navayfa , 11 panayia = the virgin Marry (nav+ay(a
(hagiography) = saint)
n avt.UI\v•oc;, -a , -o panelinios = panhellenic. To
=
navt.Uqv1o the whole of Greece
nav&man\.,•o, TO panepislimio = university
(nav+£nlanl1.1'1 =science)
nav'lvup•, TO paniylri = 1.patronal festival, 2.fair.
nav'1VUPIK6c;, -1\, -6 paniyirik6s (panegeric) = 1.
festive with rejoicing, 2. panegeric
n6v9tov, TO paneeon = pantheon (nav+B£6~
=
(theology) god)
n6v811pac;, o paneiras (Anc. + K n6v811p pan9ir) =
panther (nav+9l'Jp(o = wild animal)
nav1K6c;, o panik6s = panic
navf, TO pani = cloth
nav6pa.,a, TO pan6rama = panorama (nav+6pa1Ja
=vision)
navat A11voc;, 11 panselinos = full moon (nav+o&Ar'!Vl'J
= moon)
n6VTa panda or n6VTOT£ pandote (adv.) = always.
naVTOTiv6c;, -1\, -6 pandotin6s = eternal, for ever
n6VTa, TO panda = see TO nav
naVTtA6vl, TO pandel6ni = trousers
naVTOVVWOTilc;, o pandoyn6stis = omniscient
(nav+yv<.i>oTT]~ (agnostic) = knower)
naVTOKp6rwp, o pandokrator = lord of all, Almighty,
pantocrator (nav+Kpatw (democrat) = hold)
naVTonwA11c;, o pandop61is = grocer (nav+nw?..w
(monopoly) = sell). To naVTonwA&fo pandopolio =
grocer's shop
naVTOu pando6 (adv.) = everywhere
naVT6cpAa, ..,, pand6fia = slipper
naVTpt uo.,a• pantrevome = get married (naVTptliT-
11Ka)
n6VTwc; pandas = in any case, anyhow
n6vw pano (or .:n6vw epano) (adv.) = 1. up, above,
on top, 2. upstairs, navw an6 = over, more than,
above
n6nac;, o papas = the pope
nan6c;, o or nann6c; papas = priest
n6nAw.,a, ro paploma = cotton quilt
nanourm, TO papo6tsi = shoe. 0 nanoura~c;
papootsls = shoe-maker
nannouc;, 0 papo6s = grandfather
nap6 para (prep.) = has many meanings (see
preposition p.68) 1. than, 2. but, 3. near, beside,
4.contrary to, despite, 5. except, less (IJ{a nap6 6£Ka
= ten to one, nap6 A!yo = nearly, 1.1epa nap6 j.i£pa ::::
 207

every other day) n6pa noAU = very much, too much = 1. paralyse. 2. become shaky (nape~ua-a, ea
napa- para- = prefic denoting closeness of position, napaMa-w) (napa+Mw = loosen)
situation on the other side, wrongness, irregularity, napa!JOV~ , 11 paramoni = 1. sojourn, 2. eve
alteration, etc. napo!Jopcpwvw paramorf6no = 1. disfigure, 2. distort
nap6jlaa11, 11 paravasi = infringement (napa+I360Tl (nopo+JJopcpr'} (morphology) = form)
= base) napOIJU91, TO paramiei = fairy-tale (nopo+l.u)eoc; =
napayytAw parangelo = 1.order, prescribe myth)
(napa+ayye~w (angel) = announce). H napayyeAfa napavo~la , 11 paranomia = 1.unlawful act, 2.
parangelia = 1. instruction, order, 2. message (en( illegality (napa+v61JOC: (autonomy) = low)
napayye~(a = made to order, acpf]vw napayye~(a = nap6~t:voc;, -11. -o paraksenos = strange, peculiar
leave a message) (napa+~tvoc; (xenophobia) =stranger)
nap6ypacpoc.;, 11 parayrafos = paragraph =
nap6a1ro, TO parasite parasite
(napa+ ypacpw = write) napaaKt:ua~w paraskevazo = prepare
nap6yw parayo = produce, yield (nap6+6yw = (nopaOIKtuao-a). H napaOK£UrJ paraskevi =Friday
lead). H napaywyr\ parayoyl = production. 0 nap6araa11, 11 parastasi = 1. representation,
napaywyoc.; parayoy6s = producer. napaywyiKOI.;, - 2.performance (napa+OTOOTl = stasis). napiOTOVW
1\, -6 = productive paristano (irr.) ::: 1. represent, depict (nop(OToa-o, eo
nap6yovrac;, o parayondas = factor napoan')a-w), 2. pretend to be, 3. perform (role, play)
nap66t1y~a , TO paradiyma (paradigm) = example nap6Taa11, 11 paratasi = prolongation, extension (in
= =
(n.x. napa~e{yiJOTO<; xaptv for example) time)
nap66t1aoc.;, o parMisos = paradise naparr]p11011, 11 paratirisi = 1. observation, 2.remark.
napa6txo~ar paraMxome = admit (napaMxr·llKa) napaTI1PW paratir6 = observe, notice, remark
(napa+ MXOIJOl = accept) (noparr'Jp'lo-o)
napa616w parai5i~o = 1.hand over (napt~wa-a, ea napacpwvia, 11 parafonia = wrong or jarring note
napai5waw), 2. teach (give lessons). napa6f6o~a• napta, 11 parea = company, party
parai51i5ome ;:;: surrender (napaM8-11Ka) =
naptAaa11, 11 parelasi parade, march-past
nap66o~oc;, ·11. -o parai5oxos = strange, odd, napeAe6v, TO parele6n = the past
paradoxical napevoxAw parenoxlo = harass, annoy
nap66oa11, 11 parai5osi = 1. handing over, 2. (napev6x~'lo-a)
teaching, 3. tradition (napa+i560Tl (dose) = giving). napt~l}yw parexiy6 = misunderstand. H
napa6oOIOK6c;, -~, -6 parai5osiak6s = traditional napt~~IYI10I1 =misunderstanding
nap69upo, TO para8iro = window (napa+eupa = n6ptpyo(v), TO pareryo(n) = side-line, parergon
door) nap11y0p16, 11 pariyorya = consolation. nap11yopw
napaKaAw parakal6 = ask, request (someone) pariyor6 = console (nOP'lYOP'lO·a)
(napaKOAto·a) napaKaAw = please napKO, TO parka = park
napaK6Tw parakato= further down, napan6vw n6po6oc;, 11 paroi5os = side-street (napa+oMc;
parapano = 1. higher than, 2.in addition, more than, (exodus) = street). napo61K6c;, -~ , -6 paro6ik6s =
napantpa parapera = further on, napanAtupwc; transient
paraplevros = 1. at the side, 2. next door napaiJJfa, 11 parimia = proverb
napaKoAouew parakolooe6 = 1. follow napauafa, 11 paroosia = presence, attendance.
(napaKo~ouerw-a) , 2. keep up with, 3. attend napaUOIO~W paroosiazo = present, produce
(lessons) (napouaioo-o)
=
napaAfa, 11 paralia 1. sea shore, seafront, 2. beach napw61a, 11 parol5ia = parody
nap6AA11Aoc;, -11. -o paralilos = parallel nac;, n6aa, nav = all, every, everyone
(napa+aMll~oc; ::: each other) n6ara, 11 pasta = pastry, cake
nap6Aoyoc;, -1'(, -o paraloyos = unreasonable, naaxa, TO pasxa = Easter
absurd (napa +Myoc; (dialogue) = reason) naaxw pasxo = suffer (malady)
nap6Aua11, 11 parlllisi = paralysis. napaAuw paralio naTara, 11 patata = potato
208
nmtpac;, o pateras (paternal), nan\p patir in Anc.
and K = father. naTptK6c;, -~ . -6 patrik6s = fatherly
naTpf~a . 11 patri6a = native country or place. 0
naTpiWTI1C: patri6tis = 1. patriot, 2. fellow countryman
naTw pat6 = 1. tread on, step (n6Tr)o-a), 2. press
(fell etc.). To n6TWIJO patoma = 1. floor, ground, 2.
storey
nauw pavo = 1. stop, cease doing (t-na~V-a), 2.
dismiss. H nauo11 pafsi (menopause) = 1. cessation,
2. dismissal
naxoc;, TO paxos (pachyderm) = 1. thickneSS,
fatness, 2. fat. naxarvw paxeno = 1. grow fat, 2.
fatten (naxuv-a). naxuc;, -16, -u paxis = fat, thick.
naxu~&piJO<;, ·11, ·0 paxi6ermos = pachyderm
n6w pao and n11yafvw piyeno (irr.) = go (nr'JY-a, ea
n6-w) (Expr. n6e1 aUT6 = it is past, it is done for, n6e1
=
va n£1 it means)
ntl;6c;, -~ . -6 pez6s = 1. on foot, pedestrian, 2.
prose. ntl;~ pezi (adv.) = on foot. ntl;O~pOIJIO
peso6r6mio = pavement (ne~6c;+6p611oc;
(hippodrome) =street). To ntl;tK6 pezik6 =infantry
nt9afvw peeeno = die (nteav-a)
nt9tp6c;, -6 peeer6s = father (mother)-in-law
ntf9w pleo (pythian) = persuade (e-m:1o-a). H
ntt9apxfa piearxla = discipline
ndva, 11 plna = 1. hunger, 2. starvation. n&IVW pin6
= be hungry (nt(VOO·O). ntiVOOIJiVO<;, -~, -6
pinasmenos = hungry
ndpa, 11 plra = experience, practice
n&•pal;w plrazo = 1. tease (ne(pa~-a) , 2. annoy, vex,
disturb, 3. upset, disarrange. llev ntlp6l;tl = it does
not matter, it is all right
ndpa!Ja, TO plrama = experiment
=
nttpaa}J6c;, o pirasm6s temptation
ntlpoTt1c;, o piratis = pirate
ntfa~Jo , TO plsma = obstinacy. 0 n&IOIJOTOPI1C:· -a
pismataris = obstinate
ntAayoc;, TO pelayos = sea-A1yalov eyeon ntA.ayoc;
= Aegean sea
ntA6TI1C:, o pelatis 11 n&A6Ttaa pelatisa = client,
customer. H ntAoTda pelatia = clientele
n&Awp•oc;, -a, -o pel6rios = huge
nt~Jmoc;, ·11, -o pemptos = fifth. H nt~o~m11 =
Thursday (lit. fifth)
ntVT& pende (pentagon) = five. ntVtlVTO peninda =
fifty. n&VTOKOOIO pendak6sia = five hundred
ntn6vt, TO pep6ni = melon
ntpa pera (adv.) = over, far, on the other side (£6<.0
nt pa = over here, ntpa an6 = beyond)
ntpav peran (adv.) = beyond, accross (with gen.)
=
ntpac;, TO paras end, term, conclusion
ntpamtK6c;, -r\, -6 perastik6s = 1. passing by, 2.
transitory. na:pamtK6 perastika = may you get well
ntpao~o~tvoc;, -~. -6 perasmenos = 1. past, 2. last
ntp~cpavoc;, ·11. -o perlfanos = proud
ntpl· pari- = prefix denoting around (periphery)
ntpf peri (prep.) = 1. round, round about,
approximately, 2. about, concerning
ntpt~6AAw perivalo = surround (neptt (3aA.-a, ea
nep1(36Aw). To ntpt~6AAov perivalon = 1.
environment, surroundings, 2. entourage
ntp1~6A1, TO periv61i = fruit garden
ntptyp6cpw periyrafo = describe (ntpltypa~V-a)
(n£pl+ yp6<pw (graph) = write. H ntptypacptl periyrafi
= description
ntpttpyoc;, ·f'l, -o perieryos = 1. curious, strange, 2.
inquisitive (nt pl+tpyo (energy) = work). H
=
ntpttpytto perieryia curiosity
ntp•txw periexo = contain (ntpl+txw = have). To
ntpi&X61J&Vo periex6meno = content
ntplf'IYf'IT~c;, o periiyitis = tourist
ntpt9wpto, TO perie6rio margin=
ntpfAf'IIIJf'l, 11 perllipsi ;;;:; summary. na:p1A11m•K6<;, -r\,
-6 periliptik6s = 1. concise, 2. comprehensive
=
ntpiiJtvw perlmeno wait, await, expect (nep(~JE:v-a
(ntpt + ~o~tvw = stay)
ntpfiJ&Tpoc;, 11 perimetros = perimeter,
circumference
ntp1~ perix (adv.) = around
ntpfoooc;, 11 periooos = 1. period, 2. season
(ntpi+ OM<; (exodus) = street). ntpiO~IK6<;, -tl, -6
periooik6s = periodical. To ntpto~ t K6 periooik6 =
magazine
ntptopfl;w periorizo = confine, restrict (ntp16p1a-a)
(ntpl+op(~w (horizon) = delimit)
ntptouofa, r'l perioosia = 1. property, possesions,
wealth, 2. estate
ntptoxr\, 11 perioxi = district, area, region
ntpfnaTo<;, o peripatos ;::: walk
n&pmtT&Io, 11 peripetia = adventure, misadv'enture
ntpmotou~o~a• peripio6me = 1. show attentivness to
(n£ptnou'l9·11Ka), 2. look after, 3. nurse. H
=
ntpmoff'IOf'l periplisi attention, looking after
=
na:pfnou perlpoo about, approximately
=
ntpfmtpo, ro periptero 1. kiosk, 2. pavilion
ntpfmwa11, r'l periptosi = case, circumstance (ev
 209

