Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MEL 725
Power-Plant Steam Generators (3-0-0)
Dr. Prabal Talukdar
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Delhi
Radiation in absorbing-emitting
media
• When a medium is transparent to radiation,
radiation propagating through such a media
remains unchanged
• However gases such as CO, NO, CO2, SO2,
H2O and various hydrocarbons absorb and emit
radiation over certain wavelength regions called
absorption bands
• We will discuss a very simple analysis of
radiation exchange in an absorbing and emitting
medium, exchange between a body of hot gas
and its black enclosure
Beer’s Law
• If Io is the intensity of radiation at the source and I is the
observed intensity after a given path, then optical depth τ is
defined by the following equation:
I ⎛ S
⎞
= exp⎜ − β λ (s)ds ⎟
∫
Io ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
−τ
I / Io = e
Extinction coefficient β is a function of
temperature T, pressure P,
composition of the material β
(concentration Ci of the i th
components)
and wavelength of incident radiation
s
Characterization of Participating Media
I λ (s) = I λ (0)e − κ λ s + (1 − e − κ λ s )I bλ (T )
I λ (L) = I λ (0)e − κ λ L + (1 − e − κ λ L )I bλ (T )
At the boundary surface
S = L, intensity will be
= πI bλ (T g )(1 − e − κ λ L )
− κλ L
= E bλ (T g )(1 − e ) Spectral emissivity of gas
for the path length L
q λ = ε λ E bλ ( Tg )
Mean Beam Length
• The simple expression for the hemisphere of gas is not
applicable for other geometries
• A concept of mean beam length is introduced for
engineering calculations
• This is an equivalent path length L which represents the
average contributions of different beam lengths from the
gas body to the striking surface
• In the absence of information available, mean beam
length is approximately calculated as
V
L ≅ 3.5
A
Where A=total surface area of the enclosure
and V = total volume of the gas
Chart for Equivalent path length
Emissivity Charts
Q = Qe − Qa = σA(ε g Tg
4
− α g Tw )
4
W
Problem
• A flue gas at Tg=1000K and total pressure PT = 2 atm
containing 10 percent water vapor by volume flows over
a tube bank arranged in an equilateral triangle array,
having a tube with Diameter D = 7.6 cm and a spacing S
= 2D. The tubes are maintained at a uniform temperature
Tw = 500K and considered black. Calculate the net
radiation heat exchange between the gas and the tubes
per square meter of tube wall surface