What are the forms of Energy?

(Explain Each)

Thermal Energy - is the internal energy of an object due to the

kinetic energy of its atoms and/or molecules. The atoms and/or molecules of a
hotter object have greater kinetic energy than those of a colder one, in the
form of vibrational, rotational, or, in the case of a gas, translational motion.

Radiant energy - energy that is transferred by electromagnetic

radiation, such as light, X-rays, gamma rays, and thermal radiation,
which may be described in terms of either discrete packets of energy,
called photons, or continuous electromagnetic waves.

Chemical energy - is the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a

chemical reaction to transform into other substances. Examples include
batteries, food, gasoline, and etc. Breaking or making of chemical bonds
involves energy,

Electrical energy - is a form of energy resulting from the flow of electric

charge. Energy is the ability to do work or apply force to move an object. In the
case of electrical energy, the force is electrical attraction or repulsion between
charged particles.

Sound Energy - is produced when an object vibrates. The sound vibrations

cause waves of pressure that travel through a medium, such as air, water,
wood or metal. Sound energy is a form of mechanical energy.

Gravitational energy - is the potential energy a physical object with mass has
in relation to another massive object due to gravity. It is potential energy
associated with the gravitational field. Gravitational energy is dependent on the
masses of two bodies, their distance apart and the gravitational constant.

What are the Laws of Thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics: When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into
or out of a system, the system's internal energy changes in accord with the law
of conservation of energy. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first
kind (machines that produce work with no energy input) are impossible.

Second law of thermodynamics: In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of

the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases. Equivalently, perpetual
motion machines of the second kind (machines that spontaneously convert thermal energy
into mechanical work) are impossible.

Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as

the temperature approaches absolute zero.[2] With the exception of non-crystalline solids
(glasses) the entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero.
Differentiate between Exergonic and Endergonic reacion.

In an exergonic reaction, energy is released to the surroundings. The bonds

being formed are stronger than the bonds being broken. In an endergonic
reaction, energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

What are Enzymes? What is their funcion?

Enzymes are both proteins and biological catalysts. Catalysts accelerate

chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called
substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules
known as products.

Explain the following Photosynthesis process:

- What are the parts of Chloroplast

Inner Membrane
Outer Membrane
Granum
Thykaloid
Stroma

- Splitting of Water
is the chemical reaction in which water is broken down into oxygen and
hydrogen: 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O. Efficient and economical photochemical water
splitting would be a technological breakthrough that could underpin a
hydrogen economy.

- Nature of Sunlight
is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular
infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. On Earth, sunlight is filtered through
Earth's atmosphere, and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the
horizon.

- Nature and Cyclic Electron Flow

Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I is essential for photosynthesis. ...
This linear electron flow is driven by two photochemical reactions that
function in series. The cytochrome b6f complex mediates electron transport
between the two photosystems and generates the proton gradient (DeltapH).

- Cheriosmosis
is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their
electrochemical gradient.

- Calvin Cycle
refers to the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis that take place in
three key steps.