CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ROAD NOISE EFFECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR, Formatted: Font: 12 pt

RESPIRATORY AND METABOLIC HEALTH; AN INTEGRATIVE MODEL OF

BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS.

INTRODUCTION
The article, Road noise effects on cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic health;
An integrative model of biological mechanism (Recio, Linares, Banegas, & Díaz, Formatted: Font: 12 pt
2016), discusses the different health impact road noise has on major systems in the Formatted: Font: 12 pt
body, the metabolic, respiratory and majorly the cardiovascular system. It focused on
outlining the health impacts and health outcomes of this environmental hazard both
psychologically and pathophysiological. A critical analysis of “Road noise effects on
cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic health; An integrative model of biological
mechanism” will be done by this essay.
Overall, aA very clear definition was given by the article from the title, it illustrates
what the problem was and also gave the long-term effect of exposure to the problem.
Although hypothesis have been made in the past, in recent time strong evidence are
being found to back up this hypothesis. This includes environmental researches and
also an environmental health perspective done by Hänninen,knol, Jantunen,Lim,
Conrad,Rappolder & Buekers (2014). It discussed Road traffic noise ranking second
amongst nine environmental risk with high health impacts on the population in
Europe with a . The title of this article clearly defined its aim and purpose.
DISCUSSION
Traffic Road noises is said to seems to have a not so positive side effect on the
cardiovascular system due to a biological mechanism (Recio et al., 2016). Road Formatted: Font: 12 pt
traffic noise can get reasonably annoying and adults seem to have little forbearance Formatted: Font: 12 pt
for it, but thea few adults that have shown a chronic annoyance to this disturbance
were said to have an increased health risk of cardiovascular system (Niemann et al., Formatted: Font: 12 pt
2006), with a. A comprehensive integrative connection between systems of the body Formatted: Font: 12 pt
and their physiological and psychological levels, a pathway was constructed was
used to construct a pathway linking this environmental hazard with people’s physical
and metabolic well-being (Recio et al., 2016). This connection made was also proved Formatted: Font: 12 pt
by a recent meta-analysis associating road traffic noise exposure in large Formatted: Font: 12 pt
cosmopolitan areas with ischemic heart disease occurrence (Banerjee, 2014). Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Further investigations on this havethis health outcome showed that been made
Formatted: Font: 12 pt
showing other cardiovascular diseaseshealth outcomes like myocardial infarction
and stroke can also develop in people as the consequences of being vulnerable to Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Not Highlight

noise. Furthermore,, long-term associations aren’t the only result as a time series Formatted: Font: 12 pt
studies have found short-term associations with both cardiovascular morbidity and
mortality with and a significant risk bordering on 7% of death after long term
exposure to 1dBA noise level (A Tobías, Recio, Díaz, & Linares, 2015). In addition to Formatted: Font: 12 pt
cardiovascular outcomes, a notable change increase in heart rate and especially an Formatted: Font: 12 pt
increased blood pressure due to noise associated stress that promotes allowthe
production of certains your body to produce hormones in your body as a result of
changes in the sympathetic nervous system (Fisher & Tucker, 1991). To back this up Formatted: Font: 12 pt
a A cohort study done by Ndrepepa, A., & Twardella, D. (2011) also analysed the Formatted: Font: 12 pt
affiliation of long term traffic noise with increased blood pressure in people residing
in west of Germany. An intervention made by a control study to combact Coupled
with all these proposed adverse effects helped to observeis the positive dose -
response relationship amongbetween those given vitamin C after exposure who later
had an extraordinary dilation of their vessel after two hours due to metabolic impact
of L-ascorbic on gluthathione production (Gokce et al., 1999). All these authors were Formatted: Font: 12 pt
able to clearly explain their research and study and were able to link it to road traffic Formatted: Font: 12 pt
noise. A more relatable and easier outcome would be the emotional and
physiological adaptation to road noise experienced by the population in people. They
tend to reponsed to this environmental hazardchange explians that a . The
physiological activation is ruled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which in
turn splits into the excitatory sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the inhibitory
parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) explained by Appelhans and leucken(200.6)
Further clarifying further explained that there there is an overlapping of some
systems over the other during stress which is reffered to as a physiological
response(Appelhans & Luecken, 2006) (Appelhans & Luecken, 2006). Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Road traffic noise is said to be the most dominant source of annoyance in many
European countries (Ising, Lange-Asschenfeldt, Lieber, Weinhold, & Eilts, 2003). It Formatted: Font: 12 pt
has a seems to have a well reasearched effect on the cardiovascular system but it Formatted: Font: 12 pt
hasn’t failed to affect the respiratory system as well, but due to the unavailability of Formatted: Font: 12 pt
researches on this, it has been paid little to or no marked attention in the research Formatted: Font: 12 pt
field. The few frontier study that reported notable association with the respiratory
systemoutcomes gave results on upper respiratory infections like bronchitis and
asthma. Allergic reactiones is a major pathogenetic way for upper respiratory
infection to be sometimes stimulated by noise. At night heavy noises such as a
lorries passing by or those as low as aa phone ringing can be dangerous, as they it
can set off stress reactions which causes a metabolic increase in cortisol production.
This endocrine dysfunction is connected to restless sleep, this deprivation thereby
inducesing an adverse reaction from the immune system in form of allergies (Ising et Formatted: Font: 12 pt
al., 2003; Niemann et al., 2006). Additional Further research done by Evans et al. Formatted: Font: 12 pt
(2001) examined children with relatively low exposure to traffic noise at more than 60
decibels daily at mean value and made comparison with those who reside in a
noiseless environment at less than 50 decibels daily. The result describedshowed an
increased free cortisol and cortisol metabolites in nocturnal urine samples. Another
rRespiratory mortality study discovered that road traffic noise has a 6.5% increased
risk of death on elders the following day after a 1 weighted decibel (dBA) increase in
diurnal road traffic noise (Aurelio Tobías, Recio, Díaz, & Linares, 2014). A very Formatted: Font: 12 pt
unpleasant end.. Formatted: Font: 12 pt

