Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2006
Elena Miró / Pilar Martínez / Raimundo Arriaza
INFLUENCIA DE LA CANTIDAD Y LA CALIDAD SUJETIVA DE SUEÑO EN LA
ANSIEDAD Y EL ESTADO DE ÁNIMO DEPRIMIDO
Salud Mental, marzo-abril, año/vol. 29, número 002
Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente
Distrito Federal, México
pp. 30-37
SUMMARY 125 healthy students (110 women and 15 men) aged between 18
and 26 years. The selected subjects presented good medical and
The areas in which interesting connections can be established psychological health and neither consume any type of medication
between sleep and health are increasingly numerous. With reference non had an extreme circadian type (morning-type or evening-
to the habitual sleep duration, usually there is a distinction between type). Each subject had a common bedtime hour between 11:30
subjects being mentioned as having short sleep pattern (sleeping 6 p.m. and 2:30 a.m. and a wake time hour between 7:30 a.m. and
hours or less per day), subjects with intermediate sleep pattern 10:30 a.m.
(sleeping 7-8 hours per day) and subjects with long sleep pattern The sample was divided in the following way: 1) Subjects with
(sleeping 9 or more hours per day). The reason for these indivi- a short sleep pattern (n=20), 2) Subjects with an intermediate
dual differences in sleep duration is unknown and it is still sleep pattern (n=82), and 3) Subjects with a long sleep pattern
debatable as to whether a period of 7 or 8 hours of sleep is, in (n=23). Three subgroups were formed within each sleep pattern
fact, ideal in terms of physical and mental well being. in function of the subjective sleep quality, considered as being
Evidence found in the last few years shows that sleeping more high, medium or low. These percentages were 25%, 40% and
time, or less, than associated to the intermediate sleep pattern (7- 35%, respectively, in the group with short sleep pattern; 42.68%,
8 hours), appears to have adverse consequences on physical health. 43.9% and 13.41% in the group with intermediate sleep pattern;
In different studies, the subjects with intermediate sleep pattern and 30.43%, 52.17% and 17.39% in the group with long sleep
have a better physical health, a minor mortality risk and, for pattern.
example, a minor risk for developing diabetes or coronary events. The anxiety and the depressed mood state were evaluated with
On the other hand, there are very few investigations concerning the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression
the possible psychological differences between sleep patterns and Inventory (BDI), respectively. In adittion, subjects completed the
the results are inconsistent. Also, the current line of investigation Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)(which has not been
focuses on the sleep quantity parameter without simultaneously taken into consideration here). Subjects with BAI or BDI
evaluating other relevant sleep aspects, such as sleep quality. The punctuations higher than 18 points or with scores over the centil
negative impact on health of a poor sleep quality is better 70 in neuroticism and psychoticism were excluded in order to
understood, but has been investigated almost exclusively in subjects guarantee that the sample was free of psychological dysfunction.
with sleep disorders. Two-way ANOVAs were performed to examine the effects of
In order to better understand the relationship between sleep sleep quantity (short, intermediate or long sleep pattern) and
and psychological well being it is necessary to investigate the joint subjective sleep quality (high, medium or low sleep quality) as
effect of sleep quality and sleep quantity without a direct influence well as their interaction on anxiety and depressed mood state.
of clinical alterations. Furthermore, the difference between sleep The Levene test was used to examine variance homogeneity. The
quantity and sleep quality is important if a more complete analysis Scheffé test (for equal variances) and the Tamhane test (for unequal
of this topic is to be reached. variances) were used as post hoc contrast statistics.
The present work is the first of two that analyze the relation The results showed that the BAI punctuations were influenced
between subjective sleep quantity and quality, and psychological by subjective sleep quality but not by habitual sleep duration.
variables in healthy subjects. This paper focuses on the influence Those subjects satisfied with their sleep had less anxiety symptoms
of the sleep pattern (short, intermediate and long sleep pattern), (8.18) than those who estimated their sleep as being of lower
the subjective sleep quality (high, medium or low sleep quality), quality (14.34). There were no differences as to anxiety between
and the possible interaction between both factors on the anxiety the group with medium and low sleep quality. The BDI scores
and the depressed mood state. were influenced by the sleep quantity as well as the quality of
All study participants were selected considering their responses sleep. The subjects with short sleep pattern had higher punctuations
to a sleep questionnaire created for this purpose, which explored on depressed mood (10.75) than those with medium (6.10) or
sleep habits, past and present medical and psychological conditions, long (6.04) sleep pattern. With reference to sleep quality, subjects
and medication consumption. The final sample was composed of with high subjective sleep quality had lower punctuations on
* Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario
de la Cartuja s/n., CP. 18071, Granada, España. E-mail: emiro@ugr.es
Recibido primera versión: 16 de agosto de 2004. Segunda versión: 30 de septiembre de 2005. Aceptado: 16 de febrero de 2006.