n6oe:t m:ptmwo&l = in any case, anyhow) =

nrKp6c;, -r't, -6 pikr6s (pricric acid) bitter
m:proa6T&poc;, -11, -o peris6teros = more =
nrMq>t, TO pilafi rice dish (pilaf)
ncpiOTaa11, 11 perlstasi = situation, circumstance, nrA6Toc;·, o pil6tos= pilot
occasion nfvaKac;, o pinakas = 1. table, list, 2. notice-board,
ncprOTtpr, TO peristeri = pigeon, dove 2.picture. H nrvaKi6a pinakl~a = number-plate,
ncpiOTpoq>o, To peristrofo = revolver name-plate. H nrvaKo9~KI"J pinako9iki = picture-
m:prn6c;, -~. -6 perit6s = needless. ne:pm6c; gallery
apl9~6c; = odd number nivw pino (irr.) = drink (r')m-a, ea m-w) . To nroT6
ncprq>tpcra, 11 periferia = periphery, circumference pyot6 = drink (alcoholic)
ncpiq~ruroc; perifimos = 1. famous, 2. first-rate nr6 py6 = more (with noun, adjective or adverb)
(ne:pl+cpru.li"J = fame) nina, 11 pipa ;:::; tobaco-pipe
ncpvw pern6 = 1. pass, go past or through (nepao- nroiva, 111 pisina = swimming-pool
a), 2. cross (street}, 3. excel. 4. spend time (ntpaoa nrOTtuw pistevo = believe (nfOT&lJl-a}. H niOTI1 pisti
wpafa = I had a good time), 5. be valid or accepted =
= 1. believe, 2. faith. ntOT6c;, -r}, -6 pist6S faithful,
(nepv6el al!T6; = is this valid?) loyal
ncpnaTw perpat6 = walk (nepn61110·0) nrOT6Ar, TO pist61i = pistol
ntp(u)or per( ~ si =last year. ncporv6c;, -~. -6 =
nrOTonOiflTIK6, TO pistopiitik6 certificate
=
persin6s last year's n faw plso (adv.) = 1. back, 2. behind
n&T&rv6c;, o petin6s cock= nAa~. 11 plaz = bathing-beach
ntTpO, I"J petra (petrify) = Stone. ntTpiVOC:, -11, -0 nMI plai (adv.) = at the side, next door. nAa'iv6c;, -~ .
=
petrinos of stone =
-6 plainos adjoining
n&TptAaro, TO petreleo = oil, petroleum nMKa, 11 plaka = 1. slab, paving-stone, 2. (Expr.
(nerpa+tAalo = oil) on6w nMKa = I have fun, exe:t nMKa = it is
n&TatTa, 11 petseta = 1. napkin, 2. towel amusing)
=
n&Tw pet6 1. throw away (netaC,-a), 2. fly nAav~TrJc;, o planitis = planet
n&uKo, To pefko pine = nAaOTrK6c;, -~ . -6 plastik6s = plastic. H nA6a11 plasi
=
ntq>Tw pefto fall (down or off) (e-neo-a) = 1. creation, 2. moulding. 0 nA60TI1C: plastis ""
n11yMr, TO piyMi well= creator
n11yaivw piyeno see n6w nAaOT6c;, -~. -6 plast6s = false, forged, fictitious
n11v~ . 11 piyl = 1. spring, 2. source nA6Tavoc;, o platanos or TO nAaT6vr platani = plane-
n11youvr, TO piyo6ni "" chin tree
ni"J~W piM = jump, leap (ni'J61"Jo-a) nAanfa, 11 platia = square
ni"JpOUVI, TO piro6ni = fork nAaruc;, -16, -u platfs = wide,. broad. To nAchoc;
n~na , 11 pita = pie, cake platos ;:::; 1. width, breadth, 2. latitude
nra pya (adv.) = 1. (not) any longer, 2. at last nA&KT6c;, -~. -6 plekt6s = knitted. nAtKw pleko = knit
nlclVO, TO piano = piano (e-nhef,-a)
nr6vw piano = 1. catch, catch hold of (e-mao-a), 2. n}.tvw pleno (irr.) = wash (e-nhuv-a). To nAuatiJO
take position of (mavw on(Tt = take (rent) a house, plisimo = washing
m6vw T6no = take up space or come in useful}, 3. =
nAtov pleon (adv.) = more. Enf nAtov in addition
affect (IJ' tmaoc cp6poc; = I was frighten}, 4. break =
nAcovtKTI11JO, TO pleonektima advantage, merit
out, come on (tmao& cpwTt6 = a fire broke, emaoc nAtup6, 11 plevra or TO nAtup6 plevr6 (pleurosy) =
=
ppoxtl it started raining) side, rib. H nAtupiTIC: plevrltis = pleurosy
=
nraaJJtvoc;, •.,, -o pyasmenos occupied, taken =
nAtw pleo (irr.) sail, float (e-nM:uo-a)
nr6To, To pyato plate= nAJlyr'J, I) pliyi = wound, sore. nA11ywvw pliy 6no = 1.
nrt~w plezo = press, squeeze, compress (nfco-a) . H wound (nAI')ywo-a), 2. hurt, oftend
nftOf'l piesi = 1. pressure, 2. blood-pressure nA~9o<;, TO pli9os (plethora) = crowd, masses. 0
nr9av6c;, -r't, -6 pi9an6s = probable, likely nAI"J9UVTU<6c; pli9indik6s = plural. 0 nA118UOIJO<;
=
ni911Koc;, o pi9ikos (pithecanthrope) ape =
pli9ism6s population
2 10
nA11v plin = 1. except, apart from, 2. minus (mathem.)
=
nA~P'l<;, -11c;, -tc; pllris full, complete
nAI1polj)op(a, 11 pliroforia = information
nA11pwvw plir6no = pay (nMpwo-a)
nA11ofov plision (adv.) = near. nA.,cno~w plisiazo =
aproach, draw near (nXnoiao-a)
nAofo, ro plio = ship. 0 nAoiapxoc; pliarxos =
=
captain (nXoto+apxfl (monarch) authority)
nAour oc;, o plo6tos (plutocrat) = richness, wealth.
=
nAoUOIO<;, -a, · 0 plo6sios rich
nv&u!Ja, TO pnevma (pneumatic) = 1. breadth, 2.
spirit, mind, wit 'Ayto nve:u~Ja = Holy Ghost.
nvt UIJOTIK6<;, - ~ , -6 pnevmatik6s (pneumatic) = 1.
mental, 2. spiritual, 3. intellectual
nv&u!Jovac;, o pnevmonas (pneumonia) = lung. H
nvtu!Jovia pnevmonia = pneumonia
nvtw pneo (pneumatic) = blow (t-nve:uo-a). H nvon
pnoi = 1. breath, breathing, 2. inspiration
nvfyw pniyo = 1. drown (t-nvt~-a) , 2. suffocate, 3.
strangle
n6lS1, TO pMi (chiropodist) =foot, leg. Mt TO n 6lS1a
=
= on foot. To nol5"Amo po6ilato bicycle. To nol56-
0ij)Oipo = football game (no6t+ocpalpa = sphere)
nor.,a.,, 11 piisi = poetry. 0 n0111~c; piitis, 11 no1"Tp1a
=
piitria = poet. To nof'11JO plima poem. nontTIK6c;, -
r\, -6 piitik6s = poetic
no1v", 11 pinl = penalty, punishment
no16c;, -a, -o pi6s =who? which?
nOIOTI1TO, 11 pi6tita = quality
no1w pi6 (Anc.+K) = make, do (e:-noCno-a)
n6At 1JO<;, o p61emos (polemic) = war. noAtiJW
polem6 = fight {nOM~JilO-a). noAt iJIK6c;, -r\, -6
polemik6s = polemic, of war
noA1K6<;, o polik6s = polar
n6A11, 1'1 p61i (n6A1c; p61is (acropolis) in Anc. and K) =
c ity, town. 0 noAintc; politis = citizen, civilian. H
noA1Ttfa politia = 1. state, 2. attitude, line of conduct.
H noAITIKrl politikl = politics. 0 noAITIKO<; politik6s =
politician. 0 noAITIOIJO<; polit1sm6s = civilization,
culture
noUanAaOIOOIJ6c;, o polaplasiasm6s = multiplica-
tion
n6Aoc; o p61os = pole
=
noAu- poll- prefix denotintg much, many, very
noAuyaiJfa , '1 poliyamla = polygamy
noAUyAwoooc;, -11, -o pollylosos = polyglot
noAu9p6va, '1 poli8r6na = arm-chair (noXu + 9p6voc;
= throne)
noAuKaTOIKfa, 11 polikatikia = building of many flats
(noXu+KOTOlKia =dwelling)
noAunAoKoc;, -11, -o pollplokos = complicated
noAuc; p6hs, noM~ poli, noAu poli (irr.) = 1. much,
many, great, 2. long (time). noAU poll (adv.) = much,
very, long
noAuTt Ac•a, 11 politeha = luxury. noAuTtA~c;. -ri, -tc;
politelis = luxurious (noXu+TtXttoc; = perfect,
complete)
noAUTt l(Vtfo , ro politexnio = polytechnic
noAuTIIJO<;, -'1, -o polltimos = precious, valuable
(noM+TliJll = value)
=
nov11p6c;, -r\, -6 ponir6s cunning
= =
n6voc;, 0 p6nos pain. novw pono feel pain, hurt
(n6ve:o-a). 0 nov6oovroc; pon66ondos = toothache.
0 novoKtcpaAoc; ponoketalos = headache
novriKI, TO pondiki = mouse, rat
nop91Jdo, To por9mlo = ferry
n6pra, 11 p6rta = door, gate
noproK6AJ, To portokali = orange. H nopToKaA6l5a
portokaiMa = orange juice
nopTolj)OAI, TO portof61i = wallet
n6ooc;, .,, -o p6sos = how much, how many. H
noo6TrJTO pos6tita = quantity
noTOIJI, TO potami or o n oTa1J6c; potam6s
=
(hippopotamus) river
n6rt p6te = when?
noTt pole = 1. never (after neg.), 2. ever
noT6, TO pot6 (potage) = drink, beverage
nou po6 = where?
nou poo = that
nouecvo pooeena = 1. nowhere (after neg.), 2.
anywhere
nouK61JIOO, To pookamiso shirt=
nouAi, TO poolf = bird
nouAIJOV, TO po61man = motor-coach
nouAw pool6 (nwAw pol6 (monopoly) in Anc. and K)
= sell (nOUAI10·0)
noupo, TO po6ro = cigar
np6y1JO, TO prayma (pragmatic) = 1. thing, 2. matter,
affair. npayiJOTIK6c;, ·r\, -6 praymatik6s = real,
actual. H npayJ.IOTIK6TrJTO praymatik6tita = reality
np6KTopac;, o praktoras = agent. To npaKTOpd o
praktorio = agency
np6~11 . 11 praksi = 1. act, deed, praxis 2. practical
experience. npaKTIKO<;, ·r\, -6 praktik6s = 1.
practical , 2. without professional training. Ta
npaKTJK6 praklika = proceedings, minutes
 211

np6o1voc;, · I'J, -o prasinos = green forestall. (npo+Aa~J36vw = take). H np6AiliJ.II'l