Other than Asides from stimulating allergies, road noise can act as anis said to be
an exacerbator of respiratory infections andor diseases and this was widely Formatted: Font: 12 pt
investigated by . Aich(2009). He declared that thThe state of a person’s immune
Formatted: Font: 12 pt
system plays a very important role in deciding who gets to become ill or who remains
healthy, whose recovery process take a much longer time or has speedy recovery. Formatted: Font: 12 pt
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Thise pathophysiology is based on the communication between the autonomic
nervous system, the cental nervous system and both the endocrine and immune
system. All these are mixed up neurochemically asnd they affect anthe individual’s
immunity (Aich et al., 2009), he. Aich (2009) also explained that the build up of Formatted: Font: 12 pt
respiratory disease has two main pathways, which is locally and systematically going Formatted: Font: 12 pt
through neurotransmitters, glucocorticoids, cytokines, metabolite and receptor
communication. Altogether, the evidence to prove that road traffic noise is a source
of acute stress present in people’s everyday functioning is availaible whereby, the
control over this problem is yet to be discovered. Noise can This noise influences the
production of transient state of suppressed natural killer cells (NK) and lymphoid cell
activities in the system; therefore, it is feasible to draw a hypothesis on increased
predisposition to new infections and high levels of toxin may have a greater power
on respiratory system (Recio et al., 2016). Formatted: Font: 12 pt
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Although, just a few studies have shown an association between road noise and
respiratory system, a fewer studies have reported on the connection between road
traffic noise and stroke, diabetes and obesity, the evidence ranged up toup moderate
with dependence on the level of noise and outcome (Van Kempen, Casas, Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Pershagen, & Foraster, 2018). A cross-sectional study in 2002-2006 also made an Formatted: Font: 12 pt
assessement on thed exposure from road traffic noise at the Swedish people’s
homes and the result showed athat notable relation to increased sased wasist
circumference with a 0.21cm but, a much higher risk was seen when there was a
combination of traffic noise with other noise sources(Pyko et al., 2015). A cohort Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Another study showed that a decibel of 10 or higher of average road traffic noise at a Formatted: Font: 12 pt
5years period can lead to an increase risk of diabetes with an incidence risk
ratio(IRR) of 1.08(Sørensen et al., 2012). In support an epidemiological study Formatted: Font: 12 pt
supported correlation between sleep deprevation due to noise and diabetes by Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Cappoccio et al.(2010) conducted a large scale meta- analysis and many
epidemiological studies that probed into the link between how much and how well
you sleep and non-insulin dependent diabetes produced incident cases of 3,586
thereby giving a valuable confirmation torming this correlation(Sørensen et al., Formatted: Font: 12 pt
2012). Formatted: Font: 12 pt

CONCLUSION Formatted: Font: 12 pt

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In conclusion, the authors in the article were able to provide evidence to prove that
Formatted: Font: 12 pt
the hypothetic historyesis behind road traffic noise and unhealthy outcomes are
plausible. However, some of the articles needed more research and further studies,
like those corelating noise exposure to diabetes and obesity, only a few studies have
been done on this and the evidence presented was bothering on not being very
valuable. Furhermore, a broader respiratory outcome can be studies as other
respiratory infections weren’t given. Asides those little addition, the articles was
valuable andat, the authors outlined various risk and some intervention applicable to
road traffic noise.
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