nocturno tardaban 11.15 min en volver a dormirse p < 0.005. La interacción entre patrón de sueño y ca-
(DT = 19.09), y 59.6% dormía siestas durante el día, lidad de sueño no resultó significativa. En las compa-
de 24.04 min de duración en promedio (DT = 27.59). raciones post hoc para el patrón de sueño se encontra-
Estos resultados son similares a los informados en mues- ron diferencias significativas entre el patrón de sueño
tras de jóvenes sanos en otros estudios (12). Igualmen- corto e intermedio (p < 0.01), y entre el patrón de
te, las puntuaciones medias de nuestro grupo en el BAI sueño corto y largo (p < 0.05). Con respecto a la cali-
(M = 11.6; DT = 9.29) y BDI (M = 6.83; DT = 6.09) dad de sueño, resultaron significativas las comparacio-
se encuentran dentro de la normalidad (11). nes efectuadas entre los subgrupos de calidad de sue-
Un resumen de las puntuaciones medias y desviacio- ño alta y media (p < 0.005), y calidad de sueño alta y
nes típicas obtenidas por los distintos subgrupos en las baja (p < 0.005). Los sujetos con patrón de sueño
variables afectivas consideradas puede observarse en corto tienen puntuaciones superiores en ánimo depri-
el cuadro 1. En el ANOVA univariado para la variable mido (10.75) que aquellos con patrón de sueño medio
ansiedad se encontró un efecto principal significativo (6.10) y largo (6.04), que no se diferencian entre sí. En
del factor calidad de sueño, F2,120 = 6.41, p < 0.005. función de la calidad de sueño, los sujetos con pobre
El efecto del factor patrón de sueño no resultó signifi- calidad de sueño presentan puntuaciones superiores
cativo y la interacción del patrón de sueño con la cali- en ánimo deprimido (11.64) que los que tienen una
dad de sueño tampoco. Como puede observarse en calidad de sueño media (7.73) y alta (3.51).
el cuadro 2 resultaron significativas las comparaciones
post hoc efectuadas entre los grupos con calidad de sue-
ño media y alta (p < 0.005). No resultaron significati- D ISCUSIÓN
vas las comparaciones entre los grupos de calidad de
sueño media y baja, ni entre los grupos de calidad de La ansiedad se relaciona con la calidad subjetiva del
sueño alta y baja. Los sujetos con calidad de sueño me- sueño pero no con la duración del mismo, mientras
dia tienen puntuaciones superiores en ansiedad (14.34) que el ánimo deprimido guarda relación tanto con la
que aquellos con calidad de sueño alta (8.18) indepen- calidad como con la cantidad de sueño. Los sujetos
dientemente del patrón de sueño al que pertenezcan. que están muy satisfechos con su sueño, al margen de
En el ANOVA para el BDI se obtuvo un efecto princi- las horas que habitualmente duerman, presentan me-
pal significativo del factor patrón de sueño, F2,125 = 3.60, nos ansiedad que aquéllos que estiman que su sueño es
p < 0.05; y del factor calidad de sueño, F2,125 = 12.28, de menor calidad. Este resultado es coherente con la
- Calificaría mi sueño como (Rodea una opción): 1. Excelente 2. Satisfactorio 3. Normal 4. Pobre 5. Muy pobre
- Normalmente me despierto __________ veces durante la noche. A las ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______ horas.
- Normalmente mi nivel de activación al levantarme por la mañana es (Rodea una opción): 1. Muy alto 2. Alto 3. Medio 4. Bajo 5. Muy bajo
- Usualmente ¿Te cuesta realizar determinadas tareas de tu vida diaria debido a la somnolencia? Sí _______ No _______
En caso afirmativo ¿cuáles? _________________________
- ¿Tienes ahora o has tenido en el pasado algún problema psicológico? Sí _______ No _______
En caso afirmativo, escribe el nombre ________________ y la fecha ________
- ¿Padeces algún problema de sueño, como por ejemplo, insomnio, ronquidos (apnea), pesadillas, etc.? Sí _______ No _______
En caso afirmativo, escribe el nombre ______________________
RESPUESTAS DE LA SECCION
AVANCES EN LA PSIQUIATRIA
Autoevaluación
1. E
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. E
10. E
11. E
12. E