npaT~piO, TO pratirio = shop. npaT~PIO Ptv~fvi'Jc; = pr61ipsi = 1. prevention, 2. superstition.
petrol station npoAqmiK6c;, -~, -6 = 1. preventive, 2. superstitious
npt n&l prepi = it is necessary or fitting, must, should np6Aoyoc;, o pr61oyos = prologue (npo+ Myoc; =
npt opda, 11 presvia = embassy. 0 npt.aPI'Jc; presvis speech)
or o np&ap&uT~c; presveftis = ambassador npo1J~9&m , 11 promi9ia = 1. supply, provision, 2.
np1v prin (adv.) =before commision (percentage)
np lo~a , TO prisma = prism np6vo1a, 11 pr6nia =1. foresight, precaution, 2.
npo pro (prep.) = before, in front of, npo naVT6c; = providence
above all, especially npo~tva:lo, TO proxenio = consulate. 0 np6~tvoc;
npoaare•o, TO proastio = suburb (npo+ 6aru = city) pr6xenos = consul
n p6pa, 11 pr6va = 1. trying out, 2. rehearsal, 3. fitting np6o~oc;, 11 pr6o6os = progress, progression
of clothes (npo+oMc; (exodus) =street), npoo~&UTIK6c;, -~ , -6
n p6paTo, ro pr6vato = sheep =
proo6eftik6s progressive
np6J3AI'J~a, To pr6vlima = problem npoopi~w proorlzo =
intend, destine (npowpllo-o)
np6ypa~~a . TO pr6yrama = programme (npo+op(~w (horizon) = fix). 0 npoopiOIJ6c;
npo~f~w pro6hSo = 1. betray (np66wo-a). H proorism6s = 1. destination, 2. appointed end
npo~wora pro6osia = betrayal, treason. 0 np6n&pol (adv.) = the year before last (npo+nepot
npo~6TI'Jc; proMtis = traitor. = last year)
np6&~poc; , o pr6e6ros = president, chairman npoc; pros (prep.) =
1. to, towards (direction, relation
npo&li5onou,J proi6opi6 = 1. warn, 2. notify in with ace.) . (npoc; ee:oo<lAov(t<Jl = to Thessaloniki), 2.
advance (npO&l60nO(JlO·O). H npo&IOOnOii'JOI'J for (use, purpose) (npoc; nWAJlOJl = for sale), 3. at
=
proi6opiisi warning =
(npoc; TO nap6v at the present)
npotpxoiJol proerxome (irr.) originate (npoi'JA9-a, ea npooap1J6~w prosarm6zo = adapt, adjust
npoeA9-w) (npo-tepxo~at come) = (npoo6p1-1oo-a). H npooapiJOV~ prosarmoyf =
npoi'JVOUIJOI proiyo6me =precede, come before or adaptation, adjustment
first (npOJ1Yr'J9·JlKO). npoi'JyOu~&voc;, ·I'J, · 0 npoopaAAw prosvalo = 1. offend (npooel3<lA-a, ea
proiyo6menos = preceding, previous, last, npooj36A-w), 2. attack (npoc;+J36Mw (ballistics) =
n poi'JyOuiJt vwc; proiyoomenos (adv.) = previously, shoot). H npoopoA~ prosvolf = 1. offence, 2. attack
before npooy&IWVOIJOI prosyi6nome = land (from air)
np69&0il, 11 pr69esi ... 1. intention, 2. preposition (npooyetw9·'1Ka) (npoc;+v'l (geography) = earth). H
(npo+ 9eoJ1 = thesis) npooy&iwol'l prosyiosi = landing
n poiKa, 11 prika = dowry npooeuxr\, 11 prosef)(i = prayer
npoi6v, TO proi6n = product npooex~c;. -r\c;, -tc; prosexis = next. npooexwc;
npoKaAw prokal6 = 1. provoke, cause (npoK6A&o-a), =
prosex6s (adv.) shortly, soon
2. challenge (npo+ KaAW = call). H np6KAI'JOI'J pr6klisi n pootxw prosexo = 1. look after (np6ae:~-a)
= 1. provocation, 2. challenge (np6oext TllV = look after her) , 2. pay attention to,
npoK6vw prok<'mo = 1. catch up with (np6Kav-a), 2. notice (6e:v np6oe:~e:c:; Tl e:(ne = you did not pay
act in time, 3. have enough time attention to what he said) , 3. be careful of, mind (va
np6K&ITOI pr6kite = it is a matter or a question of npootxe:1c; = be careful, take care). H npooox~
(with v•a or va) (np6K&lTal va cpuye:t: he is supposed prosoxi = 1. caution, 2. attention, 3. care.
to go, nepi T(voc; np6K&tTat; what is about, np6t<&lTal npoo&KTIK6c;, -~, -6 prosektik6s = 1. careful, 2.
y1a TO cpfAo oou: it is about your friend) attentive
npoK~PU~Il. 11 prokirixi = proclamation =
npoa9tTw proseeto (prosthetic) add. H n p6o9&0I'J
n poKUIJaia , 11 prokimea = quay pr6s9esi = addition (npoc:; + 9eOJ1 = thesis)
npoAo1Jp6vw prolamvano or npoAapaivw prolaveno np6o81oc;, -a, -o pr6s9ios = front, fore
(irr.) = 1. be or act in time (np6Aoj3-a), 2. have npooKtq>aAo, TO proskefalo = pillow, cushion (npoc;
enough time for, 3. catch up with, 4. anticipate + KecpaM = head)
212
np6oKA110'1, '1 pr6sklisl = Invitation. npooKaAw
proskal6 =invite (npooK6Aeo-a) (npoc;+KOAW = call)
np6oKonoc;, o pr6skopos = scout
npoo6v, TO pros6n = 1. qualification, 2. advantage
np6oo"''1· '1 pr6sopsi - facade
npoo6"'1 pros6psi =towel
npoonaew prospa96 = try, attempt (npoon69rto-a).
H npocma9tra prospa9ia = effort, attempt
npoaroTI'Ic;, o prostatis (prostate) = protector. H
npoaraoia prostasla = protection. npoaraTtUW
prostatevo = protect (npo0'1'6Ttuo-a)
np6arr~o. TO pr6stimo = fine
np6olj)aToc;, -11, -o pr6sfatos = recent, fresh
npoolj)tpw prosfero = offer, give, present (npooe-
<ptp·a, ea npoocpep-w) (npoc;+ <ptpw = bring). H
npoolj)op6 prosfora = offer, bid (npoocpop6 KOI
~~TI10il = supply and demand)
np6olj)uyac;, o pr6sfiyas = refugee (npoc;+cpuy6c; =
fugitive)
npoolj)wvw prosfon6 address, salute. H
npoolj)WV'lOil prosf6nisi = addressing speech
(npoc;+cpwVJ1 (symphony) = voice)
np6ox11~a , TO pr6sxima = pretext, pretence
(npoc;+oxr'uJa (scheme) = shape)
np6awno, TO pr6sopo = 1.face, 2. person.
npoowmK6c;, -~ . -6 prosopik6s = personal. To
npoowmK6 prosopik6 = personnel. H npwToj3ouMa, 11 protovoolia = initiative
npoowmK6T'lTO prosopik6tita = personality
npoowprv6c;, -~ . -6 prosorin6s = provisional,
temporary (npoc;+ wpa (horoscope) = hour)
np6TOOI1, 11 pr6tasi = 1. proposal, proposition, 2.
sentence (gram.). npoTtivw protino = propose,
suggest (np6Ttrv-a)
nportpai6TI1TO, 11 protere6tita = priority
npoTtp11~a , TO proterlma = 1. advantage, 2. virtue,
good quality
npoTrpw protim6 = prefer (npoT(iJno-a). H
npoTiiJI10'1 protimisl = preference (npo+Ttj.lW
(Timothy) = esteern)
npoTou proto6 (adv.) = before
npounoetrw proipo9eto = presuppose (npolint9to-a,
ea npounoeto-w). H npoun6Btol1 proip6eesi =
presupposition (npo+un69t0ll = hypothesis)
np61j)OOI1, 11 pr6fasi = pretext, excuse (npo+<p60ll =
phase)
npolj)t pw profero = pronounce (np61j)t p-a). H
npocpopa profora = pronunciation. npocpop1K6<;, -~ ,
-6 proforik6s = oral, verbal
npo<prjTI1<;, 0 profitis = prophet. npOij)I1TIK6c;, -~ , -6
profitik6s = prophetic
npocpTaivw profteno or npolj)9avw profeano = 1.
catch up with (np6<pTao-a), 2. be or act in time
npocpuAayw profilayo = guard, protect (npocpu}.a~­
a). npolj)UAOKTIK6c;, -~ , -6 profilaktik6s (prophylactic)
= preventive, precautionary. To npolj)uAaKTrK6
profilaktik6 = prophylactic condom
np6xtrpoc;, -11, -o pr6xiros = 1. ready to hand, 2.
improvised (npo+ XtlP (chiropodist) = hand in Anc.
and K)
npoxetc; proxees = the day before yesterday
(npo+xeec; = yesterday)
npoxwpw proxor6 = 1. advance, proceed
(npoxwpno-a) , 2. progress, gain ground
np6wpoc;, -11, -o pr6oros = premature (npo+wpa
(horoscope) = hour)
=
npuTavrc;, o pritanis rector (university)
npw11v pr6in = formerly
npw9unoupy6c;, o pro9ipoory6s = prime minister
(npwT~+unoupy6c; = minister)
npwi' proi = morning. npwi v6c;, -~. -6 proin6s = of
morning, rising early
npwTo- proto- = prefix denoting first
npwTaywvrarrjc;, o protayonistis 11 npwraywviarpra
protayonistria = protagonist
npwT6KoAAo, To prot6kolo (protocol) = 1. register of
application, document etc., 2. diplomatic etiquette
npwTotJayr6, 11 protomaya = May Day
npwToc;, -11. -o pr6tos (prototype) = first (npwTtc;
po~Btrtc; = first aid). npwTa pr6ta (adv.) = at first,
before
npwT6runoc;, -11, -o prototipos = 1. original, 2.
unusual, 3. prototype
npwToxpovra, 11 protoxronia = New Year's Day
(npWTO+ XPOVHl = year)
mtp6, TO pter6 (helicopter) or cpTtp6 fter6 = 1. wing,
2. feather
m11v6, TO ptin6 = bird, fowl
m~o11 , 11 ptisl (m~orc; ptisis in K) = flight
=
muxro , To ptixlo diploma
mWj.IO, TO pt6ma = corpse
mwo11, 11 pt6si = 1. fall, 2. decrease
mwx6c;, -~ . -6 ptox6s or lj)TWX6c; ftox6s = poor
nuKV6c;, -~ . -6 pikn6s = thick, dense
nuAI"J, 11 pili = gate
nu~i6a, 11 pixil5a = compass
 213

nup, To pir (pyrograph) = fire. H nupKa'i a pirkaya = pouKtTa, '1 rooketa ;;::: rocket
outbreak of fire. 0 nup&T6c; piret6s ( pyretic) = fever.
0 nupooj3tcn11c; pirosvestis =fireman. nupoj3oAw
pirovol6 = shoot at, fire (nupoi36Xno-a)
nuT~OIJO, 11 pitzama = pyzamas
nwAw polo (Anc.+K) (monopoly) nouAw pool6 in
modern Greek = sell (nwXno-a). H nwA11011 p61isi =
sale. 0 nWAI"JTrlc; politis, '1 nwMTpla polltria (~ = 1.
seller, salesman
nwc; p6s = how?
nwc; pos = that
P,p
=
pouTivo, '1 rootina routine
pouxo, To ro6xo ;;::: cloth, garment
p6<f1'11JO, TO r6fima = hot drink
poxoAf~w roxallzo = snore (pox6Ano-a)
pu~1 , To rizi = rice
pu91J6c;, o ri9m6s = 1. rhythm, 2. proportion, 3. order
style (of architecture, furniture), 4. pace. Pu91JIK6c;, -
1\, -6 ri9mik6s ;;::: rhythmical
puTfl5a, '1 riti6a = wrinkle
punofvw ripeno = make dirty (punav-a)
pw!JoAtoc;, -a, -o romahf!os = robust, strong
pwTw rot6 (tpwTw erot6 in k) = ask, question

