Table 1b: Syntax

Omission Addition Misformation Total

Surface Changes
article -es rel pron prep Article -es pron prep Determiners
Error Types N %
Syntax

I.Noun Phrase
1. Determiners
-Indefinite article
-definitive article
-other determiners

2. Determiners
-plural-singular
-singular-plural

3. Pronoun
-Relative pronoun

-Pronoun
4. Preposition

Total
 Table 1: Linguistic Category and Surface Strategy Taxonomy
Table 1a: Morphology

Surface Changes Omission Addition Misformation Total

s ed -ing to be -ly -s -ed -ing be -ing ed v n adj N %

Error Types
Morphology

1. Possessive case

2. Basic verb

3. Past participle

4. Present participle
5. Infinitive
6. Adverb

7. Adjective
8. Verb
9. Noun

10. Modal auxiliary

Total
 Table 1c: Syntax – Verb Phrase

Omission Addition Misformation Total

be -s -ing inf -to -s aux be aux do be -s V aux ed N %
have
II. Verb Phrase

1. Verb
a. Present progressive
b. Simple present
-Omission of be
-Agreement
-Third singular
-Basic verb
-Misformation of be
c. Present perfect
d. Simple past

2. Verb and Verb Const

Total
 Table 1d: Syntax – Transformations

Surface Changes Omission Total

aux do aux be -ed be aux be + ed
Error Types N %

III. Transformations

a. Negative Transformations

-Omission of aux do

-Omission of be

b. Passive Transformation

-Past participle

-Omission of be

Total