Tutorial

2–53 Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas tank to measure
3
Pg = 80 kPa
its pressure. If the reading on the pressure gage is 80 kPa, determine
the distance between
A vertical the two fluid
piston-cylinder levels ofcontaining
assembly the manometer if placed
a gas is the fluid
onisa (a)
hot plate. The piston initially
mercury (r  13,600 kg/m ) o r ( b) water (r  1000 kg/m ).
rests on the stops. 3
With the onset of heating, the gas3 pressure increases. At what pressure, in bar,
does the piston start rising?
Gas
h=?
pr,* = I hrr * Q"a\I) Tvrc Kd.o DioS-rar:
.\
YN
*
ar=50Ig q
A,
={}.1}1 m:
=Y/*

Answer: w "n^t
J t ru"
FIGURE P2–53

Hol plate
2-53 Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas to measure its pressure. For a specified reading
of gage pressure, the difference between the fluid levels of the two arms of the manometer
Fa,hr = ?Gw"
is to be k
&t(rv':-
determined for mercury and water.
v
Dr= 0-O\ vua - 5D V8
Q[ of water and mercury are given to be
Properties The densities

I t*gr*\=
ρwater = 1000 kg/m3 and be ρHg = 13,600 kg/m3.
\WvThe gage pressure is related to the vertical
Pa{rw,Analysis (qc"sA
distance h between the two fluid levels by \U =nnz3
Pgage
Pgage = ρ gh ⎯
⎯→ h =
ρg
.\.6guwtg+)-Gn:-
N t +a\'"?
(a) For mercury,
tov pstcn
P
tD $SL = * boS
grcds to or'ovCo$4-
gage
h=
a ρ Hg g
* \Vc-., -' \Ds N/ML
90:- =
80 kPa ⎛ 1 kN/m 2
⎜
⎞⎛ 1000 kg/m ⋅s 2
⎟⎜
⎞
⎟ = 0.60 m
(13,600 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 ) ⎜⎝ 1 kPa
$ + { a{hc ⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 1 kN ⎟
⎠V g++xn*vd Ya\t-t ?
? 4ol
(b) For water, \ afrn= \'o\?34 y\bs N1*-
Pgage Yv\4 + F dwr" ft
⎛ 1 kN/m 2 ⎞⎛ 1000 kg/m ⋅ s 2 ⎞
Yaol'A
h= =
80 kPa
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 8.16 m
t r(2
ρ H 2O g (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 ) ⎜⎝ 1 kPa ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 1 kN ⎟ \l/n'f .'D'0
t:r) L4-S\
*ly) t \' or?:'f ⎠ x ro=
?rlng C o -or' n^'-) ? Cs

(rnqr : \50 bAI $./tvr*

e
Yre E9r*vP i5 \t"
v0-v
\ \aev

Y qar \50 34{ v(fl- *

\t>r u/y1-
2

-
/

= \-5 Vo':r
x
 Tutorial 4 -

1. The statement "When two ob.jects are in thermal equilibrium u'ith a third ob-iect. they are in thermal equilibrium with

each other,"
2–67 Theis called
gagethe
pressure of the air in the tank shown in n0.ruie .

Fig. P2–67 is measured to be 80 kPa. Determine the Oil

Z. hrufuafse: 80 kPa SG = 0.72
A closed
differential h of thealways
heightsystem mercury column.the same matter; there is no transfer of matts across its boundary.
cor$ains
3. A system is at steady state if 75 cm

(?) None of its propefries changes y&igq Air

Y Non" of its properties changes ,ffiaiionlvithin the system Water

c. 30 cm
None of its properties changes with time or with location within the system h Mercury
SG = 13.6
d. None ofthe abcve

4. Three kg of gas in a piston-cylinder assernl:ly undergo a process during which the relationship berw-een
pres$ure and specit'ic volunle is pz,0
5 :
constatlt. lhe process begins u'ith pi FIGURE
250 kPa and l/ :L5 mi and t:
P2–67
ends rvith p2 :
100 kPa. Determine the final specific volume, in rnrlkg.

Answer:
2-67 The gage pressure of air in a pressurized water tank is measured simultaneously by both a pressure
e)ww'-
gage and a manometer. The differential height h of the mercury column is to be determined.
pv o's (o nr\aft4
Assumptions
= The air pressure in the tank is uniform (i.e., its variation with elevation is negligible due to its
rn =3VE- 'U UoLrsn^a
low density), and thus the pressure at the air-water interface is the same as the indicated gage pressure. -
Lwl
?tgiven We take the density Y-=
=to zEbW
Properties ttrn
of water to
be 0.72 and 13.6, respectively.
3
u=.ffi5
be ρ =1000 kg/m . The specific gravities of oil and mercury are
')
w

*' Analysis \'{

=, StartingM} a>,
-!+ of air in the tank (point 1), and moving along the tube by adding (as we
with the pressure
go down) or subtracting
2 (as we go u p) the ρgh terms until we reach the free surface of oil where the oil
\r /
tube is exposed
-;" to the atmosphere, z ='?
Uand setting the result equal to Patm gives
P1 + ρ w ghw − ρ Hg ghHg − ρ oil ghoil = Patm