papw ravo = 1. sew, 2. stitch (e-patiJ-a). 0 pO<fiTI"Jc; Z,o

raftis = tailor, '1 p6q1Tplo raftria = dressmaker. To
pacptio rafio = tailor's shop l:aj3j3aTo, To savato = Saturday. To l:oj3oToKuplaKo
pal5•6q~wvo, TO ra6i6fono = radio savatokiriako = week-end
pavnpou, TO randevo6 = appointment (Fr. rendez- aay6v1, To say6ni = chin, jaw
vous) aaK6KI, To sakaki = jacket
=
paqu, TO rafi shelf aaKf, To saki = sack. 0 o6Koc; sakos = kitbag, sack.
pax11. 11 n!lxi= 1. back, 2. ridge (of mountain) H oat<ouAa sako61a = paper or plastic bag
paljJw~fa, '1 rapso6ia = rhapsody a6Aa, '1 sala = drawing-room
pt~tpj3a , '1 reserva = 1. reserve, 2. spare wheel aaA6ra, '1 salata = salad (Expr. TO t Kavt oaX6m =
ptKA61JO, '1 reklama = advertisement he made a mess of it)
=
ptcna, Ta resta change (money) o6A1, To sali = shawl
p&u!Ja, TO revma (rheumatism) = 1. current, 2. CJOAIO, TO salio = saliva
draught aaMv1, TO sal6ni = living-room
=
p&UIJOTIOIJ6c;, o revmatism6s rheumatism aaATaa, 11 saltsa = sauce
ptuar6c;, -1\, -6 refst6s = 1. fluid, 2. liquid, 3. =
OOIJOOVIO, 11 sampania champagne
unstable aaiJnptAa, '1 samprela = inner tube of tyre
Prl!JO, TO rima = verb = =
oav san (adv.) like, as, oav va as if
PI"JX6c;, -1\, -6 rix6s = shallow. P11xa rixa = shallow =
aavMA1, TO san6ali sandal
waters oavi~a. 11 sanl6a = plank, board
pfyoc;, TO riyos (rigor) = shiver, shuder o6moc;, -a, -o sapyos = 1. rotten, 2. corrupt
pl~o , '1 riza (rhizic) = root. P1~1t<6c; , -1\, -6 = 1. =
oanouv1, TO sapo6ni soap
radical, complete =
oapavra saranda forty
pfxvw rixno = 1. throw, cast (e-pl~-a) , 2.drop, pour =
oapl5tAo, '1 sar<Sela sardine, anchovy
out, 3. over throw (Expr. TO'pl~t t~w = he neglected oapKa, ., sarka (sarcophagus) = flesh. IopKit<6c;, ·1\.
his responsibilities) -6 sarkik6s = carnal
=
p6l5a, '1 r66a wheel aapKOOIJ6c;, o sarkasm6s = sarcasm. IopKOC7TIK6c;,
pol56KIVO, TO rooakino = peach -1\, -6 sarkastik6s = sarcastic
po~ roz = pink aaTavac;, o satanas = satan. l:araviK6c;, -1\, -6 =
poA6i', TO rol6i, (wpoA6y1o orol6yio in K) clock, satanik6s satanic(al), diabolical
watch aarupa, 11 satira = satire. IaTf)pf~w satirize =
p61Jj30c;, o r6mvos = rhombus satirize. Iarup1K6c;, -1\, -6 satirik6s = satirical
p61Jna, 11 r6mba = dressing= gown aarp6m1c;, o satrapis = satrap, despot
214
oacp~c;. -~c;. -tc; safis = explicit, clear
oaxA6c;, -~ . -6 saxlos = silly, insipid
optAToc;, • .,, -o sveltos = q uick, nimble
opqvw or opuvw svino (asbestos) = 1. extinguish,
put out, quench (to~ ua-a) , 2. erase
oyoup6c;, -1\, -6 syoor6s =curly, curly-haired
otpo~ar sevome = respect, revere (oti360H)Ka). 0
otj3ao~6c; sevasm6s (To otpac; sevas In K) = otwnr], 11 siopi = silence. Itwnw see ownalvw
respect, reverence (Expr. TO o£13n J.IOU = my
respects). Itj3acrr6c;, -1\, -6 sevast6s = respected,
respectable
otrpa, 11 sire~ (series) = 1. row, line, series, 2. turn, 3.
=
sequence (Expr. t!vat n Otlp6 oac; it is your turn)
=
otrpl\va, 11 sirina 1. siren, charmer, 2. motor-horn
otro~6c;, o sism6s (seismic) earthquake.
IttOJ!onae~c;. -1\c;, -tc; sismopa9is = stricken by
=
earthquake (otlOJ..loc;+nae~c; (psycopath) sufferer)
otA~Vf1 , 11 selini (selenium) = moon
otAI6a, 11 seli6a = page
atJJv6c;, -1\, -6 semn6s = modest, unassuming
atvr6vr, TO send6ni = sheet
atvrout<r, To sendo6ki = linen-chest
atpvw serno (ollpw slro in Anc. and K) = drag, draw,
pull (t-oup-a)
Of1t<wvw sik6no = 1. lift up, raise (~Kwo-a), 2. carry,
3. remove, withdraw. If11<WVOIJOI sik6nome = get up,
=
rise (Expr. ~Kw yp~yopa get up quickly)
o~~a . TO slma (semaphore) = 1. signal, 2. mark,
badge. I~J..la KOTOT£9ev = trade-mark. If11J06tuw
s1maMvo = 1. aim at, 2. mark (onJ..la6euo-a)
Of11JOia, 11 simea = flag
orwalvw simeno (semantics) = mean, signify
(or'Jj..lav-a) . H Of11JOola simasia = 1. meaning, 2.
importance (Expr. 6tv CX£l onJ.IaO(a = it does not
matter). II'JJJOVTtt<6c;, -1\, -0 simandik6s (semantics) =
important, notworthy
OI'JIJ&fo, TO simio (semiology) = 1. sign, indication, 2.
point (place), stage (degree). II'JIJ&rwvw simi6no = 1.
make a note of (onJ.It (wo-a), 2. mark, 3. observe, take
a note of
OJliJ&pa slmera = to-day (elc;·nJ.Itpa (ephemeral) =
day)
o~payya , 11 siranga = tunnel
oty6 siya = 1. quietly, gently, 2. slow, gradually,
carefylly
o fyJJa, TO siyma = the letter I , o, c;
olyoupoc;, ·I'J, -o siyooros = certain, sure, secure.
Ifyoupa siyoora (adv.) = for certain, certainly
ol6tpo, To si6ero (siderite) = iron. It6tpwvw
sil5er6no = iron (o16tpwo-a). 0 ot6f1p66pOIJOC:
si6ir66romos = railway (cnl5'1po+l5p6J..lOC: (aerodrome)
=street)
otp6nt, TO sir6pi = syrup
om]pt, TO sitari = wheat. ItTaptvto 'IJWJ.If = bread of
wheat
oK6~w or a1<6w skao = 1. burst (e-oKao-a) , 2. crack,
chap, 3. exasparate, 4. be choked (the imp. oK6ot
means shut up)
ot<6Kt, To skaki = chess
o1<6Aa, 11 skala =staircase, ladder. To ot<aAI skali or
TO OKOAon6Tt skalop;Hi = step
OKOIJVI, To skamni = stool
o1<6v6aAo, TO skanl5alo = scandal
oK6pa, 11 skara or ox6pa sxara = grill, Tf1C: oxapoc;:
grilled
ot<6cpoc;, To skafos = ship
ot<tAtT6c;, o skelet6s = 1. skeleton, 2. framework
OKtn6~w skepazo = 1. cover, shelter, 2. conceal. To
ot<tnaoJJa skepasma = covering, cover, lid
Ol<tnJ\,f1 skepi = roof
ot<tmo~at skeptome (scepticism) or ot<tq>TOIJOI
skeftome = think, reflect (oKe<pt-r)Ka). H o l<t!Jif1
skepsi = thought, reflexion. IKcmtK6c;, -~ . -6
skeptik6s = thoughtful. It<tmtKtm-1\c;, -pta
skeptikistis = skeptic
oKtToc;, -11, -o sketos = 1. plain, unmixed, 2.
unsweetened
OI<I1VI\, skini = 1. scene, 2. stage, 3. tent. 0
Ol<f1Vo9tTf1C: skino9etis = film or stage director. Ta
Ol<f1VtK6 skinika = stage scenery
ot<r]mpo, TO sklptro = sceptre
ot<t6, 11 skia (skiagraphy) = shade, shadow
OKI~w sklzo or oxr~o sxizo = tear, split. To OKIOt~O
skisimo = tearing, tear
oKAapoc;, -a (f) sklavos = slave
=
oKAf1p6c;, -~. -6 sklir6s (arteriosclerosis) hard
OKOtVi, TO Sklnf Or OXOtVi SXini = rope
oK6VI1, 11 sk6ni = dust, powder
o1<on6c;, o skop6s (telescope) = 1. aim, intention,
target, 2. sentry, sentinel, 3. tune. It<ontuw skopewo
= 1. aim at, take aim {oK6m:uo-a), 2. intend.
It<6nt1Joc;, · f1, -o sk6pimos = 1. intentional, 2.
expedient, opportune
oK6p6o, To sk6r6o = garlic. H oKop6aAt6 skor6alia
= garlic sauce
 215

aKopni~w skorpizo = scatter, disperse (aK6pmo-a) oray6va, 11 stay6na = drop

a t<opm6c;, o skorpi6s = scorpion or661o, To sta~1o (stadium) = 1. stage, phase, 2.
aKoT661, TO skota~i or TO aK6Toc; sk6tos = darkness, stadium. H orai5•oi5po1Jfo sta~io~romia = career
dark. IKoTtlv6c;, -~. -6 skotin6s = dark, obscure (crrMlo+ ~p 6~oc: (aerodrome) = street)
OKOTWVW skot6no = kill (OK6TWO·O) ara9tp6 c;, -~. -6 staeer6s = stable, steady
OKouAapiKI, TO skoolariki ear-ring = ara91J6<;, o sta9m6s = 1. station, 2. halt, 3. landmark
oKouna, 11 sko6pa = broom. It<ounf~w skoopizo= (in history, career, etc.). I T081Jtuw staemevo = park,
sweep, wipe (oKounrw-a) halt, stop. H ar681JtUO'I'J staemefsi = parking,
aKoupoc;, ·I'J, -o sko6ros = dark coloured stopping (Anayopeu&TOl T) OT681J&UOI'J = parking is
aKu~w skivo = bend, lean (e-oKuljJ-a) prohibited). 0 ara81JOPX'l<; staemarxis = station-
aKuAoc;, o skilos or TO aKuAf skili = dog master (oT091J6c:+ apxfl (monarchy) = authority)
OIJrlVO<;, TO sminos = 1. swarm, 2. squadron (aero.} O'TOJ.IOTw stamat6 = 1. stop, cease activity
oo~ap6c; , -r1. -6 sovar6s (severe) = 1. serious, 2. (crra1J611')o-a}, 2. break off
severe ar6oi'J, 1J stasi (stasis, static)= 11.stop, sloping-place,
ooKoA6Ta, 11 sokolata = chocolate 2. suspension, 3. attitude, behaviour, 4. revolt,
ooAo1J6c;, o solom6s salmon = mutiny. ITaTIK6c;, -~ . -6 statik6s = static
0 61Jna, 11 s6mba = stove OTOTIOTIKI\, 11 statistiki = statistics
ooo•aAIOIJ6c;, o sosialism6s = socialism. 0 oraup6c;, o stavr6s = cross. 0 oraupocp6poc;
ooo•aA•or-~c;, -p1a sosialistis =
socialist stavrof6ros = crusader (OTaup6c; + cp£pw (semaphore)
oouPAa, 11 so6vla = skewer, spit. To oou~A6KI = bear). To araup6At~o stavr61ekso = cross-words
=
soovlaki skewer or grilled meat (OTaup6c; + M~ll (lexicon) = word)
oouna, 11 soopa soup= aracpfi5a, 11 stafi~a = raisin
oocp6c;, -11, -6 sof6s (philosophy) = 1. wise, 2. oracpuA1, To stafili = grapes
=
learned. H aocpfa sofia wisdom art y.,, 11 steyi = roof
an6yyoc;, o spangos string = artyv6c;, -1\, -6 steyn6s = dry. ITtyvwvw steyn6no
an6 ~w spazo or an6vw spano= break. smash (e- = dry, get dry (crreyvwo-a)
onao-a). InaaiJt voc;, -11, -o spasmenos = broken ortKOIJOI stekome = stand up, stand still, stop (crr68-
ana9f, TO spa9i = sword 11KO)
anav6KI, TO spanaki = spinach artAcxoc;, To stelexos = 1. stem, stalk. To arcAt x11
an6v•o c;, · I'J , -o splmios = rare, exceptional. Inavfwc; = cadres
spanios = rarely =
art Mw stelo or artAvw stelno send (e-crrea.>..-a)
anao1J6c;, o spasm6s = spasm =
art iJIJO, TO stemma crown
an6TaAoc;, ·I'J, -o spatalos =
wasteful. H anaT6AI'J artv6c;, -~ . -6 sten6s = 1. narrow, 2. tight-fitting, 3.
spatali = wastefulness, waste close (friend etc.). H artvoypacpia stenoyrafia =
and pa, 11 spira (spiral) =
1. coil, spiral, 2. gang shorthand (crrev6c;+ypacpf) (graphic) = writing). H
ani'JAI6, 11 spilia or TO an~Aa1o spileo cave = artvoxwp•a stenox6rya ~ 1. worry, vexation , 2.
anipTo, TO spirto = match difficulty (OTevo+xwpo<; = space). I Ttvoxwpw
aniTI, TO spiti = house. Imm<6c;, -~ . -6 = of stenoxor6 = worry, upset, depress (otevoxwpno-a).
home,home-made Invoxwpi'JJ.!i voc;, · I'J, -o stenoxorimenos = upset,
an6yyoc;, o sp6ngos = sponge hard up, worried
=
anop, TO sp6r sport artpt 6c;, -r1, -6 stereos (stereotype) = firm, solid,
an6poc;, o sp6ros (sporadic) = seed, germ. strong . In:pe6 EM6c: = Central Greece. Irtptwvw
Inopa61K6<;, -11. -6 spora~ik6s sporadic = stere6no = make firm, fix, strengthen. ITtpt6Tunoc;,
anou66~w spooMzo = study (anou~aa- a) . H · I'J , -o stere6tipos = stereotype
anou6r1 spoo~r = study. 0 anou6aor-r;c;, -p1a = =
artp16, 11 sterya land
student artpw ster6 = deprive (atep11o -a). ITtpouiJal
anoupyiTI, TO spooryiti sparrow = stero6me = 1. lack, go short of {attp~8-llKO) , 2. live
=
anpwxvw spr6xno 1. push (t-onpw~-a) in want
216

CTT~Ooc;, TO sti9os (stethoscope) = chest, breast, CTTuAoc;, o stilos = pillar, column

bosom. Ta CTT~81a stl9ia = breasts. To CTTfl900K6mo ouyy.:vt1c;, -!le;, -tc; singenls = related (ouv+yt voc; =
=
sti9osk6pio stethoscope genus). 01 ouyy.:vdc; = relatives. H ouyyt v.:1a
CTT~A11 , 11 stili = 1. pillar, upright slab, 2. column, 3. =
singenia relationship, affinity
electric battery ouyvWJJI1, 11 siyn6mi = pardon
CTTIYJ!rl, 'l stiymi = 1. moment, 2. dot. ITIYJJIOfoc;, -a, ouyypacpt ac;, o sinyrafeas = author, writer.
-o stiymieos = momentary, instantaneous Iuyyp6cpw siny rafo = write (book etc.) (ouvt ypa4J-a ,
CTTtcpa~a. TO stifMo = meat stewed with onions ea ouyyp611J-w) (ouv+ yp6q>w (graph) = write) . To
=
CTTfxoc;, o stixos (stich) line, verse oliyypOJ!JJO slnyrama = treatise, textbook
CTToa, 11 stoa (stoic) = arcade, passage, portico. (ouv+yp6~ f.la (grammatical) = letter)
ITw'iK6<;, -~ . -6 stoik6s = stoical ouyKtKPIJJt voc;, - 11. -o sinkekrimenos = concrete,
CTTotxdo, TO stixlo = 1. element, 2. piece of evidence precise
(Expr. TO OTOlXtfa oou = your documents of ouyK.:vrpwvw slnkendr6no = gather together,
identification). ITOIXtW~fl<;, · fl<;, · £<; stixi6<Sis = concentrate (ouyKt VTpwo-a) (ouv+Kt VTpo = center).
elementary, basic, essential H ouyKtvrpwo11 sinkendrosi = 1. gathering, meeting.
=
CTTOIXflJ!O, TO stlxima bet, wager 2. party
CTTOIXf~w stixizo = cost (crrof)(T)o-a) (n6oo OTOIXI~et ; ouyK1vw singin6 = move,touch (ouyK(vf)o-a)
how much does it cost?) (ouv+Ktvw = move). IuyKIVOUJJOI singino6me= be
CTToA~ , 'l stoli = uniform moved, touched (ouyKtvfl9-l"fKa). H ouyKfVI10l"J
CTToAI~w stollzo = adorn, decorate singinisi = emotion
CTT6JJO, TO st6ma (stomatology) = mouth. To CTTOJJIO ouyKo1vwvra singinonla = 1. communications, 2.
=
st6mio orifice public transport
CTTOJJOXI, TO stomaxi (o CTTOJJaxoc; st6maxos in Anc. =
ouyKont1, '1 singopi (syncope) heart-fuilure
and K) = stomach ouyKpaTw si ngrat6 = 1. hold, retain (ouyKp6TI"fo-a),
CTTOPYrl. 11 story! = affection 2. restrain (o uv+ Kpmw (democrat) = hold).
CTT6xoc;, o st6xos = target, objective IuyKpaTOUJJOI singrato6me = control oneself
CTTpapoc;, -r1. -6 strav6s (strabismus) = 1. twisted, (ouyKpan')e-l"fKa)
crooked, 2.faulty ouyKpfvw singrino = compare (ouvtKptv-a , ea
CTTpaT6<;, o strat6s (strategic) = arm. 0 CTTpaTICilTI1<; ouyKp(v-w) (ouv+Kp(vw = judge). H ouyKp1011
strati6tis = soldier. ITpOTIWTIK6<;, -~ . -6 stratiotik6s = slngrisi • comparison
military. 0 CTTparrwoc; stratiy6s = general ouyKp6nwa, TO singr6tima = group
(crrpm6c; + 6yw (demagogue) = lead). ITpOTI1YIK6<;, ouvxafpw sinxero (irr.) = congratulate (ouyx6P-11Ka).
-~ . -6 stratiyik6s = strategic. H CTTpOTflYIK~ stratiyiki To ouvxap11T~p1a sinxaritlria = congratulations
= strategies. To CTTPOTrlYI1JJO stratiy ima = stratagem. ouvxpovoc;, ·11. -o slnxronos = 1. synchronous,
To orpar6n.:~o stratope<So = military camp simultaneous, 2. contemporary
CTTpaT6ocpatpa, 11 strat6sfera = stratosphere ouvxwpw sinxor6 = forgive, pardon (ouyxwpl"fo-a).
orp£1~• . TO stri<Si = oyster (Expr. ~e ouvxwpefTe = excuse me)
orptJJJJO, ro strema = quarter of an acre OU~I1TW sizit6 = discuss (ou~T'JT'lo-a) (ouv + ~l"fTW =
orptcpw strefo = tu rn, face about (t-crrpt4J-a). H ask). H ou~rlT11011 sizltisi = discussion (Expr. o(m
orpocp~ (apostrophe) = 1. turning, turn, 2. change of ou~flT'lOI"f = there is no question about it)
direction ou~uy6c;, o slziyos = husband. H ou~uyoc; = wife
CTTpfpw strive = 1. twist (&-crrp14J-a), 2. turn to a side oUKO, TO slko (sycophant) fig =
street OUKWTI, TO sik6ti = liver
CTTpoyyuA6c;, -r1, -6 stro ngil6s = round, circular ouAAaPt1. 11 silavl = syllable
CTTpwvw str6no = 1. spread, lay (t-crrpwo-a), 2. ouAAaAflT~plo, TO silalitirio = demonstration
cover, pave. To orpwJ!a str6ma = 1. layer, stratum, ouAAaJ!p6vw silamvano (irr.) = arrest, catch , seize
2. mattress. (ouv&Aa~-a. ea ouh6~-w) (ouv+ Aa~~6vw = take). H
oruA6, TO stil6 = fountain-pen ouAAfliJI'l sllipsl = capture
 217

ouMtyw sih~yo = collect (ouvtA£~-a. ea ouM~·w) auiJmWIJO, To slmptoma = symptom

(auv+Myw = tell). H ouMoy~ siloyi = collection. 0 aUIJmWOI'}, 11 simptosi :;: coincidence
ouMoyoc; siloyos = association. IuMoytK6c;, -~ ,-6 OUIJcptp&l simferi (3rd person of OUIJq>epw) = it pays,
siloyik6s = collective, joint it is to one's advantage. To OUIJcptpo(v) sinfero(n) =
ouMoyf~OIJOI siloyizome (syllogism) = think. interest, advantage
consider (auMoyfOT-llKO) OUIJcpopo, 11 sinfora = calamity
ouMunouiJOI silipo6me = condole with (ouMnm'I9- ou~o~cpwvfa , 11 sinfonla= 1. symphony, 2. agreement
11KO). To ouMunqT~pta silipitiria = condolences (ouv + q>wvr; == voice). Iu~o~cpwvw sinfon6 = 1. agree,
=
(ouv+}..unll sorrow, grief) 2. match, correspond (au~-tq>WVr)o-a) . Iu1Jcpwvoc;, -11,
ouiJPaivtt sinveni (3rd person of ou~-taafvw) = it -o simfonos = in accord, in agreement. Iu1Jcpwvwc;
happens, it occurs sinf6nos or ouiJcpwva sinfona = accordingly, in
OUIJPOMw sinvalo = contribute (ouvtl3aA-0, ea accordance with
OU1-ii36.A·W) (ouv+ ~6.Mw (ballistics) = throw ouv sin = with, plus. See prepositions p .68
OUIJP6Aato, TO sinv61eo = contract. 0 auv- sin- = prefix denoting together, with, completely
OUIJPoAatoypacpoc; sinvoleoyrafos = notary auvaytpJ.16<;, o sinayerm6s = alarm
ouiJPoAo, ro sinvolo = symbol. emblem. Iu1JpoAf~w ouvaywy~, 11 sinayoyi = synagogue
sinvolizo = symbolize (ou1-1~6Ato-a) auvaywvtor~c;, o sinayonistis = 1. brother-in-arms,
OUIJI30UA£UW sinvooiEWO = advise. H OUIJI30UA~ 2. competitor, rival (ouv+aywvt<YTT'jc; (p rotagonist) =
sinvooli = advice. 0 ouiJpouAoc; sinvoolos :;: adviser, contender)
counsellor, councillor. To OUIJPouAto sinvo61io :;: auv6~£Acpoc;, o sinal5elfos :;: colleague (ouv +
council, board ol5&Aq>6<; (Philadelphia) = brother)
aUIJIJaxoc;, o simaxos :;: an allly. H OUIJIJaxra ouv6May1Ja, TO sintllayma = 1. exchange, 2. foreign
simaxia = alliance currency
OUIJIJ&Ttxw simetexo :;: 1. take part. 2. have share =
ouvavaorpocpf1, 11 sinanastrofi company, relations
(aUIJIJ&Tefx-a). H OUIJIJ&TOX~ simetoxi = participation =
ouvaVTw sinand6 meet, encounter (ouv6VT1lo-a)
OUIJIJ&Tpfa simetria symmetry, proportion. ouvauAfa, 11 sinavlia = concert
IUIJIJtTptK6<;, -~ . -6 simetrik6s = symmetrical, =
O'UVclXI, TO sinaxi cold in the head
proportional ouv~tw sinl5eo = unite, join, connect 0 ouv6&0IJO<;
OUIJIJOpfa simoria = gang sinoesmos = 1. bond, tie, 2. league, union, 3.
OUIJIJOpcpwvoiJOI simorf6nome = conform. comply ligament
(OUIJIJOP<PWEI·llKO) =
ouv~IKaTo, TO sinoikato syndicate
OU1Jncl8tta, 11 simpa9ia = liking, sympathy. ouv~paiJ~, 11 sinoroml = subscription. 0
Iu1Jn0911TIK6<; simpa9itik6s = sympathetic, likeable. =
ouv6po1Jf'IT-fl<;, -p1a sinoromitis subscriber
Iu1Jnaew simpa96 = have a liking or sympathy =
OUV6po1JO, TO sin(5romo syndrome
(ou~-tn6.8r)o-a) · ouvt6pto, To sineorio :;: co111gress (auv+topa
aupnav, TO sinban :;: 1. universe, 2. everything (tetrahedron)= seat). Iuvtl5pt6~w sineoriazo = be in
(ouv+ nav (panorama) whole) = session, meet. 0 ouvt~poc; sine~ros = member of
ouiJnaTpiWTI1<;. o simbatri6tis :;: compatriot congress
OUIJntpafvw simber(mo conclude. To ouv&flS11011, 11 sinll5isl = 1. concience, 2.
OUIJntpaoiJa simberasma :;: conclusion cousciousness. Iuvttl5'1T6<;, -~, -6 sini<5it6s ==
auiJntptcptpoiJOI simberiferome = behave deliberate, conscious
(ou1Jntptq>ep8-I')Ka). H ouiJntptcpopa simberifora = ouvtw6f10I1, 11 sinen6isi = 1. exchange of views, 2.
behaviour understanding each other, agreement. Iuvtwoou~o~a•
OUIJnAI1pwvw simblir6no = 1. complete, finish off, 2. sineno6me = 1.exchaing views, 2. reach an
fill (post etc.) , 3.fill in (form). Iu1JnA~pw1Ja simbliroma understanding (ouvtwot'IB-IlKO)
= complement, supplement. Iu1JnAI'}PWIJOTtK6<; ouvtVT£U~11. 11 sinendefksi = interview
simbliromatik6s :;: complementary ouvtntla, 11 slnepia = 1. consequence, 2.
OU1Jn6ato, TO simb6sio :;: symposium, banquet consistency. Iuvtn~c;, -tic;, -tc; sinepis = 1.
2 18
consistent, true to one's word, 2. punctual. Iuvenwc;
=
sinep6s (adv.) consequently
ouv.:pya ~o~a1 sineryazome = collaborate, work
together (ouvepyaOT-IlKa) (ouv+epy6~o~at = work) .
H ouv tpyaola sineryasia (synergy) = collaboration.
=
0 auvtpy6T-I')c;, -pta sineryatis collaborator
auv.:pytla, TO sineryio = 1. repair shop or party, 2.
work shop
=
auvtTatpoc;, o sineteros partner, associate
auv~yopoc;, o siniyoros = advocate, councel
auv'l9f~w sini9izo = 1. get used to, 2. accustom, 3.
be In the habit of. H ouv~9tta sini6ia = habit,
custom. I uvr\811c;, -11c;, -tc; sini6is = usual,
customary, ordinary. Iuvr\9wc; sinl9os = usually
auv8t:a11, 11 sfn9esi = composition , synthesis
(ouv+6ean = thesis). 0 ouv8t TI1c; sineetis=
composer. Iuv9mK6t;, efl, eO sin9etik6s = synthetic.
I uveeroc;, -11, -o sin9etos = compound, composite
auv811~a , TO sin9ima = signal, pass-word
auvtorw sinist6 or ouorr\vw sistfno (irr) = 1.
recommend, advise (ouve0f11o-a, ea ouO'Tl)o-w), 2.
introduce (person), 3 . form, set up (committee etc.).
H auorao11 slstasi = 1. recommendation, 2.
formation, setting up, 3. composition, consistency. 0 1
ouor6attc; sistasis = references
OUWt:q»O, TO sinefo =cloud
ouvo~tu w sino~evo = accompany, escort (ouv6~euo­
a) (ouv+oM~ (exodus) = street). 0 ouvoMc;
sinol56s = escort. H at:poouvoMc; aerosinol56s =
air-hostess
auvoooc;, 11 sinol5os = 1. synod, 2. assembly
auvoiKfa, 11 sinikfa = quarter (ouv+OlK(a = house)
auvoAo, TO sinolo = total (ouv+6A.o = all)
auvot.uAfa, 11 sinomilla = conversation (ouv+o1.11Aia
= talking)
aUVOIIJ11, 'l sinopsi = 1. synopsis, 2. summary.
=
IuvomtKOt;, -r1. -6 sinoptik6s synoptic
allvopo, To sinoro = boundary
ouvrayf1, 11 sindayf = 1. prescription, 2. recipe
allvray~a , TO sindayma = 1.constitution, 2. regiment
(milit.)
a1Jvra~11. 11 sindaxi (syndax) = 1. construction
(ouv+TO~Tl = order), 2. pension, 3.editorial staff
OUVTI1PW sindir6 = 1. conserve, maintain, 2. support
(ouvtt')pno-a)
aUvro~oc;. -11. -o sindomos = 1. brief, short, 2. concise.
Iuvro~a sindoma (adv.) = quickly, soon. H ouvro~fa
slndomia = 1. brevity, 2. saving oftime or space
ouvrovfl;w sindonlzo (syntonize) = co-ordinate
(OUVT6VtO·Q). 0 OUVTOVIO~OC, Sindonism6s = CO·
ordination
allvrpocpoc;, o sindrofos = 1. comrade, companion,
2. partner. H ouvrpocp16 sindroM = 1. company,
companionship, 2. party
OUVWVU~O, TO sin6nimo = Synonym
allptyya, 11 siringa = syringe
O"Up~a, TO sirma = wire
oupT6pt, TO sirtari = drawer
ouoKt ur\, 11 siskevl = apparatus
aUOTOOil, 11 sistasi = see OUVlOTW
aUOT'l~a, TO sistima = system, method.
Iuor'l~OTtKoc;. -r\, -6 sistimatik6s = systematic
OUOTflVW SiStlno = see OUVlOTW
ou:xvoc;, -r\, -6 sixn6s = frequent. I u:xva sixna (adv.)
= frequently, often
acpafpa, 'l sfera = 1. sphere, 2. ball, 3. bullet
ocp6A~a , TO sfalma = fault, wrong act, error
ocpr\va, 11 sflna = wedge
acpiyyw sfingo = 1. tighten, clench (e-mp1~-a), 2.
squeeze, clasp. I cptxrcSc;, -r\, -6 sfixt6s = tight, firm, hard
ocpo~p6c;, -r\, -6 sfo~r6s = violent, strong, intense
ocpouyy6p1, TO sfoongari = sponge
ocppayf~a . 11 sfrayi~a =stamp, seal
ocpupi~w sfirfzo = whistle
O)(t~fa, 11 sxeoia = raft
O)(t~IO, TO SXel5iO (SChedule) = 1. design, plan, draft,
schedule, 2. project. Ixt~ta~w sxel5iazo = 1. design,
plan, 2. intend (OXEIS(ao-a)
oxtMv sxeMn (adv.) =almost, nearly
=
oxtail, 11 sxesl relation, connexion. I Xt TtKoc;, ·r\, -
6 sxetik6s = relevant, relative. IXertK-wc; or -6
=
sxetik6s, -a regarding, with reference to
O)(r\~0, TO SXima (scheme) = 1. shape, form, 2.
diagram, scheme. IX'l~OTI~w sximatizo = form
(oxm.tcmo-a)
oxl~w sxizo or aKI~w sklzo (schism) = 1. tear (e-
OXlo-a), 2. split, cleave. To oxfo~a sxisma = schism
CJXOIVl, TO SXini = rope
oxoAtfo, TO sxolio :;;; school. H oxo Ar\ sxoll = school
(of university, painting, etc.). I xoAJKoc;, ·r\, -0 sxolik6s
=of school
OWJ!pOKO, TO s6vrako = pant
owl;w s6zo or owv w s6no = 1. save,rescue, 2.
preserve (e-owo-a). To owofl31o sosivio = life-jacket
(oW\w+l31oc; = life). 0 owT~ poc; sotiras = saviour,
rescuer