Rearranging,
V\ $, \.sr"r?
P1 − Patm = ρ oil ghoil + ρ Hg ghHg − ρ w ghw

V or,
P
-s-o-5 wp/w 1,gage
= SG h + SG oil oil Hg hHg − hw
ρw g
Substituting, 0.9
(r⎛⎜⎜ {r
0.5
80 kPa
$'
⎞⎛ 1000 kg ⋅ m/s 2
?r- ⎞ 0-r
# 3
⎟⎜
2 ⎟⎜ 2
⎟ = 0.72× (0.75 m) +13.6 × hHg − 0.3 m
⎟
o5=
⎝ (1000 kg/m )(9.81 m/s ) ⎠⎝ 1 kPa.⋅ m ⎠
L\oo PVq) L\*)
Solving for hHg gives hHg = 0.582 m. Therefore, the differential height of the mercury column must be
C=p vt^) L 58.2 cm. 0"5 ",?l?k)
,AD -
r.Ig- = ut gr) t
trR'4
\ \eo tsqa )'^

{z = Z.\6 \t7/W
,#
$z Uz ho

=t?-\"5 \,? /vil L b W>

qlW nylb *
2–85 Balloons are often filled with helium gas because it weighs only
about one-seventh of what air weighs under identical conditions. The HELIUM
buoyancy force, which can be D = 10 m
rHe = 17 rair
expressed as Fb  rairgVballoon, will push the balloon upward. If the balloon
has a diameter of 10 m and carries two people, 70 kg each, determine the
acceleration of the balloon when it is first released. Assume the density of air
is r  1.16 kg/m3, and neglect the weight of the ropes and the cage. Answer:
16.5 m/s2

m = 140 kg

FIGURE P2–85

Answer:
2-85 A helium balloon tied to the ground carries 2 people. The acceleration of the balloon when it is first
released is to be determined.
Assumptions The weight of the cage and the ropess of the balloon is negligible.
Properties The density of air is given to be ρ = 1.16 kg/m3. The density of helium gas is 1/7th of this.
Analysis The buoyancy force acting on the balloon is

V balloon = 4πr 3 /3 = 4π(5 m) 3 /3 = 523.6 m 3

FB = ρ air gV balloon
⎛ 1N ⎞
= (1.16 kg/m 3 )(9.81m/s 2 )(523.6 m 3 )⎜ ⎟ = 5958 N
⎜ 1 kg ⋅ m/s 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
The total mass is

⎛ 1.16 ⎞
m He = ρ HeV = ⎜ kg/m 3 ⎟(523.6 m 3 ) = 86.8 kg
⎝ 7 ⎠
m total = m He + m people = 86.8 + 2× 70 = 226.8 kg

The total weight is

⎛ 1N ⎞
W = m total g = (226.8 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )⎜ ⎟ = 2225 N
⎜ 1 kg ⋅ m/s 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Thus the net force acting on the balloon is
Fnet = FB −W = 5958 − 2225 = 3733 N

Then the acceleration becomes

Fnet 3733 N ⎜⎛ 1kg ⋅ m/s 2 ⎞

⎟ = 16.5 m/s 2
a= =
m total 226.8 kg ⎜⎝ 1 N ⎟
⎠
2–96 Intravenous infusions are usually driven by gravity by hanging the fluid bottle at sufficient height to
counteract the blood pressure in the vein and to force the fluid into the body. The higher the bottle is raised,
the higher the flow rate of the fluid will be.
(a) If it is observed that the fluid and the blood pressures balance each other when the bottle is 1.2 m above the arm
level, determine the gage pressure of the blood.
(b) If the gage pressure of the fluid at the arm level needs to be 20 kPa for sufficient flow rate, determine how high
the bottle must be placed. Take the density of the fluid to be 1020 kg/m3.

Patm

IV bottle

1.2 m

FIGURE P2–96

Answer:
2-96 It is given that an IV fluid and the blood pressures balance each other when the bottle is at a certain
height, and a certain gage pressure at the arm level is needed for sufficient flow rate. The gage pressure of
the blood and elevation of the bottle required to maintain flow at the desired rate are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The IV fluid is incompressible. 2 The IV
bottle is open to the atmosphere.
Properties The density of the IV fluid is given to be
ρ = 1020 kg/m3.
Analysis (a) Noting that the IV fluid and the blood pressures
balance each other when the bottle is 1.2 m above the arm
level, the gage pressure of the blood in the arm is simply equal
to the gage pressure of the IV fluid at a depth of 1.2 m,
Pgage, arm = Pabs − Patm = ρgharm-bottle
⎛ 1 kN ⎞⎛ 1 kPa ⎞
= (1020 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(1.20 m)⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1000 kg ⋅ m/s 2 ⎟⎜ 1 kN/m 2 ⎟
= 12.0 kPa ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

(b) To provide a gage pressure of 20 kPa at the arm level, the height of the
bottle from the arm level is again determined from Pgage, arm = ρgharm-bottle
to be
Pgage, arm
harm-bottle =
ρg
20 kPa ⎛ 1000 kg ⋅ m/s 2 ⎞⎛ 1 kN/m 2 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 2.0 m
(1020 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 ) ⎜⎝ 1 kN ⎟⎜ 1 kPa
⎠⎝
⎟
⎠
Discussion Note that the height of the reservoir can be used to control flow rates in gravity driven flows.
When there is flow, the pressure drop in the tube due to friction should also be considered. This will result
in raising the bottle a little higher to overcome pressure drop.