ow~o~a, TO s6ma (chromosome, somatic) body,
corps. 0 OWIJOToq~oAaKac; somatofilakas = body-
guard
ownafvw sopeno = stop talking, be silent (ownao-a)
owarcSc;, -~. -6 sost6s = correct, right. IwOT6 sosta
=
(adv.) exactly, correctly
owcptp, o safer = driver, chauffeur
T,T
Tap6vl, To tavani = ceiling
Ta(3tpva, 11 taverna = tavern, eating-house
=
T6(3AI, To tavli backgammon
=
T6l5t ta6e such-and-such
Ta~w tazo = promise (t-Ta~-a)
TOivla, 11 tenia = 1. band, strip, ribbon, 2. film
(cinema)
Ta1p16~w teryazo = match, assort (ttptao-a)
TaAtvro, To talendo = talent
TOIJtfo, TO tamio = 1. cash-desk, booking office, 2.
accounts department, treasury. 0 TaiJiac; tam ias
cashier, treasurer. To TaiJitu~plo tamieftirio
savings bank
Ta~f, TO taxi = taxi. To Ta~fJJtrpo taximetro
taximeter
Ta~fl51, or ra~&fl51 taxl6i = travel, journey. Ta~ll5tuw
=
taxi6ewo travel (Ta~(6euo-a)
TO~Il . 11 taxi (syntax)= 1. order (tideness), sequence,
calm state, 2. class (school) (Expr. nPWTTlC: <6~&wc;
first class, very good). Evr6~e1 enda)(i = all right,
everything in order, agreed. TOKTIK6c;, -~. -6 taktlk6s
(tactical) = 1. regular, 2. orderly. TOKTIKO taktika
(adv.) = regularly. H TOKTIK~ taktiki = 1. tactics,
policy, 2. method
TantlvcSc;, -~, -6 tapin6s = humble
Tap6Toa, 11 taratsa = flat roof
=
Tapax~. 11 taraxl disturbance, upset
=
TOO'l, 11 tasi 1. tension, 2. tendency, inclination
Taopoc;, o tavros (Mlkotaur) = bull
TOUTOTI1TO, 11 taft6tita = identity {6&A.\(O TOlJT6Tl1\0C: =
identity card)
Tacpoc;, 0 tafos (epitaph) = tom b, grave
Taxa taxa (adv.) = supposedly, as if
TOXU<;, -16, -o taxis (tachycardia) = quick, fast, rapid.
H TOXUTI1Ta taxitita =. 1. speed, rapidity, 2. gear of
motor. H Taxtra taxla = express train. To
raxul5po~o~tfo taxi6romlo = 1. post,mail, 2. post-
219
office. o Taxul5p6JJoc; taxi<5r6mos = postman
(.axuc;+C5p6~oc: (aerodrome) = street).
Taxul5po1JIKwc; taxi<5romik6s (adv.) = by post
Ttlxoc;, To t ixos = wall (of city, castle, etc.)
Tt KVO, TO tekno = Child
TtAtfa, 11 tolia = full-stop. 'Avw TtAefa = semicolon
TtAt1oc;, -a, -o tellos = perfect, complete. TtAtfwc;
telios (adv.) = completely, perfectly. H n :Ae16T11Ta
teli6tita = perfection. TtAtiOIJOV~<; -r\c;, -tc;
teliomanls =perfectionist (<&A&Lo+~avfa = mania)
TtAtT~ , 11 teletl = ceremony, rite
TtAoc;, TO telos = end (Expr. &m<tA.ouc; = at last,
<tXoc; n6V<wv = after all, anyway). TtAIK6c;,-r\, -6
telik6s := final. TtAtUTafoc;, -a, -o telefteos = 1. last,
2. latest. TtAtuTalwc; teletteos (adv.) = lately,
recently
Ttvrwvw tent6no = strech out (<eV<wo-a)
Ttpac;, To teras (teratology) = monster. Ttp(Jonoc;, -o,
=
-o terastios huge, enormous
Ttp~o~a , To terma = 1. terminus, end, 2. goal (sports)
Ttootpa tesera = four. Ttaoep(£)1<;, -1c;, -a teseris
= (adj.) = four. TtrapToc;, -11. -o tetartos = fourth. H
= Ttr6PT'1 tetarti = Wednesday (lit. fourth)
Tt Tolo<;, -a, -o tetyos = such
= TtTpaywvo, ro tetrayono = 1. square, quadrangle, 2.
block between streets
T£Tp6l51o, To tetra<5io = exercise-book
TtTpaK6ola tetrak6sia = four hundred. TtTpaK60IOI,
-tc;, -a tetrak6sii = four houndred
= Ttuxoc;, To tetxos = issue, part, Instalment
TtXV'l. 11 texni (technical) = art, skill, craft,
craftmanship. KaAtc; Ttxvec; = fine arts. TtXV'lTcSc;, -
r\, -6 texnit6s = artificial. 0 Tt)(Vr\TI'l<; texnltis =
craftsman, technicran, mechanic. Tt)(VIKO<;, -~. -6
texnik6s = 1. technical, 2. skilled in mechanical arts.
H Tt)(VIKr\ texnikl = technique. H nxvoAoyfa
texnoloyia = technology. H T&)(VOTponfa texnotropla
= artistic style. 0 Tt)(VOKpfnlc; texnokritis = art critic.
To Tt )(VaOIJa texnasma = ruse, artifice
Ttwc; teos = formerly
T~OKI, T:o tzaki = fireplace
T~OIJI, ro tzami = window-pane
T~a~o~na tzamba (adv.) = free, for nothing, to no
purpose
T'lYOVI, TO tiyani = frying-pan. T11yavi~W tiyanlzo =
fry (TT)y6v11o-a). Tf1YOVI1TO<;, -1'}, -6 tiyanit6s = fried
(TllYOV'l\tC: narerr&c; = fried potatoes)
TI1Atypacpf11JO, TO tileyrafima = telegram
220
TI1At6pao.,, 11 tile6rasi = television
TI1Atn69tla, 11 tilepa9ia = telepathy
TllAtmKolvwvra, 11 tilep ikinonia =telecommunication
TI1AtaK6mo, TO tilesk6pio = telescope
TllAtcpwv.,~a, TO tilef6nima = telephone-call
TllAtcpwvo, TO tilefon6 = telephone. 0 TI'JAtcpwvi'JT·
~c;. -p1a tilefonit-is, -ria = telephone-operator
Ti ti = what?
Tlyp1c;, 11 t iyris = tiger
Tl~~. 11 timi (Timothy) = 1. honour, 2. price, 3. value.
TIIJW tim6= honour (TLIJTlO-o). T11JI1TIK6c;, -~. -6
timitik6s = honorary. Ti1.noc;, -a, -o timios = 1.
honest, 2. precious. 0 TI~OKOT6Aoyoc; timokataloyos
= price-list (Ttl-lfl+KOT6Aoyoc:; = catalogue)
Tt~wpw timor6 = punish (Tt1JWPJ10-o). H Tl~wpfa
timoria = punishment
TIV6~w tinazo = 1. shake, 2. hurl (Tfva~-a) , 3. flick, 4.
blow up
TlnoTa t lpota or TinoT£ t lpote = 1. nothing (after
neg.), 2. anything, any
TIC; tis = who (Anc.)
TiTAoc;, o titles = title
T~~IJa, To tmima = 1. portion, section, segment, 2.
department. AOTUVOIJIK6 TIJ~~a astinomic6 tmima=
police-station
Totothoc;, -11, -o tio6tos = such
Toixoc;, o tixos = wall
TOKoc;, o t6kos = interest
T6A1Jil, 11 t61mi = 1. boldness, effrontery. ToA~w tolm6
= dare (TOAIJTlO·O). TOAIJI1P6c;, -~, -6 tolmir6s =
daring, bold
=
TOIJOTa, 11 tomata or VTOIJOTa domata tomato
TOIJtac;, o tomeas = sector
TO~~. 11 tomi (atom) = cut, incision
=
T61Joc;, o t6mos volume, tome
T6voc;, o t6nos (monotonous) = 1. tone, 2. force,
vigour, 3. accent. Tovwvw ton6no = liven up,
invigorate (T6vwo-o). Tovf~w tonizo = 1. accent, 2.
stress (r6vto-o)
To~tK6c;, -1], -6 toxik6s = 1. toxic, 2. poisonous.
To~1Ko~av~c; toxikomanis = drug-addict
(TO~IK6<; + 1JOV(O ;;;;;; mania)
T6~o, TO t6xo = 1. bow, 2. arch
Tonoc;, o t6pos (topography, utopia) = 1. place, site,
peace of ground, 2. room (space). TomK6c;, -~ . -6
topik6s (topic) = local. H Tono9tola topo9esia =
site, spot, situation (T6noc:;+9£011 = thesis). To Tonlo
topio = landscape. Tono9£TW topo9et6 = 1. place,
put, post, 2. invest (Tono9£Tllo-o)
T6ooc;, -11, -o t6sos = 1. so much, so many, 2. of
such size or quantity
=
T6T£ t6te 1. then, 2. in that case
TouaAtTa, 11 tooaleta = 1. toilet, 2. dressing-room, 3.
lavatory
ToupAo, TO to6vlo = brick
TouMxtorov toolaxiston (adv.) = at least
TouvaVTfov toonandion = on the contrary
ToupKia, 11 toorkia = Turkey. ToupK-oc;, -6Aa <n =
Turk. ToupKtKoc;, -11, -o = Turkish
ToucptKt, TO toofeki = rifle
Tpapw trav6 = 1. pull, drag, draw (rp6~11~-a) , 2.
attract, 3. go through, endure
TpaytK6c;, -r1. -6 trayik6s = tragic. H Tpayw~ia
trayo6ia = tragedy
Tpayoul51, TO trayo6~i = song. Tpayoul510T-r]c;, -p1a
trayoo6is1- is, -ria = singer
Tpoivo, TO trlmo = train (railway)
TpoKapw trakaro = 1. collide (with) (Tp6Kop-o)
TPOIJ, TO tram = tramway
Tp6nt~a, 11 trapeza = bank. Tpant~IK6c;, -r1. -6
trapezik6s = banking, of bank
Tpont~t , TO trapezi (11 Tp6nt~o trapeza in Anc. and
K) (trapeze) = table. H Tpant~ap la trapezaria =
dinning-room
TpanouAa, 11 trapoola = pack of playing cards
TPOUIJO, TO travma (traumatic) = wound , injury
TptAA6c;, -r1. -6 trel6s = mad, crazy. H rptAAa trela =
1. madness, 2. folly, 3. eccentricity
Tpt!Jw tremo = tremble, shake, quiver (e-rpq1-o)
Tptcpw trefo(trophic) or 9pt cpw erefo= feed, nourish
(£-9pe:!JJ-o). H Tpocp~ trofi (atrophy) = food,
nourishment
1
Tptxw trexo = 1. run (£-rpe:~-o), 2. hurry, hasten
Tpia tria (triangle) = three (num.) Tpfroc;, -11, -o tritos
= third. H TpfTil triti = Thursday (lit. = the third).
Tpt6vra trianda = 30. Tp1aKoor6c;, -~~. -6 triakost6s
= thirtieth. TptoK6oto triak6sia = 300.
TptaKootooroc;, -1], -6 triakosiost6s = 300th.
TpmA6c;, -~. -6 tripl6s = triple, threefold
Tpipw trivo = rub, polish (t-Tpt!JJ-a)
Tplyupl~w triyirizo = go or wander about, go all over
places (rptyupf1o-o)
Tplyupw triy lro = all around
Tpiywvo, TO triyono (trigonometry) = triangle
Tpl~w trizo = creak, squeak (e-Tpt~-o)
TptKupfo, 11 trikimia = storm at sea

Tpixa, 11 trixa = hair, bristle (Expr. nape -rplxa =
almost)
Tpo~6~w tromazo = frighten, become frightened. 0
Tp6~o<; tr6mos (tremor) = 1. terror, fright, 2.
trembling. Tpo~oKpaTfa tromokratia = terrorism. 0
Tpo~oKpOTil<; tromokratis = terrorist. Tpo~tpcSc;, -~. -
6 = frightful, terrible
Tp6na1o, TO tr6peo = trophy
Tp6noc;, o tr6pos (tropical) = way, manner, method.
Mt Tp6no = discreetly, ~t K69t Tpono = at any
costs. TpomK6 c;, -~ . -6 tropik6s = tropical
Tpocp~ . 11 trofi (atrophy) == food, nourishment. To
Tp6cp1pa tr6fima = food, provisions
Tpox6 c;, o trox6s = wheel. 0 Tpoxov6poc;
troxon6mos == traffic policeman. Tpoxafoc;, -a, -o
troxeos = wheeled. H Tpoxafa troxea = traffic police.
Tpoxafo OTUXIlJ.IO = traffic (car) accident
rpunw trip6 = 1. pierce, 2. make a hole (Tpunna-a).
H Tpuna tripa = hole (Expr. K6vw IJlO wuna aTO
vep6 = achieve nothing)
rpucptp6 c;, -~. -6 trifer6s = tender, affectionate. H
Tpucptp6TI1TO trifer6tita = affection, tenderness
Tpw(y) w tr6(y)o (irr.) = eat (e-q>ay-a, ea <p6-w) (Expr.
1p<.i>w ~uXo = get a beating, Tp<.i>w 10v K601-10 = move
heaven and earth, tp<.i>w TO K£q>6At IJOU = bring
disaster on oneself, Tov Tp<.i>tt 11 I-IUTn TOU = he is asking
for trouble). Tpwyopa1 tr6yome = be eaten (<pay<.i>9-
llKO) (Expr. TpwyovTOt oav aKuAia = they ar at each
other's throat, q>ayw91"JK£ va = he is madly keen to)
T061, TO tsai = tea
TOaKi~w tsakizo = smash, break (TOaKto-a).
Toa Ki~OIJO I tsaklzome = make great efforts (TaaK(aT-
llKO)
T06vra, 11 tsanda = 1. handbag, 2. brief-case, 3.
shaping-bag
TOtKOUpl, TO lseko6ri = axe
Tot n.,, 11 tsepi = pocket
To1y6po, To tsiyaro = cigarette
To1yy6 v-ac;, -a tsinganos = gipsy
Toeyyouv-11<;. -a tsingo6nis = stingy
Tmptvro, To tsimento = cement
TOipnw tsimb6 = 1. prick, pinch, nip (TaiiJnna-a), 2.
have a bite of food
=
Tomoupa, 11 tsipo6ra gilthead (fish)
TooupaAI, To tsoovali = sack, sackful
TuAiyw tiliyo = wrap up, coil, wind, twist (tuXt~-a)
run oc;, 0 tipos (type) = 1. type, model, 2. form, kind,
3. mark, imprint, 4. character, 5. the press. Tum K6<;, -
221
r\, -6 tipik6s = 1. typical, 2. formal, conventional.
Tun wvw tip6no = print, imprint (tunwo-a). H
Tunonofi'}Oil tipoplisi = standardization
Tupavvoc;, o tiranos = tyrant. H Tupavvia tirania =
1.tyranny, 2. torment, harassment
Tupi, TO tiri = cheese. H TupomTa tir6pita = cheese-
pie
=
TucpA6<;, -~ . -6 tifl6s blind
=
Tucpoc;, 0 tlfos typhus
ruxafvw tixeno = happen (to be) (e·'TUX·O). TuxaiVtl
vo = it happens to
rux11. 11 tixi = 1. fortune, chance, 2. fate, 3. luck.
Tuxtp6<;, -~ . -6 tixer6s = lucky,fortunate. Tuxaioc;, -
a , -o tixeos = fortuitous (Expr. ~ev dvat •uxaioc;
6v9pwnoc; = he is no ordinary man). Tuxarwc; tixeos
(adv.) = by chance. Tuxo~ewKT-11<;, -p1a tixol5i6kt- is, -
ria = adventurer (TUXll+~t<.i>KTll~ = persecutor)
=
Twpa t6ra 1. now, at present, 2. at once. Twp1v6c;,
-~. -6 torin6s = present, existing1now
Y, u
uy&fa, 11 iyia (hygiene) = health. Yylr\<;, -~c;. -t<; iyils
= enjoying good health, healthy, sound. H uy11:1v~
iyiini = hygiene
uyp6c;, -r\, -6 iyr6s (hygrometer) = 1. liquid, 2. moist,
=
damp. H uypaofa iyrasla humidity, moisture
u~po- il5ro- = prefix pertaining to or connected with
water. From TO U~Wp i<5or = water
u6pau.l.IK6<;, o i5ravlik6s (hydraulic) = plumber
u~poy6vo , TO il5roy6no = hydrogen
u~pooroTIK6c;, -~ ,-6 i~rostatik6s = hydrostatic
uA11, 11 ili = matter, substance, material (npwTtc; uXec;
= raw material). YAIK6<;, -r\, -6 ilik6s = material. To
=
uA1K6 ilik6 1. stuff, material, 2. ingredient
UIJVO<;, o imnos = hymn
una18poc;, 11 ipeeros = open-air, outdoor
=
unaKouw ipako6o obey (un6~<oua- a) (un6+ aKouw
= hear)
=
un6M11Aoc;, o ipalilos 1. employee, clerk, 2. shop-
=
assistant (un6 ( under) + 6MI')Xoc; {parallel) = one
another)
unapxw iparxo {irr.) = exist. be (um')p~-a. ea un6p~­
w). H unap~11 iparxi = 1. existence, 2. a being
untp iper (prep.) = 1. over, above (with ace.), 2. on
=
behalf of, for (with gen.). To untp KOl 'tO K016 pros
and cons
222
untp- iper- = prefix denoting over, very much,
excessive, beyond measure
untpaonfl;w iperaspizo = defend {um:paomo-a)
untpP6AAw ipervalo = 1. exaggerate {um:pef3aA.-a,
ea um:pf36A-A.w) {um:p+f36Mw {ballistics) = shoot).
H untppoAr\ ipervoli (hyperbola) = exaggeration,
excess. YntppoAJK6c;, -r\, -6 ipervolik6s = excessive,
exaggerated
untptxw iperexo = excel, exceed {um:pnx·a, ea
un£pex-w) (un£p+exw = have). H untpoxr\ iperoxl
= supperiority
untpr\cpavoc;, -11. -o iperlfanos = proud
untpoxoc;, -11. -o iperoxos = excellent, supperb.
Yntpoxa iperoxa (adv.) = excellently, superbly
untpTOOI1, 11 ipertasi = hypertension (unep+TOOTJ =
tension)
untpTpocpfa, 11 ipertrofia = hypertrophy
uneueuvoc;, -11. -o ipef9inos = responsible
un11p£Tw ipiret6 = serve (unTJptrrJo-a). H un11ptofa
ipiresia = service, duty, function. 0 un11ptT11c;, 11
un11ptrp1a = servant
onvoc;, o ipnos (hypnosis) = sleep. YnvwTfl;w
ipnotizo = hypnotize. H unvwo11 lpnosi = hypnosis
un6 ip6 (prep.) = 1. below, beneath, under (with
ace.), 2. by {with gen.)
uno- ipo- = prefix denoting under, below, a lower
degree
unoppux•o, To ipovrixio = submarine
un6yt1oc;, -a, -o ip6yios = underground {uno+ vTJ
(geography} = earth}. To un6ytlo ip6yio =
basement, cellar
unoypacpw ipoyrafo = sign {uneypaljJ-a, exw
unoyp61jJ·tl) (un6 {= under) +yp6cpw {autograph) =
write). H unoypacprj ipoyrafi = signature
uno~txo~a• ipoMxome = receive, greet (uno~exr­
TJKa). H uno~oxrj ipoOoxi = reception, welcome
un68to11, 11 ip6eesi = 1. hypothesis, 2. supposition,
3. case, affair, matter (uno(= under)+9eOTJ = thesis).
Yno8£TIK6c;, -r\, -6 ipoeetik6s = 1. supposed,
hypothetical, 2. fictitious
unoKaTOOTI1~a. TO ipokatastima = branch office or
shop (uno(-under)+Kat6crrru..la = shop, office)
un6Koo~oc;, o ip6kosmos = underworld
(uno(= under) +K60'I..IO<; (Cosmopolitan) = world)
unoKpiTr\c;, o ipokritis (f. unoKpfTpla ipokritria) =
hypocrite. H unoKploia ipokrisia = hypocrisy
unoAoyfl;w ipoloyizo = 1. estimate, reckon (unoMylo·
a), 2. take into account, attach importance to
un6Aomoc;, -11, -o ip61ipos = remam1ng, rest. To
un6Aomo ip61ipo = remainder, balance
unoptvw ipomeno = endure (un£1..1£V-a, ea uno1..1ev-w)
(un6 (= under)+ l..levw = stay. H unopovr\ ipomoni =
patience
un6vo1a, rt ip6nia = suspicion
unomtuopal ipoptevome = suspect {unomt U'r·
TJKa). H uno"'ia ipopsia= suspicion. 'Ynomoc;, ·rt, -o
ipoptos = suspect, suspicious
unOOTr}pf~w ipostirizo = 1. support, back
(unoan'jpl~·a), 2. maintain, assert
un6oxo~a1 ip6sxome = promise (unooxeS·nKa). H
=
un60)(tOI1 ip6sxesi promise
unoTpocpfa, 11 ipotroffa = scholarship, bursary
unoupy6c;, o ipoory6s = minister. To unoupydo
ipooryio = ministry
unocptpw ipofero = 1. suffer, feel pain (uneq>tp-a, ea
unocpep-w). 2. bear, go through, ·endure
(uno( = under) +cpepw = bear)
unoxptwvw ipoxre6no = oblige (uno)(pewo-a). H
unoxptwo11 ipoxreosi = obligation
unoxwpw ipoxor6 = 1. retreat, give way (unoxwpTJO·
a), 2. subside, abate (uno (= under) + xwpw =
advance)
umtpa istera (adv.) = 1. afterwards, then, later on, 2.
furthermore
uOTtp6ypacpo, TO ister6yrafo = postscript
ucpaopa, TO ifasma = ClOth, material
ucpoc;, TO ifos = 1. Style, 2. air, tone
u"'1Aov, TO ipsilon = the letter Y, u
u"'oc;, TO ipsos = =
height. Y"'rtA6c;, ·r\, -6 ipsil6s
high, tall.
cpayr}T6, TO fayit6 = meal, dish, food to eat
cpayf, TO fayi (or cpai tal) = food to eat
cpafvo~al fenome (phenomenon) (irr.) = 1.seem,2.
appear, be visible, 3. be evident, look (cp6V-TJKa). To
cpa1v6~tvo fen6meno = phenomenon
cpaKtAAoc;, o fakelos = 1. envelope, 2. file, dossier
cpavap1, TO fanari = lamp torch, lantem. To cpavap1a
fanaria = traffic lights. <llavep<)c;, -r\, -6 faner6s =
clear, obvious
cpavaTJK6c;, -~. -6 fanatik6s = fanatical 0
cpavaTIOp6c; 1anatism6s = fanatism
cpavtAAa, 11 fanela = flannel, vest

cpavra~o~a1 fantazome = imagine, suppose, think
(cpavr60T-I1KO). «SSOVTOOTIK6<;, -11, -6 fantastik6s = 1.
imaginary, 2. fantastic. H cpavraola fandasia
imagination, 2. phantasy
cpavrao~a. TO fandasma (phantasy) = ghost
cpap~uc;, -16, -u far~ is = wide, broad
cpap~aKo, TO farmako (pharmacology) = drug,
medicine. To cpap~aKdo(v) farmakio(n) = chemist's
=
cpapoc;, o faros light house
cpaoapfa, 11 fasaria = fuss, disturbance
=
cp6011, 11 fasi phase
cpao6A1, TO fas61i = haricot, bean. H cpaoo.Aa6a
=
fasoiMa bean soup
«SSeppouaploc;, o fevrooarios = February
cpeyyap1, TO fengari = moon
cptyyw fango = shine (t-<pe~-a)
<ptpvw ferno or cptpw fero = 1. bring, fetch {t-<pep-a).
41tpo~a• ferome = behave (<ptp9-11Ko)
<ptTa, 11 feta = 1. slice, 2. white cheese
cpt Toc; fetos or tcptToc; efetos = this year
cptuyw fevyo = 1. leave, depart, go away, 2. run
away from. H cpuy!l fiy i {fugitive) = flight, running
away
cp!l~ll. 11 fi mi = 1. fame, reputation,. 2. rumour
cp86vw f9ano or cpTavw ftano = 1. arrive, draw near
(t-cp9(t)o-a), 2. be enough, 3. catch up with. 41Tavtl
=
va provided that
cp81v6nwpo, TO f9in6poro = autumn
cp16A11, 11 Mli = bottle. Epcp1aAwptvo emfialomeno
vtp6 = mineral water
cpi61, TO fi6i = snake
cp1Aav8pwnoc;, o filan9ropos = philanthropist
cp1Atva6a, 11 file na~a = girl or woman friend
cp1A~ , TO film = film (photographic, cinema)
cp1A6~tvoc; , -1') , -o fil6xenos = hospitable {cpthO<;
{=friend) + ~tvo<; (xenophobia) = stranger)
cpi.Aoc;, o files, 11 cpi.AI'J fili (philosophy) = friend. H
cp1Afa !ilia ;:;;; friendship. 411AIK6c;, ·1\, -6 filik6s ;:;;; friendly
cp1A6oocpoc;, o til6sofos = philosopher. H cp1Aooocpfa
filosofia :;;: philosophy
cpAIT~OVI or cpAUT~OVI, TO flitzani = CUp
cpA6ya, 11 fl6ya = flame
cp.Aou6a, 11 flo6~a (o cpAo16c; fli6s in Anc. and K) =
peel, rind
cp6poc;, o f6vos (phobia) = fear. cSioJlou~a• fovo6me
or cpopa~a• fovame = fear, be afraid of (<po~f)9-11KO) .
«SSopf~w fovizo = 1. frighten, 2. threaten {<p6~1o-a) . H
cpopfa fovla = phobia. 41oJltp6c;, -1\, -6 fover6s ;:;;; 1.
223
frightful, 2. terrific, amazing. «SSoJltpa fovera (adv.) =
terribly
= 1. cp6voc;, o f6nos = murder
cpopa, 11 fora = 1. time (occasion) (6MI1 <pop6 =
some other time, K69e q>op6 = every time), 2. way,
direction
cp6ptpa, TO f6rema dress=
cp6poc;, o f6ros = tax
cpopTwvw fort6no = 1. load (with), 2. take on cargo
(<p6pnoo-a). 41opTIK6c;, -1\, -6 fortik6s = pestering,
importunate. To cpopTqy6 fortiy6 = 1. lorry, 2. cargo-
vessel
cpopw for6 = 1. wear, 2. put on
cpoupvoc;, o fo6rnos = 1. oven, 2. bakery
cpouoKwvw foosk6no = swell, inflate, fill with air (tyre)
(<pOUOKW0-0)
cpouar6v1, TO foostani = woman's dress
cppa~w frazo = 1. obstruct, block (t-cppa~-a) , 2,
enclose, fence. To cppaypa frayma = 1. barrier, 2.
barrage, dam. 0 cppO)(TI'J<; fraxtis = fence, hedge
cppavr~6Aa , 11 frantz61a = long loaf
cpp6orJ,, 'l frasi = phrase
cpptvo, TO frena = brake (of wheels)
cpptoKoc;, -11. -a freskos = fresh , new (not stale)
cpp6v1poc;, •I'J, -a fr6nimos = well-behaved, good
cppovrf~w frondlzo = look after, take care of
(cpp6vr1o-a). H cppovrf6a frondi15a = care, concern
cppoupw froor6 ;:;;; guard, watch {<ppoup11o-a). 0
cppoup6c; froor6s = guard, sentry. To cppoup1o
fro6rio = fort, fortress
cppouTa, To fro6to =fruit
cppuyav1a, 11 friyania = piece of toast
=
cppu61, To fri15i eyebrow
cpTafw fteo = be to blame (t-cpTOI~-a)
cpTavw ttano = see <p96vw
cpTtp6, TO fter6 (mtp6 pter6 (helicopter) in Anc. and
K) = 1. wing, 2. feather
cpTI')v6c;, -1\, -6 ftin6s (or cp81')v6c; f9in6s) = cheap
cpTia(X)vw ftiaxno = 1. make, 2. arrange, put right (t-
<pTIO~-a)
cpTU6p•. To ftiari = shovel, spade
cpTIJvw ftino = spit (on) (&-<ptuo-a)
cprwx6c;, -11, -6 ftox6s (mwx6c; ptox6s in Anc. and K)
= poor)
cpu.Aayw filayo = 1. guard, watch over (<puha~-a) , 2.
protect, look after, 3. keep, set aside. 0 cpuAaKac;
filakas = watchman, guard, keeper. H cpuAaKq filaki
= prison. 0 cpuAaKIO~tvoc; filakismenos = prisoner
224
cpuA~ , 11 fili (phylarch) = race, tribe. <l>uA&TtK6c;, -~. -6
filetik6s (phyletic) = racial
cpuAAo, TO filo (chrorophyll) = leaf
cpUOI'J, 11 fisi (physical) = nature. CSluatK6c;, -~. -6
fisik6s = 1. natural, 2. physical. Cl>uatK6 fisika (adv.)
= naturally. <l>uato.\oytK6c;, -l't, -6 fisioloyik6s =
physiological
!pUT6, TO fit6 = plant. CSIUTIK6<;, -~, -6 fitik6s =
vegetable
cpwA16, 11 folia = nest
cpwv6l;w fonazo = 1. shout, 2. call out, summon. H
cpwv~ foni (telephone) = voice. To cpwv~ev fonien =
vowel
cpwc;, TO fos (phosphorus) = light
cpwroypacpia, 11 fotoyrafia = photograph. 0
cpwroyp6cpoc; fotoyratos = photographer
x,x
xai'l5euw xaiMvo = caress, pat (X6i6eljJ-a)
Xatp&rfl;w xeretizo = 1. greet, 2. salute. To
XOip&TJO~OTO xeretismata = greetings, salutation
xafpw xero or xofpoiJOI xerome (irr.) = be glad (X6P-
T)Ka, ea xap-w). The imperative xofp&T& xerete is
used as a greeting on arrival or departure. Xofpw
noAu is equivalent to how do you do
xoAi, TO xali = carpet , rug
xaAK6c;, o xalk6s (chalcography) = copper
xoAvw xaln6 or xoAw xal6 = 1. spoil (x6Xao-a.), 2. put
out of order, wear out, 3. break off (agreement), 4.
spend money or change banknote (Expr. xaX6et o
K601JO<; ;:::: there is a great to do, 6& XOAOO£ 0 K601JO<;
= the situation is not so serious)
x6~w xamo (camomile) = to or on the ground. To
xa~6~11Ao xam6milo or To xa~o~~A• xamomlli =
camomile (X6j.iW+IJfJA.o = apple). 0 xa~a1Atwv
xameleon = chameleon (X61Jw+Atwv = lion). To
xa~6yeAo xam6y elo = smile (X6~-tw+yell.to =
laughter). Xo~11A6c;, -:~, -6 xamil6s = low
xavw xano = 1. lose (e-xao-a), 2. miss. (Expr. 10
exaoe or 16xaoe • he got confused or embarrassed) .
X6VOIJOI x<fmome = 1. get lost (X69= T)Ka), 2. lose one's
way. Xo!Jivoc;, ·I'J, -o xamemos = 1. lost, 2. the loser
(Expr. 10 txet xa~.ttva = same meaning with 10 txaoe)
XOOC:, TO xaos = chaos
xam, To xapi = pill
xop6, '1 xara = pleasure, joy (Expr. y et6 xap6 (=
health, joy) ;:::: greeting). XapouiJ&voc;, · I'J, -o
xaro6menos = merry, happy
xopoKT~poc;, o xaraktiras = character.
XapaKTI'JpiOTtK6c;, -~. -6 xaraktiristik6s = characteristic
x6pfl, f'l xari (x6pu~ xaris (charismatic) in Anc. and K}
= 1. grace, charm, attractiveness, 2. favour, service
(Expr. xaptc; oe otva = thanks to you,
napaoefv~.tmoc; xapw = for example)
xopfl;w xarizo = make a present of (X6pT)o-a). To
XOPIOIJO xarisma (charismatic) = gift
x6PTI1C:, o xartis (chart) = map. To xopTI xarti =
paper. To xopTt6 xartya = playing cards. To xopT6vt
xart6ni = cardboard. X6pTtvoc;, · I'J , -o xartinos = of
paper
XOPTOV6~10~0 , TO xarton6misma = paper money,
banknote (xapt(+v6~-ttOj.IO (numismatic) = currency)
xaTfpl, TO xatiri = favour, service
X&iAt, TO Xili = lip
X&l~wvac;, o Xim6nas = winter
xc•p6r&poc;, ·I'J, -o xir6teros = worse
xe•poupy6c;, o xiro6ryos ;:::: surgeon
xtpt, TO xeri (Chiropractor) = 1. hand, 2. arm, 3.
handle
XI'J~&ia, '1 ximia = chemistry. XI'J~IK6c;, -l't, -6 ximik6s
= chemical
x~pa, '1 xira = widow. 0 x~poc; xiros = widower
X9i c;, TO xSes (adv.) = yesterday. X8&atv6c;, ·rt, -6
xeesin6s = yesterday's
XfAto xilia (kilogram) = a thousand. H X1At6l5o Xilia6a
= chiliad. To x•A•aptKo xiliariko = thousand-drachma
note. To XIAI61J&Tpo Xili6metro = kilometer
x•6vt, TO xi6ni = snow. Xtovfl;&t xionizi =it snows
xA1ap6c;, -~. -6 Xliar6s = tepid
xAw~6c;, -~ , -6 xlom6s = pale, pallid
=
xotptv6c;, -~. -6 xirin6s of pork
xovrp6c;, -~ . -6 xondr6s or xovl5p6c; xonor6s
(hypohondriac) = 1. thick, fat, 2. unrefined, rude
xop6c;, o xo r6s (choreography) = dance. Xopeuw
xorevo = dance (x6peljJ·a). 0 xopeur~c; xorettlis, 11
xop&uTpiO xoreftria = dancer. H xopoypacpfa
xoroyrafia = choreography (xop6c;+yp6cpw = write)
x6pTO, TO XOrtO or TO XOPTOpl XOrtari "' grass. To
x6pTO x6rta = green vegetables
xopw6fo, I'J xorooia = choir, chorus
xpetal;oiJOI xriazome = need, require (XPtt60T-T)Ka)
XP~~a, To xrlma = money
xpl'to•~oc;, ·I'J, ·O xrisimos ;:::: useful. Xpi'JOI~onou;,
=
xrisimopi6 use (XPnOt!Jono(T)o-a) (XPrlOlJ.lO<;+notw
 225

= make). Xp110IJ.I&uw x risimevo = be of use, serve ljJap1, To psari = fish. t&laptuw psarevo = fish. 0
=
(XPllO(tJ&uo-o). H XP~OI1 xrlsi use, usage 111apac; psaras = fishmonger, fisherman
=
XPfOJJO, TO xrisma Chrism =
111axvw psaxno search (for) (e-ljJo~-o)
Xptor6c;, xrist6s = Christ. Xptortav6c;, -~ = Christian. ljJtJ.~a , To psema or To 111tui5oc; psevi5os (pseudo-) =
Ta Xptorouy&vva x risto6yena Christmas lie. o 111tliTI1<; pseftis, 11 llltUl'pa pseftra = liar.
(XPtOT6c;+y£wa (genesis) = childbirth) t&ltUTIK6c;, - rJ, -o pseftikos = false, sham, artificial. To
xp6voc;, 0 xr6nos (synchronous) = 1. time, 2. year 'i't Ui5WVUJ.IO psevi56nimo = pseudonym
(Expr. TOU )(p6VOU = next year, n6oo )(pOVWV &(OQl = 11111A6c;, -~ psil6s = tall, high
how old are you) . Ta xp6vta xr6nia (exists only in ~~~~vw psino = bake, roast (t-I!Jno-o). "-'11T6c;, -~. -6
plural) = the years (Expr. XP6vto noMa = many psit6s = baked, grilled. To 'i'I"JT6 psit6 = roast or
happy returns) . H xpovoAoyfa xronoloyia = 1. date, grilled meat
2. chronology ljl~cpoc;, 11 pslfos = vote. "-'11cpf~w psifizo = vote (for)
XPU06<;, 0 xriS6S (Chrysanthemun) Or TO XPUOCcpl (I!Jflq>to-o)
xrisafi = gold. Xpuo6c;, -~ . -6 xris6s = golden =
Ill• psi the letter lV, ljJ
XPWJ.Io, TO xr6ma (chromatic) = 1. colour, 2. paint. =
III•AO, TO psila small change (money)
=
XpWJ.IOTtor6c;, -~. -6 x romatist6s coloured ljluyt io, TO psiyio = 1. refrigerator, 2. radiator (of
xpworw xrost6 =1. owe (XPWOT-llOO), 2. be in debt, =
motor). H ljiU~I'J psixi refrigeration
3. be obliged ljlux~. '1 psixi (psychiatrist) = soul. t&IUXtK6<;, -~, -6
xran6i5t, TO )(tapC>lii or TO oKTan6i5t oktapC>lii = octopus pslxik6s = psychic. ~&~uxoAoyiK6c;, -~ . -6 =
xrt vt, TO )(l.eni = comb. XTtvf~w )(l.enizo = comb, psychological. H ljluxoAoyfa psixoloy ia =
(xrevto-o). XTtvf~OJ.IOI )(l.enizome = dress one's hair psychology, 0 ljluxfaTpoc; psixfatros = psychiatrist.
xrtc;, To xtes or xetc; xees = yesterday 0 ljluxona9~c; psixopa9ls = psychopath. H
xrf~w xtizo or KTf~w ktizo = build (t-X(K)Tto-o). To =
ljluxav6Auoi'J psixanalisi psyco-analysis
xrfpto )(l.irio or KTfp1o ktirio = building ljluxoc;, To pslxos = cold. ~&~uxp6c;, -~ . -6 psixr6s =
xrunw xtip6 or KTunw ktip6 = 1. hit, strike (Xrunno- cold. ~&~uxpa•J.Ioc;, ·I'J, -o psixremos = cold-blooded,
o), 2. beat, attac k, 3. knock against something, hurt cool, composed (IJJuxo+o(tJo(anaemia) blood) =
oneself (Expr. xrunnoe:~ ; did you hurt yourself?) =
ljiWJ.Ii, TO psomi bread
xuvw xino = pour out, shed, spill (t-x uo-o) ljlwvf~w psonizo = 1. buy, 2. do shopping (ljJwvto-o).
XWJ.IO, TO x6ma = 1. soil, earth, 2. ground =
Ta ljlwvta ps6nia purchases, shopping
xwv&uw xonevo = digest (XwvtljJ-o)
xwpf~w xorlzo = 1. separate, part, divide, 2. divorce
(xwpto-o). Xwptor6c;, -~. -6 xorist6s = separate, n, w
apart. Xwp1or6 xorista (adv.) = separately
XWPO<;, 0 X6ros (Chorog raphic) = 1. place, area, 2. wKt av6c;, o okean6s = ocean
space, room . H xwpa X6ra = 1. land, 2. country. To wJ.~tya , To omeya =
the letter wn.
xwp16 xory6 = village. To xwp6cp1 xorafi = field. 0 WJ.IO<;, o 6mos = shoulder
xwp1K6c;, -~ = villager, countryman. Xwpw xor6 = 1. =
WJ.16c;, -~ . -6 om6s 1. raw, 2. hard,
fit or go into, 2. find room enough (Xwpw in Anc. = wpa, '1 6ra (horoscope) = 1. hour, 2. time (Expr. IJ&
advance) TllV WpO = by the hour, IJ& 'Tt~ Wp&<; = for hours, dv01
xwpfc; xoris (adv.) = 1. without, 2. not counting =
OTllV WpO TOU he iS punctual, Tll<; wpa COOked to=
(Xwp(~ 6Mo = without fail) order, a la minute). To wpoA6y1o orol6yio or TO poA61
rol6i = watch, clock. To wpoOK6mo orosk6pio =
horoscope
wpaioc;, -a , -o oreos =
beautiful!, handsome. npafa
area (adv.) = beautifully, good, very well
ljJaAfi5t, TO psali6i = scissors we; os or t wc; eos (prep.) = until, up to, as far as.
ljJOAJJ6c;, o psalm6s = psalm. t&laAAw psalo = chant (E)wc; &00> = until. 'nanou 6spoo = until, by the time
(e-lJJOA-o) =
we; os (adv.) as, like, such as
226

ware 6ste = so, accordingly, consequently. Oun11c;

ware = in such a way as to
wcpcAw ofel6 = benefit, do good to (ocpeA.11o-a) .
ncpcAOU~OI Ofelo6me = benefit, profit (Oq>&Af)9·11KO).
=
H wcptAc1a ofelia benefit, profit
=
wxp6c;, -11. -6 oxr6s pale, palid